. Tb_orsoi_mcv_reunion_2017,

, Editor's Choice-Impact of initial hospital diagnosis on mortality for acute myocardial infarction: A national cohort study.-PubMed-NCBI

. Disponible,

, Les comportements alimentaires des Réunionnais-Un excès d'huile et de riz, un déficit de fruits et légumes-Insee Analyses Réunion-12

. Disponible,

. Tdb_addictions_2015,

. Disponible,

L. Réunion,

. Etu_inextenso_diabete_2015,

, PRS 2 DIAGNOSTIC Situation sanitaire Réunion et Mayotte_Janvier, 20170.

. Disponible,

, Quatre Réunionnais sur dix vivent sous le seuil de pauvreté-Insee Analyses Réunion27

. Disponible,

, 5-PRS 2 DIAGNOSTIC Situation sanitaire Réunion et Mayotte_Janvier, 20170.

. Disponible,

M. Réunion, Centre d'observation de la société, des inégalités de revenus très supérieures à la métropole

, Une population réunionnaise de plus en plus active mais en manque d'emplois-Insee Analyses Réunion-1

, 116 000 personnes en situation d'illettrisme en 2011 à La Réunion-Insee partenaires

. Disponible,

T. ,

. Tb_orsoi_mcv_reunion_2017,

, Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)

, World Health Organization

. Disponible,

, Myocardial infarction redefined-a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction, Eur Heart J. sept, vol.21, issue.18, pp.1502-1515, 2000.

, Report of the Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology/World Health Organization task force on standardization of clinical nomenclature, Circulation. mars, vol.59, issue.3, pp.607-616, 1979.

C. Vynckt, M. Kerneis, J. Abtan, T. M. Oâ?, S. Connor et al., Maladie coronaire prématurée, Sang Thromb Vaiss. 1 avr, vol.24, issue.4, pp.173-82, 2012.

E. Giroux, Facteurs de risque et causalité en épidémiologie

. Disponible,

. Netgen, Marqueurs cardiovasculaires

. Revue-médicale-suisse,

J. Paul and B. Baudin, Physiopathologie de l'athérosclérose et marqueurs précoces, Rev Francoph Lab. 1 févr, issue.409, pp.41-50, 2009.

B. Feng, P. M. Yao, Y. Li, C. M. Devlin, D. Zhang et al., The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of cholesterol-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages, Nat Cell Biol. sept, vol.5, issue.9, pp.781-92, 2003.

E. P. Amento, N. Ehsani, H. Palmer, and P. Libby, Cytokines and growth factors positively and negatively regulate interstitial collagen gene expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells, Arterioscler Thromb J Vasc Biol, vol.11, issue.5, pp.1223-1253, 1991.

F. Mach, U. Schönbeck, J. Y. Bonnefoy, J. S. Pober, and P. Libby, Activation of monocyte/macrophage functions related to acute atheroma complication by ligation of CD40: induction of collagenase, stromelysin, and tissue factor, Circulation. 15 juill, vol.96, issue.2, pp.396-405, 1997.

W. B. Kannel, D. Mcgee, and T. Gordon, A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham Study, Am J Cardiol. juill, vol.38, issue.1, pp.46-51, 1976.

S. Yusuf, S. Hawken, S. Ôunpuu, T. Dans, A. Avezum et al., Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. The Lancet. 11 sept, vol.364, pp.937-52, 2004.

, The World Health Organization MONICA Project (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease): a major international collaboration. WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators, J Clin Epidemiol, vol.41, issue.2, pp.105-119, 1988.

J. G. Canto, W. J. Rogers, R. J. Goldberg, E. D. Peterson, N. K. Wenger et al., Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and inhospital mortality, JAMA. 22 févr, vol.307, issue.8, pp.813-835, 2012.

J. G. Canto, R. J. Goldberg, M. M. Hand, R. O. Bonow, G. Sopko et al., Symptom presentation of women with acute coronary syndromes: myth vs reality, Arch Intern Med. 10 déc, vol.167, issue.22, pp.2405-2418, 2007.

R. Malacrida, M. Genoni, A. P. Maggioni, V. Spataro, S. Parish et al., A comparison of the early outcome of acute myocardial infarction in women and men. The Third International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group, N Engl J Med. janv, vol.338, issue.1, pp.8-14, 1998.

T. Simon, M. Mary-krause, J. Cambou, G. Hanania, P. Guéret et al., Impact of age and gender on in-hospital and late mortality after acute myocardial infarction: increased early risk in younger womenResults from the French nation-wide USIC registries, Eur Heart J. 1 juin, vol.27, issue.11, pp.1282-1290, 2006.

E. A. Jackson, M. Moscucci, D. E. Smith, D. Share, S. Dixon et al., The association of sex with outcomes among patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction in the contemporary era: Insights from the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium (BMC2), Am Heart J. janv, vol.161, issue.1, pp.106-112, 2011.

S. Ghauharali-imami, M. Bax, A. Haasdijk, C. Schotborgh, P. Oemrawsingh et al., The impact of gender on long-term mortality in patients with multivessel disease after primary percutaneous coronary intervention, Neth Heart J. déc, vol.23, issue.12, pp.592-601, 2015.

P. Trzeciak, B. Wo?akowska-kap?on, J. Niedziela, M. Gierlotka, M. Hawranek et al., Comparison of Inhospital and 12-and 36-Month Outcomes After Acute Coronary Syndrome in Men Versus Women <40 Years (from the PL-ACS Registry), Am J Cardiol, vol.118, issue.9, pp.1300-1305, 2016.

, Espérance de vie-Mortalité ? Tableaux de l'Économie Française | Insee

. Disponible,

W. B. Kannel, M. C. Hjortland, P. M. Mcnamara, and T. Gordon, Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study, Ann Intern Med. oct, vol.85, issue.4, pp.447-52, 1976.

G. Rosano, C. Vitale, G. Marazzi, and M. Volterrani, Menopause and cardiovascular disease: the evidence, Climacteric J Int Menopause Soc. févr, vol.10, issue.1, pp.19-24, 2007.

, Définition des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire selon les recommandations nationales | Nouvelle Société Française d'Athérosclérose, 2018.

L. , N. , D. Agostino, R. B. Levy, D. Murabito et al., Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring, JAMA. 12 mai, vol.291, issue.18, pp.2204-2215, 2004.

S. D. Mcdonald, A. Malinowski, Q. Zhou, S. Yusuf, and P. J. Devereaux, Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses, Am Heart J. nov, vol.156, issue.5, pp.918-948, 2008.

H. U. Irgens, L. Reisaeter, L. M. Irgens, and R. T. Lie, Long term mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study, BMJ, vol.323, issue.7323, pp.1213-1220, 2001.

, Cardiovascular mortality after pre-eclampsia in one child mothers: prospective, population based cohort study | The BMJ

. Inpes-tabac,

K. Bjartveit and A. Tverdal, Health consequences of smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day, Tob Control, vol.14, issue.5, pp.315-335, 2005.

K. K. Teo, S. Ounpuu, S. Hawken, M. R. Pandey, V. Valentin et al., Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study, Lancet Lond Engl. 19 août, vol.368, issue.9536, pp.647-58, 2006.

J. Barnoya and S. A. Glantz, Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking, Circulation. 24 mai, vol.111, issue.20, pp.2684-98, 2005.

M. Ali, Y. Li, O. Neal, W. T. Soliman, and E. Z. , Tobacco Exposure as Determined by Serum Cotinine and Subclinical Myocardial Injury in Individuals Free from Cardiovascular Disease, Am J Cardiol, vol.120, issue.7, pp.1114-1121, 2017.

K. Wilson, N. Gibson, A. Willan, and D. Cook, Effect of smoking cessation on mortality after myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of cohort studies, Arch Intern Med. 10 avr, vol.160, issue.7, pp.939-983, 2000.

J. A. Critchley and S. Capewell, Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review, JAMA. 2 juill, vol.290, issue.1, pp.86-97, 2003.

J. A. Ambrose and R. S. Barua, The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update, J Am Coll Cardiol. 19 mai, vol.43, issue.10, pp.1731-1738, 2004.

R. J. Widmer and A. Lerman, Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, vol.2014, pp.291-308, 2014.

W. B. Kannel, Risk stratification in hypertension: new insights from the Framingham Study, Am J Hypertens. janv, vol.13, issue.1, pp.3-10, 2000.

M. Böhm, H. Schumacher, K. K. Teo, E. M. Lonn, F. Mahfoud et al., Achieved blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients: results from ONTARGET and TRANSCEND trials, Lancet Lond Engl. 3 juin, vol.389, pp.2226-2263, 2017.

P. Boutouyrie and S. Laurent, Remodelage des grosses et petites artères dans l'hypertension artérielle, Sang Thromb Vaiss. 1 févr, vol.16, issue.2, pp.81-90, 2004.

W. B. Kannel and D. L. Mcgee, Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study, JAMA. 11 mai, vol.241, pp.2035-2043, 1979.

M. Wei, S. P. Gaskill, S. M. Haffner, and M. P. Stern, Effects of diabetes and level of glycemia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The San Antonio Heart Study, Diabetes Care. juill, vol.21, issue.7, pp.1167-72, 1998.

J. Stamler, O. Vaccaro, J. D. Neaton, and D. Wentworth, Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, Diabetes Care. févr, vol.16, issue.2, pp.434-478, 1993.

M. Laakso, T. Rönnemaa, S. Lehto, P. Puukka, V. Kallio et al., Does NIDDM increase the risk for coronary heart disease similarly in both low-and high-risk populations?, Diabetologia. avr, vol.38, issue.4, pp.487-93, 1995.

S. M. Haffner, S. Lehto, T. Rönnemaa, K. Pyörälä, and M. Laakso, Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med. 23 juill, vol.339, issue.4, pp.229-263, 1998.

G. L. Booth, Prediabetes and the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular. Presented at: American Diabetes Association 77th Scientific Sessions, vol.9, 2017.

E. A. Hu, A. Pan, V. Malik, and Q. Sun, White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review, BMJ. 15 mars, vol.344, p.1454, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.e1454

URL : https://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e1454.full.pdf

D. S. Ludwig, The Glycemic Index: Physiological Mechanisms Relating to Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease, JAMA. 8 mai, vol.287, issue.18, pp.2414-2437, 2002.

F. Picard, J. Adjedj, O. Varenne, and . Le-diabète, Ann Cardiol Angéiologie. 1 déc, vol.66, issue.6, pp.385-92, 2017.

B. Balkau, M. Shipley, R. J. Jarrett, K. Pyörälä, M. Pyörälä et al., High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle-aged nondiabetic men. 20year follow-up in the Whitehall Study, the Paris Prospective Study, and the Helsinki Policemen Study, Diabetes Care. mars, vol.21, issue.3, pp.360-367, 1998.

P. J. Lefèbvre and A. J. Scheen, The postprandial state and risk of cardiovascular disease, Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc, vol.15, issue.4, pp.63-68, 1998.

K. M. Anderson, W. P. Castelli, and D. Levy, Cholesterol and mortality. 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham study, JAMA. 24 avr, vol.257, issue.16, pp.2176-80, 1987.

B. A. Ference, H. N. Ginsberg, G. I. Ray, K. K. Packard, C. J. Bruckert et al., Lowdensity lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel, Eur Heart J. 21 août, vol.38, issue.32, pp.2459-72, 2017.

J. Hou, L. Xing, H. Jia, R. Vergallo, T. Soeda et al., Comparison of Intensive Versus Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Fibrous Cap and Atheroma Volume of Coronary Lipid-Rich Plaque Using Serial Optical Coherence Tomography and Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging, Am J Cardiol. 1 mars, vol.117, issue.5, pp.800-806, 2016.

R. Puri, S. J. Nicholls, M. Shao, Y. Kataoka, K. Uno et al., Impact of statins on serial coronary calcification during atheroma progression and regression, J Am Coll Cardiol. 7 avr, vol.65, issue.13, pp.1273-82, 2015.

Y. M. Zhu, S. Verma, M. Fung, M. J. Mcqueen, T. J. Anderson et al., Association of Apolipoproteins B and A-1 With Markers of Vascular Health or Cardiovascular Events, Can J Cardiol, vol.33, issue.10, pp.1305-1316, 2017.

J. T. Wilkins, R. C. Li, A. Sniderman, C. Chan, and L. Dm, Discordance Between Apolipoprotein B and LDL-Cholesterol in Young Adults Predicts Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study, J Am Coll Cardiol. 19 janv, vol.67, issue.2, pp.193-201, 2016.

G. Assmann, H. Schulte, P. Cullen, and U. Seedorf, Assessing risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: new data from the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study, Eur J Clin Invest. déc, vol.37, issue.12, pp.925-957, 2007.

C. M. Madsen, A. Varbo, and B. G. Nordestgaard, Extreme high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is paradoxically associated with high mortality in men and women: two prospective cohort studies, Eur Heart J. 21 août, vol.38, issue.32, pp.2478-86, 2017.

N. Sarwar, J. Danesh, G. Eiriksdottir, G. Sigurdsson, N. Wareham et al., Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation. 30 janv, vol.115, pp.450-458, 2007.

C. M. Ballantyne, A. G. Olsson, T. J. Cook, M. F. Mercuri, T. R. Pedersen et al., Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S, Circulation. 18 déc, vol.104, issue.25, pp.3046-51, 2001.

P. Barter, A. M. Gotto, J. C. Larosa, J. Maroni, M. Szarek et al., HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med. 27 sept, vol.357, issue.13, pp.1301-1311, 2007.

M. Miller, C. P. Cannon, S. A. Murphy, J. Qin, K. K. Ray et al., Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial, J Am Coll Cardiol. 19 févr, vol.51, issue.7, pp.724-754, 2008.

, International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome, 2005.

K. M. Rexrode, V. J. Carey, C. H. Hennekens, E. E. Walters, G. A. Colditz et al., Abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease in women, JAMA. 2 déc, vol.280, issue.21, pp.1843-1851, 1998.

G. R. Dagenais, Q. Yi, J. Mann, J. Bosch, J. Pogue et al., Prognostic impact of body weight and abdominal obesity in women and men with cardiovascular disease, Am Heart J. janv, vol.149, issue.1, pp.54-60, 2005.

L. De-koning, A. T. Merchant, J. Pogue, and S. S. Anand, Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies, Eur Heart J. avr, vol.28, issue.7, pp.850-856, 2007.

P. Pimple, M. Hammadah, K. Wilmot, R. Ramadan, A. Mheid et al., Chest Pain and Mental Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia: Sex Differences, Am J Med. mai, vol.131, issue.5, pp.540-547, 2018.

S. A. Everson-rose and T. T. Lewis, Psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases, Annu Rev Public Health, vol.26, pp.469-500, 2005.

D. J. Brotman, S. H. Golden, and I. S. Wittstein, The cardiovascular toll of stress, Lancet Lond Engl. 22 sept, vol.370, issue.9592, pp.1089-100, 2007.

Y. Chida and M. Hamer, Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: a quantitative review of 30 years of investigations, Psychol Bull, vol.134, issue.6, pp.829-85, 2008.

A. Tawakol, A. Ishai, R. A. Takx, A. L. Figueroa, A. A. Kaiser et al., Relation between resting amygdalar activity and cardiovascular events: a longitudinal and cohort study, Lancet Lond Engl. 25 févr, vol.389, pp.834-879, 2017.

A. Nicholson, H. Kuper, and H. Hemingway, Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies, Eur Heart J. déc, vol.27, issue.23, pp.2763-74, 2006.

J. P. Van-melle, P. De-jonge, T. A. Spijkerman, J. Tijssen, J. Ormel et al., Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis, Psychosom Med. déc, vol.66, issue.6, pp.814-836, 2004.

I. M. Kronish, A. P. Carson, K. W. Davidson, P. Muntner, and M. M. Safford, Depressive symptoms and cardiovascular health by the American Heart Association's definition in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, PloS One, vol.7, issue.12, p.52771, 2012.

K. E. Joynt, D. J. Whellan, O. Connor, and C. M. , Depression and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of interaction, Biol Psychiatry. 1 août, vol.54, issue.3, pp.248-61, 2003.

M. E. Dupre, L. K. George, G. Liu, and E. D. Peterson, The cumulative effect of unemployment on risks for acute myocardial infarction, Arch Intern Med. 10 déc, vol.172, issue.22, pp.1731-1738, 2012.

R. Psychosociaux, Facteurs de risque-Risques-INRS

M. Kivimäki, M. Virtanen, M. Elovainio, A. Kouvonen, A. Väänänen et al., Work stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease-a meta-analysis, Scand J Work Environ Health. déc, vol.32, issue.6, pp.431-473, 2006.

F. Kittel, F. Leynen, M. Stam, M. Dramaix, P. De-smet et al., Job conditions and fibrinogen in 14226 Belgian workers. The Belstress study, Eur Heart J. 1 déc, vol.23, issue.23, pp.1841-1849, 2002.

S. T. Nyberg, E. I. Fransson, K. Heikkilä, L. Alfredsson, A. Casini et al., Job Strain and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Meta-Analysis of Individual-Participant Data from 47,000 Men and Women, PLoS ONE, vol.20, issue.2013

N. Kollia, D. B. Panagiotakos, E. Georgousopoulou, C. Chrysohoou, D. Tousoulis et al., Exploring the association between low socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease risk in healthy Greeks, The ATTICA study, vol.223, pp.758-63, 2002.

A. M. Clark, M. Desmeules, W. Luo, A. S. Duncan, and A. Wielgosz, Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease: risks and implications for care, Nat Rev Cardiol, vol.6, issue.11, pp.712-734, 2009.

C. Vetter, E. E. Devore, L. R. Wegrzyn, J. Massa, F. E. Speizer et al., Association Between Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women, JAMA. 26 avr, vol.315, issue.16, pp.1726-1760, 2016.

I. Kawachi, G. A. Colditz, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, J. E. Manson et al., Prospective study of shift work and risk of coronary heart disease in women, Circulation. 1 déc, vol.92, issue.11, pp.3178-82, 1995.

Y. Peker, J. Hedner, J. Norum, H. Kraiczi, and J. Carlson, Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men with obstructive sleep apnea: a 7-year follow-up, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 15 juill, vol.166, issue.2, pp.159-65, 2002.

N. J. Buchner, B. M. Sanner, J. Borgel, and L. C. Rump, Continuous positive airway pressure treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea reduces cardiovascular risk, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 15 déc, vol.176, issue.12, pp.1274-80, 2007.

Y. Peker, J. Carlson, and J. Hedner, Increased incidence of coronary artery disease in sleep apnoea: a long-term follow-up, Eur Respir J. sept, vol.28, issue.3, pp.596-602, 2006.

N. M. Punjabi, A. B. Newman, T. B. Young, H. E. Resnick, and M. H. Sanders, Sleep-disordered Breathing and Cardiovascular Disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 15 mai, vol.177, issue.10, pp.1150-1155, 2008.

E. Shahar, C. W. Whitney, S. Redline, E. T. Lee, A. B. Newman et al., Sleepdisordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. janv, vol.163, issue.1, pp.19-25, 2001.

S. R. Coughlin, L. Mawdsley, J. A. Mugarza, P. Calverley, and J. Wilding, Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, Eur Heart J. mai, vol.25, issue.9, pp.735-776, 2004.

J. Ringler, R. C. Basner, R. Shannon, R. Schwartzstein, H. Manning et al., Hypoxemia alone does not explain blood pressure elevations after obstructive apneas, J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md, vol.69, issue.6, pp.2143-2151, 1985.

V. K. Somers, M. E. Dyken, M. P. Clary, and F. M. Abboud, Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea, J Clin Invest, vol.96, issue.4, pp.1897-904, 1995.

T. Geiser, F. Buck, B. J. Meyer, C. Bassetti, A. Haeberli et al., In vivo platelet activation is increased during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Respir Int Rev Thorac Dis, vol.69, issue.3, pp.229-263, 2002.

I. Eisensehr, B. L. Ehrenberg, S. Noachtar, K. Korbett, A. Byrne et al., Platelet activation, epinephrine, and blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Neurology. juill, vol.51, issue.1, pp.188-95, 1998.

L. Dyugovskaya, P. Lavie, and L. Lavie, Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1 avr, vol.165, issue.7, pp.934-943, 2002.

K. Chin, M. Ohi, H. Kita, T. Noguchi, N. Otsuka et al., Effects of NCPAP therapy on fibrinogen levels in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. juin, vol.153, issue.6, pp.1972-1978, 1996.

T. Yokoe, K. Minoguchi, H. Matsuo, N. Oda, H. Minoguchi et al., Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Circulation. 4 mars, vol.107, pp.1129-1163, 2003.

K. Minoguchi, T. Tazaki, T. Yokoe, H. Minoguchi, Y. Watanabe et al., Elevated production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by monocytes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Chest. nov, vol.126, issue.5, pp.1473-1482, 2004.

, Réduire la consommation de sel

, World Health Organization

, Sel : une diminution des apports, malgré tout insuffisante | Anses-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail

I. Gavras and H. Gavras, Volume-expanded » hypertension: the effect of fluid overload and the role of the sympathetic nervous system in salt-dependent hypertension, J Hypertens. avr, vol.30, issue.4, pp.655-664, 2012.

N. R. Cook, L. J. Appel, and P. K. Whelton, Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 4 mars, vol.129, pp.981-990, 2014.

P. K. Whelton and L. J. Appel, Sodium and cardiovascular disease: what the data show, Am J Hypertens. sept, vol.27, issue.9, pp.1143-1148, 2014.

H. Chang, Y. Hu, C. Yue, Y. Wen, W. Yeh et al., Effect of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men, Am J Clin Nutr. juin, vol.83, issue.6, pp.1289-96, 2006.

, Ministry of health of Brazil. Primary health care department, Diet Guidel Braz Popul, 2014.

T. Fiolet, B. Srour, L. Sellem, E. Kesse-guyot, B. Allès et al., Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort, BMJ. 14 févr, vol.360, p.322, 2018.

F. Juul and E. Hemmingsson, Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Sweden between 1960 and 2010, Public Health Nutr. déc, vol.18, issue.17, pp.3096-107, 2015.

S. Benisi-kohansal, P. Saneei, M. Salehi-marzijarani, B. Larijani, and A. Esmaillzadeh, WholeGrain Intake and Mortality from All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Adv Nutr Bethesda Md, vol.7, pp.1052-65, 2016.

E. Ritz, K. Hahn, M. Ketteler, M. K. Kuhlmann, and J. Mann, Phosphate Additives in Food-a Health Risk, Dtsch Ärztebl Int. janv, vol.109, issue.4, pp.49-55, 2012.

C. Sullivan, S. S. Sayre, J. B. Leon, R. Machekano, T. E. Love et al., Effect of food additives on hyperphosphatemia among patients with end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA. 11 févr, vol.301, issue.6, pp.629-664, 2009.

R. N. Foley, A. J. Collins, C. A. Herzog, A. Ishani, and P. A. Kalra, Serum phosphorus levels associate with coronary atherosclerosis in young adults, J Am Soc Nephrol JASN. févr, vol.20, issue.2, pp.397-404, 2009.

L. H. Kayne, D. Argenio, D. Z. Meyer, J. H. Hu, M. S. Jamgotchian et al., Analysis of segmental phosphate absorption in intact rats. A compartmental analysis approach, J Clin Invest. mars, vol.91, issue.3, pp.915-937, 1993.

, Assessment of one published review on health risks associated with phosphate additives in food, EFSA J, vol.11, issue.11, 2013.

B. J. Restrepo and M. Rieger, Denmark's Policy on Artificial Trans Fat and Cardiovascular Disease, Am J Prev Med. janv, vol.50, issue.1, pp.69-76, 2016.

S. Bronzato and A. Durante, A Contemporary Review of the Relationship between Red Meat Consumption and Cardiovascular Risk, Int J Prev Med, vol.8, 2017.

R. Micha, S. K. Wallace, and D. Mozaffarian, Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Circulation. 1 juin, vol.121, issue.21, pp.2271-83, 2010.

U. Förstermann, Oxidative stress in vascular disease: causes, defense mechanisms and potential therapies, Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. juin, vol.5, issue.6, pp.338-387, 2008.

Z. Wang, E. Klipfell, B. J. Bennett, R. Koeth, B. S. Levison et al., Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease, Nature. 7 avr, vol.472, issue.7341, pp.57-63, 2011.

R. A. Koeth, Z. Wang, B. S. Levison, J. A. Buffa, E. Org et al., Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis, Nat Med. mai, vol.19, issue.5, pp.576-85, 2013.

A. Q. Zhang, S. C. Mitchell, and R. L. Smith, Dietary precursors of trimethylamine in man: a pilot study, Food Chem Toxicol Int J Publ Br Ind Biol Res Assoc. mai, vol.37, issue.5, pp.515-535, 1999.

F. Grodstein, M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett et al., Postmenopausal Estrogen and Progestin Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, N Engl J Med. 15 août, vol.335, issue.7, pp.453-61, 1996.

S. Hulley, D. Grady, T. Bush, C. Furberg, D. Herrington et al., Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group, JAMA. 19 août, vol.280, issue.7, pp.605-618, 1998.

J. E. Rossouw, G. L. Anderson, R. L. Prentice, A. Z. Lacroix, C. Kooperberg et al., Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial, JAMA. 17 juill, vol.288, issue.3, pp.321-354, 2002.

A. Pines, D. W. Sturdee, A. H. Maclennan, H. Schneider, H. Burger et al., The heart of the WHI study: time for hormone therapy policies to be revised, Climacteric J Int Menopause Soc. août, vol.10, issue.4, pp.267-276, 2007.

B. W. Walsh, I. Schiff, B. Rosner, L. Greenberg, V. Ravnikar et al., Effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on the concentrations and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins, N Engl J Med, vol.325, issue.17, pp.1196-204, 1991.

M. Gol, P. Akan, E. Dogan, C. Karas, U. Saygili et al., Effects of estrogen, raloxifene, and hormone replacement therapy on serum C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels, Maturitas. 20 févr, vol.53, issue.3, pp.252-261, 2006.

D. Zanger, B. K. Yang, J. Ardans, M. A. Waclawiw, G. Csako et al., Divergent effects of hormone therapy on serum markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease on appropriate medical management, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.36, issue.6, pp.1797-802, 2000.

K. K. Koh, M. Shin, I. Sakuma, J. Y. Ahn, D. K. Jin et al., Effects of conventional or lower doses of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. août, vol.24, issue.8, pp.1516-1537, 2004.

S. Leger, A. S. Cochrane, A. L. Moore, and F. , Factors associated with cardiac mortality in developed countries with particular reference to the consumption of wine, Lancet Lond Engl. 12 mai, vol.1, issue.8124, pp.1017-1037, 1979.

M. H. Criqui and B. L. Ringel, Does diet or alcohol explain the French paradox?, Lancet Lond Engl. 24 déc, vol.344, pp.1719-1742, 1994.

M. J. Thun, R. Peto, A. D. Lopez, J. H. Monaco, S. J. Henley et al., Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults, N Engl J Med. 11 déc, vol.337, issue.24, pp.1705-1719, 1997.

C. G. Solomon, F. B. Hu, M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, F. E. Speizer et al., Moderate alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Circulation. 1 août, vol.102, issue.5, pp.494-503, 2000.

P. A. Scherr, A. Z. Lacroix, R. B. Wallace, L. Berkman, J. D. Curb et al., Light to moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in the elderly, J Am Geriatr Soc. juill, vol.40, issue.7, pp.651-658, 1992.

L. A. Friedman and A. W. Kimball, Coronary heart disease mortality and alcohol consumption in Framingham, Am J Epidemiol. sept, vol.124, issue.3, pp.481-490, 1986.

J. M. Gaziano, J. E. Buring, J. L. Breslow, S. Z. Goldhaber, B. Rosner et al., Moderate alcohol intake, increased levels of high-density lipoprotein and its subfractions, and decreased risk of myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med. 16 déc, vol.329, issue.25, pp.1829-1863, 1993.

A. S. Hansen, P. Marckmann, L. O. Dragsted, F. Nielsen, I. Nielsen et al., Effect of red wine and red grape extract on blood lipids, haemostatic factors, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, Eur J Clin Nutr. mars, vol.59, issue.3, pp.449-55, 2005.

N. Pellegrini, F. I. Pareti, F. Stabile, A. Brusamolino, and P. Simonetti, Effects of moderate consumption of red wine on platelet aggregation and haemostatic variables in healthy volunteers, Eur J Clin Nutr. avr, vol.50, issue.4, pp.209-222, 1996.

M. Aviram and B. Fuhrman, Wine flavonoids protect against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis, Ann N Y Acad Sci. mai, vol.957, pp.146-61, 2002.

A. M. Wood, S. Kaptoge, A. S. Butterworth, P. Willeit, S. Warnakula et al., Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies, The Lancet. 14 avr, vol.391, pp.1513-1536, 2018.

M. J. Gunter, N. Murphy, A. J. Cross, L. Dossus, L. Dartois et al., Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study, Ann Intern Med. 15 août, vol.167, issue.4, pp.236-283, 2017.

R. Poole, O. J. Kennedy, P. Roderick, J. A. Fallowfield, P. C. Hayes et al., Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes, BMJ, vol.359, p.5024, 2017.

M. Ding, A. Satija, S. N. Bhupathiraju, Y. Hu, Q. Sun et al., Association of Coffee Consumption With Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in 3 Large Prospective Cohorts, Circulation. 15 déc, vol.132, issue.24, pp.2305-2320, 2015.

D. Robertson, D. Wade, R. Workman, R. L. Woosley, and J. A. Oates, Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man, J Clin Invest. avr, vol.67, issue.4, pp.1111-1118, 1981.

Y. Choi, Y. Chang, S. Ryu, J. Cho, S. Rampal et al., Coffee consumption and coronary artery calcium in young and middle-aged asymptomatic adults, Heart Br Card Soc. mai, vol.101, issue.9, pp.686-91, 2015.

K. Fujioka and T. Shibamoto, Quantitation of Volatiles and Nonvolatile Acids in an Extract from Coffee Beverages: Correlation with Antioxidant Activity, J Agric Food Chem. 1 août, vol.54, issue.16, pp.6054-6062, 2006.

U. Peters, C. Poole, and L. Arab, Does tea affect cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis, Am J Epidemiol. 15 sept, vol.154, issue.6, pp.495-503, 2001.

L. Arab, W. Liu, and D. Elashoff, Green and black tea consumption and risk of stroke: a metaanalysis, Stroke. mai, vol.40, issue.5, pp.1786-92, 2009.

R. R. Huxley and .. W. , The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart disease mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Eur J Clin Nutr. août, vol.57, issue.8, pp.904-912, 2003.

T. Nagao, T. Hase, and I. Tokimitsu, A green tea extract high in catechins reduces body fat and cardiovascular risks in humans, Obes Silver Spring Md. juin, vol.15, issue.6, pp.1473-83, 2007.

D. Taubert, R. Roesen, and E. Schömig, Effect of cocoa and tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis, Arch Intern Med. 9 avr, vol.167, issue.7, pp.626-660, 2007.

A. Deka and J. A. Vita, Tea and Cardiovascular Disease, Pharmacol Res Off J Ital Pharmacol Soc. août, vol.64, issue.2, pp.136-181, 2011.

H. Godman, Adopt a Mediterranean diet now for better health later

H. Health-blog, , 2013.

. Disponible,

M. De-lorgeril, P. Salen, J. L. Martin, I. Monjaud, J. Delaye et al., Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study, Circulation. 16 févr, vol.99, issue.6, pp.779-85, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00395451

F. Sofi, R. Abbate, G. F. Gensini, and A. Casini, Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.92, issue.5, pp.1189-96, 2010.

R. Estruch, R. E. Salas-salvadó, J. Covas, M. , C. D. Arós et al., Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet, N Engl J Med. 4 avr, vol.368, issue.14, pp.1279-90, 2013.

M. De-lorgeril, S. Renaud, N. Mamelle, P. Salen, J. L. Martin et al., Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, Lancet Lond Engl. 11 juin, vol.343, issue.8911, pp.1454-1463, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00395487

A. J. Nordmann, K. Suter-zimmermann, H. C. Bucher, I. Shai, K. R. Tuttle et al., Meta-analysis comparing Mediterranean to low-fat diets for modification of cardiovascular risk factors, Am J Med. sept, vol.124, issue.9, pp.841-851, 2011.

C. Kastorini, H. J. Milionis, K. Esposito, D. Giugliano, J. A. Goudevenos et al., The Effect of Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Syndrome and its Components: A Meta-Analysis of 50 Studies and 534,906 Individuals, J Am Coll Cardiol. 15 mars, vol.57, issue.11, pp.1299-313, 2011.

K. Esposito, R. Marfella, M. Ciotola, C. D. Palo, F. Giugliano et al., Effect of a Mediterranean-Style Diet on Endothelial Dysfunction and Markers of Vascular Inflammation in the Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial, JAMA. 22 sept, vol.292, issue.12, pp.1440-1446, 2004.

S. A. Lear, W. Hu, S. Rangarajan, D. Gasevic, D. Leong et al., The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130 000 people from 17 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: the PURE study. The Lancet. 16 déc, vol.390, pp.2643-54, 2017.

J. E. Manson, F. B. Hu, J. W. Rich-edwards, G. A. Colditz, M. J. Stampfer et al., A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women, N Engl J Med. 26 août, vol.341, issue.9, pp.650-658, 1999.

A. Wagner, C. Simon, A. Evans, J. Ferrières, M. Montaye et al., Physical activity and coronary event incidence in Northern Ireland and France: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME), Circulation. 14 mai, vol.105, pp.2247-52, 2002.

M. Mubanga, L. Byberg, C. Nowak, A. Egenvall, P. K. Magnusson et al., Dog ownership and the risk of cardiovascular disease and death-a nationwide cohort study. Sci Rep, vol.7, p.15821, 2017.

E. G. Wilmot, C. L. Edwardson, F. A. Achana, M. J. Davies, T. Gorely et al., Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, vol.55, pp.2895-905, 2012.

A. Grøntved and F. B. Hu, Television viewing and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis, JAMA. 15 juin, vol.305, issue.23, pp.2448-55, 2011.

U. Ekelund, J. Steene-johannessen, W. J. Brown, M. W. Fagerland, N. Owen et al., Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women, Lancet Lond Engl. 24 sept, vol.388, pp.1302-1312, 2016.

R. H. Fagard, Exercise is good for your blood pressure: effects of endurance training and resistance training, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. sept, vol.33, issue.9, pp.853-859, 2006.

G. D. Batty, M. J. Shipley, M. Marmot, and G. D. Smith, Physical activity and cause-specific mortality in men with Type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance: evidence from the Whitehall study, Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. juill, vol.19, issue.7, pp.580-588, 2002.

A. S. Leon and O. A. Sanchez, Response of blood lipids to exercise training alone or combined with dietary intervention, Med Sci Sports Exerc. juin, vol.33, issue.6, pp.502-515, 2001.

P. Schnohr, T. S. Kristensen, E. Prescott, and H. Scharling, Stress and life dissatisfaction are inversely associated with jogging and other types of physical activity in leisure timeThe Copenhagen City Heart Study, Scand J Med Sci Sports. avr, vol.15, issue.2, pp.107-119, 2005.

J. C. Kwong, K. L. Schwartz, M. A. Campitelli, H. Chung, N. S. Crowcroft et al., Acute Myocardial Infarction after Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Infection, N Engl J Med. 25 janv, vol.378, issue.4, pp.345-53, 2018.

E. P. Gurfinkel, L. De-la-fuente, R. Mendiz, O. Mautner, and B. , Flu vaccination in acute coronary syndromes and planned percutaneous coronary interventions (FLUVACS) Study, Eur Heart J. janv, vol.25, issue.1, pp.25-31, 2004.

U. E. Heidland and B. E. Strauer, Left ventricular muscle mass and elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption, Circulation. 25 sept, vol.104, issue.13, pp.1477-82, 2001.

A. Sajadieh, O. W. Nielsen, V. Rasmussen, H. O. Hein, S. Abedini et al., Increased heart rate and reduced heart-rate variability are associated with subclinical inflammation in middle-aged and elderly subjects with no apparent heart disease, Eur Heart J. mars, vol.25, issue.5, pp.363-70, 2004.

T. S. Nawrot, L. Perez, N. Künzli, E. Munters, and B. Nemery, Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: a comparative risk assessment, Lancet Lond Engl. 26 févr, vol.377, issue.9767, pp.732-772, 2011.

A. G. Shaper, G. Wannamethee, P. W. Macfarlane, and M. Walker, Heart rate, ischaemic heart disease, and sudden cardiac death in middle-aged British men, Br Heart J. juill, vol.70, issue.1, pp.49-55, 1993.

S. Buchholz, S. M. Grieve, R. Maher, and G. A. Figtree, Cardiovascular flashlight. Cocaineinduced myocardial injury seen as multiple mid-wall foci of late enhancement by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, Eur Heart J. juin, vol.31, issue.11, p.1422, 2010.

J. C. Daniel, T. T. Huynh, W. Zhou, P. Kougias, E. Sayed et al., Acute aortic dissection associated with use of cocaine, J Vasc Surg. sept, vol.46, issue.3, pp.427-460, 2007.

W. Kerns, L. Garvey, and J. Owens, Cocaine-induced wide complex dysrhythmia, J Emerg Med. juin, vol.15, issue.3, pp.321-330, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/s0736-4679(97)00003-6

J. D. Boehrer, D. J. Moliterno, J. E. Willard, R. W. Snyder, R. P. Horton et al., Hemodynamic effects of intranasal cocaine in humans, J Am Coll Cardiol. juill, vol.20, issue.1, pp.90-93, 1992.

J. E. Hollander, Cocaine intoxication and hypertension, Ann Emerg Med. mars, vol.51, issue.3, pp.18-20, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.11.008

A. D. Kugelmass, A. Oda, K. Monahan, C. Cabral, and J. A. Ware, Activation of human platelets by cocaine, Circulation. sept, vol.88, issue.3, pp.876-83, 1993.

R. Kozor, S. M. Grieve, S. Buchholz, S. Kaye, S. Darke et al., Regular cocaine use is associated with increased systolic blood pressure, aortic stiffness and left ventricular mass in young otherwise healthy individuals, PloS One, vol.9, issue.4, p.89710, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0089710

URL : https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0089710&type=printable

. Disponible,

M. A. Mittleman, R. A. Lewis, M. Maclure, J. B. Sherwood, and J. E. Muller, Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana, Circulation. 12 juin, vol.103, issue.23, pp.2805-2814, 2001.
DOI : 10.1161/01.cir.103.23.2805

T. Buckley, A. Stannard, R. Bartrop, S. Mckinley, C. Ward et al., Effect of Early Bereavement on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability, Am J Cardiol, vol.110, issue.9, pp.1378-83, 2012.

S. Larrieu, J. Jusot, M. Blanchard, H. Prouvost, C. Declercq et al., Short term effects of air pollution on hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases in eight French cities: the PSAS program, Sci Total Environ, vol.387, issue.1-3, pp.105-117, 2007.

M. Bally, N. Dendukuri, B. Rich, L. Nadeau, A. Helin-salmivaara et al., Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data, BMJ. 9 mai, vol.357, p.1909, 2017.

Z. Yu, H. Jiang, L. Shao, Y. Zhou, H. Shi et al., Use of antipsychotics and risk of myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Br J Clin Pharmacol, vol.82, issue.3, pp.624-656, 2016.

M. D. Alvin, A. S. Jaffe, R. C. Ziegelstein, and J. C. Trost, Eliminating Creatine Kinase-Myocardial Band Testing in Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Value-Based Quality Improvement, JAMA Intern Med, vol.177, issue.10, pp.1508-1520, 2017.
DOI : 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3597

A. Nejatian, Å. Omstedt, J. Höijer, L. O. Hansson, T. Djärv et al., Outcomes in Patients With Chest Pain Discharged After Evaluation Using a High-Sensitivity Troponin T Assay, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.69, issue.21, pp.2622-2652, 2017.

A. Roos, N. Bandstein, M. Lundbäck, O. Hammarsten, R. Ljung et al., Stable High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T Levels and Outcomes in Patients With Chest Pain, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.70, issue.18, pp.2226-2262, 2017.

P. M. Ridker, N. Rifai, M. Clearfield, J. R. Downs, S. E. Weis et al., Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events, N Engl J Med. 28 juin, vol.344, issue.26, pp.1959-65, 2001.

M. Zureik, P. Ducimetière, P. J. Touboul, D. Courbon, C. Bonithon-kopp et al., Common carotid intima-media thickness predicts occurrence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: longitudinal results from the Aging Vascular Study (EVA) study, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. juin, vol.20, issue.6, pp.1622-1631, 2000.

M. Hollander, A. E. Hak, P. J. Koudstaal, M. L. Bots, D. E. Grobbee et al., Comparison between measures of atherosclerosis and risk of stroke: the Rotterdam Study, Stroke. oct, vol.34, issue.10, pp.2367-72, 2003.

O. Leary, D. H. Polak, J. F. Kronmal, R. A. Manolio, T. A. Burke et al., Carotidartery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group, N Engl J Med. 7 janv, vol.340, issue.1, pp.14-22, 1999.

L. E. Chambless, G. Heiss, A. R. Folsom, R. W. Szklo, M. Sharrett et al., Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993, Am J Epidemiol. 15 sept, vol.146, issue.6, pp.483-94, 1997.

Y. Arad, K. J. Goodman, M. Roth, D. Newstein, and A. D. Guerci, Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C-reactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: the St. Francis Heart Study, J Am Coll Cardiol. 5 juill, vol.46, issue.1, pp.158-65, 2005.

R. Detrano, A. D. Guerci, J. J. Carr, D. E. Bild, G. Burke et al., Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups, N Engl J Med. 27 mars, vol.358, issue.13, pp.1336-1381, 2008.

J. Perk, D. Backer, G. Gohlke, H. Graham, I. Reiner et al., European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts), Eur Heart J. juill, vol.33, issue.13, pp.1635-701, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00927636

R. Sicari, P. Nihoyannopoulos, A. Evangelista, J. Kasprzak, P. Lancellotti et al., Stress echocardiography expert consensus statement: European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC), Eur J Echocardiogr J Work Group Echocardiogr Eur Soc Cardiol. juill, vol.9, issue.4, pp.415-452, 2008.

R. Sicari, E. Pasanisi, L. Venneri, P. Landi, L. Cortigiani et al., Stress echo results predict mortality: a large-scale multicenter prospective international study, J Am Coll Cardiol. 19 févr, vol.41, issue.4, pp.589-95, 2003.

J. Schwitter, D. Nanz, S. Kneifel, K. Bertschinger, M. Büchi et al., Assessment of myocardial perfusion in coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance: a comparison with positron emission tomography and coronary angiography, Circulation. 8 mai, vol.103, issue.18, pp.2230-2235, 2001.

L. Jacq, C. Chabredier-paquot, M. Pezzano, C. Caussin, M. Habis et al., Valeur pronostique d'une coronarographie normale, Ann Cardiol Angéiologie, vol.1, issue.7, pp.404-411, 2001.

, Haute Autorité de Santé-Évaluation et prise en charge du risque cardio-vasculaire

. Disponible,

R. M. Conroy, K. Pyörälä, A. P. Fitzgerald, S. Sans, A. Menotti et al., Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project, Eur Heart J. juin, vol.24, issue.11, pp.987-1003, 2003.

P. W. Wilson, D. Agostino, R. B. Levy, D. Belanger, A. M. Silbershatz et al., Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories, Circulation. 12 mai, vol.97, issue.18, pp.1837-1884, 1998.

, The World Health Organization MONICA Project (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease): a major international collaboration. WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators, J Clin Epidemiol, vol.41, issue.2, pp.105-119, 1988.

, Haute Autorité de Santé-Principales dyslipidémies : stratégies de prise en charge

. Disponible,