Tag location, client location, and coverage hole location in a wireless network

(54) TAG LOCATION, CLIENT LOCATION, AND COVERAGE HOLE LOCATION IN A WIRELESS NETWORK

(75) Inventors: Bretton Lee Douglas, San Jose, CA

(US); Timothy S. Olson, San Jose, CA
(US); David E. Halasz, Stow, OH (US);
John Z. Deng, Canton, OH (US);
Arnold M. Bilstad, Redwood City, CA
(US); Sheausong Yang, Saratoga, CA
(US); Richard D. Rebo, North Royalton,
OH (US); Jonathan S. Leary, Boston,
MA (US); Daryl A. Kaiser, Los Gatos,
CA(US)

(73) Assignee: Cisco Technology, Inc., San Jose, CA (US)

( * ) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

(21) Appl.No.: 11/842,549

(22) Filed: Aug. 21, 2007

(65) Prior Publication Data

US 2007/0281714 Al Dec. 6, 2007

Related U.S. Application Data

(63) Continuation of application No. 11/286,086, filed on Nov. 22,2005, now Pat. No. 7,293,088, and a continuation-in-part of application No. 10/629,384, filed on Jul. 28, 2003, now Pat. No. 6,990,428.

(60) Provisional application No. 60/649,721, filed on Feb. 3, 2005.

(52) U.S. CI 709/224; 709/236; 455/404.2;

455/456.1

(58) Field of Classification Search 709/223 236;

455/404.2, 456.1 See application file for complete search history.

(56) References Cited

U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS

4,254,467 A 3/1981 Davis et al 345/443

(Continued)
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
EP 0 930 514 A2 7/1999

(Continued)
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Office action for US Patent No. 7,293,088 mailed Dec. 15, 2006.
(Continued)

Primary Examiner—Phuoc Nguyen

(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Dov Rosenfeld; INVENTEK

Determining the location of a radio tag or client station of a wireless network, and the location of coverage holes by receiving from a plurality of wireless stations of the wireless network path loss information of the path loss of one or more location frames received at the respective wireless stations. The location frames transmitted by the radio tag or client station having a pre-defined frame structure. The radio tags and client stations use a common infrastructure for transmitting a location frame configured for radiolocation by path loss measurement. The common infrastructure includes a predefined protocol common for both radio tags and client stations for transmitting information for reception by the plurality of stations of the wireless network for radiolocation. The pre-defined protocol includes using the location frame having the pre-defined frame structure.

23 Claims, 25 Drawing Sheets

DOCUMENTS

Bankstonetal 315/364

Stilpetal 342/387

Bustamante et al 455/443

Chia 342/457

Kahkoska 358/1.3

Olsson 455/54.1

LeBlanc 379/58

Shibuya 455/456.4

Sanderford et al 342/457

MacDonald 455/456.2

Bufordetal 342/457

Wax et al 455/456

Siccardo et al 455/426

Solbergetal 382/113

Shoji et al 455/456

Sugiuraetal 342/464

Smith 455/456.3

Sahaetal 455/456

Saleh et al 455/456

Doll 382/163

LeBlanc et al 342/457

Patel 713/167

Dupray 342/450

Sugiuraetal 342/457

Rao et al 455/456

Cromer etal 709/224

Snoiiira pt al 347/464

2004/0198373 Al 10/2004 Ford etal 455/456.1

2004/0198392 Al 10/2004 Harvey etal 455/456.1

2004/0203910 Al 10/2004 Hind etal 455/456.1

2004/0236547 Al 11/2004 Rappaport et al 703/2

2004/0259554 Al 12/2004 Rappaport et al 455/446

2004/0259555 Al 12/2004 Rappaport et al 455/446

2005/0128139 Al 6/2005 Misikangas et al 342/350

2005/0131635 Al 6/2005 Myllymaki et al 701/205

2005/0136944 Al 6/2005 Misikangas et al 455/456.1

2005/0185615 Al 8/2005 Zegelin 370/331

2005/0185618 Al 8/2005 Friday etal 370/331

2005/0195109 Al 9/2005 Davi et al 342/463

2005/0197136 Al 9/2005 Friday etal 455/456.1

2005/0208952 Al 9/2005 Dietrich et al 455/456.1

2005/0261004 Al 11/2005 Dietrich et al 455/456.2

FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS

EP 0 967 816 Al 12/1999

EP 1 018 457 Al 7/2000

EP 1 296 531 Al 3/2003

EP 1 301 055 Al 4/2003

JP 02044929 2/1990

WO WO 97/33386 9/1997

WO WO 98/41048 9/1998

WO WO 99/08909 2/1999

WO WO 02/43425 Al 5/2002

WO WO 02/054813 Al 7/2002

WO WO 03/023443 A2 3/2003

U.S. PATENT

5,028,848 A 7/1991

5,327,144 A 7/1994

5,375,140 A * 12/1994

5,394,158 A 2/1995

5,396,582 A 3/1995

5,564,079 A 10/1996

5,570,412 A 10/1996

5,666,662 A 9/1997

5,717,406 A 2/1998

5,732,354 A 3/1998

5,945,948 A * 8/1999

6,112,095 A 8/2000

6,115,605 A 9/2000

6,134,338 A 10/2000

6,134,448 A 10/2000

6,140,964 A 10/2000

6,167,274 A 12/2000

6,198,935 Bl 3/2001

6,212,391 Bl 4/2001

6,226,400 Bl 5/2001

6,236,365 Bl * 5/2001

6,243,811 Bl 6/2001

6,249,252 Bl 6/2001

6,259,406 Bl 7/2001

6,269,246 Bl 7/2001

6,272,541 Bl 8/2001

u,z. / _>, L y\j Jj L o, *-uu i ougiuid i-i til j-rz./-rvvt

6.282.427 Bl 8/2001 Larsson et al 455/456

6,304,218 Bl 10/2001 Sugiuraetal 342/464

6,317,599 Bl 11/2001 Rappaport etal 455/446

6,317,604 Bl 11/2001 Kovach, Jr. et al 455/456.5

6,414,634 Bl 7/2002 Tekinay 342/453

6,415,155 Bl 7/2002 Koshimaetal 455/456

6,441,777 Bl 8/2002 McDonald 342/357.06

6,456,892 Bl 9/2002 Dara-Abrams et al 700/83

6,473,038 B2 10/2002 Patwari et al 342/450

6,526,283 Bl 2/2003 Jang 455/456

6,556,942 Bl 4/2003 Smith 702/150

6,581,000 B2 6/2003 Hills etal 701/207

6,664,925 Bl 12/2003 Moore etal 342/451

6,674,403 B2 1/2004 Gray etal 342/463

6,704,352 Bl 3/2004 Johnson 375/224

6,728,782 Bl 4/2004 D'Souzaetal 709/242

6,754,488 Bl 6/2004 Won et al 455/424

6,766,453 Bl 7/2004 Nessettetal 713/171

6,799,047 Bl 9/2004 Bahl et al 455/456.1

6,804,394 Bl 10/2004 Hsu 382/173

6.810.428 Bl 10/2004 Larsen et al 709/238

6,850,946 Bl 2/2005 Rappaport et al 707/101

6,990,428 Bl 1/2006 Kaiser etal 702/150

7,123,924 B2* 10/2006 Cuffaro 455/456.1

2002/0036569 Al* 3/2002 Martin 340/573.1

2002/0045424 Al 4/2002 Lee 455/41.2

2002/0102988 Al 8/2002 Myllymaki 455/456

2002/0115445 Al 8/2002 Myllymaki 455/456

2002/0118118 Al 8/2002 Myllymaki et al 340/686.1

2002/0154134 Al 10/2002 Matsui 345/582

2002/0168958 Al 11/2002 Ford et al 455/404

2002/0174335 Al 11/2002 Zhang et al 713/168

2002/0176366 Al 11/2002 Ayyagarietal 370/245

2003/0117985 Al 6/2003 Fujii et al 370/338

2003/0130987 Al 7/2003 Edlundetal 707/3

2003/0135486 Al 7/2003 Edlundetal 707/3

2003/0135762 Al 7/2003 Macaulay 713/201

2004/0066757 Al 4/2004 Molteni et al 370/329

2004/0072577 Al 4/2004 Myllymaki et al 455/456.1

2004/0111397 Al 6/2004 Chen et al 707/3

2004/0151377 Al 8/2004 Boose et al 382/193

2004/0166878 Al 8/2004 Erskine et al 455/456.1

2004/0176108 Al 9/2004 Misikangas 455/456.5

2004/0186847 Al 9/2004 Rappaport et al 707/101

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Office action for US Patent No. 7,293,088 mailed Mar. 23, 2007.

"Ekahau Logical Areas—location enabling the Wi-Fi network." Apr. 4, 2003. Ekahau, Inc., Saratoga, CA. Company's URL: www.ekahau.com.

"Ekahau Positioning Engine 2.0: Product Overview." Apr. 4, 2003. Ekahau, Inc., Saratoga, CA. URL: http://www.ekahau. com/products/positioningengine/.

"Corporate Fact Sheet." Aruba Wireless Networks, San Jose, CA. URL: http://www.arubanetworks.com/pdf/

corporate fact sheet.pdf, Aug. 2005.

"Airwave Rogue Access Point Detection." 2002. Airwave Wireless, Inc. San Mateo, CA. URL: http://airwave.com/features.html.

Geier, J. "Identifying Rogue Access Points." Jan. 6, 2003. Wi-Fi Planet Tutorials. URL: http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/ tutorials/article.php/1564431.

Brewin, B. "IBM Develops Tool to Detect Rogue Wireless LAN Access Points." Jun. 17, 2002. Computerworld, Framingham, MA. URL: http://www.computerworld.com/ mobiletopics/mobile/story/0,10801,72065,00.html. Bulusu, N., Heidemann, J., Estrin, D. "GPS-less Low Cost Outdoor Localization for Very Small Devices." IEEE Personal Communications, Oct. 2000. URL: http://lecs.cs.ucla. edu/~bulusu/papers/Bulusu00a.pdf.

"AeroScout WLAN Location System." Downloaded on Nov. 10, 2003 from http://www.bluesoft-inc.com/wlan.asp Bluesoft, Inc., San Mateo, CA.

"Cognio Announces Breakthrough Location Technology for WLAN Deployments." Downloaded on Nov. 10, 2003 from

http://www.cognio.com/press detail.asp?itemID=70

Cognio, Inc., Waltham, MA.

"WhereNet Main Page." Downloaded Nov. 10, 2003 from http://www.wherenet.com/ WhereNet, Santa Clara, CA. "Ekahau Positioning Engine 2.0: Data Sheet." Apr. 4, 2003. Ekahau, Inc., Saratoga, CA. URL: http://www.ekahau.com/ pdf/EPE_2.0_datasheet.PDF.

"Indoor Positioning in 802.11b Networks." Arp. 4, 2003. Ekahau, Inc., Saratoga, CA. URL: http://www.ekahau.com/ products/positioningengine/features.html. "InFielder."Apr. 22,2003. Wireless Valley, Austin, TX. URL: http://www.wirelessvalley.com/Products/InFielder/ InFielder.asp.

"LANFielder." Apr. 22, 2003. Wireless Valley, Austin, TX. URL: http://www.wirelessvalley.com/Products/LANFielder/ LANFielder.asp.

"Optimatic." Apr. 22, 2003. Wireless Valley, Austin, TX. URL: http://wirelessvalley.com/Products/Optimatic/ Optimatic.asp.

"Predictor." Apr. 22,2003. Wireless Valley, Austin, TX. URL: http://www.wirelssvalley.com/Products/Predictor/Predictor. asp.

"LANFielder Product Literature." Wireless Valley, Austin, TX. URL: http://www.wirelessvalley.com/Assets/brochures/ LanFielder.pdf, Feb. 2004.

Conley, C.. "Securing WLANS with Location-Enabled Networks." Wireless Security Perspectives, vol. 5,No. 3.Mar. 2003. Organization's URL: www.cnp-wireless.com/wsp. html.

"Company Information." Apr. 6, 2004. Corsair Communications^ LightBridge Company, Burlington, MA. Company's URL: www.lightbridge.com. Small, J., Smailagic, A., and Siewiorek, D.P "Determining User Location For Context Aware Computing Through the Use of a Wireless LAN Infrastructure." Institute for Complex Engineered Systems. Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 2000. Available at http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/aura/ docdir/ smallOO.pdf.

Bahl, P. and Padmanabhan, V.N. "RADAR: An In-Building RF-based User Location and Tracking System." IEEE Infocom 2000, vol. 2, Mar. 2000, pp. 775-784. Kishan, A., Michael, M., Rihan, S., and R. Biswas. "Halibut: An Infrastructure for Wireless LAN Location-Based Services." Technical paper for Course CS444n, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA, Jun. 2001. Previously available at http://fern2.stanford.edu/ cs444n/paper.pdf.

"Positioning in Wireless Networks Reference." Downloaded on Jul. 28, 2005 from http://binary.engin.brown.edu/. BINARY Group, Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI. Available online at http://binary.engm.

brown.edu/publication/Positioning Ref.pdf.

Chirumamilla, Mohan K. and Ramamurthy, Byrav. "Agent Based Intrusion Detection and Response System for Wireless LANs." IEEE IntT Conference on Communications, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 492-496.

"IBM Research Demonstrates Industry's First Auditing Tool for Wireless Network Security." Jul. 12, 2001, Hawthorne, N.Y. IBM Research News, 'Online. URL: http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/news. 20010712_wireless.html.

"IBM Researchers Demonstrate Industry's First Self-Diagnostic Wireless Security Monitoring Tool." Jun. 21, 2002, Hawthorne, N.Y. IBM NIEUWS, 'Online! URL: http:// domino.research.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/news. 20020617_dwsa.html.

"Assessing Wireless Security with AiroPeek and AiroPeek NX." A WildPackets Academy Tutorial from www.

wildpackets.com, WildPackets Inc., Walnut Creek, CA. URL: http://www.wildpackets.com/elements/whitepapers/ AiroPeek Security.pdf, Apr. 2002.

"AiroPeek and Wireless Security: Identifying and Locating Rogue Access Points." A WildPackets Academy Tutorial from www.wildpackets.com, WildPackets Inc., Walnut Creek, CA. URL: http://www.wildpackets.com/elements/ whitepapers/RogueAccessPoints.pdf, 2002. Craiger, J. P. "802.11,802.lx, and Wireless Security." Jun. 23, 2002. From the SANS' Information Security Reading Room onwww.sans.org, The SANS Institute, Bethesda, MD. URL: http://www.sans.org/rr/papers/68/171.pdf. Baily, S. "Is IEEE 802. IX Ready for General Deployment?" Apr. 7, 2002. From the SANS' Information Security Reading Room onwww.sans.org, The SANS Institute, Bethesda, MD. URL: http://www.sans.Org/rr/papers/9/709.pdf. "Location Determination Papers", List of publications maintained by Moustafa A. Youssef, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Available online, and downloaded Feb. 9, 2006 at <http://

www.cs.umd.edu/ -moustafa/location papers .htm>.

"Positioning in Wireless Networks Reference" Binary Group, Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, Available online, and downloaded Feb. 9, 2006 as binary.engin.brown.edu/publication/

Positioning Ref.pdf.

L.M. Ni, Y. Liu, YC. Lau and A.P Patil. "Landmarc: Indoor
Location Sensing Using Active RFID." Proceedings of the
First IEEE International Conference of Pervasive Computing
and Communications 2003 (PerCom '03).
G. Wolfle, R. Wahl, P. Wertz, P. Wildbolz and F. Landstorfer.
"Dominant Path Prediction Model for Indoor Scenarios."
German Microwave Conference (GeMIC) 2005, Ulm (Ger-
many), Apr. 2005 Paper.

P. Wertz, G. Wolfle, R. Hoppe, D. Zimmermann and F.M.
Landstorfer. "Enhanced Localization Technique within
Urban and Indoor Environments based on Accurate and Fast
Propagation Models." European Wireless, 2002, Florence,
Italy.

P. Bahl, V.N. Padmanabhan and A. Balachandran, "A Software System for Locating Mobile Users: Design, Evaluation and Lessons," Microsoft Research Technical Report MSRTR-2000-12, Feb. 2000.

Steven Fortune, "Algorithms for Prediction of Indoor Radio Propagation,"Proceedings of 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference 98, Jan. 7, 1998. Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974.

A. Rajkumar, B.F. Naylor, F. Feisullin and L. Rogers, "Predicting RF Coverage in Large Environments using Ray-Beam Tracing and Partitioning Tree Represented Geometry," submitted to the ACM Journal of Wireless Networks after revision on Oct. 12, 1995, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974.

R.A. Valenzuela, S. Fortune, and J. Ling, "Indoor Propagation Prediction Accuracy and Speed Versus Number of Reflections in Image-Based 3-D Ray-Tracing," Vehicular Technology Conference, 1998. Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Holmdel, NJ 07733.

* cited by examiner