United States Patent m
Desphandey et al.
[li] Patent Number: 4,816,291 [45] Date of Patent: Mar. 28, 1989
[54] PROCESS FOR MAKING DIAMOND, DOPED DIAMOND, DIAMOND-CUBIC BORON NITRIDE COMPOSITE FILMS
[75] Inventors: Chandra V. Desphandey, Los
Angeles; Rointan F. Bunshah, Playa del Ray; Hans J. Doerr, Simi Valley, all of Calif.
[73] Assignee: The Regents of the University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
[21] Appl. No.: 87,141
[22].. Filed: Aug. 19,1987
[51] Int. CI.* B05D 3/06
[52] U.S. CI 427/38
[58] Field of Search 427/38, 39
[56] References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
3,791,852 2/1974 Bunshah .
3,916,052 10/1975 Shattes et al. .
4,297,387 10/1981 Beale .
4,336,277 6/1982 Bunshah et al. .
4,412,899 11/1983 Beale .
PROCESS FOR MAKING DIAMOND, DOPED DIAMOND, DIAMOND-CUBIC BORON NITRIDE COMPOSITE FILMS
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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the process of depositing diamond, doped diamond and cubic boron nitridediamond composite films. More specifically it relates to 10 deposition of these films at high rates over large areas, based on Activated Reactive Evaporation (ARE) as first described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,791,852.
2. Description of the Background Art
The publications and other reference materials re- 15 ferred to herein to describe the background of the invention and to provide additional detail regarding its practice are hereby incorporated by reference. For convenience, the reference materials are numerically referenced and grouped in the appended bibliography. 20
Techniques used in recent years to deposit films of diamond-like carbon (i-C), diamond and boron nitride onto substrates have included chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) involving plasma decomposition of hy- 25 drocarbon/boron containing gases. Ion beam assisted/enhanced deposition has also been used.
Diamond microcrystals were prepared using chemical vapor deposition and related techniques, at low pressures for the first time by Derjaguin and co-workers 30 (1) by a chemical transport method. Subsequently Angus et al. (2) reported deposition of diamond onto natural diamond powder from methane gas at 1050° C. and 0.3 torr pressure. They also proposed a qualitative model explaining the kinetics of diamond growth from 35 the vapor phase. More recently Matsumoto et al. (3,4), have reported synthesis of diamond microcrystals by chemical vapor deposition from a mixture of methane and hydrogen gas in open flow systems. They have shown that the growth of diamond films can be en- 40 hanced if a heated tungsten filament is used in the CVD set up. Spitsyn et al. (5) in their paper have discussed the kinetics of diamond growth from CH4+H2 gas mixtures. They have argued that atomic hydrogen plays a unique role in the growth of diamond from vapor phase. 45
Whitmell et al. (6) were the first to report the use of plasma decomposition techniques in the deposition of amorphous carbon-like films onto a negatively biased d.c. electrode using methane gas. However, the growth of films in their earlier experiment was thickness lim- 50 ited. This was believed to be due to the formation of an insulating film (i-C) on the surface of the d.c. biased electrode which after a critical thickness was reached, prevented the bombardment of the growing film with energetic ions from the plasma. Following that report, 55 Holland (7) proposed a modification where an r.f. potential was applied to the electrode to achieve a constant film bombardment during growth. Using this technique Holland et al. (8,9) successfully deposited diamond-like carbon films on a variety of substrates. Over 60 the years, many researchers have used similar processes (i.e. r.f. decomposition of hydrocarbon gas) to prepare diamond-like carbon films. (10,11) Similar techniques have been used to deposit BN films, where boron containing gases are used instead of hydrocarbon gases. 65
The remote plasma deposition technique developed by Lucovsky et al. (12) also falls under the category of a PACVD type process. In this process a mixture of
reactive and inert gas is dissociated using r.f. excitation. The activated species, e.g., oxygen, from the plasma react down stream with the process gas such as S1H4 (for Si02 deposition) to form complexes such as H3Si—O—SiH3 in the gas phase which subsequently condense on the substrate. Bombardment by energetic neutrals dissociate the complex to produce the compound films. This technique has been successfully used by Richard et al. (13) to prepare Si02, ... low deposition temperatures. They have proposed to extend this technique to the deposition of diamond by using CH+as a process gas and H2 or a H2+He gas mixture for activation.
Aisenberg and Chabot (14) were the first to report deposition of diamond-like carbon films by ion-beam deposition of carbon. Attempts to deposit similar films using magnetron sputtering and r.f. sputtering were only partially successful. It is likely that negligible substrate bombardment in the case of magnetron sputtering and substrate overheating in case of r.f. sputtering may have restricted the formation of i-C films in the above two techniques.
However, the dual ion beam technique used by Weissmantel (15,16) has proved to be quite successful in synthesis of diamond-like carbon films. He used a primary beam to deposit carbon with the growing film being simultaneously bombarded by Ar+ ions generated from the second ion source. Weissmantel has successfully used this technique to deposit i-C, i-BN as well as i-C/i-BN composite coatings.
In plasma decomposition techniques, the rate of deposition of the carbon films critically depends on the rate of dissociation of the hydrocarbon gas. To increase the dissociation rate, one has to increase the gas pressure and/or the r.f. power used to excite the plasma. However, the increase in r.f. power also increases the energy of the bombarding species. Moreover, increased dissociation of hydrocarbon gas produces a greater amount of hydrogen that can be trapped into the growing films—thereby producing excessive stress in the film.
A modification has been suggested where independent sources are used, one to dissociate the hydrocarbon gas, and the other for film bombardment. One such modification is due to Nyaiesh et al. (17) who have used separate r.f. sources, one to dissociate the hydrocarbon gas and the other for substrate biasing which in turn controls the bombardment of growing film. Though this technique has shown some improvement in deposition rate, the authors note that the substrate bias was affected by the power applied to the r.f. oven. Moreover, they report that input power to the r.f. oven was limited due to deposits formed by polymerization onto the chamber walls, which reduced the deposition rate.
Another approach is proposed by Kamo et al. (18), Saito et al. (19), and also by Doi et al. (20,21), where a microwave discharge is used to decompose the hydrogen gas and an independent r.f. source is used for substrate biasing. These authors have reported deposition of i-C, diamond and boron doped diamond films using this technique. However, this technique does not appear to be much different than that of Nyaiesh et al. (17) and would therefore suffer from similar limitations. In fact, the optimum deposition rate reported by Doi et al. (21) is about 1 um/hr. which seems to be very low. Moreover, even with the above-proposed modifications, it is
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not possible to control the hydrogen content of the films independently of the other process variables.
Although the ion beam technique provides advantages as regards independent control of substrate bombardment, deposition rate and hydrogen content, it 5 suffers from the following two major limitations: (1) low deposition rates due to the low sputtering yield of carbon; and (2) limitations for large area deposition due to limitations in the available sizes of the ion sources.
StrePnitskii et al. (23) have reported deposition of i-C 10 films using energetic C+ ions from an arc source.
As is apparent from the above background, there presently is a continuing need to provide improved processes for depositing diamond and diamond-like films on substrates. Such improved processes should be 15 able to provide control over the rate of generation of reaction vapors e.g. C, B, etc. independently of other process parameters. The process should also provide control over the plasma volume chemistry independent of the other process variables and provide control over the film bombardment independent of the other process variables. These attributes in such a process will make it possible to deposit diamond, doped diamond and cubic boron nitride-diamond films at higher rates and over large areas.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides an improved method of synthesis of diamond films on a suitable substrate using 3Q plasma assisted physical vapor deposition techniques. The method is based on controlling the plasma chemistry in the reaction zone between the source of carbon and the substrate.
Graphite or other material used as a source for car- 35 bon is vaporized in the vacuum chamber using an electron beam, or cathodic arc to provide carbon vapors in the reaction zone. Hydrogen containing gas is introduced into the reaction zone. Gas activation as well as carbon vapor activation is achieved using a filament- 40 /anode geometry, where electrons emitted thermionically from a heated tungsten filament are accelerated towards a positively biased electrode. It is believed that the atomic hydrogen produced by electron collision with molecular hydrogen plays a crucial role in synthe- 45 sis of the diamond. Atomic hydrogen thus produced enhances the evaporation rate of carbon by producing volatile carbon-hydrogen complexes at the surface of the carbon evaporation source. This reaction is stimulated by the electrons bombarding or near to the carbon 50 source. Collision between atomic hydrogen and the evaporated carbon and/or carbon-hydrogen molecules is believed to produce molecular precursors which are responsible for the synthesis and depositing of diamond films on the substrate. 55
The microstructure of the diamond deposit and therefore its physical and mechanical properties can be varied by changing substrate temperature and substrate bombardment. An important advantage of the above process results from its ability to control the plasma 60 volume chemistry independent of the source and substrate reactions. This makes it possible to obtain high deposition rates and also better control over the film properties.
The above-discussed and many other features and 65 attendant advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the invention becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description
when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The single FIGURE of the drawing is a schematic vertical sectional view of a vacuum chamber and associated equipment suitable for performing the process of the invention and incorporating the presently preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
EMBODIMENTS
The preferred apparatus for carrying out the process of the present invention is a modification of the apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,791,852, for carrying out Activated Reactive Evaporation (ARE) and the apparatus described by Chopra et al. (22) for carrying out Activated Dissociation Reduction Reaction processes, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The apparatus includes a vacuum chamber which may comprise a conventional cover or dome 10 resting on a base 11 with a sealing gasket 12 at the lower rim of the cover 10. A support and feed unit 13 for a source carbon rod used for evaporation 14 may be mounted in the base 11. The unit 13 includes a mechanism (not shown) for moving the carbon rod 14 upward at a controlled rate. Cooling coils 15 may be mounted in the unit 13 and supplied with cooling water from a cooling water source, 16. An electron gun 20 is mounted in unit 13 and provides an electron beam along the path 21 to the upper surface of the carbon rod 14, with the electron gun being energized from a power supply 22.
A substrate 24 on which the diamond film is to be deposited, is supported in a frame 25 on a rod 26 projecting upward from the base 10. The substrate 24 may be heated by an electric resistance heater 27 supported on a bracket 28. Energy for the heater 27 is provided from a power supply 29 via a cable 30. The temperature of the substrate 24 is maintained at a desired value by means of a thermocouple 32 in contact with the upper surface of the substrate 24, with the thermocouple connected to a controller 33 by line 34, with the controller output signal regulating the power from the supply 29 to the heater 27.
The desired low pressure is maintained within the vacuum chamber by a vacuum pump 36 connected to the interior of the chamber via a line 37. Gas from a gas supply 39 is introduced into the zone between the carbon rod 14 and substrate 24 via a line 40 and nozzle 41. A shutter 43 is mounted on a rod 44 which is manually rotable to move the shutter into and out of position between the carbon rod 14 and substrate 24.
A tungsten filament 46 is supported from the base 11 in the reaction zone between the source 14 and the substrate 24. The filament 46 is thermionically heated using a supply 47 via line 48. An anode, typically a metal plate 49, is supported from base 11 opposite to the filament 46. An electric potential is provided for the anode 49 from a voltage supply 50 via line 51.
Various components utilized in the apparatus described above are conventional. The evaporation chamber 10 is preferably a 24 inch diameter and 35 inch high water cooled stainless steel bell jar. The vacuum pump is preferably a 10 inch diameter fractionating diffusion pump, with an anti-migration type liquid nitrogen trap. The source carbon unit 13 is preferably 1 inch diameter rod fed electron beam gun, self-accelerated 270° deflection type, such as Airco Temescal Model RIH-270. The
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