Post de Metallurgical Engineering

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Tensile testing of Extruded 6463 T6 Aluminum #metallurgy

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Annealing Types 1. Full annealing Full annealing or annealing consists of heating the steel to a temperature above its upper critical temperature, soaking there for sufficient time to obtain homogeneous austenite, and left to cool in the furnace (normally 50°C/hr) i.e., the furnace is switched off. 2. Homogenising (Diffusion) Annealing Chemical heterogeneity can be removed by homogenising (diffusion) annealing. As the diffusion of substitutional solid solution forming elements is much slower than carbon at any temperature, the alloy steels ingots are usually homogenised at 1150°C to 1200°C for 10-20 hours followed by slow cooling. 3. Process Annealing: These are similar sub-critical annealing heat treatments commonly done to restore ductility to cold-worked steel products of a variety of shapes. As the temperature of heating (650-680°C) is below Ac1 tempera­ture, i.e. below the lower critical temperature of Fe-Fe3C diagram and, as no phase change takes place on heating as well in later cooling, it is called sub-critical annealing. 4. Spheroidisation Annealing Heating the steel (C > 0.3%) to a temperature just below Ac1 temperature, holding at this temperature for a very long period followed by slow cooling, transforms lamellar to spheroidised pearlite. 5. Partial Annealing: Partial annealing of hypo-eutectoid steels consists of heating the steels in the critical range, i.e., between Ac3 and Ac1 temperatures. 6. Isothermal Annealing: In the isothermal annealing process, the steel is heated above the upper critical temperature. When the steel is heated above the upper critical temperature, it converts rapidly into an austenite structure. After that, the steel is cooled to a temperature below the lower critical temperature of 600 to 700 degrees Celsius. The cooling is done by force cooling methods. This temperature is maintained for a specific time period to produce a homogenous structure in the material. The isothermal Annealing process is mainly applied to low carbon and alloy steel to improve their machinability. Advantages of Annealing: The main advantages of annealing are in how the process improves the workability of material, increasing toughness, reducing hardness, and increasing the ductility and machinability of a metal. The heating and cooling process also reduces the brittleness of metals while enhancing their magnetic properties and electrical conductivity. Disadvantages of Annealing: The main drawback with annealing is that it can be a time-consuming procedure, depending on which materials are being annealed. Materials with high-temperature requirements can take a long time to cool sufficiently, especially if they are being left to cool naturally inside an annealing furnace. #metallurgy #heattreatment #materialsscience #metallurgicalengineering

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