Codex CODEX OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PLANT REMAINS CODEX DES RESTES VÉGÉTAUX DE L'ÉGYPTE ANCIENNE Christian de Vartavan, Arminee Arakelyan & Victoria Asensi Amorós 2010 SECOND REVISED AND EXTENDED EDITION SAIS - ACADEMIC BOOKS LONDON 1 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. First published in paperback in 1997 by Triade Exploration Ltd., 72 New Bond Street, London W1Y 9DD, UK. Second revised and extended edition published by SAIS (former Triade Exploration) 2010 © Christian de Vartavan, Arminee Arakelyan & Maria Victoria Asensi Amorós 1997 & 2010. Dr. V. Asensi Amorós did not participate in the elaboration of this second edition. Typeset by the authors in Garamond, Times New Roman and Comic Sans MS. Printed in Armenia and/or the UK All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 9780952782704 British Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. de Vartavan, C. Arminee Arakelyan and Asensi Amorós, V. 2010 Codex of Ancient Egyptian Plant Remains/ Codex des restes végétaux de l'Egypte ancienne. SAIS (former Triade Exploration), London. Keywords: Codex. Flora. Ancient Egypt. Plant remains. Archaeobotany. Mots clefs: Codex. Flora. Ancienne Egypte. Restes végétaux. Plantes. Archéobotanique. Guest language: French. 2 Codex CODEX OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PLANT REMAINS CODEX DES RESTES VÉGÉTAUX DE L'ÉGYPTE ANCIENNE 2010 SECOND REVISED AND EXTENDED EDITION - FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1997 - SAIS 3 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. TO/À : CHRISTINE & ANTRANIK T. DE VARTAVAN MARIA VICTORIA AMORÓS MARTINEZ & VICENTE ASENSI SEMPERE SOMMAIRE     PRÉFACE A LA SECONDE EDITION (2010): 7 PRÉFACE A LA PREMIERE EDITION (1997): 9 REMERCIEMENTS: 11 INTRODUCTION: 12    CODIFICATION: 16 CODIFICATION DES PÉRIODES: 21 ANALYSE: 24  CODEX (CATALOGUE CENTRALE): 29  IDENTIFICATIONS: LISTES RAPIDES      IDENTIFICATIONS AU NIVEAU DE L'ESPÈCE: 259 IDENTIFICATIONS AU NIVEAU DU GENRE (DE GENRES DIFFÉRENTS DES ESPÈCES PRÉCÉDENTES) : 270 IDENTIFICATIONS AU NIVEAU DE LA FAMILLE: 271 IDENTIFICATIONS AU NIVEAU DE L'ORDRE: 271 IDENTIFICATIONS AU NIVEAU DE LA VARIANTE: 272 IDENTIFICATIONS INCOMPLÈTES OU DOUTEUSES PRESENTEES DANS LE CODEX: 273 EQUIVALENCE SYNONYMIQUES DES BASIONYMES (NOMS D’ESPECES): 275          4 FLORA: CLASSIFICATION TAXONOMIQUE DES ESPÈCES IDENTIFIÉES: 279 INDEX DES NOMS VERNACULAIRES EN FRANÇAIS: 293 INDEX DES NOMS VERNACULAIRES EN ANGLAIS: 304 LÉXIQUE ANGLAIS/FRANÇAIS: 316 BIBLIOGRAPHIE PAR AUTEUR (1997): 317 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ÉTENDUE (2010): 340 BIBLIOGRAPHIE NUMÉROTÉE (1997): 344 Codex CONTENTS     FOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION (2010): 7 FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION (1997): 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENT: 11 INTRODUCTION: 12    CODIFICATION: 18 CODIFICATION OF PERIODS: 23 ANALYSIS: 26  CODEX (CENTRAL CATALOG): 29  IDENTIFICATIONS: SHORTLISTS        IDENTIFICATIONS TO SPECIES LEVEL: 259 IDENTIFICATIONS TO GENUS LEVEL (OF GENDERS OTHER THAN THOSE OF ABOVE SPECIES): 270 IDENTIFICATION TO FAMILY LEVEL (OF SPECIES NOT EVEN IDENTIFIED AT GENUS LEVEL): 271 IDENTIFICATIONS TO ORDER LEVEL: 271 IDENTIFICATIONS TO THE LEVEL OF THE VARIANT: 272 INCOMPLETE OR DOUBTFUL IDENTIFICATIONS LISTED IN THE CODEX: 273 SYNONYMIC EQUIVALENCES OF BASIONYMS (SPECIES NAMES): 275  FLORA: TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF IDENTIFIED SPECIES: 279    INDEX OF FRENCH VERNACULAR NAMES: 293 INDEX OF ENGLISH VERNACULAR NAMES: 304 ENGLISH-FRENCH LEXICON OF TERMS USED IN THE CODEX: 316    BIBLIOGRAPHY PER AUTHOR (1997): 317 EXTENDED BIBLIOGRAPHY PER AUTHOR (2010): 340 BIBLIOGRAPHY PER NUMBER (1997): 344 5 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 6 Codex PRÉFACE (2010) FOREWORD (2010) Le présent ouvrage est le résultat de plus de douze années de travail assidu et de milliers d’heures de dissection, compilation et organisation. Huit années auront été nécessaires pour achever la première édition de 1997, désormais devenue la référence en la matière, et plus de deux années continues pour la mettre à jour. Ceci grâce en particulier aux efforts de Mme Arminée Arakelyan, assistante de recherche du soussigné, qui fut chargée de constituer les nouvelles lignes -types/identifications signalées en gras dans le texte. En ce qui concerne ces dernières, la différence principale entre la précédente édition et celle-ci est que la date de publication remplace le numéro de publication. De fait le lecteur trouvera à la fin de l’ouvrage une bibliographie nouvelle et séparée regroupant les 72 rapports récemment examinés. The present book is the result of over twelve years of harsh work and thousand of hours of painstaking dissection, compilation and organisation. Eight years were necessary to achieve the first 1997 edition, which has now become the worldwide reference in the field, and over two continuous years to update the present one. This was in particular achieved thanks to the renewed efforts and attention of Mrs Arminee Arakelyan, research assistant to the undersigned, who has been in charge of the elaboration of the new type-lines (signalled in bold in the text). Where these latter are concerned the main difference between this edition and the previous one is that the date of publication replaces the numbering system originally used. Hence the reader will find at the end of the book a separate bibliography regrouping the 72 reports newly examined. La présente édition du Codex inclut désormais 872 nouvelles identifications de restes végétaux en provenance de l’Égypte ancienne, soit une augmentation d’un peu moins de 20%. Un survol général de ces identifications est présenté dans le chapitre analytique (p. 24) ou les autres chiffres de 1997 ont été également mis à jour. The present edition of the Codex thus includes 872 new identifications of plant remains constituting an increase of slightly less than 20% of them. These identifications are generally detailed in the analytical chapter (p. 26) where the other 1997 figures have equally been updated. A l’heure ou ces lignes sont écrites de nouvelles publications sont attendues ou annoncées, d’autres encore attendent d’être obtenues et analysées. Une troisième édition du Codex devant être publiée dans quelques années est déjà en route, et si l’on tient en compte le rythme auquel les rapports apparaissent elle s’avère d’emblai prometteuse. A ce titre, nous serions reconnaissant si les archéobotanistes et autres spécialistes publiant des identifications de restes végétaux en provenance de l’Égypte ancienne pouvaient nous envoyer par e-mail (egyptology@ysu.am) leurs rapports. Ceci afin de faciliter une tâche déjà bien lourde et qui doit incidemment être désormais menée en parallèle avec d’autres programmes de recherches non moins demandant. Ceci afin que le Codex reflète bien l’état de notre connaissance du monde végétal de l’Égypte ancienne au moment de sa publication. Il est espéré que cette présente édition, depuis longtemps demandée car épuisée, sera aussi utilisée par les communautés égyptologiques et archéobotaniques, que ne l’a été la précédente. Yet as the undersigned writes these lines, we are aware of new publications coming up and others waiting to be obtained and analysed. A third edition, to be published in a few years time is already under way and the rate of discoveries of plant remains from ancient Egyptian contexts makes it promising. In fact we would in this respect very much appreciate if archaeobotanists and other specialists identifying plant remains from ancient Egyptian contexts could send us their reports by e-mail (egyptology@ysu.am). This so as to ease an already very heavy task which is incidentally now treated in parallel to other equally demanding research programs, and thus to make sure that the Codex reflects as best as possible the state of research concerning the vegetal world of Ancient Egypt at the time of its publication. It is hoped that this present edition long asked for by many scholars, if not because the book has been out of print for some time, will be as used as the previous one has been by the Egyptology and botany communities alike. C. T. de V. C. T. de V. Fondateur & Directeur Centre Arménien d’Égyptologie Université d’État de Yerevan Arménie Founder & Director Armenian Egyptology Centre Yerevan State University Armenia http://a-egyptology.atspace.com http://a-egyptology.atspace.com 7 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 8 Codex PRÉFACE (1997) Ces quinze dernières années sont à l'étude de la flore ancienne de l'Égypte, ce que notre siècle tout entier représente au regard des progrès technologiques. L'avènement de nouvelles techniques dites de "flottation"1 sur les sites archéologiques2 a en effet non seulement permis d'extraire des restes végétaux de ces strates d'occupation anciennes ou l'œil ne les distinguait pas, mais aussi de centupler les volumes de restes retrouvés, certains sites ayant récemment révélé des milliers, voir des dizaines de milliers de restes végétaux antiques, carbonisés ou desséchés. Groupés et identifiés, ces milliers de pollens, graines, fleurs, feuilles et autres restes révèlent les espèces végétales qui parsemaient autrefois le sol de l'Égypte. Groupées à leurs tours en familles et genres, puis organisées taxonomiquement, ces mêmes espèces s'agencent en une flore ancienne que l'on peut confronter plus facilement avec celle, contemporaine, qui existe aujourd'hui à notre extrémité de l'échelle temporelle. C'est cette juxtaposition, comme nous l'expliquons dans l'introduction, qui initia notre quête. Depuis, bien des progrès ont été réalisés. Aussi notre propos ne sera-t-il en aucun cas de chercher à souligner les lacunes - bien justifiables au vu des circonstances - dont souffrent les études de nos prédécesseurs (certaines publiées voila un peu plus de dix ans). Considérant la somme de connaissances que nous en avons acquise, la démarche serait tout aussi inélégante qu'injuste. The last fifteen years were to the study of the flora of ancient Egypt what our century has often been to technological progress. The appearance of new "flotation"3 techniques on archaeological sites4 has indeed not only allowed the extraction of vegetal remains from ancient levels of occupations where they could not be seen, but also multiplied the volumes of remains recovered. Thus thousands, even tens of thousands, of ancient carbonised or desiccated plant remains have recently been extracted from a number of sites. Assembled and identified, these thousands of seeds, flowers, leaves and other remains reveal the plant species which once proliferated on Egyptian soil. Organised in turn according to family and gender, thereafter according to the finer requirements of taxonomy, these very same species form an ancient flora which can be more easily compared to that contemporaneous one which thrives at the opposite end of the time scale. As we explain in our introduction, it is this juxtaposition which initiated our quest. Much ground has now been covered. Thus, to underline the deficiencies in the studies of our predecessors, some of them published a little more than ten years ago, would not only show a lack of appreciation of the benefits we gained from them, but also be totally unfair in the circumstances. FOREWORD (1997) C. de V. & V. A. A. (1997)  1. Séparation hydraulique, manuelle ou mécanique, des restes végétaux de la strate archéologique qui les contient. Les végétaux carbonisés ou desséchés, qui flottent, sont extraits de la cuve de séparation au moyen de tamis. 2. A notre connaissance, les techniques de "flottation" ont été introduites pour la première fois en Égypte en 1980 par le docteur Wilma Wetterstrom du Botanical Museum de l'Université de Harvard (Voir Wetterstrom, 1017 & 1354). 3. Hydraulic separation, manual or mechanic, of the plant remains from the archaeological strata which contains them. As carbonised or desiccated plant remains float, they are transported out of the drum used for separation into sieves. 4. To our knowledge, flotation techniques were first introduced in Egypt in 1980 by Dr. Wilma Wetterstrom of the Botanical Museum of Harvard University (See Wetterstrom, 1017 & 1354). 9 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 10 Codex REMERCIEMENTS (1997) L a nature même du Codex a fait que les auteurs n'ont compté que sur eux-mêmes pour l'achever et peut être bien plus encore sur le principe d'un dépouillement méthodique et scientifique des rapports publiés. Quelques collègues et amis ont néanmoins bien voulu nous communiquer obligeamment leurs études en cours de publication, d'autres nous aidant de bonne grâce à résoudre quelques problèmes techniques. Il s'agit du docteur Shimon Gibson du "Palestine Exploration Fund de Londres", du docteur Michel Girard du C.N.R.S., du docteur Mordechai Kislev de l'Université Bar Ilan en Israël, de Madame Frances MacLaren de l' "University of East London", de Madame Mary Ann Murray de l'Institut d'Archéologie de l'University College de Londres, du Professeur Didier Normand ex-directeur du Centre Technique Forestier Tropical de Nogent-sur-Marne, de Madame Arlette Plu du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle à Paris, du docteur Delwen Samuel du "Mac Donald Institute for Archaeological Research" à Cambridge, du docteur Ursula Thanheiser de l'"Institüt fur Botanik" de Vienne, du docteur Wilma Wetterstrom du "Harvard Botanical Museum" et enfin de Monsieur Gordon Hillman de l'Institut d'Archéologie de l'University College de Londres. Que ces personnes trouvent dans ces lignes l'expression de notre plus sincère gratitude. Nous désirons accorder cependant une reconnaissance toute spéciale à Messieurs Jean Pierre et Jean Claude Aznavour pour le grand soutien qu'ils nous ont apporté ainsi qu'au Professeur Jean Broutin du Laboratoire de Paléobotanique de Paris VI. Tout autant qu'au docteur Lucile Allorge du C.N.R.S./M.N.H.N., à Madame Hélène Guichard, Conservateur du Patrimoine et Monsieur Gordon Hillman susmentionné pour avoir pris le soin de corriger notre manuscrit. T he very nature of the Codex has caused the authors to rely mainly on themselves for the completion of this project and perhaps even more so on the principle of a systematic and scientific dissection of the published material. A number of colleagues and friends have however kindly provided studies in the course of publication or provided some help regarding some technical matters. They are Dr. Shimon Gibson of the Palestine Exploration Fund in London, Dr. Michel Girard of the C.N.R.S., Dr. Mordechai Kislev of Bar Ilan University in Israel, Ms. Frances MacLaren of the University of East London, Ms Mary Ann Murray also of the Institute of Archaeology in University College, Prof. Didier Normand former director of the "Centre Technique Forestier Tropicale" of Nogent-sur-Marne, Mrs. Arlette Plu of the "Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle" in Paris, Dr. Delwen Samuel of the Mac Donald Institute for Archaeological Research in Cambridge, Dr. Ursula Thanheiser of the "Institüt fur Botanik" in Vienna, Dr. Wilma Wetterstrom of Harvard Botanical Museum and last but not least Mr. Gordon Hillman of the Institute of Archaeology of University College London. To these individuals, we wish to express our sincere gratitude. We also wish to express our special thanks to Mr. Jean Pierre and Jean Claude Aznavour for the grand support which they have given us, as well as to Prof. Jean Broutin, director of the "Laboratoire de Paléobotanique" of Paris VI University. Again to Dr. Lucile Allorge of C.N.R.S./M.N.H.N., Mrs. Hélène Guichard, "Conservateur du Patrimoine" and Mr Gordon Hillman aforementioned for having taken the trouble of correcting our manuscript. ACKNOWLEDGMENT (1997)  11 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. INTRODUCTION (1997) Les grandes étapes de l'étude générale1 des plantes de l'Égypte ancienne coïncident avec la publication des ouvrages de Wönig2, Loret3, Täckholm et Drar4, Germer5, Charpentier6 et encore Germer7. Les études de Germer (1979) et de Charpentier sont des inventaires lexicographiques visant à établir des liens entre les noms des plantes écrits en hiéroglyphes et ceux déterminant les espèces que les botanistes ont créées depuis Linné. Ces conclusions sont obtenues par le biais de déductions linguistiques, exploitant parfois des langues autres que l'ancien égyptien tel l'accadien ou l'araméen, qui même si leurs apports sont indéniables, ont été de tous temps l'objet de maintes controverses. Les études de Wönig, Loret, Keimer et Germer (1985) sont des synthèses visant à reconstituer la "flore" des anciens égyptiens en mélangeant les informations de type lexicographique, iconographique et scientifique. Le principal inconvénient de l'approche iconographique est que le plus précis des bas reliefs ne proposera jamais qu' une suggestion, sans constituer un fait scientifique. Nous ne connaissons d'ailleurs à ce jour qu'un seul bas relief 8 suffisamment précis dans son contour pour permettre une tentative de 1. Nous entendons les synthèses couvrant l'ensemble des plantes de l'Égypte. Les ouvrages qui suivent sont des contributions importantes à la connaissance de ces plantes, mais comme leurs titres l'indiquent, ne traitent que d'une catégorie de végétaux: Keimer, L. 1924 & 1984 Die Gartenpflanzen im alten Ägypten, I & II (Germer, R (ed.)), Berlin et Le Caire; Baum, N. 1988 Arbres et arbustes de l'Égypte ancienne. Bruxelles; Hugonot, J.C. 1989 Le Jardin dans l'Égypte Ancienne. Berne. 2. Wönig, F. 1886 Die Pflanzen im alten Aegypten, ihre Heimat, Geschichte, Kultur, und ihre mannigfache Verwendung im sozialem Leben, in Kultus, Sitten, Gebräuchen, Medizin, Kunst. Wilhem Friedrich, Leipzig. 3. Loret, V. 1892 La Flore Pharaonique d'après les documents hiéroglyphiques et les spécimens découverts dans les tombes. Ernest Leroux, Paris. 4. Täckholm, V. and Drar, M. 1941, 1950, 1954, 1969 Flora of Egypt. Cairo University Press, Cairo. Cette flore inachevée aurait couvert l'ensemble des plantes et donc des trouvailles archéologiques si le décès de ses auteurs n'y avait mis un terme prématuré. Elle est théoriquement en progrès. 5. Germer, R. 1979 Untersuchung über Arzneimittelpflanzen im alten Ägypten. Dissertation, Hamburg. 6. Charpentier, G. 1981 Recueil de matériaux épigraphiques relatifs à la botanique de l'Égypte antique. Paris. 7. Germer, R. 1985 Flora des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz. 8. Bas-relief découvert à Karnak et montrant une vesce (Lathyrus sp.), voir Keimer, L. 1947 Plusieurs antiquités récemment trouvées. Bulletin de l'Institut d'Égypte, 28: 117-118. 12 Codex diagnose9 (et dans ce cas précis sans même dépasser le niveau du genre), exercice auquel se livrent les systématiciens pour décrire une plante en vue de l'identifier. L'autre inconvénient majeur de ce type de synthèses est qu'elles amalgament plantes suggérées et plantes découvertes, à tel point qu' il devient extrêmement difficile d'évaluer notre connaissance scientifique de la flore antique de l'Égypte. Curieusement, le Codex est depuis 182610 la première étude exclusivement consacrée aux informations du type scientifique. C'est-à-dire aux découvertes et identifications effectuées par des scientifiques possédant au moins des rudiments de botanique, voire une formation spécialisée, comme celle d'archéobotanique. Ainsi, les chapitres de la "Flora of Egypt" de Vivi Täckholm qui recensent les découvertes de restes végétaux provenant de contextes archéologiques, essentiellement funéraires, peuvent être considérés comme les ancêtres du Codex. Ce sont d'ailleurs ces chapitres, exploités il y a plusieurs années, qui ont servi de guide aux auteurs pour retrouver les premières séries de rapports en vue de leur analyse. Quant aux données présentées ici, les auteurs sont conscients que le propre de l'utilisateur de catalogues et de dictionnaires est de relever moins ce qui s'y trouve que ce qui ne s'y trouve pas. C'est l'inconvénient de toute étude qui se veut exhaustive et que leur désir de repousser plus loin les frontières de nos connaissances des plantes de l'Égypte, leur a fait accepter.  Un peu moins de huit ans de travail leur auront été en effet nécessaires pour réaliser le corpus de rapports scientifiques qui sont à la source de cette étude ainsi que leur dissection systématique. Commencé le 2 février 1989, les auteurs ont fait soudain surface en février 1996, mille trois cents références11 ayant été recensées dont trois cent cinquante six rapports archéobotaniques12. Que des études aient pu échapper aux auteurs est inévitable, mais l'analyse croisée des bibliographies révèle que l'essentiel du corpus a été couvert. Les données assemblées ont donc créé un nouveau territoire pour lequel plusieurs années d'analyse seront nécessaires, et au moment où ces lignes sont écrites, un examen en profondeur des données livrées dans le Codex est d'ors et déjà en cours. Toutefois, une double question fût à la fois l'origine et la motivation permanente de ce projet: Sur combien d'espèces scientifiquement identifiées se fonde notre connaissance de cette flore antique de l'Égypte, qui s'échelonne du Paléolithique à l'Époque Ottomane13, et que représente ce chiffre par rapport aux espèces de la flore moderne de l'Égypte? Huit ans plus tard, l'analyse préliminaire que nous présentons un peu plus loin propose enfin un essai de réponse à cette question. 9. Description botanique d'une espèce, rédigée habituellement en latin. 10. Date à laquelle Kunth publie ce qui est considéré jusqu'à ce jour comme la première étude sur des restes végétaux de l'Égypte ancienne. Voir la bibliographie générale à la fin de l'ouvrage. Il est à noter que si Jomard (2100: 10-11) n'avait pas publié quarante et un ans plus tard (1862) la deuxième partie du voyage de Caillaud, son étude archéobotanique, rare et oubliée de tous, aurait été la première du genre. Sa planche (XLII) est peut être la plus ancienne illustration de restes végétaux de l'Égypte ancienne. 11. La bibliographie complète, qui comprend des études d'ordre général, linguistique ou artistico-historique, sera l'objet d'une publication séparée. 12. Est considéré comme un rapport toute publication comportant au moins une identification non préalablement publiée. [Note: 2010: A ces 356 rapports doivent maintenant être ajouter les 72 nouvellement étudiés, soit un total de 428.] 13. Les identifications d'espèces appartenant à des époques antérieures au Paléolithique Tardif n'ont pas été incluses. Il en est de même pour les identifications de lichens de toutes époques qui n'appartiennent pas au même règne végétal. Pour ces derniers se référer à Germer (2089:1-5). 13 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. INTRODUCTION (1997) The studies of Wönig14, Loret15, Täckholm et Drar16, Germer17, Charpentier18 and again Germer19 may be regarded as the great landmarks20 in the general study of ancient Egyptian plants. Germer (1979) and Charpentier's studies are lexicographical inventories aiming to establish the links existing between plant names written in hieroglyphics and those which botanists have created since Linnaeus's times. These conclusions, obtained from linguistic analysis and drawing occasionally on foreign languages such as Akkadian or Aramean have always been the source of much controversy even though their contributions cannot be ignored. Wönig, Loret, Keimer and Germer's (1985) studies are in turn syntheses aiming to reconstruct the "flora" of the ancient Egyptians through a combination of lexicographical, iconographical and scientific information. The main inconvenience of such approaches is that the most perfect of bas-reliefs amount but to a mere suggestion and never to a scientific fact. In fact, we are aware of one single bas-relief21 precise enough to allow a diagnosis22 such as made by taxonomists whenever they describe a species for identification and in this particular case only to genus level. Another major inconvenience of this sort of synthesis is that it merges suggested plants with 14. Wönig, F. 1886 Die Pflanzen im alten Aegypten, ihre Heimat, Geschichte, Kultur, und ihre mannigfache Verwendung im sozialem Leben, in Kultus, Sitten, Gebräuchen, Medizin und Kunst. Wilhem Friedrich, Leipzig. 15. Loret, V. 1892 La Flore Pharaonique d'après les documents hiéroglyphiques et les spécimens découverts dans les tombes. Ernest Leroux, Paris. 16. Täckholm, V. and Drar, M. 1941, 1950, 1954, 1969 Flora of Egypt. Cairo University Press, Cairo. This unfinished flora would have covered all the plant families had their authors not died prematurely. It is theoretically in progress. 17. Germer, R. 1979 Untersuchung über Arzneimittelpflanzen im alten Ägypten. Dissertation, Hamburg. 18. Charpentier, G. 1981 Recueil de matériaux épigraphiques relatifs à la botanique de l'Egypte antique. Paris. 19. Germer, R. 1985 Flora des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz. 20. We mean the books covering all the plants of Egypt. The following studies are important contributions, but as their title indicates they only cover one category of plants: Keimer, L. 1924 & 1984 Die Gartenpflanzen im alten Ägypten, I & II (Germer, R (ed.)), Berlin et Le Caire; Baum, N. 1988 Arbres et arbustes de l'Égypte ancienne. Bruxelles; Hugonot, J.C. 1989 Le Jardin dans l'Égypte Ancienne. Berne. 21. Bas-relief discovered in Karnak and showing a vetch (Lathyrus sp.), see Keimer, L. 1947 Plusieurs antiquités récemment trouvées. Bulletin de l'Institut d'Égypte, 28: 117-118. 22. Description usually in latin and in botanical terms of a species. 14 Codex plants truly recovered from archaeological contexts. As a result, a proper evaluation of the scientific bases of our knowledge of the ancient flora of Egypt becomes in the end extremely difficult. Curiously enough, the Codex is the first study which since 182623 devotes itself exclusively to scientific data. In other words to the discoveries and identifications made by scientists whose background education included to the least some rudimentary knowledge of botany and at best some specialised training in archaeobotany. Concerning the data incorporated in the Codex, the authors will say that what is peculiar about any dictionary or catalogue is that the reader will the more often, not remember what there is, but what there is not. It is the main inconvenience of any enterprise aiming for scientific exhaustiveness and one which their desire to further out their knowledge of the plants of ancient Egypt has lead them to accept. Thus, the chapters of Vivi Täckholm's "Flora of Egypt" listing the finds of ancient vegetal remains discovered from archaeological contexts, albeit mostly funerary, may be considered as the immediate ancestors of the Codex. These chapters were indeed the initial sources which the authors exploited to retrieve the first series of archaeobotanical reports for analysis. Since the project began on 2nd of February 1989 and ended in February 1996, nearly eight years will have been necessary to assemble and dissect all encountered literature. One thousand three hundred references24, including three hundred and fifty six archaeobotanical reports25 have thus been examined. That a number of studies have escaped their notice is however inevitable, but a cross-reference of the reports' respective bibliographies does indicate that the essential data has been retrieved. This data has created a new field of investigation for which many more years of analysis will be necessary and as these lines are written such analysis is in progress. There is however a dual question which originated the project and which has been the main motivation for its realisation: Of how many scientifically identified species is composed our knowledge of the ancient flora of Egypt stretching from the Palaeolithic Period to the Ottoman Empire26 and what does this figure represent in relation to the species of the modern flora of Egypt? Eight years later, the little analysis presented thereafter aims to propose a first answer to this query. 23. The date at which what is considered as the first study of ancient Egyptian plant remains was published by Kunth. See the general bibliography at the end. It seems interesting to point out that if Jomard (2100: 10-11) had not published forty one years later (1862) the second part of Caillaud's travel, his archaeobotanical study, now rare and forgotten, would have been the first of this kind. His plate (XLII) is perhaps the oldest illustration of ancient Egyptian plant remains. 24. The whole bibliography, including general, linguistic or artistic/historic studies on the plants of ancient Egypt will be the object of a separate publication. 25. Is considered a report any publication containing one or more identification not previously published. [Note 2010: To these 356 reports must know be added the 72 newly studied, hence a grand total of 428.] 26. Species identifications belonging to periods preceding the Late Palaeolithic are excluded as are excluded lichens which belong to another plant kingdom. For the latters, see Germer (2089:1-5). 15 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. CODIFICATION Les espèces présentées dans le Codex sont classées par ordre alphabétique, l'ordre taxonomique des plantes ayant été jugé trop complexe pour être utilisé par des non-botanistes auxquels l'usage du Codex est aussi destiné. Les botanistes trouveront cependant une compensation dans le classement taxonomique des restes identifiés, présenté à la page 323, qui organise les familles, genres et espèces identifiés à la manière d'une flore. IDENTIFICATION ont valeur d'estimations approximatives plutôt que de vérités scientifiques. Les auteurs ont également pris soin d'indiquer les datations de restes au carbone 14, lorsqu' elles leur sont connues. 3. [Determinavit] Le spécialiste qui a identifié le reste végétal et non pas l'auteur de la publication s'il s'agit d'une autre personne. 4. [Numéro de publication & page de publication] soit une chaîne de six paramètres liés par un point1: Pour une identification immédiate de la publication, les auteurs ont numéroté les rapports publiés3. Ce numéro, qui pour les ouvrages est en général inférieur à 1000 et pour les articles supérieur, est suivit de la page où l'identification est mentionnée. Les quatre volumes de la Flora of Egypt de Vivi Täckholm sont cependant référencés comme "I", "II", "III" et "IV" au lieu de "1", "2", "3" ou "4" dans le Codex. [Dénomination].[Code période & Période].[Determinavit]. [Numéro de publication & page de publication].[Provenance géographique du reste végétal].[Type de reste végétal]. 5. [Provenance géographique du reste végétal] L'identification d'un reste végétal est donc présentée de la manière suivante: Acacia nilotica.{030.9Predynastic.Boodle.141:7.Armant.Roots 1. [Dénomination] La famille, le genre ou l'espèce identifiés par le spécialiste. Les auteurs considèrent d'avantage cette dénomination comme un moyen de classification automatique qu'une dénomination botanique respectant le code international de la nomenclature; d'où l'absence d'italique pour les genres et les espèces. Un principe renforcé par l'absence de noms d'auteurs pour la plupart des taxons publiés dans les rapports et de la nécessaire interprétation des auteurs du Codex pour leur répartition au sein de celui-ci (voir la rubrique du titre ci-dessous). 2. [Code période & Période] Pour s'assurer une classification automatique des périodes auxquelles appartiennent les restes identifiés, une codification des grandes périodes de l'Égypte a été développée par les auteurs. Le détail de cette classification est présentée dans le chapitre suivant. Le code est précédé d'une parenthèse et suivi du nom de la période. Pour réserver le point "." à la séparation des paramètres, le point de l'abréviation "Dyn." pour "Dynastie" a été retiré, d'où l'abréviation inhabituelle "Dyn". Dans le cas des identifications de pollen, les auteurs ont essayé de dater les profondeurs d'alluvions indiquées selon le principe du mètre par millénaire ou celui que dix mètres d'alluvions se sont déposés dans le delta durant les six derniers millénaires2. Ces calibrations 1. La virgule (en fait un point) des numéros de périodes n'est pas 16considérée comme un élément séparateur. Le site en Égypte où le reste a été découvert, à défaut le nom du Musée qui l'abrite aujourd'hui. Si les deux informations sont connues, elles sont indiquées ensemble de la manière suivante: "Thebes [Louvre MUS.]", "MUS." étant une abréviation pour "Musée", comme "COLL." pour "Collection". Dans le cas ou le numéro d'inventaire est connu, ce dernier est aussi indiqué. Une abréviation du type "Djeser's" indique le site funéraire de la personne indiquée, soit la pyramide du roi Djéser dans ce cas. 6. [Type de reste végétal] Le type de reste identifié (graine, fleur, tige, etc.) avec occasionnellement le nombre de spécimens découverts. Un lexique des termes anglais est présenté à la fin de l'ouvrage. Lorsque le reste végétal a été présenté sous une dénomination désormais non valide (Calamus fasciculatus par exemple pour Acorus calamus) le taxon valide a été rétabli. Si le reste identifié a été présenté uniquement sous un nom commun (par exemple "raisins" pour Vitis vinifera L.), une mention l'indique. 2. Voir Butzer, K. 1976 Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt. The University of Chicago Press. p. 22-28. 3. Ceux qui ont eu à classifier les articles de Schweinfurth apprécieront l'intérêt de ce système. Codex Informations annexes Lorsque le ou les restes ont été ré identifiés par un autre spécialiste, l'équivalence est indiquée après le type de reste, présentant le nom du spécialiste, le numéro de publication et le numéro de page. Soit par exemple ";= Germer, 88:47." TITRE DE RUBRIQUE Les identifications sont groupées sous un en-tête qui se présente de la manière suivante: Acacia albida Del. (Leguminosae; Kenya-acacia; Arbre blanc); 043.42.04. Soit une chaîne de cinq informations: [Dénomination & auteur]. [Famille;Nom vernaculaire anglais;Nom vernaculaire français]; [Numéro d'espèce]. anciens de ne pas omettre cette importante information qui finalise une identification et écarte définitivement le moindre doute sur l'identité du reste examiné 4. II. [Famille; Nom vernaculaire anglais; Nom vernaculaire français] Le nom de la famille de plantes à laquelle appartient le genre ou l'espèce identifiés, suivi de son non vernaculaire en anglais et français. Les auteurs se sont conformés aux taxons présentés dans la Student's Flora indiquant parfois cependant avant le nom de famille les révisions taxonomiques modernes. Pour les nombreuses espèces absentes de la Student's Flora, les auteurs se sont conformés à Mabberley5 ou à l'Index Kewensis6. Pour les noms vernaculaires anglais et français, l'ouvrage de Clason7 a été largement utilisé bien que les auteurs aient parfois choisi des noms plus souvent utilisés par les archéobotanistes ou les milieux égyptologiques. III. [Numérotation] I. [Dénomination & auteur] Le nom de la famille, du genre ou de l'espèce auxquels le reste identifié appartient. S'il s'agit d'une identification suggérée (cf.) le nom est suivi ou précédé d'un point d'exclamation "!". Ainsi Acacia !nilotica équivaut à Acacia cf. nilotica. Une identification présentée comme Acacia! nilotica équivaut à "cf. (suggéré) Acacia nilotica" et dans les deux cas, le nom d'auteur qui a décrit, à l'origine, l'espèce n'est pas donné. La raison du choix d'un point d'exclamation pour remplacer l'abréviation "cf." standard fut dictée à l'origine par le tri automatique. Pour éviter encore une modification supplémentaire sur les genres et espèces suggérés, les auteurs ont préféré conserver cette caractéristique inhabituelle. Note importante: Le plus grand nombre des identifications publiées le sont sans que le nom du botaniste attaché à la famille, au genre ou à l'espèce soit indiqué. Dans le cas des espèces, cette information est cependant importante car différents botanistes ont parfois nommé de la même manière des espèces différentes et dans une telle éventualité, c'est le nom attaché au basionyme qui permet une distinction. Quant aux spécialistes qui n'ont pas adjoint le nom du botaniste aux taxons qu'ils ont présentés, les auteurs du Codex se sont vus contraints, en vue d'effectuer un classement raisonné, d'interpréter leurs identifications à la lueur des flores égyptienne, asiatique ou africaine. Heureusement, la majorité des espèces ne suscitent cependant aucune équivoque quant à leurs identités. Il ne saurait être cependant trop recommandé aux spécialistes engagés dans l'étude de restes végétaux La numérotation du Codex est une adaptation de celle présentée dans la Student's Flora de Täckholm (1974). Les numéros de famille, de genre et d'espèce de la Student's Flora sont donc combinés pour constituer une chaîne de sept chiffres, trois pour les 130 familles (celles portant un numéro égal ou inférieur à 99 étant précédé d'un "0" pour le tri automatique), deux pour les genres et deux pour les espèces, soit par exemple 043.42.04. dont "043." pour Leguminosae, "42." pour Acacia, "04." pour albida soit l' Acacia albida de Delile. Cette numérotation s'arrête à l'espèce. Les variétés et sous espèces sont détaillées dans le Codex, mais une numérotation spécifique n'est pas attribuée. Ainsi les variétés Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. et Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. ssp. stenophyllus (Boiss.) Bor. sont enregistrées sous le même numéro 124.20.01. 4. Dans la mesure ou l'identification a été bien effectuée. Rappelons aussi à ce titre que trop rares sont encore les spécialistes qui indiquent dans leurs études les caractères d'identifications et plus rares encore ceux qui indiquent le lieu de dépôt (Musée, Institut, etc.) des restes identifiés pour une vérification en cas de litige. Un grand nombre d'études par ailleurs ne présentent malheureusement encore aucune photo ou illustration des restes découverts, même lorsqu' il s'agit d'espèces identifiées pour la première fois ou altérant nos données histo-botaniques. 5. Mabberley, D.J. 1987 The Plant-book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 6. Index Kewensis Plantarum Phaneroganum 1959-1991. Oxford University Press/Clarendon, Oxford. 7. Clason, W.E. 1989 Elsevier's Dictionary of Wild and Cultivated Plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 17 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Dans le cas où l'identification présentée par le spécialiste n'atteint que le genre, les chiffres de l'espèce sont annulés de la même manière: CODIFICATION 043.42.--. Species presented in the Codex are arranged alphabetically rather than taxonomically in order to avoid complications for non-botanists to whom the Codex is also aimed. Botanists will however find some sort of compensation in the taxonomic classification of identified remains presented on page 323 which organises identified families, genus and species in sequence of a modern flora. Dans le cas où l'identification présentée par le spécialiste n'atteint que le niveau de la famille, les chiffres du genre sont de même annulés de la manière suivante: 043.--.--. Dans le cas où l'identification présentée par le spécialiste est une espèce absente dans la Student's Flora, la codification est la suivante: "043.42.XX.", et ainsi de suite pour le genre "043.XX.XX." ou la famille "XX.XX.XX.". Pour ces espèces absentes de la Student's Flora mais cultivées dans l'Égypte ancienne (par exemple l'orge Hordeum sativum Pers.), un double "CC" pour "Cultivated Crop", c'est à dire "Moisson Cultivée", remplace le "XX." du niveau de l'espèce. Soit par exemple: 124.30.CC. pour l'orge cultivé. Dans le cas où l'identification est incertaine (par exemple Acacia cf. nilotica, c'est à dire Acacia !nilotica en vertu de ce qui a été dit plus haut) ou si elle s'arrête au niveau du genre (par exemple cf. Acacia = Acacia!) la numérotation est la suivante 043.42. Si l'identification s'arrête par contre au niveau de la famille (par exemple Leguminoseae), on obtient: 043. IDENTIFICATION Each entry is presented as follow: Acacia nilotica{030.9Predynastic.Boodle.141:7.Armant.Roots. i.e. a chain of six parameters linked by a full stop9. [Denomination].[Period code & Period].[Determinavit]. [Publication number & page of publication].[Geographical provenance of vegetal remain].[Type of remain]. 1. [Denomination] The family, genus or species identified by the specialist. The authors consider this denomination as a mean of automatic classification rather than a botanical appelation respecting the code of international nomenclature, hence the absence of italics for genus and species. This principle is further justified by the absence of author's names for most taxa presented in reports and therefore the necessary choices which the authors had to make for the necedssary repartition of these species within the Codex's catalogue. 2.[Period code & Period] In order to make use of an automatic and secure classification of the periods to which the remains belong, a codification of the major time periods of Egypt was devised by the authors. The details of this classification are presented in the next chapter. The period code is preceded by a parenthesis and immediately followed by the period name. In order to reserve the full stop "." as a separating agent, that of the standard abbreviation "Dyn." for "Dynasty" has been removed; hence the unusual "Dyn". 8. Rappelons que la Student's Flora ne présente que les espèces échappant à l'intervention de l'Homme, même si parfois elles font l'objet de cultures comme par exemple la coriandre. 18 Where pollen identifications are concerned, the authors attempted to date the core depths according to the "one meter per millennia" principle and/or that the Nile deposited ten metres of allu- Codex vium during the last six thousand years10. These dates are therefore more rough estimates than scientific truths. When known, the authors have also taken the trouble to indicate the published C14 dating of the remains. 3. [Determinavit] The name of the specialist who has identified the vegetal remain and not the author of the publication if he is another person. 4. [Publication number & page of publication] In order to allow their immediate identification11, the authors have numbered all the published reports. This number, usually above 1000 for articles and below this figure for books, is immediately followed by the precise page number where the identification is cited. As an exception, the four volumes of Täckholm's Flora of Egypt are however refered in the Codex as "I", "II", "III" et "IV" instead of "1", "2", "3" and "4". 5. [Geographical provenance of vegetal remain] The place in Egypt where the item was discovered or, if this information is missing, the name of the Museum where the item is presently stored. If both set of information are available, they are presented according to the following manner "Thebes [Louvre MUS.]", "MUS" standing for "Museum" as "COLL." stands for "Collection". In the event that the inventory number is known, this number is also indicated. Whereas an abbreviation such as"Djeser's" indicates the funerary place of the person mentioned, in this particular case the pyramid of king Djeser. Additional information When the remain(s) have been re-identified by another specialist, the equivalent identification is indicated after the type of remain presenting the name of the specialist, the publication number and the page number, i.e. ";= Germer, 88:47." SECTION TITLE Identifications are grouped in sections headed in the following manner: Acacia albida Del. (Leguminosae; Kenya-acacia; Arbre blanc); 043.42.04. i.e. a chain of five information: [Denomination & author]. [Family; Common english name; Common french name]; [Species number]. I. [Denomination & author] The family, genus or species name to which the identified remain belongs. If the identification is only suggested the name is followed or preceded by an exclamation mark "!" replacing the usual "cf.". Hence, Acacia !nilotica is equivalent to Acacia cf. nilotica and an identification such as Acacia! nilotica is equivalent to "cf. Acacia nilotica". In both cases the name of the author who first described the species is not indicated. The substitution of the standard "cf." for an exclamation mark was originally dictated by the need of computerised classification. To avoid a further major amendment over suggested genus and species, this peculiarity has been kept. The type of item identified (seed, flower, culm, etc.) and occasionaly the number of specimens discovered. Important notice: Most published identifications of family, genus or species do not show the author's name. Where species are concerned, this information is however vital since different botanists have often given different species with the same name. In such cases, the author's name is the only mean to distinguish the species. When the vegetal remains have been presented under a non valid denomination (Calamus fasiculatus for example for Acorus calamus), the correct synonymy has been re-established. If the identified item has only been published under its common name (for example "grapes" for Vitis vinifera L.), this is indicated. Hence for those specialists who did not indicate the authors's name for the taxa they presented, the authors of the Codex were forced, in order to realise their catalogue raisonné, to make an interpretation of these identifications in the light of Egyptian, African or Asiatic floras. Fortunately, the identity of most species is not equivocal. 9. The comma of period numbers (in effect a full stop) is not considered as a separating agent. 10. See Butzer, K. 1976 Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt. The University of Chicao Press. p. 22-28. 11. Those who had to classify Schweinfurth's articles will no doubt appreciate the raison d'être of this system. 6. [Type of vegetal remains] 19 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. In this regard the authors would like to take this opportunity of reminding specialists engaged in the study of ancient vegetal remains never to omit this important information which finalises any identification and definitely removes any doubt about the identity of the remain examined12. II. [Family; Common english name; Common french name.] The family name to which belongs the genus or the species identified, followed by its common name in English and in French. The authors have followed the terminology presented in the Student's Flora while sometime indicating recent taxonomic revisions in front of the family name. Regarding the numerous species absent from the Student's Flora, the authors have followed Mabberley13 or the Index Kewensis14. For common English and French names, Clason15 was often used, although the authors have sometimes included names familiar to archaeobotanists or Egyptologists. In the additional event that the identification presented by the specialist is a species absent from the Student's Flora, this absence is manifested in the following manner: "043.42.XX."; etc; for a missing genus "043.XX.XX." and for a missing family "XX.XX.XX". For species missing fom the Student's Flora but cultivated in ancient Egypt (for example barley, Hordeum sativum Pers.), a "CC" standing for "Cultivated Crop" replaces the species level "XX.". Hence for example: 124.30.CC. for cultivated barley. In the event that the identification is not certain (for example Acacia cf. nilotica, or Acacia !nilotica see above) or if it stops at the genus level (for example "cf. Acacia" = Acacia!), the codification is the following one : 043.42. If however the identification stops at the family level (for example "Leguminosae"), one will find: 043. III. [Species number]. Species numbers used in the Codex are adapted from the numbering system presented by Täckholm in her Student's Flora (1974). Student's Flora's family, genus and species number are combined to form a seven digit chain, including three for the 130 families (a "0" precedes families numbered up to 99 for computerised classification), two for the genera and two for the species. Hence for example 043.42.04., including "043." for Leguminosae, "42." for Acacia, "04." for albida i.e. Delile's Acacia albida. This numbering system stops at the species level. Varieties and subspecies are listed in the Codex but a specific numbering is not assigned. Hence Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. ssp. stenophyllus (Boiss.) Bor. Varieties are registered under the same number 124.20.01. In the event that the identification presented by the specialist having reached only the genus level, the species's digits are cancelled as follows: 043.42.--. In the event that the identification presented by the specialist only reached the family level, the genus's digits are further cancelled as follow: 043.--.--. 20 12. We will assume that the identification was made properly. We must also point out that specialists indicating their criteria of identification are rare and even rarer those indicating the place of deposit (Museum, Institutes, etc.) of the identified remains for future verification. A great number of studies moreover do not present any photograph or illustration of the remains discovered even when they belong to species discovered for the first time and modifying our histo-botanical knowledge. 13. Mabberley, D.J. 1987 The Plant-book.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 14. Index Kewensis Plantarum Phaneroganum 1959-1991. Oxford University Press/Clarendon, Oxford. 15. Clason, W.E. 1989 Elsevier's Dictionary of Wild and Cultivated Plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 16. The Student's Flora only presents species escaping human control, even if sometimes cultivated (coriander for example). Codex CODIFICATION DES PÉRIODES & SITES Afin de permettre une classification automatique des identifications enregistrées, la codification qui suit a été développée et utilisée pour le catalogue général. {010 Paléolithique tardif. {020 Néolithique. {020.1 Qarounien. {020.2 Nabta Playa. {020.3 El Tarif (Qurna). {020.4 Kom K (Fayum). {020.5 Merimde. {020.55 Tassien. {020.6 Fayoum A. {020.7 Kom W (Fayum). {020.8 El Omari (Site A). {020.9 Fayoum (FS1). {025 Protodynastique. {030.2 {030.4 {030.6 {030.8 Badarien. Amratien. Nagada South Town (Nagadien). Armant. {030.9 Prédynastique. {031Dyn 01. {032Dyn 02. {033Dyn 03. {033.5 Premières Dynasties. {034Dyn 04. {035Dyn 05. {036Dyn 06. {037Dyn 07. {038Dyn 08. {040 Ancien Empire. {041Dyn 09. {042Dyn 10. {043Dyn 11a. {050 Première Période Intermédiaire. {061Dyn 15. {062Dyn 16. {063Dyn 17. {070 Seconde Période Intermédiaire. {071Dyn 18. {072Dyn 19. {073Dyn 20. {080 Nouvel Empire. {081Dyn 21. {082Dyn 22. {083Dyn 23. {084Dyn 24. {085Dyn 25a. {090 Troisième Période Intermédiaire. {091Dyn 25b. {092Dyn 26. {093Dyn 27. {094Dyn 28. {095Dyn 29. {096Dyn 30. {100 Bas Empire. {110 Époque Perse. {111 Macédonienne. {112 Ptolémaïque. {120 Époque Gréco Romaine. {130 Époque Romaine. {140 Époque Copte. {140.6 Romaine à Copte. {140.7 Romaine/Byzantine. {140.8 Romaine à Islamique. {140.9 Romaine à Ottomane. {051Dyn 11b. {052Dyn 12. {053Dyn 13. {054Dyn 14. {150 Époque Islamique. {160 Époque Ottomane. {060 Moyen Empire. {200 Époque Inconnue. {201 Inconnue? 21 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 22 Codex CODIFICATION FOR TIME PERIODS & SITES So as to allow automatic classification of registered identifications, the following codification has been developed and used for the main catalogue. {010 Late Palaeolithic. {020 Neolithic. {020.1 Qarunian. {020.2 Nabta Playa. {020.3 El Tarif (Qurna). {020.4 Fayum (Kom K). {020.5 Merimde. {020.55 Tasian. {020.6 Fayum A. {020.7 Fayum (Kom W). {020.8 El Omari (Site A). {020.9 Fayum (FS1). {025 Protodynastic. {030.2 {030.4 {030.6 {030.8 Badarian. Amratian. Nagadian (Naga South Town). Armant. {030.9 Predynastic. {031Dyn 01. {032Dyn 02. {033Dyn 03. {033.5 Early Dynastic. {034Dyn 04. {035Dyn 05. {036Dyn 06. {037Dyn 07. {038Dyn 08. {040 Old Kingdom. {041Dyn 09. {042Dyn 10. {043Dyn 11a. {050 First Intermediate Period. {051Dyn 11b. {052Dyn 12. {053Dyn 13. {054Dyn 14. {060 Middle Kingdom. {061Dyn 15. {062Dyn 16. {063Dyn 17. {070 Second Intermediate Period. {071Dyn 18. {072Dyn 19. {073Dyn 20. {080 New Kingdom. {081Dyn 21. {082Dyn 22. {083Dyn 23. {084Dyn 24. {085Dyn 25a. {090 Third Intermediate Period. {091Dyn 25b. {092Dyn 26. {093Dyn 27. {094Dyn 28. {095Dyn 29. {096Dyn 30. {100 Late Period. {110 Persian Period. {111 Macedonian. {112 Ptolemaic. {120 Greco Roman Period. {130 Roman Period. {140 Coptic Period. {140.6 Roman to Coptic. {140.7 Roman/Byzantine. {140.8 Roman to Islamic. {140.9 Roman to Ottoman. {150 Islamic Period. {160 Ottoman Period. {200 Unknown Period. {201Unknown? {202Not clear. 23 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. ANALYSE [MISE A JOUR 2010] Le Codex liste précisément 5674 [4600+ dans l’édition* de 1997] identifications de restes végétaux en provenance de l’Égypte ancienne, publiées dans 428 [356*] rapports archéobotaniques. 425 [375*] de ces rubriques détaillent des identifications terminées au niveau de l'espèce, 67 [95*] au niveau du genre, 7 [5*] au niveau de la famille et 6 [6*] au niveau de l'ordre. Tandis que 21 [21*] rubriques détaillent des identifications au niveau de la variante de vingt et une des espèces susmentionnées. Soixante quinze rubriques détaillent des identifications incomplètes (par exemple Triticum cf. monococcum pour Triticum monococcum L.) ou bien des identifications incertaines. L'avenir dira quelles sont parmi ces identifications celles qui sont correctes. Dans l'immédiat cependant, ces 499 [475*] espèces, genres et familles différentes constituent la base fondamentale de notre connaissance des plantes de l'Égypte ancienne qu'elles fussent spontanées, cultivées ou importées. Dans l'attente d'une flore de l'Égypte achevée et aussi complète qu'il se pourrait, il est essentiel afin de répondre à la deuxième facette1 de la question fondamentale qui initia ce projet (c'est à dire la proportion des espèces scientifiquement identifiées par rapport aux espèces de la flore moderne de l'Égypte) d'utiliser la plus homogène des flores de l'Égypte parue à ce jour, en l'occurrence la Student's Flora publiée par Täckholm en 1974. Ainsi pour connaître ce que représente ce total (499) par rapport au 20792 espèces présentées dans la flore de Täckholm, il convient tout d'abord de déduire au moins 42 espèces qui, bien que n'appartenant pas à cette flore (cette dernière ne présentant, comme il a déjà été dit, que les espèces spontanées ou sub-spontanées), furent cultivées dans l'ancienne Égypte comme elles le sont encore aujourd'hui3. Puis d'ajouter à ce chiffre (42) les 126 espèces qui n'appartiennent ni à cette flore ni ne sont cultivées en Égypte (catégorie "XX.XX.XX.") et qui furent probablement d'origine étrangère, bien qu'il faille tenir compte du fait qu'un certain nombre d'espèces, telle l'androselle (Androsace maxima L.), semble avoir disparu de l'Égypte au fil du temps. Ces 168 espèces cultivées ou étrangères déduites, les 331 espèces restantes constituent donc 16% des espèces présentée dans la Student’s Flora de Täckholm4. C'est là ce que les auteurs considèrent comme une première réponse à la question qui initia leur recherche. 1. Voir l'introduction. 2. En 1990, l'un des auteurs (C. de V.) a effectué une numérotation de toutes les espèces de la Student's Flora. Cette flore contient 2079 espèces différentes. Il est probable que le total des espèces qui poussent de manière spontanée sur le territoire égyptien est supérieure, ce qui est même certain si l'on remarque que le ricin (Ricinus communis L.), si commun sur les rives du Nil, est absent de la S.F. (une simple omission de l'auteur sans doute). 24 Codex Cependant, dans la mesure ou la flore de Täckholm contient des espèces introduites seulement depuis le début du siècle ainsi que d'autres provenant de régions reculées telle que celle de la Mer Rouge, il semble raisonnable de proposer que les totaux des espèces (425) et des espèces avec les genres (492) soient juxtaposés a la flore essentiellement nilotique de 1313 espèces que Schweinfurth et Ascherson compilèrent jusqu' en 18885. Dans ce cas, les 425 et 492 espèces et genres inédits représenteraient 20.44% et 23.66% des taxons que ces deux savants ont reconnus. Bien que Schweinfurth et Ascherson n'aient pas enregistré toutes les espèces existantes, nous estimons raisonnable de suggérer que la réponse à notre question se situe entre 5% 6 et 25% selon la période considérée. CONCLUSIONS L'analyse présentée demeure sans doute incomplète et mérite d'être affinée dans le détail. Une analyse plus en profondeur des données et chiffres obtenus est en fait actuellement en cours. Couplée aux découvertes qui seront effectuées dans les années à venir, elle permettra de mieux cerner à la fois l'étendue de nos connaissances scientifiques des plantes de l'Égypte ancienne tout autant que l'évolution de la flore à travers les différentes époques7. Les auteurs ont assemblé par croisement bibliographique et dépouillement systématique la plus grande majorité des rapports archéobotaniques. Pour l'heure, le Codex présente 499 espèces, genres et familles identifiés selon des critères scientifiques ou qui ont été présentés comme tels à l'époque, soit entre 5% et 25% (selon la période ancienne examinée) des flores compilées entre 1888 et 1974. Quand bien même une poignée d'identifications disséminées dans plusieurs rapports leur aurait échappé, celle-ci n'affecterait que de manière négligeable la somme globale des milliers d'identifications présentées, et à plus forte raison le nombre total d'espèces8 et par conséquent les pourcentages qui en sont issus. Les auteurs espèrent donc que ces chiffres correspondent à l'état général de la question au jour de clôture de leur manuscrit. 3. Plusieurs autres espèces classées dans la catégorie "XX.XX.XX." ont pu être cultivées ou plantées dans des jardins et devraient peut être entrer dans la catégorie "CC". Cependant comme certaines d'entre elles ont pu être importées, les auteurs se sont limité à designer par "CC", les espèces pour lesquelles ils ne subsiste aucun doute soit du fait de leur présence dans les annales anciennes, soit de celui de leurs fréquentes apparitions au sein du matériel archéologique trahissant leurs utilisation sous forme de variété cultivée dans l'Égypte ancienne. Par ailleurs, puisque les deux catégories sont conjointement soustraites, l'appartenance à l'une ou à l'autre d'une espèce absente de la flore n' affecte en rien le calcul général. 4. Peu de temps avant d'envoyer cet ouvrage pour impression, nous avons reçu la "Flora of Egypt: Checklist" de Boulos (1995 : Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo) qui, comme son titre l'indique, n'est non pas une flore proprement dite (les espèces n' y sont pas décrites) mais une révision de Täckholm (1974). A la lumière d'études nouvelles, le total des espèces spontanées ou subspontanées d'Égypte serait de 2094, c'est à dire 13.1% des 274 espèces et genres discutés ci-dessus. 5. Schweinfurth, G. 1888 Sur la flore des anciens jardins arabes d'Égypte. Bulletin de l'Institut Egyptien, 8: 294-337. Schweinfurth fait, à la fin de l'article, un décompte (1313) des espèces spontanées ou subspontanées dans la vallée du Nil ou le Delta. 6. Une analyse préliminaire, publiée par C. de V. à partir des 850 plus anciennes identifications du Codex, a révélé que l'ensemble des espèces appartenant aux époques paléolithique et prédynastique constitue entre 5% et 8% de la flore moderne de l'Égypte (de Vartavan, C. 1996. Flore de l'Égypte prédynastique (20.000-5.000 B.P.): étude préliminaire. In de Vartavan (ed.) La paléobotanique et les débuts de l'Agriculture en Égypte. Archéo-Nil, 6. Paris). Des études similaires sont en cours pour les autres périodes. 7. Si le nombre d'identifications possible de restes végétaux peut ne pas avoir de limite, il n'en n'est évidemment rien pour le nombre d'espèces qui pour une flore donnée est fini. L'un augmente donc très rapidement tandis que la progression de l'autre est de plus en plus lente. 8. Le croisement répété des identifications éliminera progressivement celles qui sont erronées ou pour lesquelles aucun moyen de vérification n'est possible. 25 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. ANALYSIS (UPDATED 2010) The Codex lists precisely 5674 [slightly over 4600 in the 1997 edition*] identifications of ancient Egyptian plant remains, published in 428 [356*] archaeobotanical reports. 425 [375*] of these sections list identifications made to species level, 67 [95*] to genus level, 7 [5*] only to family level and 6 [6*] to the level of order. Moreover, 21 [21*] sections list identifications to the level of the variety for twenty one of the above mentioned species. Seventy five entries list incomplete or uncertain identifications (for example Triticum cf. monococcum for Triticum monococcum L.). The future will tell which are correct and which are not. Only time will tell which of these identifications are mistakes on the part of those who published them. For the present, these 499 [475*] original species, genera and families constitute the fundamental basis of our knowledge of the plants recovered from ancient Egypt, whether spontaneous, cultivated or imported. While awaiting a flora of Egypt as complete as could possibly be, it is essential in order to answer to the second question9 which initiated this project (i.e what does the total number of species scientifically identified represent in relation to the species of the modern flora of Egypt?) to use the most complete of the floras yet published, i.e. Täckholm's Student's Flora (1974). To know what this total 499 species represents in relation to the 207910 species published in Täckholm's flora, it seems first appropriate to deduct at least 42 species, which although not part of Täckholm's flora which as noted before is concerned with spontaneous or sub-spontaneous taxa, were cultivated in ancient Egypt just as they are today ("CC" category11). Then to add to this figure the 126 species which are neither part of the same flora nor cultivated in Egypt ("XX.XX.XX" category) and were probably foreign, although a number of species such as Androsace maxima L. seem to have disappeared from Egypt in the course of time. 9. See the introduction. 10. In 1990, one of the authors (C. de V.) numbered all the species of the Student's Flora. Save a mistake on his part, this flora lists 2079 different species. It is most probable that the total number of species growing spontaneously on Egyptian territory is however greater; which is in effect certain if we point out for a start that the Castor Oil plant (Ricinus communis L.), so common on the Nile banks, is missing from the S.F. (most certainly a simple ommision on the part of its author). 11. More species of the "XXX.XX.XX" category may have been cultivated or planted in gardens and should perhaps be assigned a "CC." mark. In view of the possibility that some may have simply been occasionnaly imported, we restricted the entry in the "CC" category to those species we were completely sure betrays their frequent use as cultigen in ancient Egypt either from the ancient records or from the frequency of 26 Codex These 168 cultivated or foreign species deducted, it can be said that the 331 remaining species hence constitute 16% of the spontaneous species of the Student's Flora what the authors consider as a first answer to the original query which originated their research. However if we remember that Täckholm's flora contains a number of species introduced in Egypt since the beginning of the century together with others recorded from remote regions such as the Red Sea area, it seems reasonable to propose that the species total of 425 and that of 492 (adding species and genera) should actually be compared with the essentially Nilotic flora of 1313 species which Schweinfurth and Ascherson recorded up to the year 188813. In this particular case, these 207 species or 274 species and original genera would represent 20.44% and 23.66% of the taxa recorded by the two scholars. Although not all species were recorded by Schweinfurth and Ascherson, we consider it reasonable to conclude that the answer to our original query lies between 5%14 and 25% depending on the time period and flora considered. their preservation in the archaeological records. As the totals of "CC" and "XX" categories are combined for soustraction, assigning a species to either categories does not affect the overall calculation. 12. Shortly before sending this manuscript to print we received Boulos's (1995) "Flora of Egypt: Checklist" (Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo) which as its title indicates is not a flora in the strict sense (genera are not described) but an up to date of Täckholm (1974). In the light of recent studies, the total number of spontaneous and sub-spontaneous species in Egypt would amount to 2094, that is to say 13.1% of the above 274 species and genders. 13. Schweinfurth, G. 1888 Sur la flore des anciens jardins arabes d'Egypte. Bulletin de l'Institut Egyptien, 8: 294-337. At the end of the article Schweinfurth provides a total (1313) of the spontaneous or sub-spontaneous species they saw in the Nile Valley or the Delta. CONCLUSIONS The above analysis is incomplete and undoubtedly in need of refining where details are concerned. A full analysis of the data and figures obtained is in fact in progress at the time of writing. Connected to the further discoveries which will be made in the years to come, this analysis will not only allow a better evaluation of our scientific knowledge of the plants of ancient Egypt but also one of the very evolution of the flora through time. The authors have assembled through bibliographical cross reference and systematic research the majority of archaeobotanical reports available. For the present, the Codex presents 499 identified species, genus or families identified according to scientific criteria or at least presented as such 15 and representing between 5% and 25% of the floras recorded in Egypt since 1888 to 1974, depending on the ancient period concerned. Should some reports have escaped their notice, which seems inevitable, and should these reports bear another hundred unrecorded identifications, their sum would not add much to the thousands of identifications, the total number of species16 or even the percentages calculated from them. The authors therefore hope that their results fully address the general thrust of the question they tried to answer on the very day they chose to bring their manuscript to a conclusion. 14. A preleminary analysis by C. de V. of the 850 oldest identifications of the Codex revealed that the bulk of Palaeolithic or Predynastic species constitutes between 5% et 8% of the modern flora of l'Egypt (de Vartavan, C. In press. Flore de l'Egypte prédynastique (20.000-5.000 B.P.): étude préliminaire. In de Vartavan (ed.) La paléobotanique et les débuts de l'agriculture en Egypte. Archéo-Nil, 6. Paris). Similar analyses are in progress for each period. 15. Cross recording of identifications will progressively eliminate erroneous ones or those for which no means of verification is available. 16. If the number of identifications may increase ad infinitum, the reverse is of course true for the number of species which for any given flora is fixed. The former figure will therefore increase rapidly and the other diminish more and more slowly. 27 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 28 Codex CODEX IDENTIFICATIONS ADDED TO THIS 2010 EDITION ARE IN BOLD LES IDENTIFICATIONS AJOUTEES A CETTE EDITION 2010 SONT EN GRAS Abies !cilicica. (Pinaceae; Cilician fir; Sapin de Cilicie); XX.XX. Abies !cilicica.{035Dyn 05.Wittmack.1711:192.Abusir.Wood. Abies !cilicica.{090Third Intermediate Period (BC 600-700).Boodle and Balfour.1478:144.Pasheri-men's [Cairo MUS No.26/9/16/17].Wood coffin. Abies !cilicica.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Ribstein.1343:204.Unknown [Spiegelberg COLL. No. S.12.].Wood. Abies! (Pinaceae; Fir; Sapin); XX. Abies!.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Abies Mill. (Pinaceae; Fir; Sapin); XX.XX.--. Abies.{035Dyn 05.Wittmack.1711:192.Nefer-ir-ke-re (Abusir).Wood.= Wittmack, 1702:61. Abies.{072Dyn 19.Plu.1356:168.Ramses II's mummy.Wood. Abies.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae; Coral pea; Arbre à chapelet); 043.XX.CC. Abrus precatorius.{060Middle Kingdom.Schweinfurth.1287:12.Gurna.Fruits & Seeds.= Germer, 88:53 (Grab 35, Äg.M.20214). Abrus precatorius.Unknown.Beauverie.109:140.Louvre MUS.4 seeds.= Loret & Poisson, 110:17. Abutilon Mill. (Malvaceae; Flowering maple; Abutilon); 063.07.--. Abutilon.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14),Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8a).Pollen. Abutilon.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Abutilon.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Acacia albida Del. (Leguminosae; Kenya-acacia; Arbre blanc); 043.42.04. Acacia albida.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 12500).Neumann & al.1634:170.Makhadma (Canal 1 & 2).Charcoal. Acacia albida.{031Dyn 01-03.Reinhardt.1881:11.Gebelein [Äg.M.14603]?.Pods & seeds. = Germer, 88:47, 29 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Acacia !albida.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood.(Presented as "white acacia"). Acacia albida.{071Dyn 18.Anthes.1287:15.Gurna.Pods & seeds .= Germer, 88:47, branch & flower fragments [Äg.M.20169 & Schweinfurth. 425]. Acacia albida.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 204 (Table 8.6.).Mons Claudianus.Charcoal. Acacia albida.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Acacia albida.Unknown?.Germer.2089:89.Unknown? [Kew MUS. No. 12.1978.5].Pods. Acacia !arabica. (Leguminosae; Babul acacia; Acacia d'Arabie). Acacia !arabica.{080New Kingdom.Boodle.143:72.Matmar.Fruits. Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. (Leguminosae; Babul acacia; Acacia d'Arabie); 043.42.08. Acacia arabica.{081Dyn 21 (Osorkon I).Newberry.1442:145.Thebes (Valley of the kings).Flowers. Presented as Mimosa nilotica. Acacia arabica.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.2 flowers & several pods. Acacia arabica.{140Coptic (AD 500).Kew.I:75.Nilometer (Cairo).Wood. Acacia arabica.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Unknown? [Olomove District MUS. No. A 6183].Wood (coffin). Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.42.12. Acacia ehrenbergiana.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Barakat.1966:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E75-6).Wood charcoal. Acacia ehrenbergiana.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).El Hadidi.1560:347.Nabta (E-756).Wood fragments.= Wasylikowa, 1964:138. Acacia ehrenbergiana!{090 Third Intermediate Period to Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 78.Canopic jar in VIVENEL MUS.Wood (Dowel). Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Leguminosae; Cassie; Acacia de Farnèse); 043.42.XX. Acacia farnesiana.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:10.Thebes.Flowers heads. Acacia farnesiana.Unknown.Kunth.1160:422.Unknown?.Flower heads. Acacia farnesiana of Jomard & Caillaud: Probably A. nilotica. Acacia farnesiana of Kunth: Braun (1151:61) states "But these flower-heads belonged, if genuine, certainly to Acacia nilotica, since Acacia farnesiana Willd. has been introduced there [Egypt] lately, and probably comes originally from tropical America". Acacia gerrardii Benth. var. negevensis Zoh. (Leguminosae; Red thorn; ); 043.42.09. Acacia gerrardii var. negevensis.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Acacia heterocarpa: See under Lagonychium farctum. 30 Codex Acacia !laeta R. Br. Ex Benth (Leguminosae; Gay acacia; Tazzeyt); 043.42.02 Acacia !laeta.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir (Qanat 10, Kharga Oasis).Numerous foliols and pods. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. (Leguminosae; Shona; ); 043.42.01. Acacia mellifera.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:14-28.Douch.27 pods & pod-fragments. Acacia !nilotica. (Leguminosae; Nile acacia; Acacia du Nil). Acacia !nilotica.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Wood & wood charcoal. Acacia !nilotica.{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.13 wood fragments. Acacia !nilotica.{030.6 Nagadian (III - C14 3200-2900/Dyns 1&2).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.4 wood fragments. Acacia !nilotica.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.29 wood fragments. Acacia !nilotica.{030.9Predynastic (BC 3650 (C14)).Jodrell Lab.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).Wood. Acacia !nilotica.{030.9Predynastic (Early; BC 3505 +- 80 (C14)).Jodrell Lab.1440:104.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).Wood. Acacia !nilotica.{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.35 wood fragments.Presented as “A. nilotica type”. Acacia !nilotica.{036Dyn 06/12.Beauvisage.1183:85.Meir.Wood (Coffin peg). Acacia !nilotica.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:109.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Legumes. Acacia !nilotica.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous folios. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae; Nile acacia; Acacia du Nil); 043.42.07. Acacia nilotica.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 12500).Neumann & al.1634:170.Makhadma (Canal 1 & 2).Charcoal. Acacia nilotica.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Barakat.1966:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E-756).Wood charcoal. Acacia nilotica.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:244.Adaïma.Seed. Acacia nilotica.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Acacia nilotica.{030.9Predynastic.Boodle.141:7.Armant.Roots. Acacia nilotica.{030.9Predynastic.Brunton & Caton Thompson.142:95.Badari.Wood (log). Acacia nilotica.{030.9Predynastic.Germer.88:47.Silsila (Schweinfurth. 12).Seeds. Acacia nilotica.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.Seeds. Acacia nilotica.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm.1126:134.Gebelein.Legumes. Acacia nilotica.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Legumes.]. Acacia nilotica.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1354:Table I.Nagada South (KH3).10 seeds.= Wetterstrom, 1062:Table 1. Acacia nilotica.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Acacia nilotica.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Acacia nilotica.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:133.Saqqara.Leafless branches. 31 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Acacia nilotica.{033Dyn 03?.Ribstein.1343:205.Unknown [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg.].Wooden beam. Acacia nilotica.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:158.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).Branch.= Wittmack, 1711:185, = Germer, 88:47. Acacia nilotica.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.Wood & pods. Acacia nilotica.{052 Dyn 12.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 26019].2113:206.Wood. Acacia nilotica.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Pods & seeds. Acacia nilotica.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood. Acacia nilotica.{063Dyn 17-18.Unger.1259:81.El Kab.Spines. Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18 (Amenhetep III).Wittmack.1712:27.Teye's wooden head (El Amarna).Wood. Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:109.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Pods & seeds. Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.1287:15.Gurna.Pods & seeds.= Germer, 88:47 [Äg.M.20168; Schweinfurth 6, 7 & 8]. Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Pods. Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:47.Deir el Medineh (Tomb DX3 [Äg.M.21533]).Pods & seeds. Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18.Piovano.1639:44.(Turin MUS.].Branch & thorns. Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Pods. Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.1141:112.Deir el Bahari (Ahmose I's mummy).Flowerheads.= Schweinfurth, 1169:351, = Germer, 88:6 (Schweinfurth No 250 & 7 249). Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.1167:70.Deir el Bahari (Amenhetep I's mummy).Flowerheads.= Schweinfurth, 1141:112; = Schweinfurth, 1789:74; = Täckholm, 112:235, = Germer, 88:7 (Schweinfurth, No:224). Acacia nilotica.{071Dyn 18/19.Germer.88:47.Thebes.Pods & seeds (Schweinfurth. 9). Acacia nilotica.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:422.Thebes.Flower heads. Acacia nilotica.{081Dyn 21 (Osorkon I).Newberry.1442:142.Thebes.Flowers. Acacia nilotica.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:265.West Köms (Elephantine).Wood? Acacia nilotica.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.West Dump (Saqqara).Pod segment. Acacia nilotica.{100Late Period.Ribstein.1343:205.Unknown [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 1719a].Wood. Acacia nilotica.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy (Lyon).Pollen. Acacia nilotica.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:72-3.El Hibeh.Seeds & pods. Acacia nilotica.{120Graeco Roman.Braun.1151:56.Mummy's garland (Leyden MUS.].Flower[s].= Schweinfurth, 1167:71. Acacia nilotica.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:18.Hawara [Äg. MUS. 19542].Flowers. Acacia nilotica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:16.Hawara [Schw.11].Flowers. Acacia nilotica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:17.Fayum [Schw. 216].Not indicated. Acacia nilotica.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS. No. 6332].Flowerheads. Acacia nilotica.{130Roman.Ribstein.1343:205.Unknown? [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 36].Wood. Acacia nilotica.{130 Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 112.Mons Claudianus.Charcoal. Acacia nilotica.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 204 (Table 8.6.).Mons Claudianus.Charcoal. Acacia nilotica.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Pods. Acacia nilotica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. 32 Codex Acacia nilotica.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:373.Quseir al Qadim.4 pod fragments. Acacia nilotica.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.[Florence MUS.].Thorns. Presented as A. vera. Acacia nilotica.Unknown?.Braun.1121:308.Thebes.Pods & seeds.= Germer, 88:47 [Äg.M.7023]. Acacia !raddiana Savi. (Leguminosae; Israelian acacia; ); 043.42.06. Acacia raddiana [type].{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 188.Mons Claudianus.Charcoal. Acacia raddiana [type].{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Acacia raddiana!{130 Roman (late1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 112.Mons Claudianus.Charcoal. Acacia raddiana Savi. (Leguminosae; Israelian acacia; ); 043.42.06. Acacia raddiana.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Barakat.1966:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E-756).Wood charcoal. Note: Although separated in Täckholm's flora, Brenan (1957) “Notes on Mimosoideae”. Kew Bull. 86-89) says that A. raddiana Savi. equals to A. tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne ssp. raddiana. Acacia seyal Del. (Leguminosae; Shittim; Arbre à gomme).; 043.42.11. Acacia seyal.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:17.Hawara [Schw. 13].Flowers. Acacia seyal.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:18.Fayum [Schw. 244].Flowers. Acacia seyal.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:18.Hawara [Schw. 227].Flowers. Acacia seyal.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:18.Unknown? [Schw. 217].Flowerheads. Acacia !tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. (Leguminosae; Umbella thorn; ); 043.42.05. Acacia !tortilis.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Pods. Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. (Leguminosae; Umbella thorn; ); 043.42.05. Acacia tortilis.Unknown.Beauverie.109:VI.Louvre MUS.Flowers.= Loret & Poisson, 110:16. See also under A. raddiana. Acacia vera Willd: See under Acacia nilotica Del. Acacia! (Leguminosae; Egyptian thorn; Acacia). Acacia!.{034Dyn 04.Phillips.2099:46.Giza (Cheops Boat).Wood (pegs). 33 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Acacia! 051Dyn 11b.2008–CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Deir el-Bahari.Burial chamber of the temple-tomb of King Mentuhotep II.(BRITISH MUS.EA No 49462).A wooden bow fragment in fair condition. Acacia!{080 New Kingdom.2003-PERRAUD: 12, online report.(PERPIGNAN MUS.).Mummy.Gum presented as “gomme arabique”. Acacia!.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat and Baum.233:29.Douch (Tomb 69).[Wood]. Acacia!{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).1 fragment, the nature of which is not indicated. Acacia!.131Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:95.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:321]. Acacia!.Not indicated.Ribstein.1343:208.Unknown [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 523 & no number].Wood. Acacia!.Unknown.Western.133:52.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No.1885.375].[Wood]. Acacia Mill. (Leguminosae; Acacia; Acacia); 043.42.--. Acacia.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 12500).Neumann & al.1670:170.Makhadma (4 & Canal 1 & 2).Charcoal. Acacia.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Barakat.1966:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Wood charcoal. Acacia.{020Neolithic (BP 08.000).Neumann.1011:Table 1 & 2a.Abu Ballas.Wood. Acacia.{020Neolithic.Barakat.1626:65.Nabta (E-75-6).Wood charcoal. Acacia.{025.Protodynastic.Western & McLeod.1949:81.Abydos [Ashmolean MUS. No. E.1381].Wood. Acacia.{025.Protodynastic.Western & McLeod.1949:83.Tarkhan grave 1051; [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1912.559 & 1912.561).Wood. Acacia.{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.105 wood fragments. Acacia.{030.6 Nagadian (III - C14 3200-2900/Dyns 1&2).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.20 wood fragments. Acacia.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima (Contexts 1040-16, 107080&7001).403 wood fragments. Acacia.{030..9Predynastic (before).Chalk.141:7.Armant.Tree trunks. Acacia.{030..9Predynastic.Boodle.141:138.Armant.Wood & bark.(1408), also charcoal fragment (B38c1). Acacia.{030..9Predynastic.Boodle.141:138.Armant.Wood. Acacia.{030..9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:135.Maadi III.Wood & wood charcoal. Acacia.{030.9 Predynastic .1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 16-17 (Table 182).Hierakonpolis (HK43).Seeds. Acacia.{031Dyn 01 (Early).Western & McLeod.1949:83.Tarkhan grave; [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1912.560).Wood. Acacia.{032Dyn 02 (or before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a +b).Pollen. Acacia.{032Dyn 02.Grosser.88:55.Abydos [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 136a & 143].Wood. Acacia.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.8&2 leaf parts. Acacia.{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.141 wood fragments. Acacia.{033Dyn 03.Sloley.1540:115.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Wood. Acacia.{034Dyn 04-11.Kew.1128:59.Mostagedda.Wood stick. Acacia.{036Dyn 06/First Intermediate Period.Western & McLeod.1949:80.Naga el-Deir [Hearst MUS. No. 6-1588].Wood. Acacia.{036Dyn 06(?).2008–CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Asyut.(BRITISH MUS.EA No 47572).A tip of wooden bow, with gut string wound round, in fair condition. Acacia.{036Dyn 06(?).2008–CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Asyut.Tomb 19 (coffin 34 Codex No 2).(BRITISH MUS.EA No 47569).1 wooden bow in fair condition, found together with seven arrows. Acacia.{040 Late Old Kingdom to 060 Middle Kingdom(?).2008–CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Asyut.Precise find not recorded.(BRITISH MUS.EA No 47548).1 wooden bow in incomplete condition (one end missing). Acacia.{041Dyn 09/10.Western & McLeod.1949:85.Naga el-Deir [Hearst MUS. No. 6-1711D & 620081 & 6-2333X].Wood & twig. Acacia.{050First Intermediate Period?.Western & McLeod.1949:80.Naga el-Deir [Hearst MUS. No. 6-15346].Wood (Bow fragment). Acacia.{050First Intermediate Period.Western.133:52.Sidmant [Ashmolean MUS. No 1921-1301]. [Wood].= Western & McLeod, 1949:79. Acacia.{051 Dyn 11b.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. 12003].2113:156.Wood. Presented as "acacia". Acacia.{051 Dyn 11b?.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. 123].2113:108.Wood. Presented as "acacia". Acacia.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Acacia.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:2.Khnumu-Nekht's sarcophagi [Manchester MUS.].Wood. Acacia.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:2.Nekht-Ankh and Khnumu-Nekht's sarcophagi (Rifeh).Wood. Acacia.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:2.Nekht-Ankh and Khnumu-Nekht's sarcophagi (Rifeh).Wood. Acacia.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:3.Kahun.Wood (boxes). Acacia.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:3.Kahun.Wood. Acacia.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:3.Kahun.Wood. Acacia.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:5.Nekht ankh's sarcophagi [Manchester MUS.].Wood (pins). Acacia.{052Dyn 12.Western & McLeod.1949:84.Kahun [Manchester University MUS. No. 62].Wood. Acacia.{052Dyn 12.Western & McLeod.1949:84.Sidmant (Grave 72 [Manchester University MUS. No. 6588 f & h].Wood. Acacia.{052 Dyn 12 (Sesostris I).Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 26915].2113:76.Wood. Presented as "acacia" Acacia.{052 Dyn 12.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 11937].2113:151.Wood. Presented as "acacia". Acacia.{052 Dyn 12.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 12002].2113:154.Wood. Presented as "acacia". Acacia.{052Dyn early 12, [circa 1950 BC].2008 –CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Asyut.Tomb 9, found on the lid of the coffin of a man called Ankhef.(BRITISH MUS.AE No 47570).1 wooden bow in good condition, found together with 13 arrows. Acacia.{060 Middle Kingdom.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 22909].2113:200.Wood. Presented as "acacia". Acacia.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Pods & seeds. Acacia.{060Middle Kingdom.Unknown?.133:52.Asyut [British MUS. No.47569-70]).[Wood]. Acacia.{060Middle Kingdom.Unknown?.133:52.Beni Hasan [British MUS. No.41583].[Wood]. Acacia.{060Middle Kingdom.Unknown?.133:52.Thebes.[Wood]. Acacia.{060 Middle Kingdom(?).2008–CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Beni Hasan.Exact find ot not recorded.(BRITISH MUS.EA No 41583).1 wooden bow in good condition. Acacia.{070Second Intermediate Period (Hyksos).Western & McLeod.1949:84.Rifa, Cemetery S [Manchester University MUS. No. 4223a, b, c, d & e].Wood. Acacia.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Kew.11:438.Tutankhamun's.Wood (dowels). Acacia.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.2096:6.Tutankhamun's (Thebes).[Gum]. Presented as "Black substance which appears to have been liquid"; = Boodle, 2117:3. Acacia.{071Dyn 18.Breccia.1833:7.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Wood piece. Acacia.{071Dyn 18.Fasolo.1552:182.Thebes [Florence MUS.].Wood. Acacia.{071Dyn 18.Fasolo.1552:192.Thebes [Florence MUS.No. 2678].Wood. 35 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Acacia.{071Dyn 18.Grosser & Grünewald.319:187.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 15/70].Wood (Bow). Presented as "Akazienholz". Acacia.{071Dyn 18.Grosser & Grünewald.319:234.Gurna [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 20168].Pods. Acacia.{071Dyn 18.Kew.11:440.Not indicated.Wood (dowel). Acacia.{071Dyn 18.McLeod.133:52.Thebes (Amenophis II's tomb [Cairo MUS. No. 24721]). [Wood]. Acacia.{080New Kingdom.Bordchardt.1937:56.Sahu-ré's (Abusir).Wood (bolt). Acacia.{080New Kingdom.Fahn & Zamski.1857:253.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Acacia.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:185.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7106].Wood (hammer). Acacia.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:195.Unknown (Munich MUS. No. ÄS 5378].Wood (Palet of scribe). Acacia.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:98.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7103].Wood (hoe). Acacia.{080 New Kingdom(?).2008–CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Thebes. (BRITISH MUS.EA No 5431).1 wooden bow in good condition. Acacia.{081Dyn 21.Winlock.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's tomb).Blossoms in collar. Acacia.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:264.West Köms (Elephantine).Wood. Acacia.{092Dyn 26?.Western & McLeod.1949:81.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1892.1465].Wood. Acacia.{092Dyn 26?.Western & McLeod.1949:81.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1886.811b].Woo Acacia.{092Dyn 26?.Western & McLeod.1949:85.Thebes [Pitt Rivers MUS. No. 1896-2-1-2, 2-1-3, 2-1-4 & 2-2-1].Wood. Acacia.{092Dyn 26?.Western.133:55.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No.1887.3265b].[Wood].= Western, 1949:81. Acacia.{112Ptolemaic?.Oakley.1709:158-9.Wood. Acacia.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:26.Douch.8 pods. Acacia.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:29.Douch (Tomb 78 & 79).[Wood]. Acacia.{120Graeco Roman.Vieillescazes-Rambier.1992:84.Dahshur?.Resin (G29). Presented as "Gomme arabique ". Acacia.{120Graeco Roman.Vieillescazes-Rambier.1992:84.Mummy [Varsovie MUS. No. 236 804].Resin (G28). Presented as "Gomme arabique ". Acacia.{130Roman or after = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Acacia.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:41.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:55]. Acacia.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:102]. Acacia.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:106]. Acacia.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:51.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:132]. Acacia.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:51.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:131]. Acacia.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:56.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:164]. Acacia.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:82.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:280]. Acacia.{130Roman.C.T.F.T.190:85.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:287]. Acacia.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Charcoal, seeds & leaflet. Acacia.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 180 (Table 2).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).X roots. Acacia.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 , (Kharga Oasis).Numerous parts. Acacia.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:108.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:355]. Acacia.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:137.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:466]. Acacia.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:150.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:530]. Acacia.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:151.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:531]. Acacia.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:152.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:533]. Acacia.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:153.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:536]. 36 Codex Acacia.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:136.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:464]. Acacia.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:153.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:534]. Acacia.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:72.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:249]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:140.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:479]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:141.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:484]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:142.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:488]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:146.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:511]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:153.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:537]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:157.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:544]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:157.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:546]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:160.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:556]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:161.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:561]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:161.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:560]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:223]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:236]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:70.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:240]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:91.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:308]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:95.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:323]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:95.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:322]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:95.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:318]. Acacia.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:99.Antinoë?.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:337]. Acacia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 & 129 (Table 4.4.& 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal & leaflet. Acacia.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:110.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:360]. Acacia.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:111.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:363]. Acacia.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:111.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:362]. Acacia.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:130.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:435]. Acacia.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:10.Thebes.Wood. Presented as "en bois d'acacia". Acacia.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:435.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Gum. Presented as "gomme arabique". Acacia.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:435.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Gum. Presented as gomme arabique. Acacia.Unknown.Western & McLeod.1949:79.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS.No. 1885.375].Wood. Acacia.Unknown.Western & McLeod.1949:81.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1892.1466b].Wood. Acacia.Unknown.Western & McLeod.1949:81.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1892.1466a].Wood. Acacia.Unknown.Western & McLeod.1949:81.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1885.288].Wood. Acacia.Unknown.Western & McLeod.1949:82.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1892.1464].Wood. Acacia.Unknown?.Grosser.88:56.Unknown?.Thorn (Schweinfurth 147/3). Acacia.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS.?.Thorns.= Bonnet, 1177:6; = Germer, 88:47 (Schw. 380g). Acacia.Unknown?.Unknown?.133:52.West Köms (Elephantine).[Wood] [Cairo MUS?:J.E.41313 a, b & c). Acacia.Unknown?.Western.133:55.Thebes (Mahirper's tomb [Cairo MUS. No. 24077, 24078 & 24082]).Culms?. Acanthaceae Juss. (Acanthaceae; Acanthacées); 097.--.--. Acanthaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).14 [Not Indicated.]. Acanthaceae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. 37 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Acer L. (Aceraceae; Maple; Erable); XX.XX.--. Acer.{071Dyn 18.Fasolo.1552:192.Thebes [Florence MUS. No. 2678].Wood (Frame of floor of chariot). Achillea L. (Compositae; Yarrow; Achillée); 106.59.--. Achillea.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000).Saad & Sami.1571:480.Berenbal.Pollen. Acorus calamus L. (Araceae; Sweet flag; Acore odorant); 126.XX.XX. Acorus calamus.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1021:261.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Internodes (2).= Schweinfurth, 1171:4 (Presented as Calamus fasiculatus.); = Schweinfurth, 1700:312. Actiniopteris! (Actiniopteridaceae; ; ); 007.01.--. Actiniopteris!.{030.9Predynastic (Naqada).Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 2.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae; Baobab; Baobab); XX.XX.XX. Adansonia digitata.Unknown.Beauverie.109:VII.Louvre MUS.Fruit.= Loret & Poisson, 110:22. Adansonia digitata.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:22.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].3 fruits. Adiantum L. (Adiantaceae; Maidenhair; Capillaire); 005.01.--. Adiantum.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:486.Berenbal.Pollen. Aegilops crassa Boiss. (Gramineae; Goat grass; Egilope); 124.27.02. Aegilops crassa.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thwaites. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.14.02. Aeluropus lagopoides.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:26.Douch (Tomb 79). Rachis with floret. Aerva Forssk. (Amaranthaceae; ; ); 023.03.--. Aerva.{130Roman = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6d).Pollen. Aerva.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. 38 Codex Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. (Amaranthaceae; Kapok bush; Herbe a` kapok); 023.03.01. Aerva javanica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 120 (Appx.4.1a).Mons Porphyrites.Leaves. Aerva !javanica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.186 desiccated seeds. Aeschynomene: See under Sesbania sesban for Ribstein's identification. Agropyron junceum: See under Elymus farctus ssp. junceum. Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae; Bent grass; Agrostide stolonifère); 124.42.01. Agrostis stolonifera.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.1006:150.Mummy coffin of child [Stockholm MUS].Panicle branches. Agrostis L. (Gramineae; Bent grass; Agrostide); 124.42.--. Agrostis.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [Seed]. Agrostis.Unknown?.Täckholm.112:219.Not clear [Stockholm MUS.].Complete spikelet.Photography. Agrostis/Polypogon. (Gramineae; ; ). Agrostis/Polypogon.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Agrostis/Polypogon.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Aizoaceae J.G. Agardh. (; ; ); 019.--.--. Aizoaceae.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 3 [seeds]. Aizoon canariense L. (Aizoaceae; ;) 019.02.01 Aizoon canariense.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Aizoon canariense.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.2 desiccated seeds. Ajuga: See under Lamiaceae Alhagi graecorum Boiss. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.31.XX. Alhagi graecorum.{010Late Paleolithic.El Hadidi.1844:Table 1.Not Indicated. Alhagi! graecorum.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Pod(s?). 39 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Alhagi maurorum Medic. (Leguminosae; Camel's thorn; Alhagi des Maures); 043.31.01. Alhagi maurorum.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1016:Table 2.Kom el Hisn.1 [seed]. Alisma L. (Alismataceae; ; ); 107.01.--. Alisma.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:111.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Alisma.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Alisma.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Allium ampeloprasum L. (Liliaceae; Levant garlic; Ail d'Orient); 117.01.01. Alium ampeloprasum.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:560.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Bulb segments. Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae; Onion; Oignon); 117.01.CC. Allium cepa.{053Dyn 13.Lucas.11:316.Mummies.Bulbs. Allium cepa.{071Dyn 18.Breccia.1833:10.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Bulbs. Presented as "cipolle". Allium cepa.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:109.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS.].Bulbs. Presented as "oignons". Allium cepa.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:560.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).[Bulbs]. Allium cepa.{071Dyn 18.Quibell.1924:Pl. 61.Yuya and Thuya's tomb [Cairo MUS. No. 3639].Bulbs (14) and scapes. Allium cepa.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Allium cepa.{080New Kingdom.Braun.1121:309.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 1596].Bulbs. Allium cepa.{081Dyn 21.Daressy.1977:32 & 34.Mummies No. 120 & 127.Flowering bulbs. Allium cepa.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Not Indicated.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6; Presented as "Zwiebel ". Allium cepa.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).Not indicated. Allium cepa.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Bulb(s).= Schweinfurth, II:105 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 12402]; = Germer, 88:43. Allium cepa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Skin fragments & base plate. Allium cepa.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds Allium !cepa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 181 (Table 8.4.).Mons Claudianus.Base plate & skin fragments. Allium !cepa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.Desiccated fragments of the outer skin. Allium cepa.{140Coptic (AD 400-900).Quibell.151:28.Saqqarah (Monastery of Apia Jeremias).Peel. Allium cepa.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Winlock & Crum.1129:31 & 61.Monastery of Epiphianus.Bulbs. Allium cepa.Unknown.Beauverie.109:125.Louvre MUS.100 small bulbs (fried?).= Loret & Poisson, 110:9. 40 Codex Allium cepa.Unknown.Täckholm.III:106.El Rizeiqat [Fouad I MUS. No. 1442].Bulbs. Allium cepa.Unknown.Täckholm.III:106.Stockholm MUS. No. D35 & D39,Bulbs & tunics. Allium cepa.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:25.Turin MUS. [Drovetti Collection].1 bulb. Allium cepa.Unknown?.Schweinfurth.1700:312.Unknown?.Not Indicated. Allium kurrat Sfth. et Krause. (Liliaceae; Salad Leak; ); 117.01.CC. Allium kurrat.Unknown.Täckholm.III:104.Thebes [Fouad I MUS. No. 406].Seeds. Allium porrum L. (Liliaceae; French leek; Poireau); 117.01.CC. Allium porrum.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:25.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].1 bulb. Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae; Garlic; Ail); 117.01.CC. Allium sativum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Lucas.1060:145.Tutankhamun's [Cairo MUS. No. 1580].Bulbs.=?Germer. 128:44. Allium sativum.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Allium sativum.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:103.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Scapes & bulbs. Allium sativum.{073Dyn 20/26.Volkens.1171:10.Assasif (Thebes).Leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1021:272. Allium sativum.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:150.West Dump (Saqqara).Cloves & root bases. Allium sativum.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Not Indicated. Presented as "Ail"; = Schweinfurth, 1171:7. Allium sativum.{130Roman.Täckholm.III:103.Kom Aushim [Fouad I MUS. No. 1444].Bulbs & cloves. Allium sativum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).Not indicated. Allium sativum.{130Roman.Germer.88:43.Hawara [Äg. MUS. 11105].Clove. Allium sativum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Skin fragments & base plate. Allium sativum.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Allium sativum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.Desiccated fragments of the outer skin, 1 clove & 1 base plate. Allium sativum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:372.Quseir al Qadim.Clove fragment. Allium sativum.Unknown.Täckholm.III:103.Bought in Luxor [Cairo MUS. No. 2687 & 1445].Scapes & leaves. Allium L. (Liliaceae; ; ); 117.01.--. Allium.{073Dyn 20/26.Volkens.1021:275.Dra Abu el Naga (Tomb; [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 12407-08]).Bundles of leafy scapes (3).= Volkens, I:104; =? Volkens, 1171:10-11. Allium.Unknown.Irmisch.1151:91.Theban tomb [Berlin Botanisches MUS.] [Passalacqua collection, No. 7022].Leaves.= Ascherson?, 1790:157; ?= Germer, 88:43 [Äg. MUS 7028]. 41 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Alnus Miller. (Betulaceae; Alder; Aulne). XX.XX.--. Alnus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [14-18m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:482.Berenbal.Pollen. Alnus.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8a).Pollen. Alnus.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7d).Pollen. Alnus.{096Dyn 30 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Alopecurus !myosuroides L. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.40. Alopecurus! myosuroides.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:112.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Althaea ficifolia L. (Malvaceae; Althaea; Althée); 063.05.XX. Althaea ficifolia.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.1167:70.Deir el Bahari (Amenhetep I's mummy).Flower heads. Presented as "Alcea"; = Schweinfurth, 1141:112; = Schweinfurth, 1789:74; = Täckholm, 112:106; = Germer, 88:7 [No ref. indicated]. Althaea ficifolia.{071Dyn 18?.Schweinfurth.1167:69.Deir el Bahari (Ahmose's mummy).Flower heads.= Schweinfurth, 1141:69; = Schweinfurth, 1169:361; = Schw. 1789:74; = Täckholm, 112:106; = Germer, 88:6 (Schw. 250 & 2497 & Äg. M.8485). Amaranthaceae; 023.--.--. Amaranthaceae.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ia.Pollen (70% or greater).Microscopic charcoal is virtually absent. Amaranthaceae.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72. Amaranthaceae.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Pollen decreases in abundance.Microscopic charcoal area increases per pollen grain. Amaranthaceae.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not precisely identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Amaranthaceae!{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Amaranthaceae!{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.186 desiccated seeds. Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae; Amaranth; Amaranthe); 023.01.--. Amaranthus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).24 [seeds]. Amaranthus.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Amaranthus.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Pods & seeds. Amaranthus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated.= Murray, 1673:10. 42 Codex Ambrosia maritima L. (Compositae; Sea-ambrosia; Ambroise maritime); 106.50.01. Ambrosia maritima.{120Graeco Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.2089:180.Hawara [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 15].Branches with buds.= Germer, 88:19. Ambrosia! (Compositae; Ragweed; Ambroise). Ambrosia.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).46 desiccated or carbonised achenes. Ambrosia type.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:480.Berenbal.Pollen. Ammi !majus (Umbelliferae; Greater ammi; Grande ammi); 077.10. Ammi !majus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Amygdalus communis: See under Prunus dulcis. Amygdalus persica.: See under Prunus armeniaca. Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. In DC. (Chenopodiaceae; ;) 022.23.02 Anabasis articulata.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Anagallis L. (Primulaceae; Pimpernel; Mouron); 078.03.--. Anagallis.{030.9Predynastic (BC 4000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae; Pimpernel; Mouron) 078.03.01. Anagallis !arvensis.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Anagallis arvensis.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.3 desiccated seeds. Anastatica hierochunta L. (Cruciferae; Rose of Jericho; Rose de Jéricho); 036.21.01. Anastatica hierochuntina.{140Coptic (AD 300-400).Bonnet.1753:1.Thaïs's (Antinoë).[Flower]. Anastatica hierochuntina.{140Coptic (AD 300-400).Bonnet.1757:155.Thaïs's mummy (Antinoë).Flower. 43 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Andrachne telephioides L. (Euphorbiaceae; Andrachne; Andrachné); 051.06.02. Andrachne telephioides.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.[Seeds]. Androcymbium gramineum (Cav.) McBride. (Liliaceae; ; ); 116.02.01. Androcymbium gramineum.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Andropogon laniger: See under Cymbopogon schoenanthus. Andropogon sorghum: See under Sorghum. Androsace maxima L. (Primulaceae; Rock jasmine; Androselle); 078.XX.XX. Androsace maxima.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1440:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:110.Photograph of seed on front cover. Anethum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae; Common dill; Aneth); 077.XX.CC. Anethum graveolens.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).211 desiccated mericarps. Anethum graveolens.{071Dyn 18.Germer.2089:143.Amenophis II's [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 22].Eight branches with flowers and leaves. Anethum graveolens.{073Dyn 20/21.Germer.88:10.Merenptah's tomb [Schw. 22].Twigs. Anethum graveolens.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:265.West Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. Anethum graveolens.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Fruit?]. Anethum graveolens.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Anethum graveolens.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c.).Mons Porphyrites.11 desiccated seeds. Angelica! (Umbelliferae; Angelica; Angélique). Angelica!.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Anthemideae. (Compositae; ; ); 106.--.--. Anthemidae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:170.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-811).Seeds (3). Anthemideae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Anthemideae.{112Ptolemaic.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. 44 Codex Anthemis L. (Compositae; ;); 106.57.--. Anthemis.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir,Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Achene(s?). Anthemis arvensis L. (Compositae; Field chamomile; Anthémide des champs); 106.57.05. Anthemis arvensis.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.5 [seeds]. Anthemis arvensis.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.54.5 [seeds]. Anthemis kahirica: See under A. retusa Del. Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. (Compositae; ; ); 106.57.04. Anthemis pseudocotula.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el-Iswid.Not indicated. Anthemis pseudocotula.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:105.Tell el-Iswid.2 [seeds?]. Anthemis pseudocotula.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104.Tell el-Iswid.27 [seeds?]. Anthemis pseudocotula.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:147.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).3 fruiting heads. Anthemis pseudocotula.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.30 desiccated seeds. Anthemis retusa Del. (Compositae; ; ); 106.57.02. Anthemis retusa.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:155.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).42 fruit heads.= Germer, 88:49. Presented as A. kahirica. Identification confirmed by Täckholm (1126:148). Anthemis! (Compositae; Camomile; Camomille). Anthemis!.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:323.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Anthemis!.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Heads. Anthemis L. (Compositae; Camomile; Camomille); 106.57.--. Anthemis.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).Flower heads (41) & achenes (1500).= Wetterstrom, 1354:Table I. Anthemis.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 133 [seeds?]. Anthemis.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Anthemis.{071Dyn 18.Germer.128:18.Tutankhamun's.Flowers. Anthemis.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. 45 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Apiaceae. (Umbelliferae; ; ); 077.--.--. Apiaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.14 [Not Indicated.]. Apiaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [Seed?], Apiaceae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds Apiacae.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir,Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Seed(s?). Apium !graveolens. (Umbelliferae; Celery; Céleri douce). Apium !graveolens.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [Not Indicated]. Apium !graveolens.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Fruit?]. Apium !graveolens.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Germer.1851:93.RT 54 (Thebes; Metropolitan MUS. 09.184.215).Leaves. Apium !graveolens.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae; Celery; Céleri douce); 077.06.02. Apium graveolens.{071Dyn 18 (Amenhetep III).Newberry.1059:192.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb [Turin MUS.]).Leaves (wreath). Apium graveolens.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:192.Tutankhamun's tomb.Leaves.= Germer, 128:8. Apium graveolens.{072Dyn 19.Täckholm.112:110.Sheikh Abd el Quenah (Kent's mummy).Flowers & leaves.= Germer, 88:14 (Thebes). Apium graveolens.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1021:280.Cheikh Abdel Qurna (Kent's mummy).Seeds.Leaves & branches.= Schweinfurth, 1171:13; = Schweinfurth, 1700:312. Apium graveolens.{082Dyn 22.Newberry.1059:192.Thebes [Cairo MUS].Leaves & petals. Apium graveolens.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Fruit]. Apium graveolens.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Apium graveolens.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.20 desiccated seeds. Apium graveolens.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS. No. 3268].Seeds.= Newberry, 1059:192. Apium !nodiflorum (Umbelliferae; Creeping water parsnip; Berle nodiflore); 077.06. Apium !nodiflorum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Apium! (Umbelliferae; ). Apium!.{030.9Predynastic (BC 4000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. 46 Codex Aquilegia! (Ranunculaceae; Columbine; Ancolie). Aquilegia!.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Arbutus L. (Ericaceae; Mandrone; Arbousier); XX.XX.XX. Arbutus.{080New Kingdom.Fahn & Zamski.1857:253.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood.Rectified in 1857:235 as Buxus sempervirens. Arbutus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:40.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:50]. Arbutus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:41.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:54]. Presented as "Arbousier". Arbutus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:41.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:53]. Presented as "Arbousier". Arceuthos drupacea: See under Juniperus drupacea. Areca Passalacquae: See under Medemia argun Württemb. Arnebia (Boraginaceae; ); 090.16. Arnebia.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004 NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.3 seeds & fruits. Arnebia !hispidissima (Boraginaceae; ); 090.16. Arnebia !hispidissima.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 93608580).Wasylikowa.1964:147.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Seeds.= Mitka & Wasylikowa, 1968:Table 1. Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) DC. (Boraginaceae;; sang de l’homme); 090.16.01 Arnebia hispidissima.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Arnebia hispidissima.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 & 133 (Table 4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.32 desiccated & 2 carbonized seeds. Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Coss. & Kral. (Boraginaceae; ); 090.16.03. Arnebia decumbens.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Arnebia! (Boraginaceae; Arnebia; Arnébie). Arnebia!.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626 66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). 47 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Arnebia Forssk. (Boraginaceae; Arnebia; Arnébie); 090.16.--. Arnebia.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el-Iswid.Not indicated. Arnebia.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:107.Tell el-Iswid.1 seed. Artemisia (Compositae; ); 106.--.--. Artemisia.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Artemisia.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Artemisia.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72. Artemisia.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72. Artemisia herba-alba: See under Artemisia inculta Del. Artemisia inculta Del. (Compositae; Wormwood of the Bible; ); 106.67.04. Artemisia inculta.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Presented as Artemisia herba-alba. Artemisia judaica L. (Compositae; ;); 106.67.03 Artemisia judaica.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood. Artemisia judaica.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 188.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Artemisia judaica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.Leaves. Artemisia !vulgaris (Compositae; Mugwort; Armoise commune); 106.67. Artemisia !vulgaris.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Artemisia! (Compositae; Wormwood; Armoise). Artemisia!.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1141:113.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache).Flower heads & leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1789: 77. Artemisia L. (Compositae; Wormwood; Armoise); 106.67. Artemisia.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. Artemisia.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Artemisia.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Artemisia.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.Pollen. Artemisia.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. 48 Codex Arundo donax L. (Graminae; Giant reed; Canne de Provence); 124.19.01. Arundo donax.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:51.Thebes.Twig (Schw. 36). Arundo donax.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.181:113.Dokki MUS. [No. 56291].Culm. Arundo donax.{080New Kingdom?.Murray.1093:269.Unknown.Culm. Arundo donax.{130Roman (AD 300-400).Bonnet.1753:1.Thaïs's (Antinoë).Stems. Arundo donax.{130Roman (AD 300-400).Bonnet.1757:155.Thaïs's mummy (Antinoë).[Culms?]. Arundo donax.{130Roman (AD 600).Germer.88:51.Arsinoe.[Halmstucke] Schweinfurth 136c. Arundo isiaca: See under Phragmites communis. Arundo! (Gramineae; ; ); 124.19.--. Arundo!.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.I:207.El Lahun [Kew MUS.].Culm part. Arundo!.{060Middle Kingdom.Täckholm.I:207.Henui's tomb (Gebelein; Berlin Egyptian MUS.].Reed (arrow). Arundo!.{130.6Roman/Coptic.Täckholm.I:207.Mummy [Berlin Egyptian MUS. No. 10632].Reed (garland). Arundo L. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.19.--. Arundo.{010Late Paleolithic.Reid.1445:505.Kharga Oasis.Stems. Arundo.{010Late Paleolithic.Reid.1445:505.Kharga Oasis.Stems. Arundo.{100Late Period/Ptolemaic.Greiss.I:207.Tanis.Culm piece. Asclepias procera: See under Calotropis procera. Asphodelus fistulosus L. (Liliaceae; Onion asphodel; Asphodèle); 116.03.04. Asphodelus fistulosus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Kew Director of 1928.142:6263.Badari.Seeds."Identification was made at Kew but remains uncertain according to condition of specimens (Täckholm, III:50)". Asphodelus fistulosus v.tenuifolius.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Asphodelus fistulosus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 202.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Asphodelus (Liliaceae; ; ); 116.03.--. Asphodelus.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Seeds. Asphodelus type.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:477.Berenbal.Pollen. Astenatherum !forskalii (Gramineae; ; ). Astenatherum !forskalii.{040Old Kingdom.Royal Botanic Gardens.154:122.Umm el Sawan (Fayum).Portions of plants. 49 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Astenatherum forskalii. (Vahl) Nevski (Gramineae; ; ); 124.38.01. Astenatherum forskalii.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:202.Masxuta.Seeds & spikelets fragments. Presented as Danthonia Forskalei.= Unger.1134:50. Asteraceae (Compositae); 106.--.--. Asteraceae!{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.(Presented as Asteraceae type). Asteraceae.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbour core AL 19, P-MC Zone Ia.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal is virtually absent. Asteraceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Not Indicated] (1). Asteraceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Seed?]. Asteraceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).12 heads & 80 indet. Asteraceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not Indicated (1). Asteraceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Seed?]. Asteraceae.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, P-MC Zone Ib.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal is almost absent. Asteraceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Asteraceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Asteraceae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Asteraceae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Fibre?]. Asteraceae.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, P-MC Zone IIa.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Asteraceae.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, P-MC Zone IIb.Increased abundance of pollen(from ~10% to greater than 20%).Abundant charcoal remains. Asteraceae.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:26-28.Douch.2 capituls & capitulfragments. Asteriscus graveolens Less. (Compositae; ; ); 106.48.02. Asteriscus graveolens.{030.9Predynastic (Early Middle).Not clear.142:86.Badari.Stems. Astragalus !gummifer. (Leguminosae; Tragacanth milkvetch; Astragale à gomme adragante); 043.26.XX. Astragalus !gummifer.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Flieder & al.1718:200.Ramses II's mummy.Resin. 50 Codex Astragalus vogelii (Webb.) Bornm. (Leguminosae; Webber’s milk-vetch; Astragale); 043.26.21. Astragalus vogelii.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,1617.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Legumes & seeds. Astragalus L. (Leguminosae; Milkvetch; Astragale); 043.26.--. Astragalus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Atriplex L. (Chenopodiaceae; Saltbush; Arroche); 022.05.--. Atriplex.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Atriplex.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [seeds]. Atriplex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).2 [seeds]. Atriplex.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.39 [seeds]. Avena fatua L. (Gramineae; Oat; Avoine); 124.37.04. Avena fatua.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Avena !fatua.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Florets. Avena sterilis L. (Gramineae; Oat; Avoine); 124.37.05. Avena sterilis.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Avena sterilis.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Avena strigosa Schreb. (Gramineae; Bristle oat; ); 124.37.XX. Avena strigosa Schreb.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.4 seeds. Avena strigosa Schreb.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.Seven seeds.Täckholm (I:330) says "most probably. A. fatua or A. sterilis"; = Täckholm (1006:153). Avena! (Gramineae; Oat; Avoine). Avena!{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:112.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Avena L. (Gramineae; Oat; Avoine); 124.37.--. Avena.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).[Seeds]. Avena.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Avena.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [seeds]. Avena.{092Dyn 26.2002-SMITH&JONES: 181.Mummy of Horemkenesi (Abdominal content).Spikelet. Avena.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat.1502:201.Douch.Grains. Avena.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 & 133 (Appx.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.4 desiccated & 4 carbonized seeds. 51 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae (Verbenaceae); Black mangrove; Avicennie); 092.01.01. Avicennia marina.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood. Avicennia marina.{130.7Roman/Byzantine.Barakat.1671:166.Abu Sha'ar.Leaves. Azolla nilotica Dec. (Azollaceae; Azolla; Azolle); XX.XX.XX. Azolla nilotica.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2a).Pollen. Azolla nilotica.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7c).Pollen. Azolla nilotica.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Azolla nilotica.{130Roman = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7c).Pollen. Azolla nilotica.{130Roman or later = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S2d).Pollen. Balanites !aegyptiaca. (Balanitaceae; Heglig; Dattier du désert). Balanites aegyptiaca!{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.8 wood fragments. Balanites aegyptiaca!{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.1 wood fragment.(Presented as Balanites aegyptiaca type). Balanites !aegyptiaca.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:109.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Kernels. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Balanitaceae; Heglig; Dattier du désert); 048.01.01. Balanites aegyptiaca.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis [Loc 11]. [Kernels?]. Balanites aegyptiaca.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Fruit stone. Balanites aegyptiaca.{030.9Predynastic.Dyer.149:54.Naqada.Not Indicated. Presented as Balanites Roxburghii. Balanites aegyptiaca.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).1 desiccated fruit (drupe) with fibrous pulp and 1 desiccated seed. Balanites aegyptiaca.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Balanites aegyptiaca.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Leaves. Balanites aegyptiaca.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:132.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Kernels. Balanites aegyptiaca.{034Dyn 04.Phillips.2099:46.Giza (Cheops Boat).Wood. Balanites aegyptiaca.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1021:260.Gebelein.Fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1171:3. Balanites aegyptiaca.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:4.Kahun.100 fruits & stones. Balanites aegyptiaca.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:5.Dra Abu el Naga.Kernel. Balanites aegyptiaca.{060Middle Kingdom.Germer.88:27.Gurna.Kernels & fruits [Äg.M.20235 & 25]. Balanites aegyptiaca.{060Middle Kingdom.Quibell.140:3.Ramesseum.Stones.= Lucas, 11:331. Balanites aegyptiaca.{060Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period.Newberry.1119:94.Thebes.Stones [Kernels] & fruits. 52 Codex Balanites aegyptiaca.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:187.Amarna.Kernels. Balanites aegyptiaca.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:420.Thebes.Marbled seeds. Balanites aegyptiaca.{072Dyn 19/20.Mildbread & Burret.1065:128.Deir el Medineh [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 23983].3 fruits. Balanites aegyptiaca.{073Dyn 20.Keimer.1071:122.Deir el Medineh.Fruit. Balanites aegyptiaca.{080New Kingdom.Germer.88:27.Deir el Medineh.Kernels & fruits [Äg.M.23983]. Balanites aegyptiaca.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.Fruit stones (2). Balanites aegyptiaca.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:146.South Ibis Courtyard (Saqqara).Fruit stones. Balanites aegyptiaca.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:26.Douch.1 seed. Balanites aegyptiaca.{120Graeco Roman?.Schweinfurth.1021:268.Dra Abu el Naga.Kernels & fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7; = Germer, 88:27 [Äg.M.3369 & 3370 & Schweinfurth. 29 &30]. Balanites aegyptiaca.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:22.Monastery of Phoebammon.Stones (7). Balanites aegyptiaca.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Fruits. Balanites aegyptiaca.{140Coptic.Quibell.221:34.Saqqara.Fruits. Presented as "balanites". Balanites aegyptiaca.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:431.Unknown?(mummy sarcophagi).Fruit. Balanites aegyptiaca.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:431.Unknown?(mummy sarcophagi).Fruit. Balanites aegyptiaca.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:431.Unknown?(mummy sarcophagi).Fruit. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown.Beauverie.109:VII.Louvre MUS.Fruits. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown.Täckholm.112:232.Not clear [Dokki? MUS.].Fruits & seeds. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Ascherson.1121:306.Dakhla Oasis.Kernels.= Braun, 1151: 59. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:96.Unknown?.Fruit.= Loret & Poisson, 110:21. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:23.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].Fruit. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Braun.1121:306.Thebes [Florence MUS.].Kernels & fruits.= Braun, 1151: 59; = Germer, 88:27 [Äg.M.7009); = ? Germer?, 319:237 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7009). Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Germer.88:27.[Unknown?].Kernels & fruits [Äg.M.14603].Found by Reinhardt. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Germer.88:27.Fayum.Kernels & fruits [Äg.M.1361]. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Germer.88:27.Genamieh (Schw. 28.).Kernels & fruits. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Germer.88:27.Illahun.Kernels & fruits [Äg.M.14694]. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Germer.88:27.Mummy in Berlin Botanisches MUS. (Schweinfurth. 24).Kernel & fruits. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Germer.88:27.Unknown?.Kernels & fruits (Schweinfurth. 103). Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Germer.88:27.Unknown?.Kernels & fruits (Schweinfurth. 26). Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Germer.88:27.Unknown?.Kernels & fruits [Äg.M.745]. Balanites aegyptiaca.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Tomb in Dakhla [Florence MUS.].Immature fruits.= Bonnet, 1176:6; = Braun, 1151:59. 53 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Balanites roxburghii Planch.:See under B. aegyptiaca for Dyer's identification. Ballota L. (Labiatae; Ballota; Ballotte); 093.15.--. Ballota.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Balsamodendron myrrha: See under Commiphora myrrha Engl. Balsamodendron . (Burseraceae); 053.XX. Balsamodendron.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:53.Hawara.Resin, Balsamodendron.Unknown?.Braun.1151:53.Tomb [Berlin Botanisches MUS. (Passalacqua Collection)].Fruits. Bambusa Schreber. (Graminae; Bamboo; Bambou); 124.XX.--. Bambusa.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:159.Antinoë. [Louvre CAT.Ref:552]. Presented as "Bambou". Bdellium: See under Commiphora. Bellevalia! (Liliaceae; Hyacinth; Ail des champs). Bellevalia!.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.43 seeds. Bellevalia!.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104.Tell el-Iswid.17 seeds. Bellevalia Lapeyr. (Liliaceae; Hyacinth; Ail des champs); 116.11.--. Bellevalia.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Bellevalia.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).1 [Not Indicated.]. Bellevalia.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima: See under B. vulgaris subsp. perennis. Beta vulgaris subsp. perennis (L.) Aellen (Chenopodiaceae; Common beet; Bette); 022.01.01. Beta vulgaris subsp. perennis.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:149.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Flowering branch. Presented as Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima. Beta vulgaris subsp. perennis.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:11.Monastery of Phoebammon.Stem pieces (4), fruits (6) & apex of flowering branch. Presented as Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima. 54 Codex Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae; Common beet; Bette); 022.01.01. Beta vulgaris.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Beta vulgaris.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Seeds. Beta vulgaris.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Beta vulgaris.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.28 desiccated & 2 carbonized seeds. Betula pendula Roth. (Betulaceae; European white birch; Bouleau verruqueux); XX.XX.XX. Betula pendula.{071Dyn 18.Boodle.216:92.Tutankhamun's.Wood. Presented as Betula verrucosa; = Boodle, 2117:28. Betula verrucosa Ehrb.: See under B. pendula Rothb. Betula L. (Betulaceae; Birch; Bouleau); XX.XX. Betula.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).88:[seeds]. Betula.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Betula.{071Dyn 18.Fasolo.1552:192.Thebes [Florence MUS].Bark. Betula.{040Old Kingdom.Royal Botanic Gardens (Hill).154:122.Umm el Sawan (Fayum). Presented as "Birch bark". Betula.{112Ptolemaic?.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. Betula.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2b).Pollen. Betula of Emery-Barbier: "Le pollen de bouleau (Betula) pourrait provenir de formations d'âge tertiaire (calcaires de Thèbes)". Betulaceae. XX.--.--. Betulaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [14 m & 18 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Biarum/Erodium! (Araceae); 126. Biarum/Erodium!.{036Dyn 06.Anonymous.142:71.Badari?.2 small tubers. Biarum/Erodium. (Araceae); 126. Biarum/Erodium.{037Dyn 07-08.Hort. Section.II:363.Qaw (Tomb 3331).Rhizomes.Germer (2089:238) suggested B. boveri Blume for this find. Blitum !virgatum: See under Chenopodium virgatum Aschers. 55 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Boraginaceae A. Juss (Borage family; Boraginacées); 090.--.--. Boraginaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:143.Nabta Plata (E-756).Seeds. Boraginaceae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004 NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.72 seeds & fruits. Boraginaceae.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Boraginaceae.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Boraginaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Boraginaceae.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Boraginaceae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed.= de Vartavan, 1999:111. Boraginaceae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen.* Boraginaceae!.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.20 desiccated seeds. Borrago officinalis: See under Tricodesma africanum for Netolitsky's identification. Boscia Lam. (Capparaceae; ; ); 034.03.--. Boscia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Boswellia! (Burseraceae; ; ); 053.XX.XX. Boswellia!. Lucas (11:92) states the following concerning some incense balls found in the tomb of Tutankhamun: "The incense from the tomb of Tutankhamun already mentionned which has been examined by me, is possibly frankincense". Boswellia sacra!.{130 Roman Period.2004-HOWELL&AL.: 230.El Mahasna.(MANCHESTER MUS.3024).Resin.[Presented as “a feature possibly assignable to frankincense/olibanum”] Boswellia (Burseraceae;;); 053.XX.XX. Boswellia.{092Dyn 26 (Saite).2000-ARCHIER&VIEILLESCAZES: 233-237 (Hekaemsaf”s mummy).Resin.[Very unclear phrasing]. Boswellia.{130Roman 400-500 A.D/Post-Meroitic.1997-EVERSHED&AL: 667.Qasr Ibrim.Resin. Boswellia carterii . (Burseraceae; Bible frankincense; Boswellie de Carter). 053.XX.XX. Boswellia carterii.{051Dyn 11.Grüss.1681:277.Deir el Bahari (Menthuhetep's tomb [Berlin Botanisches MUS.]).Resin. 56 Codex Brachiaria Griseb. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.72.--. Brachiaria.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:143.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Seeds. Brassicaceae; 036.--.--. Brassicaceae!{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.(Presented as Brassicaceae type). Brassicaceae!{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.12 wood fragments.(Presented as Brassicaceae type). Brassica napus L.: See under B. campestris L. Brassica campestris L.: See under B. rapa L. Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae; Cabbage; Chou ordinaire); 036.29.CC. Brassica oleracea.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Seeds & leaves fragments. Brassica !oleracea.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 200.Mons Claudianus.Several seeds. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch in Rohling (Cruciferae; black mustard; moutarde noire) 036.29.04. Brassica nigra.{130 Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 113.Mons Claudianus.Seeds? Brassica nigra.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.654 desiccated & 75 carbonized seeds. Brassica nigra.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.398 desiccated & 26 carbonized seeds. Brassica !rapa (Cruciferae; Bird rape; Rave); 036.29. Brassica !rapa {130.6Roman/Coptic.Midgley.143:95.Matmar.Seeds. Presented as B. !napus. Brassica !rapa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 200.Mons Claudianus.1 seed. Brassica rapa L. (Cruciferae; Bird rape; Rave); 036.29.01. Brassica rapa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 200.Mons Claudianus.Seeds.Presented as Brassica napus. Brassica rapa.{130.6Roman.Darby & al.2088:665.Kom Ouchim [Dokki MUS.].Not indicated. Brassica L. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.29.--. Brassica.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Not Indicated (2). Brassica.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 215 seeds. 57 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Brassica.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Brassica.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed.= de Vartavan, 1999:108. Brassica.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Brassica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 121 (Appx.4.1a).Mons Porphyrites.31 desiccated inside seeds. Brassica.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Brassica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.53 desiccated seeds. Brassica!.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Brassica/Sinapis. (Cruciferae; ; ). Brassica/Sinapis.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not Indicated (14). Bromus !sterilis (Cruciferae; Barren Brome; Brome stérile); 124.01. Bromus !sterilis.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:111.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Bromus diandrus Roth. (Gramineae; Great Brome; Grand Brome); 124.01.08. Bromus diandrus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not Indicated (1). Bromus diandrus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not Indicated (2). Bromus diandrus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Bromus japonicus Thunb. (Gramineae; Japanese brome; Brome du Japon); 124.01.05. Bromus japonicus.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.1006:152.Mummy [Stockholm MUS].Lemma. Bromus type (Gramineae; ; ). Bromus type.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada III).Bakels.1750:146.El Kab.1 seed. Bromus! (Gramineae; Brome; Brome). Bromus!.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Biffen.1128:59.Mostagedda.Spikelet. Bromus!.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Brunton.1128:33.Hemamieh.Spikelets. Bromus L. (Gramineae; Brome; Brome); 124.01.--. Bromus.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. 58 Codex Bromus.{030.9Predynastic.Brunton.1128:59.Mostagedda.Spikelet. Bromus.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.Seeds. Bromus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).Not Indicated (63). Bromus.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Bromus.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).Seeds. Bromus.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.2 seeds. Bromus.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.6 [seeds]. Bromus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).Not Indicated (23). Bromus.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.4 [seeds]. Bromus.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 71 [seeds?]. Bromus.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Bromus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a.[Not Indicated.]. Bryonia L. (Cucurbitaceae; Bryony; Bryone); 071.01.--. Bryonia.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Buglossoides arvensis (L.) J.M. (Boraginaceae; Corn gromwell; Grémil des champs); 090.14.02. Buglossoides arvensis.{030.9Predynastic.Netolitsky.1566:23.Naga ed Deir.1 fruit. Presented as Lithospermum arvense. Buglossoides! (Boraginaceae; Bugloss; Buglosse). Buglossoides!.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:110.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Buglossoides!.{081Dyn 21 to Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1.El Hibeh.Seed fragments. Buglossoides I.M. Johnston (Boraginaceae; Bugloss; Buglosse); 090.14.--. Buglossoides.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not Indicated (1). Bunium! (Umbelliferae; Hawk nut; Terre-noix). Bunium type.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Bupleurum aristatum Barth. (Umbelliferae; ; ); 077.05.XX. Bupleurum aristatum.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:53.Dahshur Pyramid.Fruits. Bupleurum semicompositum Höjer (Umbelliferae; ; ); 077.05.03. Bupleurum semicompositum.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [seeds]. Bupleurum semicompositum.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2.5 [seeds]. 59 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Bupleurum L. (Umbelliferae; ; ); 077.05.--. Bupleurum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:110.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Spikelet. Butyrospermum: See under Vitellaria Gaertn. Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae; Common box; Buis commun); XX.XX.XX. Buxus sempervirens.{080New Kingdom.Fahn & Zamski.1857:253.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood.Rectification of a Arbutus identification. Buxus sempervirens.{112Ptolemaic or after.C.T.F.T.1882:96,Unknown [Louvre MUS. E11747].Wood. Presented as "Buis". Buxus sempervirens.Unknown?.Western.133:55.Unknown [Ashmolean MUS]. [Wood]. Presented as "Boxwood". Buxus sempervirens: Lucas (11:432) mentions some objects possibly in boxwood dating back to the Middle Kingdom. This remains however in need of confirmation. Buxus! (Buxaceae; ; ). Buxus!.130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:91]. Buxus L. (Buxaceae; ; ); XX.XX.--. Buxus.{092Dyn 26!.Western & McLeod.1949:81.Tomb in Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1885-289.].Wood (arrow fragment). Buxus.{092Dyn 26.Western & McLeod.1949:85.Tomb in Thebes [Pitt Rivers MUS. No. 1896-2-1-2 & 2-2-3.].Wood (arrow & bow). Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:28.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:10]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:29.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:12]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:29.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:11]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:32.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:27]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:32.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:26]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:32.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:25]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:32.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:24]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:33.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:30]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:33.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:29]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:33.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:28]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:36.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:38b]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:36.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:38a]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:44.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:69]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:44.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:68]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:45.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:75]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:45.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:73]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:45.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:72]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:46.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:85]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:46.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:84]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:92]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:88]. 60 Codex Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:94]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:92]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:114]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:112]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:104]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:124]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:123]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:120]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:119]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:116]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:115]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:51.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:128]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:51.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:127]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:52.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:137]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:52.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:136]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:52.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:135]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:52.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:134]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:53.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:144]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:56.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:166]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:56.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:165]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:57.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:170]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:57.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:169]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:57.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:168]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:57.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:167]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:57.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:171]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:58.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:177]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:58.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:176]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:58.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:175]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:58.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:174]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:58.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:173]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:58.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:172]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:59.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:185]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:59.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:184]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:59.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:183]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:59.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:182]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:59.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:181]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:59.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:180]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:59.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:179]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:59.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:178]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:60.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:191]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:60.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:190]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:60.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:188]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:60.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:187]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:60.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:186]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:61.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:195]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:61.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:194]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:62.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:201]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:62.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:200]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:62.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:199]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:62.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:198]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:62.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:197]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:62.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:196]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:63.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:203]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:63.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:202]. 61 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:64.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:205]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:64.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:204]. Buxus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:83.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:281]. Buxus.{130Roman.C.T.F.T.190:33.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:31]. Buxus.{140Coptic (AD 600?).C.T.F.T.190:67.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:217]. Buxus.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:78.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:271]. Buxus.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:80.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:272]. Buxus.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-800).C.T.F.T.190:81.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:275]. Buxus.{140Coptic to Islamic.C.T.F.T.190:34.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:33]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:161.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:559]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:27.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:3]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:27.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:2]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:27.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:1]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:29.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:14]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:29.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:13]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:30.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:18]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:30.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:17]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:30.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:16]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:31.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:22]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:31.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:21]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:31.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:20]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:31.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:19]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:34.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:34]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:34.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:35]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:35.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:38]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:35.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:36]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:35.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:37]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:227]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:226]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:224]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:222]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:221]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:220]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:219]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:229]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:228]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:235]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:234]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:233]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:231]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:230]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:70.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:246]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:70.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:245]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:70.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:244]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:70.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:243]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:70.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:242]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:70.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:241]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:70.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:239]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:70.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:238]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:75.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:264]. Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:81.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:276]. 62 Codex Buxus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.vT.190:27.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:4]. Buxus.{150Islamic (AD 800).C.T.F.T.190:29.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:15]. Caesalpinia! (Leguminosae; Brasiletto; Césalpinie); 043.XX.XX Caesalpinia type.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Cajanus flavus DC. (Leguminosae; Pigeon pea; Pois d'Angola); 043.XX.XX. Cajanus flavus.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:7.Dra Abu el Naga (Tomb).Seed.= Schweinfurth, 1700:312, = Schweinfurth, 1765:314; = Newberry, 1145:53; = Germer, 88:Abb.44. Presented a C. cajan (L.) Huth. Cajanus flavus.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Not Indicated. Cajanus indicus Sprengl.: See under Cajanus flavus DC. Calendula type. (Compositae; Marigold; Souci de jardin). Calendula type.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Calendula L. (Compositae; Calendula; Calendule); 106.69.--. Calendula.{010Late Paleolithic.El Hadidi.1560:348.Nabta (E-75-8).Fruit.= Wasylikowa, 1964:139. Calligonum! (Polygonaceae;;) 016.02.--. Calligonum!.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Calligonum comosum (Polygonaceae;;); 016.02.01. Calligonum comosum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Calla L. (Araceae; Calla; Calla); 126.XX.--. Calla.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.2089:240.Hawara [Kew No. 19.1978.29].Leaf. Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. (Asclepiadaceae; Apple of Sodom; Arbre à soie); 085.07.01. Calotropis procera.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.9 wood fragments. Calotropis procera.{030.9Predynastic?.Ascherson.1121:310.Dakhla Oasis.Stems.= Braun, 1151: 92; 63 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. = Germer, 88:25 & 27 [Äg. MUS. 7410 & 7412]. Calotropis procera.{130Roman.Greiss.1093:267.Kom Auchim (Elephantine).Fruit part.= Greiss, 181:116 [Dokki MUS. No. 1314]. Calotropis procera{130Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).VEEN&DYER: 112.Mons Claudianus.Charcoal. Calotropis procera.Unknown?.Loret.111:58.Florence MUS. [No. 3236].Coat & seeds. Presented as Asclepias procera. Calotropis procera.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS].Seeds & pappus.= Bonnet, 1177:6; Germer, 88:51 (Schw. 380). Calotropis R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae; Calotrope; Calotropis); 085.07.--. Calotropis.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1116:233.Tomb RH8 (Helwan.).Fruits.= Greiss, 181:110. Calotropis !procera.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 204 (Table 8.6.).Mons Claudianus.Charcoal. Calotropis !procera.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Calystegia R.Br. (Convolvulaceae; Glorybend; Calystégie); 087.02.-Calystegia.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7b).Pollen. Campanula! (Campanulaceae; Bellflower; Campanule). Campanula type.{030.9Predynastic.Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Campanulaceae! Campanulaceae!.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a.[Not Indicated.]. Cannabaceae. (Cannabidaceae; ; ); XX. Cannabaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Cannabis sativa. (Cannabidaceae; Hemp; Chanvre commun); XX.XX. Cannabis sativa.{030.2 Badarian.and later.1937-BRUNTON [MIDGLEY]: 145.Mostagedda.Fibre (Presented as “Hemp”). Cannabis sativa!.{052Dyn 12.Körber-Grohne.319:249.Kahun [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 159].Fibre (ball). Cannabis sativa.{100 Late Period.1980-VOZIL [SZALAY]:20.Coffin of Di-Her-iaout.Fibre (“L‟analyse du textile au microscope renvoie, à la base de la structure de la texture, aux fibres de chanvre”). Cannabis! (Cannabidaceae; Hemp; Chanvre). Cannabis type.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. 64 Codex Cannabis! (Cannabidaceae; Hemp; Chanvre). Cannabis!.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:324.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Cannabis L. (Cannabidaceae; Hemp; Chanvre); XX.XX.--. Cannabis.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:163.Ramses II's mummy.Pollen. Capparaceae A. Juss. (Capparidaceae; ); 034.--.--. Capparidaceae!.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Presented as "Capparidaceae?". Capparaceae!{030.6 Nagadian (IC - circa 3500 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment. Capparaceae!{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.(Presented as Capparaceae type). Capparaceae!{030.6 Nagadian (III - C14 3200-2900/Dyns 1&2).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.(Presented as Capparaceae type). Capparaceae!{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.2 wood fragments. Capparaceae!{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.3 wood fragments. Capparis! (Capparaceae). Capparis!.{020Neolithic.Barakat.1626:65.Nabta (E-75-6).Wood. Capparis !decidua (Forskk.) Edgew. (Capparidaceae; ; ); 34.01.01. Capparis !decidua.{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.(Presented as Capparis decidua type). Capparis !decidua.{030.6 Nagadian (III - C14 3200-2900/Dyns 1&2).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.2 wood fragments.(Presented as “Capparis decidua” type). Capparis !decidua.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.46 wood fragments. Capparis !decidua.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 204 (Table 8.6.).Mons Claudianus.Charcoal. Capparis !decidua.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Capparis decidua (Forskk.) Edgew. (Capparidaceae; ; ); 034.01.01. Capparis decidua.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 12500).Neumann & al.1634:170.Makhadma (Canal 1 & 2).Charcoal. Capparis decidua.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Barakat.1966:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E-756).Wood charcoal. Capparis decidua.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Naqada South.6 seeds. Capparis decidua.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Not identified. Capparis decidua.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. 65 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Capparis spinosa L.: See under Capparis aegyptia Lam. Capparis aegyptia Lam. (Capparaceae; Caper tree, Caprier); 034.01.03. Capparis aegyptia.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood.Presented as C. spinosa. Capparis aegyptia.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds.Presented as C. spinosa. Capparis aegyptia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.20 desiccated seeds & charcoal.Presented as C. spinosa. Capparis L. (Capparaceae; Caperbush; Câprier); 034.01.--. Capparis.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:146.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Seeds. Capparis.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Capparis.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L) Medicus. (Cruciferae; Shepherd's purse; Bourse à pasteur); 036.52.01. Capsella bursa-pastoris.{120Graeco Roman.El Hadidi.1844:Table 1.Source not clear. Capsella! (Cruciferae). Capsella-type.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae; Heartseed; Pois de coeur); 057.01.01. Cardiospermum halicacabum.{036Dyn 06 (after) = After BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c).Pollen. Carduus L. (Compositae). Carduus. The "fleur de chardons (thisles)" believed by Migliarini's (68) to have belong to the Florence Museum collection were reidentified as Centaurea depressa by Loret. See under the latter species for these specimens. Camelina Crantz. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.49.--. Camelina.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Carex divisa Huds. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.01.01. Carex divisa.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [seeds]. 66 Codex Carex!. (Cyperaceae; Sedge; Carex). Carex!.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian),Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Nutlets. Carex L. (Cyperaceae; Sedge; Carex); 129.01.--. Carex.{030.6Predynastic (Nagadian).Litynska.1578:93-104.Armant (MA 21/83 & MA 21a/83).Achenes. Carex.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada; BP 6000-4820 (C14)).Litynska.1578:104.Armant (MA21/83 & 21a/83).[Nut] (1). Carex.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).[Achenes] (13). Carex.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Achenes] (3). Carex.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Achenes] (4). Carex.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).Seeds (3). Carex.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Carex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).[Achenes] (32). Carex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Achenes] (14). Carex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Achenes] (12). Carex.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 782 [seeds?]. Carex.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Achenes]. Carex.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Achenes]. Carex.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Achenes]. Carex.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:112.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Carex.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 202.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Carex.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis). [Nuts]. Carex/Cyperus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Carex/Cyperus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 130 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.4 desiccated seeds. Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae; Safflower; Carthame des teinturiers); 106.18.XX. Carthamus tinctorius.{052Dyn 12.Hübner.2115:72-79.Tomb of the Two Brothers.Dye (Chemical components); = Richters & König, 2200:10. Carthamus tinctorius.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Carthamus tinctorius.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Boodle.2117:4.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seeds; = de Vartavan, 1400:Table 1.; = de Vartavan, 1999:111. Carthamus tinctorius.{071Dyn 18.Samuel.1317:281.Amarna.Seed & fragment. Carthamus tinctorius.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.1167:70.Deir el Bahari (Amenhetep I's mummy).Flowerheads.= Schweinfurth, 1141:112; = Schweinfurth, 1789:74; = Täckholm, 112:235; = Germer, 88:7. Carthamus tinctorius.{072Dyn 19-20.Schweinfurth.1021:270.Scheikh Abdel Gurna.Flower;= Schweinfurth, 1171:9. Carthamus tinctorius.{073Dyn 21.Germer.2200:81.Royal Cache (Deir el Bahari).Dye [Chemical components]. Carthamus tinctorius.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:265.West Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. Carthamus tinctorius.{100 Late Period (circa BC 600).Germer.2200:95. Unknown? [Vienna MUS. No. 216].Dye [Chemical components]. Carthamus tinctorius.{100 Late Period (circa BC 600).Germer.2200:95. Unknown? [Berlin MUS. 67 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. No. 5].Dye [Chemical components]. Carthamus tinctorius.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Carthamus tinctorius.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:20.Douch.Fruit. Carthamus tinctorius.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:28.Gebelein.Seeds (Schweinfurth. 34). Carthamus tinctorius.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1167:71.Unknown? [Leiden MUS.].Flowers.= ? Loret, 111:66. Carthamus tinctorius.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Achenes. Carthamus tinctorius.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Achene fragments & seeds. Carthamus tinctorius.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Seed?]. Carthamus tinctorius.{130Roman (AD 400).Germer.88:28.Pithom.Seeds (Schw. 33). Carthamus tinctorius.{130Roman.Darby & al.2088:805.Kom Auchim.[Flowers?]. Carthamus tinctorius.{130Roman.Germer.2089:174.Gebelein [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 33 & 34].Seeds. Carthamus tinctorius.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:367.Quseir al Qadim.5 achenes et shell fragments. Carthamus tinctorius.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.505 desiccated & 42 carbonized seeds. Carthamus tinctorius.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411: .Monastery of Phoebammon.Seed & 1/2 shell. Carthamus tinctorius.{140Coptic.Quibell.151:28.Saqqara (Monastery of Apia Jeremias).Fruits & whole plants. Carthamus tinctorius.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:367.Quseir al Qadim.5 achenes et shell fragments, Carthamus tinctorius.{202Not clear.Schweinfurth.1021:270.Dra Abu el Naga.Leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1171:9. Caryophyllaceae A. Juss. (Chickweed family; Caryophyllées); 21.--.--. Caryophyllaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [27m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [12-14 m & 19 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [13 & 18 & 20 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Mitka & Wasylikowa.1967:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Seeds. Caryophyllaceae.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 BP [2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000 [11 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.25&19 seeds or fruits. Caryophyllaceae.{036Dyn 06 (after) = After BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8d).Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 11 [seeds]. Caryophyllaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S2a + S2b).Pollen. 68 Codex Caryophyllaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{053Dyn 13 = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6b).Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{053Dyn 13 or after = After BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6c).Pollen. Caryophyllaceae.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Caryophyllaceae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:107.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seed. Presented as "Gypsophila type". Caryophillaceae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Caryophillaceae.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Seeds. Caryophillaceae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Caryophillaceae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.51desiccated seeds. Caryophillaceae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.2 desiccated seeds. Cassia senna L. (Leguminosae; Alexandria senna; Sené d'Egypte); 043.38.03. Cassia senna.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Barakat.1966:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E-756).Wood charcoal. Cassia senna.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Cassia! absus. (Leguminosae; Absus cassie; Cisme). Cassia! absus.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1021:261.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Seeds.= Schweinfurth, 1171:4. Castanea sativa Miller. (Fagaceae; European chestnut; Châtaignier commun); XX.XX.XX. Castanea sativa.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.South Ibis Courtyard (Saqqara).Rind of seed. Cayratia ibuenis (Hook.) Suesseng. (Vitidaceae; ; ); 061.01.01. Cayratia ibuenis.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Presented as Cissus ibuensis. Cedrus !libani. (Pinaceae; Cedar of Lebanon; Cèdre du Liban). Cedrus !libani.Unknown?.Reutter.1671:112.Unknown.MUS Neuchatel.Resin. Cedrus libani A. Rich. (Pinaceae; Cedar of Lebanon; Cèdre du Liban); XX.XX.XX. Cedrus libani.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Cedrus libani.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Cedrus libani.{030.9Predynastic.Kew Director 1928.142:62-3.Badari.Wood pieces. Cedrus libani.{040Old Kingdom.Kamel,1699:125-8.Nag' el Deir.Wood. Cedrus libani.{042Dyn 10/11.Oakley.1709:158-9.Deir el Bahari.Wood. Cedrus libani.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood. 69 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cedrus libani.{060Middle Kingdom.Chalk.1516:11.Wood (coffin). Cedrus libani.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Chalk.1516:11.Tutankhamun's [Cairo MUS.].Wood tenons from shrines.= Kew, 11:438; = Boodle, 2117:29. Cedrus libani.{071Dyn 18.Lucas.11:Note 10.Not indicated.Wood. Cedrus libani.{071Dyn 18.Winlock.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's tomb).Wood (coffins). Cedrus libani.{072Dyn 19.Täckholm.I:67.Amarna [Kew MUS].Wood. Cedrus libani.{073Dyn 20/26.Chalk.1516:11.Cairo MUS. (Coffin).Wood. Cedrus libani!{080 New Kingdom.2003-PERRAUD: 17, online report.(PERPIGNAN MUS.).Mummy.Wood. Cedrus libani.{090Third Intermediate Period.Not clear.271:43.Ankhparkhered's statue [Louvre MUS. No. 2595].Wood. Cedrus libani.{100Late Period.Mond & Myers.307:59.Bucheum.Wood (Small piece). Cedrus libani.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Wood. Cedrus libani.{120Graeco Roman.Ribstein.1343:204.Unknown? [Sarcophagus in Spiegelberg COLL. No. S3].Wood. Cedrus libani.{120Graeco Roman.Ribstein.1343:204.Unknown? [Sarcophagus in Spiegelberg COLL. No. S2].Wood. Cedrus libani.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Rendle.1708:82.El Qusser.Wood (2 trunks). Cedrus libani.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Kynzvart State Castle [No. 3328/5376].Wood (coffin). Cedrus libani.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Moravska Trebova Municipal MUS. [No. E77/71].Wood. Cedrus libani.Unknown.Bonastre.1456:435.Not indicated (Drovetti COLL.).Resin. Presented as "cèdre du Liban". Cedrus libani.Unknown.Loret & Poisson.110:11.[Louvre MUS. No. 1400].Cone. Cedrus libani.Unknown.Loret.111:42.Mummy [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No.7014].Saw dust. Cedrus! (Pinaceae; Cedar; Cèdre). Cedrus!{033Dyn 03.Chalk.1144:4.Saqqara.Wood. Cedrus!{071Dyn 18.Lucas.XX:75.Yuya and Thuya's tomb.Sawdust. Cedrus!{092Dyn 26 to 096Dyn 30.2004-BUCKLEY&AL.: 295 (Table 1).Beni Hassan.Detached “resin”-soaked wrapping(location 1).Resin. Cedrus!{092Dyn 26 to 096Dyn 30.2004-BUCKLEY&AL.: 295 (Table 1).Beni Hassan.Detached “resin”-soaked wrapping (location 2).Resin. Cedrus!{092Dyn 26 to 096Dyn 30.2004-BUCKLEY&AL.: 295 (Table 1).Beni Hassan.Blackened wrapping from base of mummy.Resin. Cedrus!Unknown.Gaillard & Daressy.274:68.Abu Rawash.[Wood] coffins. Cedrus!Unknown.Gaillard & Daressy.274:68.Assasif.[Wood] coffins. Cedrus!Unknown.Gaillard & Daressy.274:68.Saqqara.[Wood] coffins. Cedrus!Unknown.Gaillard & Daressy.274:68.Thebes.[Wood] coffins. Cedrus Trew. (Pinaceae; Cedar; Cèdre); XX.XX.--. Cedrus.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:135.Maadi III.Wood. Cedrus.{032Dyn 02.Emery.176:7,Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Wood. Cedrus.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:7.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Wood. Cedrus.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:7.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Wood. Cedrus.{034Dyn 04.Phillips.2099:46.Giza (Cheops Boat).Wood "scraps" & wood (oar). Cedrus.{052Dyn 12. (circa BC 1975 (C14)).Jodrell Lab.1713:36.Mersa Gawasis (Red Sea).Wood. Cedrus.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:3.Kahun.Wood (Two boxes). Presented as "cedar". Cedrus.{060 Middle Kingdom (2000-1650 BC).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(BERLIN MUS.).Wood.Outer coffin. Cedrus.{060 Middle Kingdom (2000-1650 BC).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(BERLIN MUS.).Wood.Outer coffin. 70 Codex Cedrus.{060 Middle Kingdom.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 20576].2113:188.Wood. Presented as "Cèdre". Cedrus.{071Dyn 18 (1500 BC.).2003-KOLLER&AL.: 784.Saankh-kare‟s mummy, Deir elBahari (METROPOLITAN MUS.).The brown embalming resin contains components found in a fluid known as “cedar oil”.(Also presented as cedrium). Cedrus.{071Dyn 18 (circa 1500 B.C.).2005-KOLLER&AL.:613.Saankh-kare‟s mummy (METROPOLITAN MUS.).Resin [chemical analysis] from unused embalming material entombed with the mummy (presented as “fresh cedar oil (extract)” and “cedrium”). Cedrus.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Normand.1714:326.Ramses II's mummy.Wood. Cedrus.{073Dyn 20 or after.C.T.F.T.1882:114,Unknown [Louvre MUS. E.14214].Wood. Presented as "Cèdre". Cedrus.{073Dyn 20/26.Boodle & Balfour.1478:144.Psamthek's coffin [Cairo MUS: 28092)].Wood. Cedrus.{080 New Kingdom (1070-660).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(LUXOR MUS.).1 wood fragment. Cedrus.{080 New Kingdom (1080-600 BC).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(CHUR MUS.).Wood.Inner coffin. Cedrus.{080 New Kingdom (1550-600).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(ZURICH MUS.).Wood.Outer coffin. Cedrus.{081Dyn 21 or earlier (Ramesside).2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Fragment of Ramsenakht sarcophagus in VIVENEL MUS L.734.Wood. Cedrus.{092Dyn 26.1998-ASENSI AMOROS&AL.: 229.Namenkhet Amun‟s mummy (abdominal cavity – St.Lazarro Armenian Monastery (Venice – Italy)).Sawdust. Cedrus.{092Dyn 26.Kunze.1933:5.Hatbastru's sarcophagus.Wood. Cedrus.{100Late Period.Asensi Amorós.In press.Namenkhet Amon's mummy [Monastery of St. Lazzaro MUS.].Sawdust (from abdominal cavity).Photograph on back cover. Cedrus.{112 Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Ptah Sokaris statue in VIVENEL MUS L.727.Wood (base). Cedrus.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Cedrus.{120 Graeco-Roman.2004-AUFDERHEIDE&AL.: 91.Mummies ( Kellis,Ismant el Kharab,Dakhleh Oasis).Resin.[Very unclear as formulated!]. Cedrus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:44.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:69]. Cedrus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:45.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:77]. Cedrus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:46.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:78]. Cedrus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:100]. Cedrus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:98]. Cedrus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:97]. Cedrus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:96]. Cedrus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:95]. Cedrus.{130Roman.Rendle.1708:82.El Kûser.Wood. Cedrus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:123.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:405]. Cedrus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:156.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:542]. Cedrus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:91.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:310]. Cedrus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:92.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:311]. Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae; Feather cockscomb; Cèlose argentée); 023.XX.XX. Celosia argentea.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Spikelets. Celosia argentea.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:18.Abusir el Meleq.Inflorescence [Äg.M.17270). Celosia argentea.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Unknown?.Inflorescence. Celosia argentea.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:51.Hawara.Not Indicated.= Germer, 88:17 & 18 [Äg.M. 3334, 3342, 14271, 14273 & 3352, 3359].Reidentified by Boodle as C. argentea var. cristata acccording to Germer (2089:33). Celosia argentea.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS.].Inflorescence. 71 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Celtis L. (Ulmaceae; ; ); XX.XX.--. Celtis.{010Late Paleolithic.Reid.1445:504.Kharga Oasis.Fruits. Cenchrus !cilliaris. (Gramineae; Buffel grass; Cenchrus cilie); 124.81.03. Cenchrus !ciliaris{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟Ayn-Manawir.Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).1 fragment the nature of which is not indicated. Cenchrus! ciliaris.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184&186 (Tables 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir.Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous spikelets. Cenchrus L. (Gramineae; Sandbur; Râcle); 124.81.--. Cenchrus.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:14 & 18.Douch.Seed & spikelets. Cenchrus/Pennisetum!.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,1617.Hierakonpolis (HK43). Centaurea !depressa. (Compositae; Blue cornflower; Centaurée bleue); 106.12. Centaurea !depressa.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Involucral scales. Centaurea !depressa.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Flowerheads.= de Vartavan, 1999:111. Centaurea !depressa.{081Dyn 21 (Osorkon I).Newberry.1442:145.Thebes (Valley of the kings).Flowers. Centaurea !depressa.{082Dyn 22 (Osorkon I).Newberry.1442:145.Valley of the Kings (Thebes).Flowers. Centaurea depressa M.B. (Compositae; Blue cornflower; Centaurée bleue); 106.12.XX. Centaurea depressa.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Britton.79:17.RT 54 (Thebes; Metropolitan MUS. 09.184.214).Flowers.= Germer, 1851:92. Centaurea depressa.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:190.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb).Flowers; = Boodle, 2117:5; = Germer, 128; = Germer, 1851:90; = de Vartavan, 1400:Table 1. Centaurea depressa.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:10.Royal mummy [Äg. MUS. No. 10982].Flowers. Centaurea depressa.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:14.Douch.Petals?(Schweinfurth. No 220). Centaurea depressa.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:549.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Flowers. Centaurea depressa.{073Dyn 20/26.Germer.88:14.Dra Abu el Naga.Flowers (Schw. 37). Centaurea depressa.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:51.Deir el Bahari (Nsi Khonsu's mummy).Flowerhead.= Schweinfurth, 1765:312; = Schweinfurth, 1171:9. Centaurea depressa.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:72.Nsi-Khonsou.Flowers.= Schweinfurth, 1765: 312; = Germer, 88:12 ( 3 sets listed). Centaurea depressa.{082Dyn 22.Germer.88:14.Thebes.Flowers [Schw. no. 39]. Centaurea depressa.{092Dyn 26.Germer.88:14.Djed-Djehuty-f-ankh's.Flowers? (Schweinfurth. No 222). Centaurea depressa.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.West Dump (Saqqara).Flowers. Centaurea depressa.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:18.Douch.Capitule. Centaurea depressa.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.One seed. Centaurea depressa.Unknown.Pleyte.1250:.Deir el Bahari [Leiden MUS.].Flowers.= Schweinfurth, 1167:71; Schweinfurth, 1765: 313. Centaurea depressa.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:24.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].Capituls. 72 Codex Centaurea depressa.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS.].= Bonnet, 1177:6. Centaurea nigra L. (Compositae; Black centaurea; Centaurée noire); 106.12.XX. Centaurea nigra.Unknown?.Pleyte.1250:.Leyden MUS.Flowers. Centaurea nigra: Loret suggested that the species is C. depressa (Loret, 111:65). Centaurea L. (Compositae; Centaurea; Centaurée); 106.12.--. Centaurea. Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:11.Thebes.Flowers, leaves and fruits.Presented as “centaurée”. Centaurea.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Centaurea.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.2 pollen. Centaurea.{120Graeco Roman.Ascherson.1151:56.Mummy's garland [Leyden MUS].Flower[s]. Cerastium L. (Caryophyllaceae; Chickweed; Céraiste); 021.13.--. Cerastium.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae; Carob tree; Caroubier commun); 043.XX.CC. Ceratonia siliqua.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:48.Gurab/Kahun.Pods and seeds. Ceratonia siliqua.{060Middle Kingdom.Lucas.11:440.Not indicated [Kew MUS.].Wood. Ceratonia siliqua.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Pods. Ceratonia siliqua.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.5 seeds. Ceratonia siliqua.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:71.El Hibeh.Seeds (4). Ceratonia siliqua.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.2 pods & seeds. Ceratonia siliqua.{130Roman (AD 700).Germer.88:24.Antinoë.Branch (Schweinfurth. 41). Ceratonia siliqua.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:39.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:45]. Ceratonia siliqua.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:111]. Ceratonia siliqua.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:51.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:130]. Ceratonia siliqua.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:51.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:129]. Ceratonia siliqua.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Seeds. Ceratonia siliqua.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:21.Monastery of Phoebammon.Legume fragments (2). Ceratonia siliqua.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:152.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:532]. Ceratonia siliqua.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:116.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:376]. Ceratonia siliqua.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:40.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:49]. Ceratonia siliqua.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:41.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:52]. Ceratonia siliqua.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Ceratonia siliqua.Unknown?.Kotschy.111:88,Mummy's stick.Wood.Anatomical identification according to Loret. Ceratophyllum demersum L. (Ceratophyllaceae; ; ); 028.01.01. Ceratophyllum demersum.{034.Dyn 04.Germer.2089:41.Meidum.Stengelteile. 73 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cercis siliquastrum L. (Leguminosae; Judas Tree; Arbre de Judée); 043.XX.XX. Cercis silicastrum.{052 Dyn 12.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 12028].2113:158.Wood. Presented as "arbre de Judée". Ceruana !pratensis. (Compositae; ; Ceruane). Ceruana !pratensis.{080New Kingdom.Germer?.319:184.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 6913].Fibre (Basket). Ceruana pratensis Forskk. (Compositae; ; Ceruane); 106.26.01. Ceruana pratensis.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:113.El Omari.Receptacle bases. Ceruana pratensis.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Heads (2). Ceruana pratensis.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Heads. Ceruana pratensis.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43). [Missing from table 182].Seeds. Ceruana pratensis.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Floral heads & branches. Ceruana pratensis.{030.9Predynastic.El Hadidi.1440:104.Hierakonpolis [Loc 29].Headlet. Ceruana pratensis.{030.9Predynastic.Keimer.1066:31.Esnah.Plant (whole). Ceruana pratensis.{030.9Predynastic.Keimer.1066:31-32.Es Sabàniya (Esnah).Whole plant. Ceruana pratensis.{030.9Predynastic.Keimer.1066:33.Gebelein.Twigs and leaves. Ceruana pratensis.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1095:253.Helwan (Tomb 48/M6, 494/M4, 53/M7).Stem and root. Ceruana pratensis.{031Dyn 01/02.Greiss.1093:263.Tarkhan .Stems.= Keimer, 1066:32, = Greiss, 181:113 [Dokki MUS. No. 758]; = Germer, 1443:245. Ceruana pratensis.{031Dyn 01/02.Greiss.181:108.Helwan [Helwan MUS. 48/H6, 53/H7, 494/ H4].Shoots, roots & stem splits. Ceruana pratensis.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.442&55 seeds & fruits. Ceruana pratensis.{034Dyn 01/03.Täckholm.II:121.Kafr Tarkhan [Cairo MUS.].Not indicated (basket work). Ceruana pratensis.{034Dyn 04/11.Kew.1128:111.Mostagedda.Not Indicated. Ceruana pratensis.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1021:261.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Capitules.= Schweinfurth, 1171:3. Ceruana pratensis.{052Dyn 12.Keimer.1066:32.Unknown [Cairo MUS. 16/11/26/27].Stems (broom).= Schweinfurth, Y1883:545. Ceruana pratensis.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:8.Dra Abu el Naga.Twigs.= Schweinfurth, 1700: 312; = Schweinfurth, 1765: 314. Ceruana pratensis.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).Achenes. Ceruana pratensis.{071Dyn 18.Keimer.1066:34.Thebes.Stems. Ceruana pratensis.{073Dyn 20/26.Keimer.1066:34.Thebes.Twigs. Ceruana pratensis.{080New Kingdom.Germer?.319:184.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 6913].Wood (Basket). Ceruana pratensis.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:18.Douch.2 capituls. Ceruana pratensis.Unknown.Schweinfurth.1169:364.British MUS.Flower heads. Ceruana pratensis.Unknown.Schweinfurth.1169:364.Unknwon [Cairo & British MUS.].Flower heads. Ceruana pratensis.Unknown?.Germer.88:51.Es Sebua (Schw. 40).Branch. Chaerophyllum L. (Umbelliferae; ; ). 077.XX.--. Chaerophyllum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.2096:5.Tutankhamun's (Thebes).Stalks. Presented as Chalcophyllum but re-identified as Chaerophyllum in Kew by Boodle, 2117:6. [No. 4.1965] according to Germer (2089:143). 74 Codex Cheilanthes Swartz. (Sinopteridaceae; ; ). 006.01.--. Cheilanthes.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:484.Berenbal.Pollen. Presented as Notholaena. Chenopodiaceae! (Gosefoot family; Chenopodiacées). Chenopodiaceae!.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1985:159.Nabta Playa (E-75-6).[Seeds] (2). Presented as "Chenopodiaceae?". Chenopodiaceae Vent. (Gosefoot family; Chenopodiacées); 022.--.--. Chenopodiaceae.(IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment. Chenopodiaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [27-30 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 12500).Neumann & al.1634:170.Makhadma (4 & Canal 1 & 2).Charcoal. Chenopodiaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [12-14 m & 18-21 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian).Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Not Indicated. Chenopodiaceae.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 [2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{020Neolithic (BP 8.000-10.000 [11 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.21 wood fragments. Chenopodiaceae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Long before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a + b).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004 NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.36 seeds & fruits. Chenopodiaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.14 flower bases. Chenopodiaceae.{036Dyn 06 (after) = After BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c + d).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S6c + d).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2 a + b).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b + c + d).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{053Dyn 13 = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6b).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{053Dyn. 13 (or before) = Before BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern delta (Core S6a).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Chenopodiaceae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's [Cairo MUS.]).Seed. Presented as "Spinacia tetrendra type; Beta vulgaris or Chenopodium". Chenopodiaceae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:163.Ramses II's mummy.18 pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Chenopodiaceae.{096Dyn 30 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{112Ptolemaic.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Chenopodiaceae.{130Roman or later = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. 75 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Chenopodium album L. ssp. iranicum (Chenopodiaceae; White goosefoot; Chénopode blanche); 022.02.08. Chenopodium album ssp. iranicum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew MUS.]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:108. subsp. iranicum identified by Hillman. Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae; White goosefoot; Chénopode blanche); 022.02.08. Chenopodium album.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).195 [seeds]. Chenopodium album.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).23 [seeds]. Chenopodium album.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Chenopodium album.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Chenopodium album/murale. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.02. Chenopodium album/murale.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Chenopodium hybridum L. (Chenopodiaceae; Bastard goosefoot; Ansérine batarde); 022.02.XX. Chenopodium hybridum.{071Dyn 19? (Ramses II).Unger.1261:203.Masxuta.3 seeds. Chenopodium L. (Chenopodiaceae; Goosefoot; Chénopode); 022.02.--. Chenopodium.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).223 [seeds]. Chenopodium.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Chenopodium.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Naqada South (KH3).3 seeds. Chenopodium.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Seed] 1. Chenopodium.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1016:Table 2.Kom el Hisn.Seeds (41). Chenopodium.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.Seeds (not indicated in 1575 but 41 in 1016).= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016: Table 2. Chenopodium.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Chenopodium.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir.Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Seeds. Chenopodium.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Chenopodium.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.38 desiccated & 6 carbonized seeds. Chenopodium.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:478.Berenbal.Pollen. Chenopodium murale L. (Chenopodiaceae; Wall goosefoot; Ansérine des murs); 022.02.04. Chenopodium murale.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).112 [seeds]. Chenopodium murale.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.5 [seeds]. Chenopodium murale.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).18 [seeds]. Chenopodium murale.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [seeds]. 76 Codex Chenopodium murale.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 seeds. Chenopodium murale.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Seeds] (3). Chenopodium murale.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Chenopodium murale.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Chenopodium murale.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:53.Dahshur Pyramid.Seed. Chenopodium murale.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir.Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Seeds. Chenopodium murale.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Chenopodium muralle.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.199 desiccated & 14 carbonized seeds. Chenopodium virgatum (L.) Jessen. (Chenopodiaceae; = C. foliosum (Mönch) Asch.); 022.XX.XX. Chenopodium virgatum.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:203.Masxuta.One seed. Presented as "Blitum virgatum Lin? ". Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Compositae; Crown daisy; Chrysanthème des jardins); 106.64.01. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1116:230.Helwan.Flowers. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:10.Royal mummy [Äg.M.10982).Flowers. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{072Dyn 19/20.Germer.88:14.Deir el Bahari.Flowers [Äg.M.11994 & Äg.M.11991). Chrysanthemum coronarium.{073Dyn 20/26.Schweinfurth.1169:365.Scheikh Abd el Qurna.Hüllkelche. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.South Ibis Courtyard (Saqqara).Flowers. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{100Late Period?.Schweinfurth.1021:271.Dra Abu el Naga [Schw. 42].Flowerheads.= Schweinfurth, 1171:9; =? Schweinfurth, 1700:312; = Germer, 88:16. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{120Graeco Roman.Badir.1015:§,Hawara.Flowers.= Germer, 88:17 (Schweinfurth. 43). Chrysanthemum coronarium.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:18-20.Douch.38 capituls & 2 flowering twigs. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{120Graeco Roman.Braun.1151:56.Mummy's garland [Leyden MUS.].Flower[s].= Schweinfurth, 1167:70. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Hawara [Äg.M.3359].Flowers. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Hawara.Flowers [Äg.M.3350). Chrysanthemum coronarium.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1169:365.Scheikh Abd el Qurna.Hüllkelche.= Germer, 88:16 (Mummy). [Äg.M.20165-7]. Chrysanthemum coronarium.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS].Flowerheads. Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Compositae; Corn marigold; Chrysanthème des moissons), 106.64.XX. Chrysanthemum segetum.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:51.Dahshur Pyramid.Fruit. 77 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cicer arietinum L. (Leguminosae; Chick-pea; Pois chiche); 043.XX.CC. Cicer arietinum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Boodle.2117:6a.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS. 277]).Legume; = de Vartavan, 1400: Table 2; = de Vartavan, 1999:109. Cicer arietinum.{080 New Kingdom.Darby & al.2088:686.Deir el Medineh [Dokki MUS.].Legumes. Cicer arietinum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.Flowers, pods & seeds. Cicer arietinum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds & detached hila. Cicer arietinum.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Cicer arietinum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Legume]. Cicer arietinum.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:366.Quseir al Qadim.1 seed. Cicer arietinum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed & 2 detached hila. Cicer arietinum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:366.Quseir al Qadim.6 seeds et 2 coat fragments. Cicer arietinum.Unknown?.Bonnet.1177:71.Florence MUS. (Schiaparelli.'s excavations).[Legume]. Cichorioideae: See under Compositae Cichorium pumilum Jacq. v. endivia L. (Compositae; ; Chicorée frisée); 106.72.01. Cichorium pumilum v. endivia.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Presented as C. endivia. Cichorium pumilum v. endivia/intybus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 201.Mons Claudianus.2 seeds.Presented as C. endivia. Cichorium pumilum v. endiviaintybus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.5 desiccated seeds.Presented as C. endivia. Cirsium Miller (Compositae). Cirsium. The "fleur de chardons (thisles)" believed by Migliarini's (68) to have belong to the Florence Museum collection were reidentified as Centaurea depressa by Loret. See under the latter species for these specimens. Cissus ibuensis Hook: See under Cayratia ibuenis. Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitidaceae; ; ); 061.02.01. Cissus quandrangularis.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Cistus ladaniferus L. (Cistaceae; gum rockrose;); 067.XX.XX. Cistus ladaniferus.{112 Ptolemaic (BC 100).2004-TCHAPLA&AL: 218&234 Lyon, (GUIMET MUS.) mummy.Oil [chemical analysis].Presented as “Labdanum, a resin secreted by Cistus ladaniferus was also identified”. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae; Colocynth; Coloquinte); 071.05.01. Citrullus colocynthis.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:113.El Omari.1 seed. Citrullus colocynthis.{030.6Predynastic (Nagadian).Litynska.1578:93-104.Armant (MA 21/83 & 21a/83).Seed. 78 Codex Citrullus colocynthis.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Citrullus colocynthis.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN[FAHMY]:18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Citrullus colocynthis.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada; BP 6000-4820 (C14)).Litynska.1578:104.Armant (MA21/83 & 21a/83).Seeds (58). Citrullus colocynthis.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).6 seeds.= Wetterstrom, 1354:Table I. South. Citrullus colocynthis.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.41&2.Seeds & fruits. Citrullus colocynthis.{072Dyn 19.Plu.1356:172.Ramses II's mummy.Seeds. Citrullus colocynthis.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:265.West Köms (Elephantine).Fruits (4). Citrullus colocynthis.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Citrullus colocynthis.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:74.El Hibeh.Seed. Citrullus colocynthis.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Rind & seeds. Citrullus colocynthis.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Seed]. Citrullus colocynthis.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:370.Quseir al Qadim.3 seeds. Citrullus colocynthis.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.34 desiccated & 155 carbonized seeds. Citrullus colocynthis.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:370.Quseir al Qadim.17 seeds. Citrullus colocynthis.Unknown?.Schweinfurth.1700:312.Unknown?.Not indicated. Presented as C. vulgaris var. colocynthoides. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai. (Cucurbitaceae; Water melon; Pastèque); 071.05.XX. Citrullus lanatus.{030.9Predynastic.Netolitsky.1566:14.Naga ed Deir.Seeds. Presented as C. vulgaris. Citrullus lanatus.{035Dyn 05.Germer.2089: 128.Sahurê's [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 389]; = Germer, 88:44. Citrullus lanatus.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:158.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).Seeds. Presented as "C. vulgaris Schrad var. colocynthoides Schwf."; = Citrullus lanatus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:149.Tutankhamun's tomb.Seeds. Presented as C. vulgaris; = Boodle, 2117:7 [Kew MUS. 369, 426, 429, 470, 527a, 528, 530, 542, 544, 567 & 573B]; = de Vartavan.1400:478; = de Vartavan, 1999:110 [Cairo MUS.]. Also in Kew MUS. No. 4198 = Germer, 128; = Germer, 2089:128 Citrullus lanatus.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Seeds. Presented as "pastèque"; = Germer, 88:44 [Äg. MUS. No. 21532]. Citrullus lanatus.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Citrullus lanatus.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:423.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 459].Seeds.= Braun, 1151:56, = Schweinfurth, 1141:113. Citrullus lanatus.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1167:73.Deir el Bahari (Nibsoni's mummy).Leaves.= Schweinfurth:1141:113; = Schweinfurth, 1789: 76; = Germer, 88:10 (Schweinfurth. No 370). Citrullus lanatus.{080New Kingdom.Macramallah.184:75.Saqqara.Seeds. Presented as "C. vulgaris". Citrullus lanatus.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.2 seeds & 1 seed fragment. Citrullus lanatus.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:265.West Köms (Elephantine).Seeds. Citrullus lanatus.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (74-75).El Hibeh.2 seeds. Citrullus lanatus.{120Graeco Roman or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Not In79 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. dicated.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6; Presented as "Melon égyptien" or "ägyptischen melon"; = Germer, 88:44 [Äg. MUS. Passalacqua COLL. S46]. Citrullus lanatus.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:44.Gebelein [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 45].Seeds. Citrullus lanatus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds (mainly broken). Citrullus lanatus.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Seed]. Presented as C. vulgaris. Citrullus lanatus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.44 desiccated seeds. Citrullus lanatus.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:31.Monastery of Phoebammon.Kernels (4). Citrullus lanatus.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Fig.28.5.).Quseir.Seeds. Citrullus lanatus.Unknown?.Germer.88:44.Thebes [Äg. MUS. 7022].Seeds. Citrullus Schrad. ex Eckl. et Zeyth. (Cucurbitaceae; ; ); 071.05.--. Citrullus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).2 seeds. Citrullus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Citrullus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 119 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porthyrites.6 desiccated seeds. Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae; Orange; Orange); 052.XX.CC. Citrus aurantium.{072Dyn 19?.Kunth.1160:421.Thebes.Fruit (complete). Citrus aurantium L. var. amara (Rutaceae; Orange; Orange); 052.XX.CC. Citrus aurantium. var. amara.{051Dyn 11.Grüss.1681:277.Deir el Bahari (Menthuhetep's tomb [Berlin Botanisches MUS.]).Fruit. Citrus Cedrata: See under C. medica L. Citrus L. (Rutaceae; ; ); 052.XX.XX. Citrus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:89.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:300]. Citrus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:89.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:301]. Citrus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:89.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:302]. Citrus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:90.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:305]. Citrus.{150Islamic (AD 1200).C.T.F.T.190:147.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:516]. Citrus limonum: See under C. medica L. Citrus medica L. (Rutaceae; Lemon tree; Citronnier); 052.XX.CC. Citrus medica.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Myrithis's mummy (Antinoë).Leaves. Presented as C. Cedrata. Citrus medica.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:432.Meroe.Fruit. Citrus medica.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:432.Meroe?.Fruit. Citrus medica.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:432.Meroe?.Fruit. Citrus medica.Unknown.Beauverie.109:VIII.Louvre MUS.Fruit.= Loret & Poisson, 110:19. 80 Codex Citrus medica.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown?.[Fruit]. Citrus medica.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Leaf. Presented as C. Cedrata. Citrus medica.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).Not indicated. Citrus medica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1753:1.Antinoë (Leukyône's).Leaves. Presented as C. Cedrata. Citrus medica.{130Roman (AD 300).Bonnet.1753:5.Antinoë (Leukône's mummy [Schw. 47]).Leaf fragments. Presented as C. cedrata; = Germer, 88:20. Citrus medica.{140Coptic (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1753:1.Unknown lady's (Antinoë).Branches. Presented as C. Cedrata. Citrus medica.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:23.Monastery of Phoebammon.Fruit half & fragment. Citrus !medica. (Rutaceae; Lemon tree; Citronnier). Citrus !medica.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds&fruit. Citrus !medica.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Citrus !medica.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds.Presented as Citrus limonum. Citrus !medica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.5 desiccated seeds. Citrus !medica.{140Coptic (AD 300-400).Bonnet.1753:1.Thaïs's (Antinoë).Leaves fragments. Presented as C. cf. Cedrata. Citrus !medica.{140Coptic (AD 300-400).Bonnet.1757:154.Antinoë (Thaïs's mummy).Leaves fragments. Presented as C. cf. Cedrata. Cladium! (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129. Cladium!.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:112.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Cleomaceae (Pax) Airy-Shaw. 035.--.--. Cleomaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Mitka & Wasylikowa.1967:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E75-6).Seeds. Presented as "Cleome/Gynandropsis type". Cleome chrisantha Decne. (Cleomaceae; ); 035.02.02. Cleome chrisantha.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Cleome droserifolia (Forskk.) Del. (Cleomaceae; ); 035.02.01. Cleome droserifolia.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cleome droserifolia.{130Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 113.Mons Claudianus.Seeds? Cleome droserifolia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 & 129 (Table 4.5.& 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1702 desiccated & 37 carbonized seeds & leaves. 81 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cleome !paradoxa R. Br. ex DC (Cleomaceae;); 035.02.07. Cleome !paradoxa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cleome !paradoxa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 121 (Appx.4.1a).Mons Porphyrites.4 desiccated seeds. Cleome (L.) D.C. (Cleomaceae; Spider flower; Cléome); 035.02.--. Cleome.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:245.Adaïma.Seed. Cleome.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Cocculus hirsutus Diels. (Menispermaceae; ; ); 026.01.XX. Cocculus hirsutus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Schiemann.1339:512.Tutankhamun's.Stone.= Germer, 128:54. Cocculus leaeba: See under C. pendulus (J. R. & Forst.)Diels. Cocculus pendulus (J. R. & Forst.) Diels. (Menispermaceae; ; ); 026.01.01. Cocculus pendulus.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1020:3.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Berries,= Schweinfurth:1700:312; = Schweinfurth, 1835:420; = Newberry, 1145:53. Presented as C. leaeba; = Germer, 88:41 [Äg. MUS. 3379].Photo. Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae; Coconut palm; Cocotier); 125.XX.XX. Cocos nucifera.{140 8 Roman to Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Epicarp fragments, fibrous husk and nutshell. Cocos nucifera.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:370.Quseir al Qadim.5 shell fragments. Cocos nucifera.Unknown.Bonnet.1177:7.Schiaparelli's excavations [Florence MUS.].Nut. Comarum! (= Potentilla L.; Rosaceae; Cinquefoil; Potentille). Comarum-type.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Combretaceae R. Br. (Myrobalan family; ); XX.--.--. Combretaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [14-18m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Combretaceae.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 [2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Combretaceae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. Combretaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2a).Pollen. Commiphora Jacq. (Burseraceae; Myrrh; Myrrhe); 053.01.--. Commiphora.{052Dyn 12.Vieillescazes-Rambier.1992:84.Dahshur.Resin (G11). Presented as "Myrrhe". Commiphora.{071Dyn 18.1997-McGOVERN: 81.Malkata (Amenhotep III‟s palace).Resin. Commiphora.{071Dyn 18.Vieillescazes-Rambier.1992:84.Thebes (Mahirper's tomb).Resin (G15). Presented as "Myrrhe". 82 Codex Commiphora myrrha Engl. (Burseraceae; Common myrrh tree; Arbre à myrrhe); 053.01.XX. Commiphora myrrha.{051Dyn 11.Grüss.1681:277.Deir el Bahari (Menthuhetep's tomb [Berlin Botanisches MUS.]).Resin. Presented as Balsamodendron myrrha. Commiphora myrrha.{052Dyn 12 (Amenemhat II/Sesostris III).VIEILLESCAZES-2003: 3.Dahchour Pyramid – grave of princess.Resin [Note: High Performance Liquid Chromatography comparative spectra shown is convincing]. Commiphora myrrha: de Verneuil (130:287) states that he found "myrrhe" in some vases but which species is meant is not clear. Commiphora opobalsamum Engl. (Burseraceae; Balm of Gilead & Mecca myrrh; Baume de la Mecque). 053.01.01. Commiphora opobalsamum.Unknown.Germer.2089:108.Thebes [Passalacqua COLL., Ägyptischen Museum, No. 7000 & 7001]; = Germer, 88:31.Photo. Commiphora opobalsamum.Unknown.Germer.88:31.Thebes [Äg. MUS. 3331]. Commiphora opobalsamum: de Verneuil (130:287) states that he found "myrrhe" in some vases but which species is meant is not clear. Commiphora! (Burseraceae; ; );053.01.--. Commiphora!.Not indicated.Bonastre.1908:267.Unknown?.Resin. Presented as myrrh. Commiphora.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:435.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Resin. Presented as "Bdellium". Compositae Giseke (= Asteraceae; Compositées); 106.--.--. Compositae.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [27-30 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Compositae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:171.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-81-1).Seeds (2). Presented as "Compositae-Anthemidae". Compositae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [12-14 m & 18-21 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Compositae.{020Neolithic (After BP 11.000 [2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Compositae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000 [11 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Compositae.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Compositae.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,16-17.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Not indicated. Compositae.{030.9Predynastic (BC 5000-3000).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Presented as "Tubulifloreae". Compositae.{030.9Predynastic.Kew.1128:59.Mostagedda.Not Indicated. Compositae.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).1 desiccated capitulum. Compositae.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ia.Pollen (60% or less).Microscopic charcoal is virtually absent.Presented as Cichorioideae. Compositae.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Compositae.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.2 flower heads. Compositae.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Compositae.{060Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period.Newberry.1119:94.Thebes.Not indicated. Compositae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:111.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo 83 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. MUS.]).Seeds. Presented as Compositae indet 2 subsp. liguliflorae. Compositae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:111.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Presented as Compositae indet subsp. liguliflorae. Compositae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:163.Ramses II's mummy.Pollens. Compositae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.2 pollens. Compositae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.4 pollens. Compositae.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a.[Not Indicated.]. Compositae.{092Dyn 26.2002-SMITH&JONES:181.Abdominal content of mummy Horemkenesi.Seeds. Compositae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Compositae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Flowerhead. Compositae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.46 desiccated & 5 carbonized seeds. Compositae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.21 desiccated & 4 carbonized flowerheads. Coniferae Juss. XX.--.--. Coniferae.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).A narrow splinter of coniferous wood, suggested as Juniperus. Coniferae.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).A narrow sliver of coniferous wood and small fragments of resinous material, suggested as Cupressus sp.. Coniferae.{040Old Kingdom,Lucas.11:320.Giza.Resin. Abies cilicica or Pinus pinea if we refer to Lucas's reasoning (11:320). Presented as Coniferales. Coniferae.{071Dyn 18 to 073Dyn 20 (1550-1069 BC).2001-BUCKLEY&EVERSHED: 837 (Table1).Thebes.Head (sex?).Skin/resin from back of cranium. Coniferae.{081Dyn 21 to 085Dyn 25 (1069-664 BC).2001-BUCKLEY&EVERSHED: 837 (Table 1).Thebes.Female(?) adult.Resin from chest cavity. Coniferae.{112Ptolemaic.Vieillescazes-Rambier.1992:84.Mummy (Upper Egypt?).Resin (M18). Presented as "Ordre des Conifères". Coniferae.{130 Roman (4th century AD).2002-MAURER&AL.: 758.Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert.Resin.(Possibly from cedar or pine). Coniferae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:43.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:63]. Coniferae.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-800).C.T.F.T.190:80.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:273]. Coniferae.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:161.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:563]. Convolvulaceae A. Juss. (Convolvulaceae; Morning-glory family; Convolvulacées); 087.--.--. Convolvulaceae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:110; Presented as "Convolvulus type". Convolvulaceae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.2 pollen. Convolvulaceae.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara. Presented as "twine". Convolvulus hystrix Vahl. (Convolvulaceae; ; ); 087.01.01. Convolvulus hystrix.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Not 84 Codex Convolvulus L. (Convolvulaceae; Twine; Liseron); 087.01.--. Convolvulus.{052 Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.2089:157.Not indicated [Berlin Botanisches MUS., Schw. 48].Twine. Convolvulus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 & 133 (Appx.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.3 desiccated & 2 carbonized seeds. Convolvulus scammonia L. (Convolvulaceae; Scammony glorybind; Liseron scammonnée); 087.01.18. Convolvulus scammonia.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.1 flower head. Convolvulus spinosa.: See under C. Hystrix Vahl. Conyza dioscoridis (L.) Desf. (Compositae; Plowghman's spikenard; Pluchée); 106.28.01. Conyza discoridis.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:8.Amenophis II's.Branchlet.(Schweinfurth. No.49).& (Schweinfurth, No:219).& (SMZB No 14217). Conyza discoridis.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Not clear. Conyza discoridis.Unknown?.Täckholm.112:105.Unknown.Branch & leaf. Corbichonia Scop. (Molluginaceae;); 018.05.--. Corbichonia.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,16-17.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Seeds. [Note: Only Corbinochia decumbens is known in the present flora of Egypt]. Corchorus olitorius L. (Tiliaceae; Jew's mallow; Corette potagère); 062.01.02. Corchorius olitorius.{130Roman.Darby & al.2088:671.Kom Ouchim [Dokki MUS.].Seeds. Cordia crenata Del. (Ehretiaceae; ). Cordia crenata: Bonnet (1177:6) states: "Pour d'autres plantes, Migliarini a été moins heureux dans ses identifications et quelques unes sont si manifestement erronnées que M. Loret a pu les rectifier sans voir [sic] les échantillons, par exemple. Cordia crenata Del. (No. 3610) pour C. myxa L". Cordia L. (Ehretiaceae; Cordia; Cordie); 089.01.--. Cordia.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:125-28.Douch.3 fruits & fruit-fragments. Cordia.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).2 fragments, the nature of which is not indicated. Cordia.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:39.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:44]. Cordia myxa L. (Ehretiaceae; Assyrian plum; Sebestier domestique); 089.01.XX. Cordia myxa.{060Middle Kingdom.Germer.88:24.Thebes (Tomb 35).Branch & seed [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 53]; = Germer, 2089:159; = Germer, 88:41 [Äg. MUS. S.378]. Cordia myxa.{060Middle Kingdom.Keimer?.1287:14.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS.20292].Fruit branch. Cordia myxa.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.12 fruit stones & 3+ fragments. 85 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cordia myxa.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.West Dump (Saqqara).Calyx of a flower. Cordia myxa.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:73.El Hibeh.Fruit stone (3). Cordia myxa.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:18-28.Douch.5 fruits (3 with calice), leaves & branches. Cordia myxa.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Not Indicated; = Germer, 2089:159 [Kew Petrie COLL. No. 134.1882, 12.1978.5 & 12.1978.18]. Cordia myxa.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir.Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Kernel(s?). Cordia myxa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Whole dried fruits, stones & calyx. Cordia myxa.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Fig.28.5.).Quseir.Stones. Cordia myxa.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Fruit]. Cordia myxa.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:24.Hawara [Schw. 52].Branch. Cordia myxa.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS].Leaves. Cordia myxa.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:369.Quseir al Qadim.Stones (6). Cordia myxa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127 & 131 (Table 4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.36 desiccated & 1 carbonized stones or pips & 4 desiccated calyxes. Cordia myxa.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:29.Monastery of Phoebammon.Stone. Cordia myxa.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS].= Bonnet, 1176:6. Cordia sinensis Lam. (Ehretiaceae; Cordia; Sebestier); 089.01.01. Cordia sinensis.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).1 desiccated stone and 3 desiccated fruits together inside a cupuliform calyx. Cordia sinensis.{035.Dyn 05.Keimer.192:25.Sahure's (Abusir).Seeds; = Germer, 2089:160 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 50]; = Germer, 88:41. Cordia sinensis.{071 Dyn 18.Keimer.192:25.Thebes.Seeds; = Germer, 2089:160 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 51]; = Germer, 88:41. Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbellifereae; Coreander; Coriandre); 077.03.01. Coriandrum sativum.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:244.Adaïma.Half seed. Coriandrum sativum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Lucas. 1060:145.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo]).Fruits; = Boodle, 2117:8 [Kew MUS. 364, 371, 451, 518B, 454, 476, 573C, 495]; = de Vartavan, 1400:Table 1 = de Vartavan, 1999:110; Other samples = Germer, 2089: 136 [Dokki MUS. No. 4206 & Kew No. 4206]; Coriandrum sativum.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Fruits. Presented as "coriandre". Coriandrum sativum.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Coriandrum sativum.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:75.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache).Seeds.= Schweinfurth, 1141:113; = Schweinfurth, 1789: 77; ? = Germer, 88:31 [Schw. 35]. Coriandrum sativum.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.3 capsule fragments. Coriandrum sativum.{082Dyn 22.Schweinfurth.1169:359.Dra Abu el Naga (Thebes).Fruit. Coriandrum sativum.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. Coriandrum sativum.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:71.El Hibeh.[Fruits]. Coriandrum sativum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Capsule. Coriandrum sativum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Coriandrum sativum.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Coriandrum sativum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Nut. 86 Codex Coriandrum sativum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Fruit]. Coriandrum sativum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Coriandrum sativum.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:371.Quseir al Qadim.14 fruits & fragments. Coriandrum sativum.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:372.Quseir al Qadim.10 shell or endocarp fragments. Coriandrum sativum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.). Coriandrum sativum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:371.Quseir al Qadim.35 fruits et fragments. Coriandrum sativum.Unknown.Loret.111:72.Unknown [Leiden MUS.].Fruits. Cornulaca monacantha Del. (Chenopodiaceae;) 022.24.01. Cornulaca monacantha.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN[FAHMY]:18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Cornulaca monacantha.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds,leaf & stem. Cornulaca monacantha.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 120 (Appx.4.1a).Mons Porphyrites.2 desiccated seeds. Coronilla! (Leguminosae). Coronilla type.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Coronopus niloticus (Del.) Spreng. (Cruciferae-Brassicaceae;); 036.47.02. Coronopus niloticus.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Seeds. Coronopus niloticus.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004 NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.28 seeds & fruits. Coronopus niloticus.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Over 11 achenes. Coronopus niloticus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Coronopus niloticus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.771 desiccated & 42 carbonized seeds. Coronopus niloticus{130 Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 113.Mons Claudianus.Seeds? Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.47.01. Coronopus squamatus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's [Cairo MUS.]).Seed. Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae; Hazel; Coudrier noisetier); XX.XX.XX. Corylus avellana.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:146.South Ibis Courtyard (Saqqara).Two shells. Corylus avellana.{120 Graeco-Roman.2nd c.B.C.- 3rd c.A.D.- 2004.AUFDERHEIDE&AL.: 4.Kellis-1 tomb group (mummies), Dakhleh Oasis.[Presented as hazelnuts].Not indicated. Corylus avellana.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.2089:19.Abusir [Äg.M.16768 & Botanisches MUS. Schw. 70].Nuts. Corylus avellana.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.2089:19.Abusir [Dokki MUS.].Nuts. 87 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Corylus avellana.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Hard seed cases & scales. Corylus avellana.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Nut shells. Corylus avellana.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Nut]. Corylus avellana.{130Roman.Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Nut. Corylus avellana.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:32.Quseir al Qadim.10 shell or endocarp fragments. Corylus avellana.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Seed cases. Corylus L. (Betulaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Corylus.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Cotula L. (Compositae; ; ); 106.66.--. Cotula type.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).5 heads. Cotula! (Compositae). Cotula.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Crataegus L. (Rosaceae; ; ); 41.05.--. Crataegus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a.[Not Indicated.]. Cressa cretica L. (Convolvulaceae; ; ); 087.08.01. Cressa cretica.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:23.Hawara [Äg.M.14274].Branch. Cressa cretica.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Twigs.= Täckholm, II:109. Crinum zeylanicum L. (Liliaceae; ; ); 116.XX.XX. Crinum zeylanicum.{081Dyn 21.Muller-Dobblies.88:12.Deir el Bahari (Nsi-Khonsu's mummy).Bulbs.= Schweinfurth & Volkens, 1020:8; = Schweinfurth, 1835:429 (presented only as "Crinum"). Crotalaria! (Leguminosae). Crotalaria!.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Cruciferae A. Juss. (; ; ); 036.--.--. Cruciferae.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Cruciferae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Cruciferae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Capsule. Cruciferae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed. Presented as "Cruciferae indet 2". Cruciferae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed. Presented as "Sisymbrium type". Cruciferae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Cruciferae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cruciferae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100, 129 & 133 (Table 4.4., 4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal, 56 desiccated & 1 carbonized seeds & 16 desiccated stalks. 88 Codex Crypsis !schoenoides (L.) Lam. (Graminae; Swamp pricklegrass; ); 124.47.02. Crypsis !schoenoides.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Crypsis !schoenoides.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.64 desiccated & 4 carbonized seeds. Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. (Graminae; Swamp pricklegrass; ); 124.47.02. Crypsis schoenoides.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:6.Monastery of Phoebammon.Culm part. Presented as Heleochloa schoenoides. Crypsis !aculeata (L.) Ait. (Graminae;; ); 124.47.01. Crypsis aculeata/schoenoides{130Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.AD.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 113.Mons Claudianus.Seeds? Cruciferae! Cruciferae!.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Cruciferae!.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a.[Not Indicated.]. Crypsis Ait. emend. Hubbard (Graminae; Prickle grass; Crypside); 124.47.--. Crypsis.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).9 [Not Indicated.]. Crypsis.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).3 [Not Indicated.]. Crypsis.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.15 [Not Indicated.]. Crypsis.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.15 seeds. Crypsis.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [Not Indicated.]. Crypsis.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Seed?]. Crypsis.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Crypsis.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Crypsis.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed.= de Vartavan, 1999:112. Cucumis !prophetarum Jusl. ap. L. (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumis;); 071.07.03. Cucumis !prophetarum.{140.6 Roman to (Appx.4.1a).Mons Porphyrites.14 desiccated seeds. Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 121 Cucumis L. (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumber; Concombre); 071.07--. Cucumis.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.Elephantine (West Köms).Seeds. Cucumis.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills). [Seed]. Cucumis.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Presented as C. melo/sativus. Cucumis.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porthyrites.12 desiccated seeds.Presented as C. melo/sativus. 89 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cucumis melo L. (Cucurbitaceae; Melon; Melon); 071.07.XX. Cucumis melo.{030.9 PredynasticV.2001-FAHMY: 773 (Table1).Hierakonpolis(HK43). Cucumis melo.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Cucumis melo.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.Leaves & stems. Presented as C. sativus. Cucumis melo.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Cucumis melo.{073Dyn 20.Keimer.1071:122.Deir el Medineh.Seeds; ?= Germer, 2089:129 [Dokki MUS. No number]. Cucumis melo.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:18.Douch.Seed. Cucumis melo.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Not Indicated. Cucumis melo.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 195.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cucumis melo.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Seeds. Cucumis !sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumber; Concombre); 071.07.--. Cucumis !sativus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumber; Concombre); 071.07.XX. Cucumis sativus RECTIFICATION: Newberry's find from Kahun has been reidentified as C. melo (Germer, 2089:129). Cucumis sativus.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108 & 201.Deir el Medineh.Legumes. Presented as "concombres". Cucumis sativus.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48 & 52.Hawara.Not Indicated [Seeds in Germer, 2089:130]. Cucumis sativus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 195.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cucumis sativus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Seeds. Cucurbitaceae A. Juss. (Umbelliferae; Gourd family; Cucurbitacées); 071.--.--. Cucurbitaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:147.Nabta Plata (E-756).Seeds.= Mitka & Wasylikowa, 1968:Table 1. Cucurbitaceae.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated. Cucurbitaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.Seeds. Cucurbitaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Cucurbitaceae.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1141:113.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache).Tendrils.= Schweinfurth, 1789:77. Cucurbitaceae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Cucurbitaceae.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Not Indicated. Presented as "gourds". Cuminum cyminum L. (Umbelliferae; Cumin; Cumin); 077.XX.CC. Cuminum cyminum.{071Dyn 18.Breccia.1833:10.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Presented as "cumino". Cuminum cyminum.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:549 & 556.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Cuminum cyminum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cuminum cyminum.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Cuminum cyminum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Fruit]. 90 Codex Cuminum cyminum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.3 desiccated seeds. Cuminum cyminum.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS No.3628].Seeds. Cupressus !sempervirens (Cupressaceae; Italian cypress; Cyprès commun); 009.XX. Cupressus !sempervirens.{092Dyn 26 (Saïte).Boodle & Balfour.1478:144.Ta-ba-tha's (Deir el Bahari; [Cairo MUS. No. 41059]).Wood (coffin). Cupressus L. (Cupressaceae; Cypress; Cyprès); 009.XX.--. Cupressus.{034Dyn 04 (BP 4802 +/- 210 (C14:1953)).Sloley.1540 115.Snofru's.Wood, Cupressus.{060Middle Kingdom.Bailey.11:431 (Note 16).El Lahun.Wood (coffin lid). Cupressus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed.= de Vartavan, 1999:107. Cupressus.{072Dyn 19.Plu.1356:167.Ramses II's mummy.Wood. Cupressus.{112Ptolemaic (Alexander).Wittmack.1711:184.Abusir.Wood. Cupressus.Unknown.Täckholm.I:75.Bought in Luxor [Fouad I MUS.].Cone. Cupressus! (Cupressaceae; Cypress; Cyprès). Cupressus!.{033Dyn 03.Chalk and F.P.R.L.1144:2.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Wood (coffin). Cupressus!.{112Ptolemaic (Alexander the Great).Wittmack.1711:181-192.Abusir.Wood. Cupressus!.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Cupressus!/Juniperus.{030.9Predynastic.Kew Director 1928.142:62.Badari.Small wood pieces. Cupressus!{080 New Kingdom.2003-PERRAUD: 12, online report.(PERPIGNAN MUS.).Mummy.Gum presented as ”resine de cypress ou sandaraque”. Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae; Italian cypress; Cyprès commun); 009.XX.XX. Cupressus sempervirens.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Cupressus sempervirens.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Boodle.2117:30.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS. 253]).Wood. Cupressus sempervirens.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Cupressus sempervirens.{140Coptic (AD 500).Lucas.I:75.Nilometer.Wood .[Cairo]. Cuscuta arabica Fries: See under C. pedicellata Ledeb. Cuscuta L. (Convolvulaceae; Dodder; Cuscute); 088.01.--. Cuscuta.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Cuscuta.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed.= de Vartavan, 1999:110. Cuscuta pedicellata Ledeb. (Cuscutaceae; Clover dodder; ); 088.01.04. Cuscuta pedicellata.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:50.Hawara.Not Indicated. Presented as C. arabica; = Germer, 2083:158 [Kew Petrie COLL. No. 29 & 19.1978.31]. 91 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cutandia !divaricata. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.06.XX. Cutandia !divaricata.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Inflorescence. Cyclamen L. (Primulaceae; Cyclamen; Cyclamen); 078.XX.--. Cyclamen.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. (Gramineae; Bluestem; Barbon); 124.87.02. Cymbopogon scheonanthus.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:75.Deir el Bahari.Straw (culms). Presented as Gymnanthelia lanigera. Schweinfurth, 1700:312; = Schweinfurth, 1141:312; = Schweinfurth, 1169:370; = Newberry, 1145:53; = Germer, 88:31 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 17]. Cynara !scolymus (Compositae; French artichoke; Artichaud); 106.07. Cynara !scolymus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.4.).Mons Claudianus.13 involucral bracts. Cynara !scolymus.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Cynara !scolymus.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Seed]. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae; Bermuda grass; Gros chiendent); 124.56.01. Cynodon dactylon.{100Late Period (C14:524-264 BC).Kudielka.1930:79.Ox mummy [S.S.A.K. MUS. in Munich: ÄS 60].Inflorescence.Photography. Cynodon dactylon.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Chaff.=? Täckholm, 1006:153. Cyperaceae A.Juss. (Cyperaceae; Sedge family; Cypéracées); 129.--.--. Cyperaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [27-30 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Cyperaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18200-18000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-78-3).3 tubers. Cyperaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [12-14 m & 18-21 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Cyperaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:147.Nabta Plata (E-756).Seeds. Presented as "Cyperus/Fuirena/Scirpus holoschoenus type"; = Mitka & Wasylikowa, 1968:Table 1. Cyperaceae.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 BP [2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Cyperaceae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000 [11 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Cyperaceae.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Presented as "Cyperus/Fuirena type". Cyperaceae.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ia.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal is virtually absent. Cyperaceae.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Cyperaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).43 [Not Indicated.]. Cyperaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.3 [Not Indicated.]. Cyperaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not indicated (3). 92 Codex Cyperaceae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a + b).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004 NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.81 seeds, fruits and 1 rhizome. Cyperaceae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004 NEWTON: 59 (Table 2).Adaïma.3 seeds & fruits. Cyperaceae.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ib.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal is almost absent. Cyperaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).95 [Not Indicated.]. Cyperaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.14 [Not Indicated.]. Cyperaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not indicated (14). Cyperaceae.{036Dyn 06 (or after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta.Pollen (Cores S8c + d). Cyperaceae.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7d).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S2a + b).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b + c).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{053Dyn 13 (after) = After BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6c).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{053Dyn 13 (or before) = Before BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6a).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{053Dyn 13 = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6b).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Cyperaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Not Indicated. Cyperaceae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Twig. Cyperaceae.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Cyperaceae.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal area increases per pollen grain. Cyperaceae.{096Dyn 30 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not precisely identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Cyperaceae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Cyperaceae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cyperaceae.{130Roman (circa) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2b).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{130Roman = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6d).Pollen. Cyperaceae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.27 desiccated & 3 carbonized seeds. Cyperus !alopecuroides. (Cyperaceae; Foxtail sedge; ). Cyperus !alopecuroides.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Culm pieces. 93 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cyperus !esculentus (Cyperaceae; Tigernut grass; Souchet comestible). Cyperus !laevigatus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cyperus !laevigatus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 122 (Appx.4.1a).Mons Porphyrites.24 desiccated seeds. Cyperus !rotundus (Cyperaceae; Purple galingale; Souchet à tubercules). Cyperus !rotundus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 09360-8580).Hather.1965:157.Nabta Plata (E-756).Parenchymatous material. Cyperus !rotundus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 17500-17000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E78-4).8 tubers. Cyperus !rotundus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-811).Tubers (10). Cyperus !rotundus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18200-18000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E78-3).28 tubers. Cyperus !rotundus.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Memphis.Tubers. Cyperus !rotundus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Memphis.Tubers. Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. (Cyperaceae; Foxtail sedge; ); 129.08.19. Cyperus alopecuroides.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Hort. Section Gizah.1128:59.Mostagedda.Fibre (mat). Cyperus alopecuroides.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Culms. Cyperus alepocuroides.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Culms fragments. Cyperus alopecuroides.{030.9Predynastic to Protodynastic (BC 3200-3100).El Hadidi.1440:107.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Culm pieces. Cyperus alopecuroides.{030.9Predynastic.Rosen.1981:In press.Hu Semaineh.Phytolith. Cyperus alopecuroides.{073Dyn 20/26.Greiss.1095:256.Sheikh Abdel Qurna (Thebes).Culms. Cyperus alopecuroides.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth & Volkens.1020:8.Deir el Bahari (Nsi Khonsu's mummy).Stems (mat).= Schweinfurth, 1835: 426. Cyperus alopecuroides.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:149.South Ibis Courtyard (Saqqara).Leaves. Cyperus alopecuroides.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Unknown?.[Fibre?] (Schweinfurth.63). Cyperus alopecuroides.{120Graeco Roman.Greiss.1095:256.Hawara.Culms. Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae; Ardue; Jambélon); 129.08.17. Cyperus articulatus.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el-Iswid.Not indicated. Cyperus articulatus.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.5 [rhizomes?]. Cyperus articulatus.{052Dyn 12.Germer.1443:245.[Manchester MUS. No. 199].Rhizomes. Cyperus articulatus.{061Dyn 15.Täckholm.II:86.Assassif (Thebes).Tubers. Cyperus aucheri: See under Cyperus conglomeratus Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.08.05. Cyperus conglomeratus.{020Neolithic.Kükenthal.II:52 & 88.Fayum [Dokki MUS.].Seeds. Cyperus conglomeratus.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Stem. [Note: Presented as C. aucheri, hence synonymous to C. conglomeratus var. aucheri (Jaub. & Spach) C.B. Cl. Similar to C. conglomeratus but with a broader spikelet and winged achenes). 94 Codex Cyperus dives Del. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.08.18. Cyperus dives.{020Neolithic.Kükenthal.II:88.Fayum.Stems. Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae; Tigernut grass; Souchet comestible); 129.08.12. Cyperus esculentus!.{034Dyn 04/09.Boodle.143:54.Matmar.Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Abaza bey.142:63.Badari.Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{030.2Predynastic.Netolitsky.1128:112.Mostagedda.Tubers.= Täckholm, II:63 (No. 630). Cyperus esculentus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton.1128:90-91.Mostagedda (Grave No. 1883 & 1869).Tubers.= Täckholm, II:62 [Kew MUS.]. Cyperus esculentus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Hort. Section in Giza.142:63.Qau (El Badari; Dokki MUS. 3840, pot R66 a 2).Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).3 desiccated well-preserved tuber fragments. Cyperus esculentus.{030.9Predynastic.Dyer.149:54.Naqada.[Tubers]. Cyperus esculentus.{030.9Predynastic.Hort. Section in Giza.1128:90-91.Mostagedda (Graves 1632, 1667, 1749 & 1856).Tubers.= Täckholm, II:62 [Kew MUS.]. Cyperus esculentus.{030.9Predynastic.Kew & Horticultural Section Gizah.1128:59.Mostagedda.Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{030.9Predynastic.Netolitsky.1566:14.Naga ed Deir.Rhizomes. Cyperus esculentus.{030.9Predynastic.Netolitzky.1165:9.Naga ed Deir (Mummy's gut content).Epiderms. Cyperus esculentus.{031Dyn 01.Germer.88:27.Om el Gaab (Abydos [Schw. 64]).Rhizome.From Amelineau's excavations. Cyperus esculentus.{042Dyn 10.Hort. Section in Giza.1128:102.Mostagedda (No. 506).Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:5.Dra Abu el Naga.Rhizomes.= Schweinfurth, 1765: 312; = Täckholm, II:63 [Cairo MUS. No. 4487 & 4488]. Cyperus esculentus.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1091:87.Rahotep's (Meir).Rhizomes (Schweinfurth.62).= Germer, 88:27. Cyperus esculentus.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1171:3.Gebelein (Ani's tomb [Fouad I MUS.]).Rhizomes.= Schweinfurth, 1021:260; = Schw. 1835:420; = Täckholm, II:63; = Germer, 88:27. [Äg.M.3375 & 3377 & 14153 & Schweinfurth. 58 & 59 & 61 & 66). Cyperus esculentus.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.II:64.Rahotep's (Meir [Fouad Ist MUS.]).Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.II:64.Unknown [Kew MUS.].Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{053Dyn 13.Hort. Section in Giza.1128:130.Mostagedda (No. 3246).Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{060Middle Kingdom.Kew.1128:131.Mostagedda.Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Memphis.Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{062Dyn 16.Germer.1443:245.Sidmant [Manchester MUS. No. 6636].Rhizomes. Cyperus esculentus.{070 Second Intermediate Period or earlier.2006-SEATH&AL.: 547.Sedment el-Gebel, Herakleopolis.(Manchester MUS.).8 fibres. Cyperus esculentus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Brown.150:16.Sedment (Mayana).[Rhizomes].= Täckholm, II:64 (Dyn. 16; Graves 1257, 1292, 1298). Cyperus esculentus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Hather.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew MUS.]).Rhizomes.= de Vartavan, 1992:112. Cyperus esculentus.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:Not seen.Deir el Medineh.Tubers.= Täckholm, II:64 [Fouad Ist MUS. No. 1218). Cyperus esculentus.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:559.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb [Turin MUS.]).3 rhizomes. Cyperus esculentus.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:419.Thebes.Rhizomes.= Täckholm, II:65 [Berlin Botanisches MUS.]. Cyperus esculentus.{073Dyn 20?.Schweinfurth.1835:420.Gebelein.Rhizomes. 95 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cyperus esculentus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1141:114.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache [Cairo MUS.]).Tubers.= Schweinfurth, 1141:114; = Täckholm, II:54. Cyperus esculentus.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 rhyzome. Cyperus esculentus.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:149.Surface Sector 7 (Saqqara).Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{100Late Period?.Täckholm.II:65.Saqqara [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 1219].Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{130Roman (AD 300-500).Bartlett.1146:.Kom Auchim (Karanis).Tubers.= Täckholm, II:64 [Fouad Ist MUS.]. Cyperus esculentus.{130Roman.Täckholm.II:65.Sheikh Abada [Fouad Ist MUS. No. 2971).Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:7.Monastery of Phoebammon.Rhizome. Cyperus esculentus.Unknown.Germer.88:27.Unknown?.Rhizomes (Schweinfurth.60). Cyperus esculentus.Unknown.Loret & Poisson.110:5.Unknown [Paris MUS. No. 1421].20 tubers. Presented as C. melanorhizus; = Beauverie, 109:Pl:I. Cyperus esculentus.Unknown.Täckholm.II:63.Assassif (Thebes [Stockholm MUS. No. 19.3.110]).Tubers. Cyperus esculentus.Unknown?.Braun.1121:289.Thebes [Äg.M.7006].Rhizomes.= Braun, 1151:51; = Germer, 88:27. Cyperus esculentus.Unknown?.Germer?.319:234.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7006].Rhizomes. Cyperus longus L. (Cyperaceae; Rough cyperus; ; ); 129.08.15. Cyperus longus.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:160.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).Rhizome.= Wittmack, 1711:186. Cyperus longus.{060Middle Kingdom.Schweinfurth.1287:12.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS.20198].Rhizome. Cyperus longus.{061Dyn 15.Schweinfurth.1130:160.Queen Mentuhotep's (Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 1176-1180].Tubers.= ?C. esculentus in Loret & Poisson, 110:5. Cyperus longus.Unknown.Täckholm.II:81.Mummy of woman (Thebes; sarcophag C, tomb 35, No. 20198).Rhizome. Cyperus melanorhizus: See under C. esculentus L. Cyperus papyrus L. (Cyperaceae; Papyrus; Papyrus); 129.08.21. Cyperus papyrus.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Cyperus papyrus.{030.9Predynastic.Dyer.149:23 & 26.Naqada.[Fibre] Mats & box. Cyperus papyrus.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1095:254.El Omari.Culms & fibre. Cyperus papyrus.{030.9Predynastic.Plenderleith.1128:59.Mostagedda (Pot No. 216).[Pith.]. Cyperus papyrus.{030.9Predynastic.Rosen.1981:In press.Hu Semaineh.Phytolith. Cyperus papyrus.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1093:265.Unknown?[Cairo MUS.],Culm. Cyperus papyrus.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1116:231.Helwan (Tomb 53/M7 and 54/M6).Culms.= Greiss, 1095:253 (No. 54H7, 54H6 & 72H4).= Greiss, 181:108 (53/H7). Cyperus papyrus.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.181:113.Unknown?[Dokki MUS.].Twisted culms. Cyperus papyrus.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.II:118.Saqqara (Hemaka's tomb [Fouad Ist MUS.]).Fibre (ropes). Cyperus papyrus.{031Dyn 01/02.Greiss.1116:232.Helwan (Tomb 72/H4).Twisted split culms. Cyperus papyrus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.Not indicated. Cyperus papyrus.{033Dyn 03.Greiss.1093:273.Saqqara (Djoser's [Stockholm MUS. No. E.L.029]).Split culm.= Greiss, 1095:253. = Greiss, 181:111 (E 1029). Cyperus papyrus.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.II:121.Kafr Ammar.Basket. 96 Codex Cyperus papyrus.{034Dyn 01/03.Täckholm.II:121.Kafr Tarkhan [Cairo MUS.].Stalks. Cyperus papyrus.{034Dyn 04/11.Hort. Section in Giza.1128:59.Mostagedda.Not Indicated. Cyperus papyrus.{035Dyn 05.Greiss.1095:255.Abusir.Culms & fibre.=? Greiss, 181:150 [Cairo MUS.]. Cyperus papyrus.{035Dyn 05.Petrie.148:Pl. 34 & 35.Deshasha.Fibres (ropes) & box. Cyperus papyrus.{035Dyn 05.Täckholm.II:122.Saqqara [Fouad Ist MUS. No. 375].Bread model in papyrus. Cyperus papyrus.{036Dyn 06.Greiss.181:150.Saqqara.Fibre. Cyperus papyrus.{037Dyn 07.Kew.154:122.Umm el Sawan (Fayum).Stem & slices. Cyperus papyrus.{040Old Kingdom.de Bignicourt.1997:27.Abusir [Louvre MUS. E.25416].[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{040Old Kingdom.Royal Botanic Gardens.154:122.Umm el Sawan (Fayum).Stem and slice of pith. Cyperus papyrus.{051Dyn 11.Ryan & Hansen.1860:13.Deir el Bahari (Menthuhetep Temple [British MUS No.EA 66957:21]).[Fibre].= Schweinfurth, II:121 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 1176-79]. Cyperus papyrus.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1171:4.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Fibre.= Schweinfurth, 1021:261. Cyperus papyrus.{052Dyn 12.Ryan & Hansen.1860:10.Beni Hasan [British MUS No EA 41582].Split & crushed culms. Cyperus papyrus.{053Dyn 13.Carnarvon & Carter.1954:78.Thebes.Papyrus stems. Cyperus papyrus.{060 Middle Kingdom.2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Mersa Gawasis.Fibre.(Strap complex). Cyperus papyrus.{060 Middle Kingdom? 2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Hawara.(PETRI MUS.).Fibre.(Strap complex). Cyperus papyrus.{060 Middle Kingdom? 2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Hawara.(PETRI MUS.).Fibre.(Strap complex). Cyperus papyrus.{060 Middle Kingdom? 2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Hawara.(PETRI MUS.).Fibre.(Strap complex). Cyperus papyrus.{060Middle Kingdom.de Bignicourt.1997:27.Louvre MUS. [E.14703].[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{060Middle Kingdom.Ryan & Hansen.1860:11.Asyut [British MUS. EA 45189].Split & crushed culms. Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Germer.1851:92.RT 54 (Thebes [Metropolitan MUS. 09.184.214].Fibre (as " papyrus "). Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:171 & 190.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb).Pith.= Carter.325:215, = Täckholm, II:118 [Cairo MUS. No. 910, 911, 1261, 1263] & 123 (1579). Other section of original papyrus stick [Kew MUS. 315); = Boodle, 2117:9; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 2; = de Vartavan, 1999:112. Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:159.Deir el Medineh (Tombs 1365, 1370-1, 1380-82). [Pith] boxes & bags. Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18.Germer.1851:90.Amarna [Ashmolean MUS.].Fibre. Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:560.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).3 bundles of papyrus with umbels. Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18.Not Indicated.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Pith. Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18.Quibell.1924:Pl. 61 & 64.Yuya and Thuya's [Cairo MUS. No. 3637 & 3614-5].Fibre (sandals) & papyrus stalks. Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:122.Deir el Bahari (Meritamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]). [Fibre?] (Rings). Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:122.Thebes (Mahirper's Osiris bed [Cairo MUS. No. 3820]).[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:123.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS.].Small stand. Cyperus papyrus.{071Dyn 18.Winlock.220:80.Queen Meryet Amun's (Thebes).Umbels. Cyperus papyrus.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:419.Passalacqua COLL [Berlin Botanisches MUS. & Louvre MUS]. No. 1407.Stems & umbel. Cyperus papyrus.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:419.Thebes.6 feet stems & umbels + flowers. Cyperus papyrus.{072Dyn 19.Petrie & Brunton.150:32.Sidmant el-Gabal.Fibre (sandals). 97 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cyperus papyrus.{073Dyn 20.Greiss.1095:255.Dokki MUS. [No. 1308].[Fibre] Rope. Cyperus papyrus.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1021:280.Cheikh Abdel Qurna (Kent's mummy).Fibre.= Schweinfurth, 1171:13; presented as "papyrus". Cyperus papyrus.{080 New Kingdom.(3200 BP).2002-MAROTA&AL.: 315.Provenance unknown.Ancient DNA. Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom.de Bignicourt.1997:27.Unknown? [Anastasi COLL. Louvre MUS. E.322].[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom.I.F.A.0.181:151.Dokki MUS.Fibre (ropes). Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom.Schweinfurth.II:109.Sen Notem's (Thebes; Berlin Botanisches MUS.].[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:107.Amarna [Kew MUS.].Stem. Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:107.Deir el Medineh.Rope [Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:118.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS. No. 1308].Rope[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:119.Deir el Medineh.Sandals [Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:123.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS. No. 38664].Strips. Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:124.Deir el Medineh.[Fibre?] Cork, stand, coil. Cyperus papyrus.{080New Kingdom?.Greiss.II:121.Akhmin [Cairo MUS. No. 4941-5].[Fibre] boxes. Cyperus papyrus.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.II:121.Deir el Bahari [Cairo MUS. No. 3779].[Fibre] basket for wigs. Cyperus papyrus.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.II:121.Queen Isemkhebe [Cairo MUS.].[Fibre] boxes. Cyperus papyrus.{082Dyn 22/25.Plu.1482:47.Ramasseum.Pith. Cyperus papyrus.{083Dyn 23.Petrie.1925:Pl. 41.Kafr Ammar.[Pith.] box. Cyperus papyrus.{085Dyn 25 (BC 690-664).de Bignicourt.1997:27.Louvre MUS. [E.3228].[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:149.South Dump & West Dump (Saqqara).Cortex & pith. Cyperus papyrus.{100 Late Period.(2500 BP).2002-MAROTA&AL.: 315.Provenance unknown.Ancient DNA. Cyperus papyrus.{100Late Period.Schäfer.1023:117.Mummy (Abusir).[Fibre] mat. Cyperus papyrus.{112 Ptolemaic.(2300 BP).2002-MAROTA&AL.: 315.Provenance unknown.Ancient DNA. Cyperus papyrus.{112 Ptolemaic.(2300 BP).2002-MAROTA&AL.: 315.Provenance unknown.Ancient DNA. Cyperus papyrus.{112Ptolemaic (BC 108).de Bignicourt.1997:27.Papyrology Institute [Prinach 19]. [Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{112Ptolemaic (BC 300-200).de Bignicourt.1997:27.Papyrology Institute.[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{112Ptolemaic or Roman (BP 2130 +- 150 (C14)).Ryan & Hansen.1860:9.Tura quarries [British MUS No EA 64397/Cairo MUS (J.87245)].Split & crushed culms. Cyperus papyrus.{112Ptolemaic or Roman.Ryan & Hansen.1860:10.Tura quarries [British MUS No EA 64938].Split & crushed culms. Cyperus papyrus.{112Ptolemaic.de Bignicourt.1997:27.Louvre MUS. [A1-7].[Fibres]. Cyperus papyrus.{112Ptolemaic.de Bignicourt.1997:27.Louvre MUS. [E.3265].[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{112Ptolemaic.de Bignicourt.1997:27.Papyrology Institute [Sorb 1.].[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{112Ptolemaic.Kew.1564:132.Gebelein?.Culm fibre. Cyperus papyrus.{120 Graeco Roman Period? (2100 BP).2002-MAROTA&AL.: 315.Provenance unknown.Ancient DNA. Cyperus papyrus.{120 Graeco Roman Period? (2100 BP).2002-MAROTA&AL.: 315.Provenance unknown.(ASHMOLEAN MUS., Oxford).Ancient DNA. Cyperus papyrus.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Antinoë.[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:18.Fayum.Fibre (Schweinfurth. 242). Cyperus papyrus.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:50.Hawara.[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.II:109.Akhmin [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Stems. Cyperus papyrus.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.II:109.Hawara.Stems. 98 Codex Cyperus papyrus.{130Roman (AD 100-200).de Bignicourt.1997:27.Papyrology Institute.[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Schweinfurth.II:109.Hawara [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Pith.= Germer, 88:24 [Äg.M.14274). Cyperus papyrus.{130Roman (AD 193-198).de Bignicourt.1997:27.Papyrology Institute [Reinach 94.].[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Badir.1015:.Fayum.Flower parts.= Germer, 88:18 (Schweinfurth. 216). Cyperus papyrus.{130Roman (AD 200-300).de Bignicourt.1997:27.Papyrology Institute.[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:18.Hawara.Pith (Schweinfurth. 227). Cyperus papyrus.{130Roman.Greiss.1095:255.Kom Aushim.Rhizomes. Cyperus papyrus.{130Roman.Täckholm.II:109.Kom Aushim [Fouad I MUS. No. 296].Pith. Cyperus papyrus.{130Roman.Täckholm.II:124.Fayum.Bottles [Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{140Coptic.de Bignicourt.1997:27.Louvre MUS.[Copte 1-3].[Fibres]. Cyperus papyrus.{140Coptic.de Bignicourt.1997:27.Papyrology Institute [Reinach 105.].[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{140Coptic.Quibell.151:28.Saqqara (Monastery of Apia Jeremias).[Stem?]. Cyperus papyrus.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).de Bignicourt.1997:27.Papyrology Institute.[Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.{Date unknown.2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Provenance unknown. (BRITISH MUS.).Fibre.(Strap complex). Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Germer.88:23.Unknown.Pith. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Greiss.1093:266.Unknown.Basal part of culm.= ? Greiss, 1095:253 (Stockholm MUS. E. 1007]. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Greiss.1093:271.Tura cave.Top & base of culm.= ? Greiss, 1095:253 (Stockholm MUS. E. 1181), = Täckholm, II:118. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Greiss.1093:272.Unknown [E 1181].Culms. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Greiss.1093:273.Unknown [E 10007].Split culms. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Greiss.1095:252.Tebnytis, Fayum [Dokki MUS. 58 & 2704-05].Split culms & pith. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Ryan & Hansen.1860:10.Medinet Habu [British MUS No EA 16221].Split & crushed culms. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Täckholm.II:121.Shunet el Zebib.Papyrus stalks. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Täckholm.II:122.Tebtynis (El Fayum).Ring & disk [Fibre]. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown.Täckholm.II:123.Akhmin [Cairo MUS. No. 4395].[Pith]. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown?.Beauverie.109:Pl. I.Louvre MUS.Fibre. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:25.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].Stems & umbel. Cyperus papyrus.Unknown?.Germer.88:24.Thebes [Passalacqua COLL.].Pith [Äg.M.6936). Cyperus papyrus.Unknown?.Saad & Sami.1571:477.Berenbal.Pollen. Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae; Purple nutsedge; Souchet à tubercules); 129.08.13. Cyperus rotundus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 17500-17000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E78-4).12 tubers. Cyperus rotundus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-81-1).3 tubers. Cyperus rotundus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18200-18000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E78-3).4 tubers. Cyperus rotundus.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.11 root tubers. Cyperus rotundus.{043Dyn 11.Täckholm.II:76.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Tubers (7). Cyperus rotundus.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Tubers. Cyperus rotundus.{060Middle Kingdom.Täckholm.II:76.Assasif (Thebes [Metropolitan MUS.]).Tubers. Cyperus rotundus.{061Dyn 15.Schweinfurth.1130:160.Queen Mentuhotep's (Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 1176-1180]).Tubers. 99 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cyperus rotundus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Hather.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed.= de Vartavan, 1999:112. Cyperus rotundus.{072Dyn 19.Petrie & Brunton.150:32.Sedment.[Tubers]. Cyperus rotundus.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:149.Sector 7 & West Dump (Saqqara).Culms. Cyperus schimperianus Steud. (Cyperaceae; ); 129.08.16. Cyperus schimperianus.{040Old Kingdom.Täckholm.II:86.Gebelein [Fouad I MUS. No. 1312].Tubers. Cyperus schimperianus.{060Middle Kingdom.Täckholm.II:86.Assasif (Thebes [Stockholm MUS. No. 19.3.110]).Tubers. Cyperus schimperianus.{130Roman.Greiss.1093:265.Tebnytis, Fayum [Dokki MUS. No. 167].Split culm.= Greiss, 1095:252, = Greiss, 181:116. Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae; Nut grass; Souchet); 129.08.--. Cyperus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 17500-17000 (C14)).Hillman.1312:172.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-784).12 tubers. Cyperus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:172.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-81-1).3 tubers. Cyperus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18200-18000 (C14)).Hillman.1312:172.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-783).4 tubers. Cyperus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 19000).Hillman.1312:172.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-81-6).Tubers (4). Cyperus.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian).Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Nutlets. Cyperus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton & Caton Thompson.142:63.Badari.Tubers. Cyperus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Seeds, spikelets & chaff. Cyperus.{030.9Predynastic.Boodle.143:23.Matmar.Tubers. Cyperus.{030.9Predynastic.Brunton.143:22.Matmar.Tubers. Cyperus.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1116:228-230.El Omari.Fibrous material & culms (A34 (IV), A136, A163) .= Greiss, 181:106. Cyperus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).87 [Not Indicated.]. Cyperus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.167 [Not Indicated.]. Cyperus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Rhizomes?] (167). Cyperus.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.Rhizomes. Cyperus.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Naqada South.134 seeds.= Wetterstrom, 1354 Table I. Cyperus.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).1 complete well-preserved charred tuber along with many fragments.Presented as C. rotundus/laevigatus. Cyperus.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).).Adaïma.908&107 seeds, fruits and 3 tubers. Cyperus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).191 [Not Indicated.]. Cyperus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.344 [Not Indicated.]. Cyperus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Rhizomes] (344). Cyperus.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:146.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Stem. Cyperus.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 38 [nuts?]. Cyperus.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Cyperus.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Cyperus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Cyperus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Cyperus.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.2 rhyzomes. 100 Codex Cyperus.{092Dyn 26.2002-SMITH&JONES 181.Abdominal content of mummy Horemkenesi.Seed. Cyperus.{100Late Period (BC 900-800).Melchior.1287:10.Tomb 19 & 24; S. 30 & 33 (Thebes) [Berlin Botanisches MUS. 20127 & 20254].Rhizomes. Cyperus.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2005-VELDMEIJER: 3.Berenike.Cordage fragments. Cyperus.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (74-75).El Hibeh.1 stem fragment. Cyperus.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Rhizome.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7. Cyperus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 202.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cyperus.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:477.Berenbal.Pollen. Cyperus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Cyperus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 122 (Appx.4.1a).Mons Porphyrites.12 desiccated seeds. Dalbergia !melanoxylon (Leguminosae; African blackwood; Ebène); 043.XX. Dalbergia !melanoxylon{071Dyn 18.Beauvisage.1906:78.Gurnah (Thebes).Wood (mirror handle). Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.XX.XX. Dalbergia latifolia.{150Islamic (AD 1000-1200).C.T.F.T.190:148.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:523]. Dalbergia melanoxylon Guillemin (Leguminosae; African blackwood; Ebène); 043.XX.XX. Dalbergia melanoxylon.{052 Dyn 12.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 14696].2113:170.Wood. Presented as "grenadille d'Afrique, dit "ébène"". Dalbergia melanoxylon.{071Dyn 18.Not clear.271:44.Tchay's statue (Louvre MUS. E 11155).Wood. Dalbergia melanoxylon.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:123.Tutankhamun's [Cairo MUS. No. 1579].Wood (Chair). Presented as "ebony". N.B. This find is not listed in Lucas (11:435-6). Dalbergia melanoxylon.{072Dyn 19.Grosser & Grünewald.319:111.Not indicated (Munich MUS. No. 434).Wood (uschebti). Presented as "Afrikanisches Ebenholz". Dalbergia melanoxylon.{073Dyn 20 (Ramses III).Hölscher.1934:31.Medinet Habu Temple.Wood (cramps). Dalbergia melanoxylon.{073Dyn 20.Beauvisage.1906:78.Thebes.Wood. Dalbergia melanoxylon.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:215.Tomb 16 (Saqqara [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 1324]).Wood (Khol pot). Dalbergia melanoxylon.{130Roman (AD 300-500).Yeivin?.11:436.Karanis (Fayum).Wood. Dalbergia melanoxylon.{140Coptic to Islamic.C.T.F.T.190:32.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:23]. Dalbergia melanoxylon.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:40.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:47]. Dalbergia melanoxylon.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:225]. Danthonia forskolei: See under Astenatherum forskalii (Vahl) Nevski. Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae; Wild carrot; Carotte sauvage); 077.25.XX. Daucus carota.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 172.‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 , (Kharga Oasis).Find not described in text and equally omitted in tables. [Note: The species is not part of the modern flora of Egypt, although several Daucus species exist. Possibly a misidentification for another Daucus species]. 101 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Delphinium Ajacis L. (Ranunculaceae; ; ); 024.05.XX. Delphinium Ajacis.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:432.Meroe.Flower. Delphinium Ajacis.Unknown?.Pleyte.1250:12.Tomb (Thebes).[Flower?]. Delphinium orientale Losc. (Ranunculaceae; ; ); 024.05.XX. Delphinium orientale.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.1167:68.Deir el Bahari (Ahmose I's mummy).Flower heads. = Schweinfurth, 1141:112; = Schweinfurth, 1789: 75;= Germer, 88:6 (Schweinfurth, No:249),= Schweinfurth, 1700:312,= Newberry,1145:53. Demostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. (Gramineae; Halfa grass; Halfa); 124.11.01. Demostachya bipinnata.{020Neolithic.Greiss.1116:228, 229 & 230.El Omari.Leaves and culms.= Greiss, 181:106 (A16, A28, A29, A34, A35, A76, A91, A151, A155). Demostachya bipinnata.{020Neolithic.Schweinfurth.I:181.Kom el Ahmar.Fibre (handle binding). Demostachya bipinnata.{025.Protodynastic (BC 3200-3100).El Hadidi.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).[Fibres]. Demostachya bipinnata.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:107.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Leaves. Demostachya bipinnata.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Nodes. Demostachya bipinnata.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1093:272.Asyut.Leaf.= Greiss, 181:111 [Stockholm MUS. E.232]; = Täckholm, I:181. Demostachya bipinnata.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1116:228-230.El Omari.Leaves and culms (13 identifications are listed). Desmostachya bipinnata.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Leaves. Presented as only Demostachya. Demostachya bipinnata.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1093:270.Saqqara.Culm with leaves overlapping; = Täckholm, I:181 [Fouad I MUS.]. Demostachya bipinnata.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1095:253 & 272.Helwan.Culms & leaves.= Greiss, 1116:228-229, = Greiss, 181:108 (53/H7). Demostachya bipinnata.{031Dyn 01/02.Schweinfurth.I:181.Mummy wrapping (Naqada).Fibre (mats); = Germer, 88:50 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 76]. Demostachya bipinnata.{033Dyn 03/04.Greiss.1093:271.Tura.Basal part of leaf sheats & culms. Demostachya bipinnata.{034Dyn 04.Greiss.1947:42.Giza (Cheops Boat).Fibre (ropes). Demostachya bipinnata.{043Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1835:420.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Fibre (bags & basket). Presented as Leptochloa bipinnata; = Täckholm, I:181. Demostachya bipinnata.{051Dyn 11.Ryan & Hansen.1860:13.Deir el Bahari (Menthuhetep Temple [British MUS No.EA 43222]).[Fibre]. Demostachya bipinnata.{052Dyn 12.Germer.88:50.Luxor [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 65]. [Fibre]. Demostachya bipinnata.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:49.Dahshur Pyramid.Rhizome. Presented as Eragrostis cynosuroides. Demostachya bipinnata.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.1093:262.Tutankhamun.Culm & 93 cm long.= Keimer, 1060:145, = Täckholm, I:181. = Täckholm, II:480 [Cairo MUS. 10 U]. Demostachya bipinnata.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.1093:262.Unknown?.Leaf. Demostachya bipinnata.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.1093:266.Deir el Medineh.Leaf.= Greiss, 181:115 [Dokki MUS. No. 57, 110]. Demostachya bipinnata.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.I:182.Priest's house (Thebes; Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Rhizomes. Demostachya bipinnata.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.I:182.Sennotem's (Qurnet Murrai, Thebes [Berlin Botanical and Egyptian MUS.]).Fibre strips. Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:262.Deir el Medineh.Leaf lobe, No 2649; No 110; leaf (No 6; bast fibres; leaf:No.1939, No. 1489 & No. 279). 102 Codex Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:262.Deir el Medineh.Leaves [Dokki MUS. No 35]; = Greiss, 181:114. Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:262.Thebes.Leaf. Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:264.Bought in Luxor.Leaf. Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom.Schweinfurth.I:182.Dra Abu el Naga (Thebes [BerlinDahlem MUS.]).Fibre (mat); = Germer, 88:50 [Berlin MUS. S.128]. Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom.Schweinfurth.II:109.Sen Notem's (Thebes; Berlin Botanisches MUS.].[Fibre]. Presented as halfa grass. Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom?.Greiss.1093:262.Bought in Luxor.Leaf. Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom?.Greiss.1093:264.Bought in Luxor.Leaf. Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom?.Greiss.1093:264.Sheikh Abdel Gurnah.A complete plant with inflorescence. Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom?.Greiss.1093:266.Bought in Luxor.Leaf (No. 364). Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom?.Greiss.1093:266.Bought in Luxor.Leaves (No. 323). Demostachya bipinnata.{080New Kingdom?.Greiss.1093:266.Thebes?.Leaves. Demostachya bipinnata.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:75.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache).Bundle". Presented as "Leptochloa bipinnata H. (Eragrostis cynusoroides)"; = Schweinfurth, 1141:114, = Schweinfurth, 1020:2. Demostachya bipinnata.{090Third Intermediate Period (2800 +-45 BP = 950 +- 60 BC (C14)).Ryan & Hansen.1860:15.Biban El-Moluk [British MUS. EA 36680].[Fibre]. Demostachya bipinnata.{090Third Intermediate Period (BP 2800 +-45 = 950 +- 60 BC (C14)).Ryan & Hansen.1860:15.Biban El Moluk [British MUS. EA 5403].[Fibre]. Demostachya bipinnata.{092Dyn 26.Greiss.1093:272.Uaiu's (Mummy).Leaves.= Greiss, 181:111. Demostachya bipinnata.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:149.West Dump (Saqqara).[Fibre]. Desmostachya bipinnata.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2005-VELDMEIJER: 3.Berenike.Cordage fragments. Demostachya bipinnata.{130Roman.Greiss.1093:266.Fayum.Leaf (No.5).= Greiss, 181:116 [Dokki No. 5). Demostachya bipinnata.{130Roman.Greiss.I:183.Edfu [Fouad I MUS. No. 1300].Entire plant with inflorescence. Demostachya bipinnata.{130Roman.Greiss.I:183.Tebnytis (Fayum [Fouad I MUS. No. 167]).Fibre (large sieve). Demostachya bipinnata.{130Roman?.Greiss.1093:266.Bought in Luxor.Leaf (No 201). Demostachya bipinnata.{130Roman?.Greiss.I:486.Bought in Luxor [Fouad I MUS. No. 60].Fibre (basket). Demostachya bipinnata.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Greiss.1978:42 & 45.Monastery of Phoebammon.Leaves. Demostachya bipinnata.{140Coptic.Greiss.181:120.Monastery of Phoebamon.Fibre. Demostachya bipinnata.{150Islamic.Greiss.1093:269.Fustat [No. 1706].Leaves (mat). Demostachya bipinnata.{150Islamic.Greiss.I:183.Fustat [Fouad I MUS. No. 39].Fibre (basket with paint brush). Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:262.Unknown.Leaf (No 39). Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:264.Bought in Luxor.Leaf (No 8), Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:264.Bought in Luxor.Leaf (No 12). Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:266.Bought in Luxor.Split culms. Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:266.Unknown.Leaf and culm. Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:268.Unknown.Leaf (No 134). Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:272.Unknown [Stockholm MUS. No E1010].Leaf. Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:272.Unknown [Stockholm MUS. No E1003].Leaf. Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:272.Unknown [Stockholm MUS. No ES 130].Leaf. Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:272.Unknown [Stockholm MUS. No 1011].Leaf. Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1093:272.Unknown.Leaf (No E1005]. Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1095:253.Unknown [Dokki MUS. 58.].Culms. 103 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.1116:262.Bought in Luxor.Leaf (No 34). Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown.Greiss.I:183.Fouad I MUS. [No. 53].Lower portion of plant. Demostachya bipinnata.Unknown?.Schweinfurth.1700:312.Unknown?.Not Indicated.= Newberry, 1145:53. Presented as Leptochloa bipinnata. Didesmus tenuifolius DC. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.34.XX. Didesmus tenuifolius.{063Dyn 17-18.Unger.1259:81.El Kab.Seed. Digitaria Heist ex Fabr. (Gramineae; Finger grass; Digitaire); 124.71.--. Digitaria type.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Digitaria! (Gramineae; Finger grass; Digitaire). Digitaria.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:143.Nabta Plata (E-756).Seeds.Not D. exilis according to Wasylikowa. Diospyros ebenum Koenig ex Retz. (Ebenaceae; ; ); 081.XX.XX. Diospyros ebenum.{035Dyn 05.Wittmack.1702:68.Nefer-ir-ke-ré's.Wood. Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae; ; ); 081.XX.--. Diospyros.{051Dyn 11.Not Indicated.133:55.Thebes.Wood. Diospyros.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood. Diospyros.Unknown?.Western?.133:55.Nag' El-Deir.Wood; =? Western in Clark, Phillips & Staley, 349. Diospyros:See under Mimusops for Kunth's identification of the seeds in Passalacqua COLL. Diospyros! (Ebenaceae; ; ). Diospyros!{031Dyn 01/02.Western & McLeod.1949:80.Abydos (B Tombs [Ashmolean MUS. No.E.1371 & 1372]).Wood. Presented as "ebony"; = Not indicated, 133:55. Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. (Cruciferae; Wall rocket;); 036.28.01. Diplotaxis harra.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Dipsacaceae A.Juss. (Dipsacaceae; Teasel family; Dipsacacées); 103.--.--. Dipsaceae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.1 pollen. Draba L. (Cruciferae; Whitlow-grass; Drave); 036.XX.--. Draba.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. 104 Codex Dracaena ombet! (Agavaceae; Nubian dragon tree ; Arbre dragon); 118.01.01 Dracaena.{120 Graeco Roman Period.2004-HOWELL&AL.: 232.Funerary mask (MANCHESTER MUS.).Resin for varnish.[Presented as “dragon‟s blood of the Dracaena genus]. Dryopteris Adans. (Aspleniaceae; Wood fern; Dryoptéris); XX.XX. Dryopteris type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Dryopteris! (Aspleniaceae; Wood fern; Dryoptéris); XX.XX. Dryopteris.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:485.Berenbal.Pollen. Echinaria! capitata. (Gramineae; ; ). Echinaria! capitata.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:112.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Echinochloa P. Beauv. (Gramineae; ); 124.76.--. Echinochloa!{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Echinochloa !colonum. (Gramineae; Cockspur grass; Panic des cultivateurs); 124.76.01. Echinochloa !colonum.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:143.Nabta Plata (E75-6).Seeds. Presented as E. colona. Echinochloa colona.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis. (HK43).Seeds. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. (Gramineae; Southern cockspur; Panic des cultivateurs); 124.76.01. Echinochloa colonum.{030.9Predynastic (BC 4000-3500).Netolitzky.1165:9.Mummy's gut contents (Nagada ed Deir).Rhizomes. Presented as Panicum colonum.; = Netolitsky, 1566:28. Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (Gramineae; Cockspur; Oplismène pied-decoq); 124.76.02. Echinochloa cruss-galli.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada; BP 6000-4820 (C14)).Litynska.1578:104.Armant (MA21/83 & 21a/83).Seed. Echinochloa cruss-galli.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:7.Monastery of Phoebammon.Seeds (2) & spikelet. Echinochloa Pal. (Gramineae; Cockspur; Pied-de-coq); 124.76.--. Echinochloa type.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). 105 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Echinochloa! (Gramineae; Cockspur; Pied-de-coq). Echinochloa.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Echium rauwolfii Del. (Boraginaceae; ; ); 090.18.05. Echium rawolfii.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:112.El Omari.Nutlets. Echium !rauwolfii.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx. 1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Echium !rauwolfii.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 & 133 (Appx.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.10 desiccated & 7 carbonized seeds. Echium! (Boraginaceae; Viper's bugloss; Herbe aux vipères). Echium type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Elaeocarpus serratus L. (Elaeocarpaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Elaeocarpus serratus.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Stones & fruits. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. Br. (Cyperaceae; Common spikerush; Héléocharis des marais); 129.07.01. Eleocharis palustris.{130Roman.Täckholm.II:34.El Lahun.Spike (complete).= Täckholm, II:34 [Kew MUS. No. 1]. Eleocharis palustris.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Eleocharis palustris.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 130 & 134 (Appx.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.4 desiccated & 1 carbonized seeds. Eleocharis R. Br. (Cyperaceae; Spike rush; Héléocharis); 129.07.--. Eleocharis.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Eleocharis.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).6 [Not Indicated.]. Eleocharis.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Eleocharis.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).2 seeds. Eleocharis.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.20 [seeds]. Eleocharis.{040Old Kingdom.Caton Thompson & Gardner.154:122.Umm el Sawan (Fayum).Stem. Presented as Heleocharis sp. (H. palustris L.?). Eleocharis.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.209 [seeds]. Eleocharis.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 6 [seeds?]. Eleocharis.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell ebal.Pollen. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae; True cardamom; Cardamome); XXX.XX.XX Elettaria cardamomum.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273.Quseir.Seeds. Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runem ssp. junceum Runem (Gramineae; Sandcouch; Agropyron); 124.25.01. Elymus farctus ssp. junceum.{071Dyn 18.Piovano.1639:45.(Turin MUS.]."Spighette, cariossidi, 106 Codex frustuli di culmi". Presented as Agropyron junceum. Elymus (Gramineae; ); 124.25.--. Elymus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).11 [Not Indicated.]. Presented as Agropyron. Emex spinosus (L.) Campd. (Polygonaceae; Prichly Douch; ); 016.03.01. Emex spinosus.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:112.El Omari.Fruit fragments. Enarthrocarpus lyratus (Forssk.) DC. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.37.01. Enarthrocarpus !lyratus.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.87&1 seeds & fruits. Enarthrocarpus lyratus.{112Ptolemaic? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Not Indicated.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6. Ephedra L. (Ephedraceae; Joint fir; Ephédra); 010.01.--. Ephedra type major.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Ephedra! (Ephedraceae; Joint fir; Ephédra). Ephedra!.{030.9Predynastic.Emery-barbier.1268:Fig. 2.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Ephedra.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Ephedra.{112Ptolemaic.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. Ephedra.{130Roman or after = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Epilobium hirsutum L. (Onagraceae; Great willowherb; Epilobe hérisée); 074.01.01. Epilobium hirsutum.{073Dyn 20/26.Schweinfurth.1169:359,Sheikh Abdel Qurnah (Tomb).Flowers & stems.= Schweinfurth,1700:312. Epilobium hirsutum.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Fayum.Buds [Äg.M.19539]. Epilobium hirsutum.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Unknown?.Buds [Äg.M.19544]. Epilobium hirsutum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Several flowers; = Germer.88:17.[Äg.M.14216 & Schweinfurth 73]; = Germer, 2089:134 [5.1112.1888 & 19.1978.23]. Epilobium hirsutum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:20.Fayum (Mummy [Schw. 241]),Buds. Equisetum L. (Equisetaceae; Horsetail; Prêle); 001.01. Equisetum of Unger: "The identification needs verification (Täckholm, I:19)". Equisetum palustre L. (Equisetaceae; Marsh horsetail; Prêle des marais); 001.01.XX. Equisetum palustre.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed?]. Equisetum.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:204.Masxuta.Rhizome fragment. Equisetum.{072Dyn 19.Unger.1261:204.Masxuta.Rhizome fragment. 107 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Eragrostis abyssinica: See under Eragrostis aegyptiaca. Eragrostis aegyptiaca (Willd.) Del. (Gramineae; Teff; Teff); 124.12.07. Eragrostis aegyptiaca.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:42.Dahshur Pyramid.Seeds. Presented as E. abyssinica. See Täckholm's comments (I:192). Eragrostis aegyptiaca.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:202.Masxuta.Seeds. Presented as E. abyssinica. See Täckholm's comments (I:192). Eragrostis cynosuroides Beauv.: See under Demostachya bipinnata. Ericaceae Juss. (Ericaceae; Heath family; Ericacées); XX.--.--. Ericaceae.{053Dyn 13 (or before) = Before BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6a).Pollen. Ericaceae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.1 pollen. Erucaria Gaertner (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.22.--. Erucaria type.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Erucaria type.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Erucaria! (Cruciferae; ; ). Erucaria.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).10 [Not Indicated.]. eseda odorata.{130Roman.Newberry.1083:46.Hawara.Flowers? (Wreaths). Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae; ; ); 051.07.07. Euphorbia aegyptiaca.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Not indicated. Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Euphorbiaceae; Sun spurge; Euphorbe éveille-matin); 051.07.28. Euphorbia helioscopia.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:52.Dahshur Pyramid.Fruit. Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae; Euphorbia; Euphorbe); 051.07.--. Euphorbia.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Euphorbia.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Euphorbia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.7 desiccated seeds. Euphorbiaceae A. Juss. (Spurge family; Euphorbiacées); 051.--.-Euphorbiaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [14 m & 18-9 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Euphorbiaceae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Euphorbiaceae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.21 seeds & fruits. 108 Codex Euphorbiaceae.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. F. sycomorus according to Boodle, 2117:10. Fabaceae Lindley. (Leguminosae; Léguminosées); 043.--.--. Fabaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).51 [Not Indicated.]. Fabaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).76 [Not Indicated.]. Fabaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.16 [Not Indicated.]. Fabaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Legumes] (14). Fabaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Fabaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Fabaceae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Legumes]. Fabaceae.{100Late Period (C14:524-264 BC).Kudielka.1930:82.Ox mummy [S.S.A.K. MUS. in Munich: ÄS 60].Not Indicated. Fabaceae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Legumes. Fabaceae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).[Legumes]. Fagonia bruguieri DC. (Zygophyllaceae;;); 047.03.02. Fagonia bruguieri.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Fagus L. (Fagaceae; Beech; Hêtre); XX.XX.XX. Fagus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:99]. Fagus.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-800).C.T.F.T.190:39.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:43]. Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. (Leguminosae [Fabaceae]; Apple-ring acacia;); 043.--.--. [But part of modern flora of Egypt and missing from Täckholm’s S.F. ]. Faidherbia albida.{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment. Faidherbia albida.{030.6 Nagadian (III - C14 3200-2900/Dyns 1&2).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment. Faidherbia albida.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.33 wood fragments. Faidherbia albida.{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.18 wood fragments. Faidherbia albida.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/ Wadi Gawasis.Wood. 109 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Ferula gummosa Boiss. (Umbelliferae; Giant fennel; Férule commune); 077.19.XX. Ferula gummosa.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Myrithis's mummy (Antinoë) [Berlin Botanisches MUS., Schw. 92].Fruits. Presented as F. cf. communis but re-identified by Schweinfurth as F. gummosa. See Germer (2089:141); = Germer, 88:31 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 92]. Festuca: See under Gramineae. Ficus !carica. (Moraceae; Common fig; Figuier commun). Ficus !carica.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Ficus !salicifolia (Moraceae; ; ); 012.01. Ficus !sycomorus. (Moraceae; Sycamore fig; Figuier sycomore). Ficus !sycomorus.{030.8Predynastic.Hill.141:7.Armant.Tree trunks. Ficus !sycomorus.{030.9Predynastic (before).Hill.141:7.Armant.Tree trunks. Ficus !sycomorus.{030.9Predynastic.Hill.141:7.Armant.Wood. Presented as "Ficus Sycamorus". Uncertain identification. Ficus !sycomorus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Ficus !sycomorus.Unknown.Greguss.1296:127.Aswan (Antique dealer).Wood. Ficus carica L. (Moraceae; Common fig; Figuier commun); 012.01.03. Ficus carica.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).1 [Not Indicated.]. Ficus carica.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Ficus carica.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).114 [Not Indicated.]. Ficus carica.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1765: 314.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS.].Fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1169:368. Ficus carica.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Ficus carica.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Ficus carica.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Fruits. Ficus carica.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160.Thebes.1 complete fruit.= Braun, 1151:54; ?= Germer, 88 [Äg. MUS. 7024]. Ficus carica.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:265.West Köms (Elephantine).Leaves. Ficus carica.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn- Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Over 51 seeds. Ficus carica.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds or pips. Ficus carica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Lab. of Louvre MUS.1931:11.Fayum [Louvre MUS].Wood (Mummy portrait). Ficus carica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Ficus carica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.175 desiccated & 18 carbonized stones or pips. Ficus carica.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:9.Monastery of Phoebammon.Fruits (5). Ficus carica.Unknown?.Schweinfurth.1700:312.Unknown?.Not Indicated. Ficus ingens Miquel. (Moraceae; ; ); 012.01.XX. Ficus ingens.{010Late Paleolithic.Reid.1445:500.Kharga Oasis.Leaves & fruits. 110 Codex Ficus pseudosycomorus/sycomorus (Moraceae; ; ); 012.01. Ficus salicifolia!.{010Late Paleolithic.Reid.1445:500.Kharga Oasis.Leaves. Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae; Sycamore fig; Figuier sycomore); 012.01.XX. Ficus sycomorus.{010Late Paleolithic.Reid.1445:503.Kharga Oasis.Leaves. Ficus sycomorus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton & Caton Thompson.142:63.Badari.Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton.1128:59.Badari.Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton.143:23.Badari.Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Jodrell.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Wood charcoal. Ficus sycomorus.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{030.9Predynastic.= Täckholm, 1336 116 Meleq. Ficus sycomorus.{030.9Predynastic.Dyer.149:54.Naqada.Not Indicated. Ficus sycomorus.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1116:229.El Omari.Fruits.= Greiss, 181:107 (A128). Ficus sycomorus.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1127:568.El Omari.Fruits.= Greiss, 1126:229 (A128). Ficus sycomorus.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm.1336;116.El Omari.2 small fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{031Dyn 01.Täckholm.1336:116.Abydos (King Ti's tomb, Umm el-Qa'ab).Fruits; ? = Germer, 88:40 [Äg. MUS. 15537]. Ficus sycomorus.{031Dyn 01/02.Germer.88:40.Gebelein [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 83]. [Fruits?]. Ficus sycomorus.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:6.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).[Fruits] stew. Ficus sycomorus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.Not indicated. Ficus sycomorus.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:130.Saqqara.Complete fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{034Dyn 04/11.Kew.1128:111.Mostagedda.Twigs & leaves. Ficus sycomorus.{035Dyn 05.G.Germer.88:40.Kahotep's (Abusir) [Äg. MUS. 16755].[Fruits?]. Ficus sycomorus.{035Dyn 05.Wittmack.1702:62.Nefer-ir-Ke-Re's tomb.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{043Dyn 11.Brown,117:49.Deir el Bahari.Roots; = Germer, 88:55. Ficus sycomorus.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1021:260.Ani's tomb (Gebelein) [Äg.M. 9911, 12401 & Schw. 89]).Fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1171:3; = Schweinfurth, 1835:420; = Schw. 1785:420; = Germer, 88:24. Ficus sycomorus.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.Fruits, wood & leaves. Ficus sycomorus.{052Dyn 12.Oakley.1709:.Wood (Coffin). Ficus sycomorus.{052Dyn 12.Oakley.1709:.Wood (Statuette). Ficus sycomorus.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:2.Khnumu-Nekht's sarcophagi.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:2.Nekht ankh's sarcophagi [Manchester MUS.].Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:2.Nekht-Ankh and Khnumu-Nekht's sarcophagi (Rifeh).Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:2.Nekht-Ankh and Khnumu-Nekht's sarcophagi (Rifeh).Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{052Dyn 12.Osborn.1920:3.Kahun.Wood. Presented as sycomore. Ficus sycomorus.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood.Presented as "tamarisk'. Ficus sycomorus.{060Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period.Newberry.1119:94.Thebes.Fruit. Ficus sycomorus.{060Middle Kingdom.Germer.88:53.Gurna [Berlin Botanisches MUS. S.82 & Äg. MUS. 20257].Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{060Middle Kingdom.Not Indicated.1287:10 & 12.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS.20257].[Fruits]. Presented as "Sykomorenfeigen". Ficus sycomorus.{063Dyn 17.Grosser.88:56.Dra Abu el Naga [Berlin Botanisches MUS. S.145a & 145b].Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Brown.150:16.Sedment (Mayant).Fruits. 111 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Ficus sycomorus.{071Dyn 18.Breccia.1833:7.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Branch. Presented as "sicomoro". Ficus sycomorus.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Fruits & wood?.The wood is presented as "bois de sycomore". Ficus sycomorus.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:558.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb)."Siconi". Ficus sycomorus.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:560.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{071Dyn 18.Oakley.1709:.Wood (Model building cradles). Ficus sycomorus.{071Dyn 18.Piovano.1639:45.(Turin MUS.].Twigs. Ficus sycomorus.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Ficus sycomorus.{072Dyn 19.Germer.88:40.Tomb 7 in Dra Abu el Naga [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 90].Not indicated. Ficus sycomorus.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:421.Thebes.1 complete fruit. Ficus sycomorus.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:423.Thebes.A leaf. Ficus sycomorus.{073Dyn 20.Keimer.1071:122.Deir el Medineh.Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{073Dyn 20.Lucas.11:447.Kew MUS. [No. 85/1885].Wood (small branches). Ficus sycomorus.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1021:278.Cheikh Abdel Qurna (Kents' mummy).Branch.= Schweinfurth, 1171:12. Ficus sycomorus.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1021:278.Sheikh Abd el Qurna (Kent's mummy).Branches & leaves.= Täckholm, 112:50 (Gurna); = Germer, 88:24 [Äg.M.9686). Ficus sycomorus.{073Dyn 20.Täckholm.112:50.Not clear [Schweinfurth COLL., Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Complete branch. Ficus sycomorus.{073Dyn 20/26.Chalk.1516:11.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{073Dyn 20/26.Schweinfurth.1169:368.Scheikh Abd el Qurna.Wood; ? = Germer, 88:40 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 366]. Ficus sycomorus.{080 New Kingdom.1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(BERN MUS.).Wood.Outer coffin. Ficus sycomorus.{080 New Kingdom.1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(BERN MUS.).Wood.Inner coffin. Ficus sycomorus.{080 New Kingdom.2003-PERRAUD: 17, online report.(PERPIGNAN MUS.) Mummy.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{080New Kingdom.Bordchardt.1937:102-3.Sahurê's (Abusir).Wood (Miniature coffins). Ficus sycomorus.{080New Kingdom.Germer.88:40.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 80].Not indicated. Ficus sycomorus.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:208.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 9586).Wood (harp piece). Presented as "Sykomorenholz". Ficus sycomorus.{081Dyn 21.Winlock.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's tomb).Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 fruit. Ficus sycomorus.{085Dyn 25.Grosser & Grünewald.319:99.Abusir el Meleq [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 17007].Wood (lyre). Presented as "Sykomorenholz". Ficus sycomorus.{090 Third Intermediate Period (1070-1050 BC.).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(ST.GALLEN MUS.).Wood.Outer coffin. Ficus sycomorus.{090 Third Intermediate Period to Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 78.Canopic jar in VIVENEL MUS.Wood (Panels). Ficus sycomorus.{090 Third Intermediate Period to Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Coffin for canopic jars VIVENEL MUS L732.Wood (panels). Ficus sycomorus.{090Third Intermediate Period (circa BC 700 (C14)).Hansen.1659:29.Mummy (Washington State Historical MUS.].Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:265.West Köms (Elephantine).Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{092Dyn 26.Grosser & Grünewald.319:128.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 893].Wood (Stele). Presented as "Sykomorenholz". Ficus sycomorus.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.Surface Sector 7 & West Dump (Saqqara).Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.{096Dyn 30 to Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79."Jackal" statue in 112 Codex VIVENEL MUS L.716.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{096Dyn 30 to Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79."Jackal" statue in VIVENEL MUS L.717.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{100 Late Period (660-330 BC).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(BERLIN MUS.).Wood.Outer coffin. Ficus sycomorus.{100 Late Period (660-330 BC).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1).(BERLIN MUS.).Wood.Outer coffin. Ficus sycomorus.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Akhem-falcon in VIVENEL MUS L712.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Akhem-falcon in VIVENEL MUS L713.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Akhem-falcon in VIVENEL MUS L714.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Cat sarcophagus in VIVENEL MUS L719.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Part of cartonnage in VIVENEL MUS L733.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Ptah Sokaris statue in VIVENEL MUS L.728.Wood (statue base). Ficus sycomorus.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Western Thebes - Coffin in a form of sarcophagus with akhem-falcon in VIVENEL MUS Ficus sycomorus.{112 Ptolemaic up to New Kingdom.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Ba bird in VIVENEL MUS L715.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{100Late Period.Ribstein.1343:205.Unknown [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 1719 & 1756].Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:72.El Hibeh.Fruit. Ficus sycomorus.{120 Graeco-Roman (332-395 AD).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1). (BERLIN MUS.).Wood.Outer coffin. Ficus sycomorus.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:19-28.Douch.200+ fruits.= Barakat, 1502:200. Ficus sycomorus.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:40.Gebelein [Berlin Botanisches MUS. 79].Not indicated. Ficus sycomorus.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1171:7.Dra Abu el Naga [Äg.M.9692 & Schw. 88].Branches. Presented as "Sykomore "; = Germer, 88:24. Ficus sycomorus.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 174.‟AynManawir, Mqo9 (Kharga Oasis).[Fruits].Presented as "Une concentration de figues de sycomore carbonisées". Ficus sycomorus.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 174.‟AynManawir, MMU (Kharga Oasis).Desiccated leaves. Ficus sycomorus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds & galls. Ficus sycomorus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Seeds or pips & 58 desiccated galls. Ficus sycomorus.{140Coptic (AD 500).Lucas.I:75.Nilometer [Cairo].Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:146.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:508]. Ficus sycomorus.{140Coptic.Ribstein.1343:205.Unknown [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 500].Wood. Ficus sycomorus.{200 Unknown Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Osiris figure in VIVENEL MUS L707.Wood. Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Buchlov State Castle No. 1999.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Kynzvart State Castle [No. 3327/5375].Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 632.Wood (coffin). 113 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 629.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 628.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 627.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 626.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 624a.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 632a.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 622a.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 621.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Olomove District MUS. No. A 6185.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Olomove District MUS. No. A 6184.Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Unknown? [Olomove District MUS. No. A 6182].Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Unknown? [Betliar State Propery No. A 1490].Wood (coffin). Ficus sycomorus.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. XV.Louvre MUS.2 fruits.= Loret & Poisson 110:12. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown.Beauvisage.1182:2.Unknown.Wood (sarcophagus). Ficus sycomorus.Unknown.Germer (Grabung 1900).88:40.Illahun [Äg. MUS. 14694].Not indicated. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown.Germer (Lepsius).88:40.Saqqara [Äg. MUS. 1392].Not indicated. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:IV.Thebes.Wood. Presented as "bois de sycomore". Ficus sycomorus.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown?.Fruits. Presented as "Figues de sycomore". Ficus sycomorus.Unknown?.Braun.1151:53,Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Passalacqua Collection].Fruits; ? = Germer, 88:40 [Äg. MUS. 7026]. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown?.Braun.1151:53,Unknown? [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Wood. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown?.Germer.88:24.Thebes [Passalacaqua COLL.].Branch [Äg.M.7027]. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown?.Germer.88:24.Unknown? (Schweinfurth. 91).Branch. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown?.Grosser & Grünewald.319:235.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7025].2 Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown?.Grosser.88:56.Henui's sarcophagus [Berlin Botanisches MUS. S.147/2].2 Fruits. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS].Fruits.= Bonnet, 1177:6. Ficus sycomorus.Unknown?.Ribstein.1343:208.Unknown [Kalsruhe Landes MUS. No. H235, H463, H464, H506 & one without number].Wood. Ficus! (Moraceae; Fig; Figuier). Ficus!.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:6.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Fruits. Presented as figs. Ficus.{030.9Predynastic (Early; BC 3650 (C14)).Jodrell Lab.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).Wood. 114 Codex Ficus L. (Moraceae; Fig; Figuier); 012.01.--. Ficus.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Ficus.{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.1 wood fragment. Ficus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [Not Indicated.]. Ficus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 seed. Ficus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 seeds. Ficus.{051 Dyn 11b?.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. 123].2113:108.Wood. Presented as "Ficus". Ficus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:107.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew 564 and Cairo MUS.]).Leaves. Presented as Ficus pseudosycomorus/sycomorus. Ficus.{100 Late Period.1980-VOZIL [SZALAY]: 20.Coffin of Di-Her-iaout.Wood (“N‟ayant pas de matière de comparaison de valeur indubitable, la coupe s‟approche le mieux, d‟après l‟Atlas d‟arbres, de celle de Ficus elastica »). Ficus.{130Roman.C.T.F.T.190:84.Elephantine.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:284]. Ficus.{130Roman.C.T.F.T.190:84.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:285]. Ficus.{130Roman.C.T.F.T.190:85.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:289]. Ficus.{130Roman.C.T.F.T.190:85.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:288]. Ficus.{130Roman.C.T.F.T.190:85.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:286]. Ficus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Ficus.{140Coptic (AD 500).C.T.F.T.190:107.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:352]. Ficus.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:151.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:531]. Ficus.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:111.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:364]. Ficus.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-800).C.T.F.T.190:137.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:465]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:100.Antinoë?.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:338]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:101.Akhmin .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:340]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:123.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:406]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:124.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:407]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:125.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:415]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:125.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:414]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:132.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:445]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:132.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:443]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:134.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:452]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:145.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:507]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:145.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:503]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:157.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:543]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:160.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:555]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:73.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:254]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:75.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:266]. Ficus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:99.Antinoë?.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:336]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 700).C.T.F.T.190:135.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:462]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:103.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:342]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:126.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:418]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:131.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:437]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:133.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:449]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:133.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:448]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:140.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:477]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:136.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:463]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 900?).C.T.F.T.190:143.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:491]. Ficus.{150Islamic (AD 900?).C.T.F.T.190:143.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:490]. 115 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Filago! (Compositae; Fluffweed; Filage); 106.--.--. Filago type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Filicales.; 003.00.00. Filicales.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bub. (Cyperaceae; Annual fimbry;) 129.04.01. Fimbristylis bisumbellata.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.111 seeds & fruits. Fimbristylis Vahl. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.04.--. Fimbristylis.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Fimbristylis.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South Town (KH3).10 seeds. Fimbristylis.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 74 [seeds?]. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Umbelliferae; Fennel; Fenouil). 077.16.01. Foeniculum vulgare.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Foeniculum vulgare.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Foeniculum vulgare.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Fruit?]. Foeniculum vulgare.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.14 desiccated seeds. Foeniculum vulgare.Unknown.Germer.2089:140.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS., Schw. 93].Two fruits. Forsskalea !tenacissima L. (Urticaceae;;); 13.03.01 Forsskalea !tenacissima.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Forsskalea !tenacissima.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.1346 desiccated & 3 carbonated seeds. Forsskalea tenacissima.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 207.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Forsskalea tenacissima.{130Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.AD).1998-VEEN&DYER: 113.Mons Claudianus.Seeds.? Francoeuria crispa (Forssk.) Cass. (Asteraceae;;); 106.44.01. Francoeuria crispa.{130 Roman (late1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 113.Mons Claudianus.Seeds.? Francoeuria crispa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Francoeuria crispa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.1854 desiccated & 31 carbonized seeds. 116 Codex Frankenia pulverulenta L. (Frankeniaceae; Frankenia; Frankénie); 069.01.01. Frankenia pulverulenta.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:25-26.Douch.Branches (1 with inflorescence). Frankenia (Frankeniaceae;); 069.01.--. Frankenia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae; Ash; Frêne commun); 082.XX.XX. Fraxinus excelsior.{071Dyn 18.Fasolo.1552:192.Thebes [Florence MUS. No. 2678].Wood. Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae; Ash; Frêne); 082.XX.--. Fraxinus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Chalk.1060:144.Tutankhamun's.Wood (Compound bow); = Boodle, 2117:31. Presented as F. ornus L. but Chalk's identification is more reliable. Fraxinus.{071Dyn 18.Wittmack.229:447.Florence MUS.Wood (chariot's wheel part). Fraxinus.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Normand.1714:327.Ramses II's mummy.Wood. Fraxinus.{092Dyn 26.Western & McLeod.1949:87.Thebes [Tomb; Pitt Rivers MUS. No. 1896-2-26].Wood (arrow). Fraxinus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:45.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:76]. Fraxinus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:46.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:82]. Fraxinus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:46.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:81]. Fraxinus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:46.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:79]. Fraxinus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:60.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:189]. Fraxinus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:40.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:48]. Fumaria.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Fumaria.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 120 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Galium L. (Rubiaceae; Bedstraw; Caille-lait); 086.06.--. Galium.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:110.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Galium tricorne Stoker ex. With. (Rubiaceae; Corn bedstraw; ); 086.06.05. Galium tricorne.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.Not Indicated. Galium! (Rubiaceae; Bedstraw; Caille-lait). Galium type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Genisteae: See under Leguminosae. Geranium !dissectum (Geraniaceae; Cutleaf geranium; Géranium découpé); 046.01. Geranium dissectum!.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. 117 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Geranium L. (Geraniaceae; Geranium; Géranium); 046.01.--. Geranium.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).1 [Not Indicated.]. Geranium.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Geranium.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Geranium/Erodium. (Geraniaceae; ; ). Geranium/Erodium.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Geranium/Erodium.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Glinus L. (Moluginaceae; ; ); 018.03.--. Glinus.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 4 [seeds]. Glinus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Glinus lotoides L. (Molluginaceae; Carpetweed; Mollugine); 018.03.01. Glinus lotoides.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian).Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Not indicated. Gnaphalium luteo-album L. (Compositae; Jersey cudweed; Gnaphale jaunâtre); 106.35.01. Gnaphalium luteo-album.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:51.Hawara.Flowers. Gnaphalium luteo-album.{140Coptic (AD 300-400).Bonnet.1753:1.Thaïs's (Antinoë).[Flowers].= Bonnet, 1757:155. Gossypium arboreum L. (Malvaceae; Tree cotton; Cotonnier en arbre); 063.10.01. Gossypium arboreum.Not certain (Pharaonic?).Parlatore.302:16.Thebes [Florence MUS].Seeds.= Miglarini, 68:74. Gossypium arboreum L. var. soudanense. (Malvaceae; Asiatic tree cotton; Cotonnier en arbre); 063.10.01. Gossypium arboreum var. soudanense.{040Old Kingdom (C14: BC 2600-2400).Chowdhury & Buth.1294:304.Afyeh (E. Nubia).Seeds (4) and hairs. Gossypium herbaceum L. (Malvaceae; Levant cotton; Cotonnier d'Asie); 063.10.XX. Gossypium herbaceum.{112Ptolemaic.Germer.88:23.Gebelein.Branch. Gossypium herbaceum.{130.7Roman/Byzantine.Barakat.1671:165.Abu Sha'ar.Fibre. Gossypium herbaceum.{130Roman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:52.Qasr Ibrim.[Not indicated]. Gossypium L. (Malvaceae; Cotton; Cottonnier); 063.10.--. Gossypium religiosum.See under G. arboreum of Florence MUS. Gossypium.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.1 pollen. Gossypium.{112Ptolemaic.Riddle, Fryxell & Greeves.1858:470.Unknown (PUM II mummy).Ball of fibres. 118 Codex Gossypium.{112Ptolemaic?.Johnson, Riddle, Fryxell & Greeves.1858:470.Unknown (PUM II:Mummy).Ball of fibres.Date needs confirmation. Gossypium.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Gossypium.{130Roman (AD 300-400).Greiss.181:155-6.Monastery of Phoebamon.Fibre. Presented as cotton; = Greiss, 1291:193-195. Gossypium.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Greiss.1978:47.Monastery of Phoebammon.Fibre (from 7 objects). Gossypium.Not clear.Rowley Conwy.1549:15.Qasr Ibrïm.Not Indicated. Presented as "Cotton". Gramineae A.Juss. (Gramineae-Poaceae; Grass family; Graminées); 124.--.--. Gramineae.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [27-30 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Gramineae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [12-14 m & 18-21 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Gramineae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Hather.1965:159.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Vascular bundle.Ressembles Arrenatherum elatius var. bulbosus. Gramineae.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 [2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Gramineae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000 [11 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Gramineae.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Presented as "Urochloa/Brachiaria type". Gramineae.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Brunton.1128:15,18,31,58,68.Hemamieh.Seeds. Gramineae.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:245.Adaïma.Seed. Gramineae.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Gramineae.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Gramineae.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada; BP 6000-4820 (C14)).Litynska.1578:104.Armant (MA21/83 & 21a/83).[Seeds?] (5). Gramineae.{030.9Predynastic.Lucas.147:43.Saqqara (Hemaka's tomb).Fibre. Gramineae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Many [Seeds] & rachis fragments. Gramineae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Rachises, embryos & parts. Gramineae.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Gramineae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a + b).Pollen. Gramineae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.250+ various parts.Presented as Panicoid types. Gramineae.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.52 [seed?] & 15 spikelets. Gramineae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Many [Seeds] & rachis fragments. Gramineae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Rachises, embryos & parts. Gramineae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.85 glume bases & seeds. Gramineae.{036Dyn 06 (or after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta.Pollen. Gramineae.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Presented as cf. Festuca. Gramineae.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.20 [seeds?] & 74 spikelets. Gramineae.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7d).Pollen. Gramineae.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S2a + b).Pollen. 119 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Gramineae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b + c).Pollen. Gramineae.{053Dyn 13 (or before) = Before BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6a).Pollen. Gramineae.{053Dyn 13 = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6b).Pollen. Gramineae.{053Dyn 13 or after = After BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6c).Pollen. Gramineae.{060Middle Kingdom.Schweinfurth.1287:12.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS.20280].Leaf fragments. Gramineae!{060 Middle Kingdom.2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Mersa Gawasis.Fibre. [Suggested as Desmostachya bipinnata or Imperata cylindrica].(Sole of a coiled sewn sandal). Gramineae!{060 Middle Kingdom? 2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Hawara.(PETRI MUS.).Fibre.[Suggested as Desmostachya bipinnata or Imperata cylindrica].(Sole of a coiled sewn sandal). Gramineae!{060 Middle Kingdom? 2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Hawara.(PETRI MUS.).Fibre.[Suggested as Desmostachya bipinnata or Imperata cylindrica].(Sole of a coiled sewn sandal). Gramineae!{060 Middle Kingdom? 2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Hawara.(PETRI MUS.).Fibre.[Suggested as Desmostachya bipinnata or Imperata cylindrica].(Sole of a coiled sewn sandal). Gramineae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:112: Presented as Gramineae indet 3. Gramineae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:163.Ramses II's mummy.28 pollens . Gramineae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.74 pollens . Gramineae.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Pollen is not identified.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Gramineae.{080 New Kingdom? or Second Intermediate Period.2001-EL BEIALY&AL: 741.Tell el Dabaa [Avaris].Pollen Gramineae.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Gramineae.{096Dyn 30 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Gramineae.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Gramineae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Gramineae.{112Ptolemaic.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. Gramineae.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:16-28.Douch.Stem and chaff fragments. Gramineae.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Chaff. Gramineae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Gramineae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Rachis fragments & glumes. Gramineae.{130Roman (circa) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Gramineae.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Gramineae.{130Roman = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6d).Pollen. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:53.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:143].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:66.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:208].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:66.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:207].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:66.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:213].Phragmites or Arundo sp. 120 Codex Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:66.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:212].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:66.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:211].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:66.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:210].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:66.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:209].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:67.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:216].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:67.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:214].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:67.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:215].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae.{130Roman.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. Presented as "Graminées". Gramineae.{130Roman.Lucas.1927:196.Cairo MUS.Fibre [Wigs]. Gramineae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.83 desiccated & 26 carbonized seeds. Gramineae.{140Coptic (AD 600?).C.T.F.T.190:65.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:206].Phragmites or Arundo sp. Gramineae!{Date unknown.2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Provenance unknown.(BRITISH MUS.).Fibre.[Suggested as Desmostachya bipinnata or Imperata cylindrica].(Sole of a coiled sewn sandal). Grewia !flavescens (Tiliaceae; ; ); 062.03. Grewia !flavescens.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Chandler.1060:145.Tutankhamun's (Thebes).Fruits. Grewia L. (Tiliaceae; Grewia; Grewia); 062.03.--. Grewia.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 1.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew MUS. 441, 342, 562 & 506]).Fruits.= de Vartavan, 1999:109. Presented as G. betulaefolia by Boodle (2117:11) who had them identified by Kew Herbarium staff. Note: All Grewia identifications from Tutankhamun's tomb are in need of confirmation. Grewia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Grewia tenax (Forskk.) Fiori. (Tiliaceae; Grewia; Grewia); 062.03.03. Grewia tenax.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Schiemann.1339:512.Tutankhamun's.8 fruits and fruit fragments. Gymnanthelia lanigera: See under Andropogon laniger Desf. Gypsophila L. (Caryophyllaceae; Gypsophila; Gypsophile); 021.05.--. Gypsophila.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. Gmelin. (Rosaceae; Kusso tree; Kousso); 041.XX.XX. Hagenia abyssinica.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. 121 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Hagenia abyssinica.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta.Pollen. Halophila Thou. (Hydrocharitaceae); 108.01.--. Halophila.{130.7Roman/Byzantine.Barakat.1671:166.Abu Sha'ar.Leaves. Haloxylon persicum Bunge. (Chenopodiaceae; Saxaul; Haloxylon de Perse); 022.XX.XX. Haloxylon persicum.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Hammada Bunge. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.21.--. Hammada type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae; English ivy; Lierre commun); XX.XX.XX. Hedera helix.{130Roman.Newberry,1083:47.Hawara.[Leaves]. Presented as Hedera Helix. Heleocharis: See under Eleocharis. Heleochloa schoenoides: See under Crypsis schoenoides. Helichrysum stoechas DC. (Compositae; Lavender-like helichrysum; Immortelle stoechas); 106.36.XX. Helichrysum stoechas.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Hawara [Äg.M.14269].Not indicated [Garland]. Helichrysum stoechas.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Hawara [Äg.M.3340].Flowers. Helichrysum stoechas.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Not indicated [Äg. MUS. 3346).Branch. Helichrysum stoechas.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Not indicated.Inflorescence [Äg.M.3336). Helichrysum stoechas.{120Graeco Roman?.Täckholm.2089:178.Hawara [Kew No. 19.1978.14 & 19.1978.17].Flowers. Helichrysum stoechas.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS].Flowerheads. Helichrysum stoechas.Note: It is most probable that all the above finds from Hawara are coming from the very same context. Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae; Heliotrope; ); 090.01.--. Heliotropium.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Heliotropium.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.1 seed or fruit. Heliotropium.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Heliotropium.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.39 desiccated seeds. Heliotropium nubicum Bunge: See under Heliotropium undulatum Vahl. 122 Codex Heliotropium undulatum Vahl. (Boraginaceae; ; ); 090.01.XX. Heliotropium undulatum.{130Roman.Newberry,1083:47.Hawara.Twigs. Presented as H. nubicum. Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae; ; ); 063.09.--. Hibiscus.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:53.Hawara.Not Indicated; = Germer, 2089:122 [Kew MUS. No. 1.112.1888. & 6.112.1888]. Hibiscus trionum L. (Malvaceae; ; ); 063.09.03. Hibiscus trionum.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:54.Abu Ghalib.One seed. Hordeum marinum (Gramineae; ; ); 124.30.XX. Hordeum marinum.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:53.Abu Ghalib [Stockholm MUS.].Carbonised seeds. Presented as "H. secalinum/maritimum". Hordeum marinum.{081Dyn 21 or before.Täckholm.1006:141-161.Stockholm MUS. (Child's mummy coffin).Five spikelets. Hordeum sativum Pers. var distichum . (Gramineae; Two-rowed barley; Orge-àdeux-rangs); 124.30.CC. Hordeum sativum var. distichum.{020.6Neolithic (Fayum A).Jackson.154:46-47.Fayum (Upper K.).Spikelets. Presented as "H. distichum". Hordeum sativum var. distichum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).63 rachis fragments. Hordeum sativum var. distichum.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.Seeds & internodes. Presented as H. distichum/vulgare. Hordeum sativum var. distichum.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.Rachis fragments. Hordeum sativum var. distichum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo Kew MUS.]).Rachises.= de Vartavan, 1999:112. Hordeum sativum var. distichum.{071Dyn 18.de Vartavan.1999:112.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb).Sterile florets on spikelets. Hordeum sativum var. distichum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Rachis fragments & sterile florets. Hordeum sativum var. distichum.Unknown.Schiemann.I:289.Saqqara.Not indicated. Hordeum sativum Pers. var. hexastichum. (Gramineae; Six-rowed barley; Orge-àsix-rangs); 124.30.CC. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{020.2Neolithic.Stemler & Falk.1014:394-6.Nabta Playa.Seeds & florets.RECTIFICATION: "We are convinced that these cereals [Barley and wheat] were not present at the Nabta Playa sites (Wasylikowa, 1964:139). Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{020.5Neolithic.Werth.1782:453-462.Merimde.Carbonised seeds; ? = Hopf.114:209.Merimde.Not Indicated. Presented as "hulled six-row barley ". Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{020.6Neolithic.Jackson, Stapf & Biffen.154:4647.Fayum.Spikelets.= Germer, 1443:245 [Manchester MUS. No. 7972). Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{020Neolithic.Neuweiler.1079:69.Maadi.Not indicated. Presented as H. vulgare hexastichum. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Brunton.1128:33.Hemamieh.Spikelets & grains. 123 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Percival & Schiemann.142:63; 77 & 85.Qau (El Badari; Fouad I MUS.].Chaff & other parts. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{030.6Predynastic (Nagadian).Litynska.1578:93-104.Armant (MA 21/83 & 21a/83).Seeds. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{030.6Predynastic (Nagadian).Wetterstrom.1773:223.Naqada (KH3).Not indicated. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:245.Adaïma.Seeds & glumes. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{033Dyn 03.Aberg.1126:153-6.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Spikelets, florets & rachises. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{051Dyn 11.Körnicke, Schweinfurth & Schulz.I:287 & 290.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Ear and ear fragments. Presented as H. palaeoparallelum; = Schweinfurth, 1835:420. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{052Dyn 12.Unger.1134:40.Dahshur Pyramid.Seeds & glumes. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:50.Abu Ghalib [Stockholm MUS.].Carbonised,Presented as "H. polystichum (hexastichum)". Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.I:292.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS.].Seeds (red & white of colour). Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 1.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew MUS.]).Florets & seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:111. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Seeds. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:202.Masxuta.Seeds. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{073Dyn 20.Keimer.1071:122.Deir el Medineh.Seeds. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{120Graeco Roman.Schiemann & Leighty.1958:.Unknown? [Cairo MUS. and FOUAD I MUS.]. Presented as "H. vulgare v. pallidum". Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:32.Quseir al Qadim.70 seeds & 47 rachises. Presented as "H. vulgare". Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:357-359.Quseir al-Qadim.Seeds. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:32.Quseir al Qadim.3005 seeds (dissecated or charred) & 115 rachises. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:357-359.Quseir al-Qadim.Seeds. Hordeum sativum var. hexastichum.Unknown.Loret & Poisson.110:5.Louvre MUS.Seeds. Presented as H. hexastichum. Hordeum sativum var.distichum.{090 Third Intermediate Period to 100 Late Period (24002900 BP).2009-PALMER&AL.: 22 (Figure 3.b).Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Presented as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum var.distichum.{130 Roman Period (1650-1800 BP).2009-PALMER&AL.: 22 (Figure 3.b).Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Presented as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum var.distichum.{140.7 Roman to Byzantine Period (1800-1900 BP).2009PALMER&AL.: 22 (Figure 3.b).Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Presented as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum var.distichum.{150 Islamic Period (600-900 BP).2009-PALMER&AL.: 22 (Figure 3.b).Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Presented as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum var.distichum.{150 Islamic Period (900-1150 BP).2009-PALMER&AL.: 22 (Figure 3.b).Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Presented as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum var.distichum.{160 Ottoman Period (197-600 BP).2009-PALMER&AL.: 22 (Figure 3.b).Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Presented as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum Pers. (Gramineae; Barley; Orge); 124.30.CC. Hordeum sativum.{010Late Paleolithic.El Hadidi.1560:347.Nabta.Seeds & spikelets.RECTIFICATION: "We are convinced that these cereals [Barley and wheat] were not present at the Nabta Playa sites (Wasylikowa, 1964:139). Hordeum sativum.{020.55Neolithic (Tasian).Percival & Biffen.1128:91.Mostagedda.Awns & chaff. Presented as "barley". 124 Codex Hordeum sativum.{020.55Neolithic (Tasian).Percival & Biffen.1128:59.Mostagedda.Not indicated. Presented as "barley". Hordeum sativum.{020.55Neolithic (Tasian).Percival.1128:33.Mostagedda.Seeds. Presented as H. vulgare . Hordeum sativum.{020.5Neolithic.Hopf.1327:314.Merimde Beni Salama.Not Indicated. Hordeum sativum.{020.5Neolithic.Steen.1563:35.Merimde.Not indicated. Hordeum sativum.{020.6Neolithic.Guiness.154:46.Fayum.Seeds, rachises & florets. Presented as "barley". Hordeum sativum.{020.8Neolithic.Täckholm & Greiss.1127:568.El Omari.Grains [Seeds]Presented as H. vulgare; =Debono, 1611: 53; = Helbaek, 1264: 94 Photo; = Barakat, 1332:111; =? Schiemann.1322:147. Hordeum sativum.{030.2Predynastic.Netolitsky.1128:112.Mostagedda.Husks. Presented as H. vulgare . Hordeum sativum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Harlan.1825:14-25.Hierakonpolis (Hk 14).Seeds & spikelets. Hordeum sativum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian/Gerzean).El Hadidi.1440:105-6,Hierakonpolis (Hk 29).Seeds. Hordeum sativum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Seeds, spikelets & chaff. Presented as "H. vulgare". Hordeum sativum.{030.6Predynastic (Nagada III).Bakels.1750:146.El Kab.116 seeds. Hordeum sativum.{030.6Predynastic (Nagada; BP 6000-4820 (C14)).Litynska.1578:104.Armant (MA21/83 & 21a/83).[Florets?] (528). Presented as "H. vulgare". Hordeum sativum.{030.6Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).Seeds (414) & rachises (1962).= Wetterstrom, 1354:Table 1. Hordeum sativum.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,16-17.Hierakonpolis (HK43).[Presented as Hordeum vulgare & Hordeon distichon].Seeds & rachises. Hordeum sativum.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Varia.Presented as H. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic (= BP 6095 +/-250 (C14:1953)).Sloley.1540 115.Fayum.Grain [Florets?]. Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.[Seeds]. Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Follieri & van Zeist.1811 106-7.Maadi.Not indicated. Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.Seeds. Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Netolitsky.1566:14.Naga ed Dêr.Rachises, seeds & glumes; = Gherazim, I:289; = Germer, 88:34 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 327]. Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Rosen.1981:In press.Hu Semaineh.Phytolith. Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Schweinfurth.318:94-95, 171.Royal tombs, Nagada.Seeds (Amphora filled). Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Many [Seeds] & rachis fragments. Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).6 [Seeds]. Presented as H. vulgare ssp. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.21 seeds & many fragments. Hordeum sativum.{031Dyn 01.Täckholm.I:289.Saqqara (Hemaka's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Hordeum sativum.{031Dyn 01/02.Germer.88:34.Near Silsileh [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 106].Not indicated. Hordeum sativum.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.Numerous various parts.Presented as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:6.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Ground seeds. Presented as barley. Hordeum sativum.{033.5Early Dynastic (BC 3000).Not Indicated.1600:456.British MUS.Seeds . Hordeum sativum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Many [Seeds] & rachis fragments. Hordeum sativum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.83 seeds & many fragments. 125 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Hordeum sativum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.[Not Indicated]. Hordeum sativum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.60 seeds & many fragments. Hordeum sativum.{033Dyn 03.Percival.1000:271.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid; [Fouad I MUS.]).Spikelets & rachises uncarbonised. Hordeum sativum.{035Dyn 05.Germer.88:34.Saqqara [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 105].Not indicated. Hordeum sativum.{035Dyn 05.Schiemann.I:289.Fouad I MUS.Chaff uncarbonised. Hordeum sativum.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1019:4.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS.].Spikelets & flour. Presented as "orge". Hordeum sativum.{036Dyn 06.Schiemann.I:289.Queen Neith's (Saqqara; Fouad I MUS.].Spikelets and rachis pieces uncarbonised. Hordeum sativum.{040Old Kingdom (C14: BC 2600-2400).Chowdhury and Buth.1294:304.Afyeh (E. Nubia).Not Indicated. Hordeum sativum.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.Rachises & seeds.= Moens & Wetterstrom.1016:Table 2. 49 rachises & 132 seeds. Hordeum sativum.{040Old Kingdom.Royal Botanic Gardens.154:122.Umm el Sawan (Fayum).Not indicated. Presented as "Hordeum sp. (H. vulgare L.? or H. hexastichum L. [Sic.])". Hordeum sativum.{040Old Kingdom.Wetterstrom.1772:25.Deir el Ballas.5 seeds & 1 rachis fragment. Hordeum sativum.{043Dyn 11.Täckholm.I:290.Deir el Bahari (Menthuhetep temple [Fouad I MUS. No. 409]).Seeds. Hordeum sativum.{051Dyn 11 (Wah).Grüss.1681:277.Thebes (Wah's tomb).Not indicated. Hordeum sativum.{051Dyn 11.Germer.88:34.Ani's tomb [Äg. MUS. 3368].Not indicated. Hordeum sativum.{051Dyn 11.Greiss.1093:264.Assasif.Split culms. Hordeum sativum.{052Dyn 12 (BC 1900).Not Indicated.1600:456.British MUS. [Model granary].Seeds . Hordeum sativum.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun [British MUS.].Seeds. Presented as "barley"; = Germer, 1443:245 [Manchester MUS. No. 100). Hordeum sativum.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.I:290.Tomb [Kew MUS.].Seeds. Hordeum sativum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:4.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS. No. 4487].Spikelets; = Germer, 88:34 [Äg. MUS. 3378]. Hordeum sativum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1091:87.Rahotep's (Meir).Seeds. Presented as "H. tetrastichum"; = Germer, 88:34 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 108, 113, 116 & 369]. Hordeum sativum.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Rachis fragments. Presented as H. vulgare ssp. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Rachis fragments. Presented as H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum. Hordeum sativum.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Rachises. Presented as H. vulgare ssp. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Not Indicated. Hordeum sativum.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Grains & chaff. Hordeum sativum.{060Middle Kingdom.Not Indicated.1600:456.British MUS.Seeds . Hordeum sativum.{063Dyn 17-18.Unger.1259:81.El Kab.Spikelets, caryopsis, rachises, stems & nodes. Presented as H. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.Rachises & seeds. Hordeum sativum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.Rachises. Presented as H. vulgare ssp. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{071Dyn 18 (Amenhotep II).Täckholm.I:291.Sennufer's (Thebes; Fouad I MUS.].Seeds (germinated) & chaff. Hordeum sativum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Boodle.2117:12.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).[Seeds]; Presented as H. vulgare; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 1.[Kew & Cairo MUS.].[Florets 126 Codex & Seeds]; = de Vartavan, 1999:111; = Barton-Wright & al. 1414:288. Hordeum sativum.{071Dyn 18 (Tuthmosis IV).Schweinfurth.I:291.Priest dwellings (Thebes).Two rachis pieces. Hordeum sativum.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.1093:266.Amenophis's mummy coffin [Fouad I MUS].Culm & complete leaves; ? = Germer, 88:34 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 107]. Hordeum sativum.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.I:291.Sheikh Abd el Qurnah (Kent's mummy [Fouad I MUS. and Berlin Botanical MUS.]).Seeds (germinated); = Germer, 88:34 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 112 & 127]. Hordeum sativum.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.I:291.Thebes (Amenophis'II tomb).Seeds germinated. Hordeum sativum.{072Dyn 19/20.Schiemann.1065:128.Deir el Medineh [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 21521].Spikelets. Presented as "Gerste"; = Germer, 88:34 [Äg. MUS. 21521]. Hordeum sativum.{073Dyn 20 (Ramses IV).Newberry.1119:94.Ramses IV's (Thebes).Seeds. Hordeum sativum.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1021:279.Cheikh Abdel Qurna (Kent's mummy).Seeds.= Schweinfurth, 1171:12. Hordeum sativum.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated.= Murray, 1673:10. Hordeum sativum.{080New Kingdom.Not Indicated.1600:456.British MUS.Seeds . Hordeum sativum.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 glume fragment, 13 rachises, 50 grains & 1 node. Hordeum sativum.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. Hordeum sativum.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. Presented as H. vulgare Hordeum sativum.{092Dyn 26.2002-SMITH&JONES:181.Abdominal content of mummy Horemkenesi.Rachis internodes.Presented as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:149.West Dump (Saqqara).Chaff. Presented as "H. vulgare". Hordeum sativum.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (74-75).El Hibeh.5 grains, 2 internodes & 3 rachis fragments. Presented as H. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{112Ptolemaic?.Schweinfurth.1021:271.Dra Abu el Naga (Thebes).Seeds; = Germer, 88:34 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 109]. Hordeum sativum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.Spikelets. Hordeum sativum.{120Graeco Roman.Schiemann.I:292.Unknown [Fouad I MUS.].Seeds. Hordeum sativum.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.I:292.Unknown (given by Tadros).Seeds. Hordeum sativum.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.I:292.Elephantine [Berlin Botanical MUS.].Ears. Hordeum sativum.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous glumes and rachis nods.Presented as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).1 fragment, the nature of which is not indicated.Presentred as H.vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Grains & rachis nodes. Presented as H. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).Rachis internodes, glumes and chaff [seed?]. Presented as H. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Rachis fragments. Hordeum sativum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Presented as "H. vulgare". Hordeum sativum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Rachis fragments. Presented as "H. vulgare ssp. vulgare, Hordeum sativum.{130Roman.Germer.88:34.Gebelein [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 115].Not indicated. Hordeum sativum.{130Roman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:52.Qasr Ibrim.[Not Indicated.]. 127 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Hordeum sativum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.385 desiccated & 434 carbonized grains, 677 desiccated & 237 carbonized rachis nodes. Presented as H. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:4.Monastery of Phoebammon.Culms & ears. Presented as H. vulgare. Hordeum sativum.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Not Indicated. Presented as "barley". Hordeum sativum.{140Coptic.Täckholm.I:292.Unknown? [Stockholm MUS. No. 988].Seeds (germinated). Hordeum sativum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:364.Quseir al-Qadim.Seeds & rachises. Hordeum sativum.Not clear.Rowley Conwy.1549:15.Qasr Ibrïm.Not Indicated. Presented as "barley". Hordeum sativum.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:25.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].[Florets?]. Hordeum sativum.Unknown?.Braun.1151:49.Unknown? [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Not indicated. Hordeum sativum.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS.]. Hordeum L. (Gramineae; Barley; Orge); 124.30.CC. Hordeum sativum!.{030.8Predynastic.Boodle.141:138.Armant.Grains. Hordeum.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Hordeum.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Hordeum.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds & internodes. Hordeum.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.789 [seeds] & 529 nodes & 300 internode fragments?. Hordeum.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.110 [seeds] & 36 nodes & 49 internode fragments?. Hordeum.{051Dyn 11.Greiss.181:113.Assasif [Dokki MUS. No. 56277].Split culms. Hordeum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds] & rachis. Hordeum.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.181:113.Amenophis I's mummy [Dokki MUS. No number].Culms & a few leaves. Hordeum.{092Dyn 26 2002-SMITH&JONES:181.Abdominal content of mummy Horemkenesi.Hull. Hordeum.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Hordeum.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:14-28.Douch.Rachises & chaff.= Barakat, 1502:200. Hordeum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 224 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Basal nodes,hulls&awns. Hordeum.{130.7Roman/Byzantine.Barakat.1671:166.Abu Sha'ar.17 [seeds]. Hordeum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127 & 131 (Appx.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.3 desiccated & 9 carbonized basal nodes, desiccated and carbonized hulls & awns. Hordeum.Not indicated.Raspail.1874:150.Unknown [Passalacqua COLL.].Seeds. Hyacinthaceae [Sic.]: See under Liliaceae. Hyoscyamus muticus L. (Solanaceae; ; ); 094.08.03. Hyoscyamus muticus.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Hyoscyamus muticus.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:149.West Dump (Saqqara).Fruit head. 128 Codex Hyoscyamus muticus.{130 Roman Period.2005- NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Over 11 seeds. Hyoscyamus!. (Solanaceae; Hog bean; Jusquiame). Hyoscyamus!.{030.6Predynastic (Nagadian).Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Naqada South Town.3 seeds (dissecated). Hyoscyamus L. (Solanaceae; Hog bean; Jusquiame); 094.08.--. Hyoscyamus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:111.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Hyoscyamus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Hyoscyamus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 & 133 (Appx.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.3 desiccated & 1 carbonized seeds. Hyphaene Gaerth. (Palmae; Dom palm; Palmier doum); 125.02.--. Hyphaene.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton & Caton Thompson.142:63-3.Badari.[Not Indicated]. Hyphaene.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton.1128:90-1.Badari.[Not Indicated.]. Hyphaene.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton.143:23.Badari.[Not Indicated.]. Hyphaene.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. (Palmae; Dom palm; Palmier doum); 125.02.01. Hyphaene thebaica.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18200-18000).Hillman.1312:170.Wadi Kubbaniya (E78-3).Fruit mesocarp fragments. Hyphaene thebaica.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).El Hadidi.1560:347.Nabta (E-756).Pericarp fragment.= Wasylikowa, 1964:138. Hyphaene thebaica.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Abaza bey.142:63.Badari.Fruit.= Brunton, Y1937:90-91, = Brunton, 1948:23. Hyphaene thebaica.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Greiss.II:283.Botany Dept. of Fouad I University.Leaf lobes.= Greiss, 1093:271. Hyphaene thebaica.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Täckholm.II:283-4.Not indicated (Botany Dept. of Fouad I Univ.).Leaf lobes (mat). Hyphaene thebaica.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:107.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Leaflets. Hyphaene thebaica.{036Dyn 06.Täckholm.II:283.South Saqqara [Fouad I MUS. No. 3277].Cushion of fibre. Hyphaene thebaica.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:49.Kahun,Leaves (sandals).= ? Loret, 111:34 [Florence MUS. No. 2703.]. Hyphaene thebaica.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:5.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS.].Fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1765: 314. Hyphaene thebaica.{053Dyn 13.Brunton.1128:118.Mostagedda (No. 3203 & Tomb 418).Fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{053Dyn 13.Carnarvon & Carter.1954:71 & Pl.60.Tomb (Thebes).Fibre. Hyphaene thebaica.{053Dyn 13?.Brunton.143:134.Tomb 5010 & 5020 (Matmar).2 fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{060 Middle Kingdom.2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Mersa Gawasis.Fibre. Hyphaene thebaica.{060 Middle Kingdom? 2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Hawara.(PETRI MUS.).Fibre. Hyphaene thebaica.{060 Middle Kingdom? 2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Hawara.(PETRI 129 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. MUS.).Fibre. Hyphaene thebaica.{060 Middle Kingdom? 2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Hawara.(PETRI MUS.).Fibre. Hyphaene thebaica.{060Middle Kingdom (Late) or Second Intermediate Period.Carnarvon & Carter.1954:81.Tomb 37 (Thebes).4 dom nuts. Hyphaene thebaica.{060Middle Kingdom.Schweinfurth.1287:12.Thebes.Fruits. Presented as Dumnuß . Hyphaene thebaica.{062Dyn 16.Germer.1443:245.Tomb 1257 (Mayana; Sedmant; Manchester MUS. No. 6635).Fruits.= Petrie & Brunton, 150:18. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:149.Tutankhamun's tomb.Fruits; = Boodle, 2117:13; = Germer, 128. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Breccia.1833:7.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Presented as "duma thebaica". Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Brunton.1128:136.Mostagedda (No. 2604).A fruit. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh (Tombs 1365, 1370-1, 138082).Fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.181:114.Deir el Medineh [Dokki MUS. No. 35, 93, 110, 111, 108, 332, 334, 337, 383, 395, 397, 389.].Split of a petiole and leaf-lobes.= Greiss, 1093:262. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.181:115.Thebes [Dokki MUS. No number].Leaf lobes. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Grosser & Grünewald.319:235.Deir el Medineh (Tomb DX3 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 21535]).Fruits; = Germer, 88:37. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:558 & 563.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits & branch. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Petrie & Brunton.150:Pl.XLVII.Tomb 2253 (Sedmant).Fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Piovano.1639:46.[Turin MUS.].Fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Kernels & nuts. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:285.El Haraga [Kew MUS.].4 fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:286.Amarna [Kew MUS.].Fruits and endosperm pieces. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:286.Thebes [Cairo MUS. No.3374].Fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18/19.Täckholm.II:286.Sheikh Abdel Qurnah (Thebes [Berlin Botanical MUS.]).Inflorescence fragments; ? = Germer, 88:37 [Äg. MUS. 20170]. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18/19.Täckholm.II:286.Thebes [British MUS.].Fruit. Hyphaene thebaica.{071Dyn 18?.Ryan & Hansen.1860:12.Deir el Bahari (Mentuhhetep Temple [British MUS No.EA 41200]).[Fibre]. Hyphaene thebaica.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:419.Thebes.Complete fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{072Dyn 19.Newberry.1509:23.Kahun.2 fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{072Dyn 19.Petrie & Brunton.150:32.Sedmant.Fruit. Hyphaene thebaica.{072Dyn 19/20.Schiemann.1065:128.Deir el Medineh.Part of fruit; = Germer, 88:37 [Äg. MUS. 23983]. Hyphaene thebaica.{073Dyn 20.Mackay.1918:162.Tomb chapels (Thebes).Wood. Hyphaene thebaica.{073Dyn 20.Täckholm.II:287.Sennutem's (Qurna [Berlin Dahlem MUS. & Fouad I MUS.]).Fruits; = Germer, 88:37 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. 135]. Hyphaene thebaica.{073Dyn 20/26.Germer.88:37.Dra Abu el Naga [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 283a].Not indicated. Hyphaene thebaica.{080New Kingdom.Hort. Section in Giza.1128:36.Mostagedda.Not Indicated. Hyphaene thebaica.{080New Kingdom.Macramallah.184:75.Saqqara.Fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:74.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache).Fruits. Presented as "fruits du palmier doum". Hyphaene thebaica.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.II:287.Queen Isemkheb [Cairo MUS. No. 26277].31 fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 mesocarp with stone & 1 mesocarp fragment. Hyphaene thebaica.{083Dyn 23?.Brunton.143:67 & 72.Matmar (House granary).Fruit. 130 Codex Hyphaene thebaica.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West Köms (Elephantine).Fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{092Dyn 26.Greiss.181:111.Uaiu's mummy [Stockholm MUS.].Leaf-lobes. Hyphaene thebaica.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:150.Surface debris of Sector 7 (Saqqara).Leaves. Hyphaene thebaica.{100Late Period (circa BC 900).Ruffer.1105:113.Sepulchral box (British MUS.].Fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{100Late Period.Täckholm.II:287.Saqqara [Fouad I MUS. No. 2016].Kernel fragments. Hyphaene thebaica.{110 Persian period.2001-NEWTON&BARAKAT: 145.„Ayn Manawir (Kharga).Fruits (presented as “fruits de Doum”). Hyphaene thebaica.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2005-VELDMEIJER: 3.Berenike.Cordage fragments. Hyphaene thebaica.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (74-75).El Hibeh.2 mesocarps (1 with stone). Hyphaene thebaica.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:26.Douch.9 fruits & fruit-fragments. Hyphaene thebaica.{120Graeco Roman.Greiss.181:147.Dokki MUS. (University of Michigan Expedition).Lower portion of trunk. Hyphaene thebaica.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.2 fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1021:267.Dra Abu el Naga [Berlin Dahlem MUS.].Leaf-strips.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7; = Germer, 88:37 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. 133]. Hyphaene thebaica.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1021:267.Gebelein [Fouad I MUS. No. 3315].Strips.= ? Schweinfurth, 1140. Hyphaene thebaica.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.II:283.Kom Aushim [Fouad I Agricultural MUS. No. 28.B.167.K.].Lower portion of a trunk. Hyphaene thebaica.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:268.Dra Abu el Naga.Leaves & fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7. Hyphaene thebaica.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Hard stone. Hyphaene thebaica.{130.6Roman/Coptic.Täckholm.II:287.West Köms (Elephantine; Fouad I MUS. No. 2105).Fruit rachis & kernel. Hyphaene thebaica.{130.6Roman/Coptic.Täckholm.II:288.Chain el Remele.Fruit (1) & kernels (2). Hyphaene thebaica.{130.7Roman/Byzantine.Barakat.1671:166.Abu Sha'ar.7 stones & 1 fragment. Hyphaene thebaica.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).Fruit. Hyphaene thebaica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits (Dissecated & charred specimens). Hyphaene thebaica.{130Roman. Greiss.II:284.Unknown [Fouad I MUS. No. 42].Fibre (a basket). Hyphaene thebaica.{130Roman. Täckholm.II:288.Kom Aushim [Fouad MUS.].6 fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Stones. Hyphaene thebaica.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:9.Monastery of Phoebammon.Fruits (9). Hyphaene thebaica.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Fruits. Presented as "dôm-palm nuts". Hyphaene thebaica.{140Coptic.Greiss.181:147.Kharga cemetery (Botany Dept. of Fouad I University).Wood (trunk). Hyphaene thebaica.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:32.Quseir al Qadim.21 fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.{Date unknown.2009-VELDMEIJER: 92 (Table 1).Provenance unknown. (BRITISH MUS.).Fibre. Hyphaene thebaica.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:434.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Fruits. Presented as Cuciphera thebaica. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. I.Louvre MUS.1 fruit.= Loret & Poisson, 110:6. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Germer (Lepsius).88:37.Saqqara [Äg. MUS. 1332 & 1333]. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Germer.88:37.Thebes [Äg. MUS. 744 & 6999]. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Greiss.181:147.Unknown [Dokki MUS.].5 trunks. 131 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Greiss.II:284.Fouad I MUS. [No. 34, 41, 47, 62, 134].Fibre (baskets & a bag). Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Greiss.II:284.Unknown [Stockholm MUS. No. 1003].Fibre (basket lid). Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:IV.Thebes.[Fibre]. Presented as "palmierdoum". Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Pleyte.1250:.Unknown [Leiden MUS.].Strips. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Täckholm.II:283.Unknown? [Fouad Ist Agricultural MUS. No. 40184022].Trunks (5). Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Täckholm.II:288.Thebes? [Fouad I MUS. No. 2103-04),Inflorescence & stalks. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Täckholm.II:288.Thebes? Fouad I MUS. No. 1372-75).Fruits. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown.Täckholm.II:288.Unknown [Stockholm MUS.].4 entire fruits & 2 halves. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:96.Unknown? Fruit. Presented as "doum". Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:25.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].1 fruit & kernels.= Braun, 1151:49. Hyphaene thebaica.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS.].Fruits.= Bonnet, 1177:6. Hyphaene thebaica: Four further finds of unknown date and provenance are mentionned in Germer (88:37). Hyphaene !thebaica (Palmae; Dom palm; Palmier doum). Hyphaene !thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:283.Sheik Abd el Qurnah [Cairo MUS.].5 sieves. Hyphaene !thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:285.Unknown [Kew MUS.].Broken kernels. Hyphaene !thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:285.Unknown [Welcome Historical-Medical MUS. London].Fruit fragments. Hyphaene! thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).[Fibre]. Hyphaene! thebaica.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 180 (Table 2).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).leaf bases & base part of trunk. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (Gramineae; Cotton grass; Imperata cylindrique); 124.84.01. Imperata cylindrica.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Not Indicated. Imperata cylindrica.{036Dyn 06.Hort. Section in Giza.142:71.Badari (Burial No. 4899).Fibre (ropes).= 181:145. Imperata cylindrica.{052Dyn 12.Boodle.I:485.Hawara Pyramid [British MUS.].Sterile portion. Imperata cylindrica.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.181:114.Deir el Medineh [Dokki MUS. No. 383].Leaves. Imperata cylindrica.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:264.West Köms (Elephantine).[Fibre]. Imperata cylindrica.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:264.West-Köms (Elephantine).Fibre. Imperata cylindrica.{120Graeco Roman.Boodle.I:485.El Lahun [Kew MUS.].Leaf strips. Imperata cylindrica.{120Graeco Roman.Boodle.I:485.Hawara [British MUS.].Leaves. Imperata cylindrica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Inflorescence. Imperata cylindrica.{130Roman.Greiss.1093:267.Kom Auchim.Whole plant with undevelopped inflorescence.= Greiss, 181:116 [Dokki MUS. No. 298]; = Bartlett, 1146. Imperata cylindrica.{130Roman?.Greiss.I:486.Bought in Luxor [Fouad I MUS. No. 60].Fibre (basket). Imperata cylindrica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 & 130 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.616 spikelet fragments,12 desiccated seeds & rhizomes. Imperata cylindrica.{140Coptic.Greiss.1093:262.Bought in Luxor.Leaf. 132 Codex Imperata cylindrica.Unknown.Greiss.1093:262.Bought in Luxor.Leaf. Imperata cylindrica.Unknown.Greiss.I:486.Unknown [Stockholm MUS. No. E. 1005].Fibre (round basket lid). Imperata cylindrical.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2005-VELDMEIJER: 3.Berenike.Cordage fragments. Imperata.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Not identified. Imperata.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Imperata/Themeda.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Indicated. Indigofera! (Leguminosae; Indigo; Indigotier). Indigofera!.{071Dyn 18.Germer.2200:65.El Amarna [British MUS. No. 1207, 1272, 4550, 4936, 5010 et 5075]. Chemical components. Presented only as "indigo" without specifying which species. It may also be Isatis tinctoria L. Indigofera!.{081Dyn 21.Germer.2200:79.Royal Cache (Deir el Bahari) [Leiden MUS. No. F95/8.9 et F95/8.8]. Chemical components. Presented only as "indigo" without specifying which species. It may also be Isatis tinctoria L. Indigofera!.{100 Late Period (700 B.C.).2004-HOWELL&AL.: 230.MANCHESTER MUS.Mummy wrapping.[Chemical components.Presented only as "indigo" or “indigotin” without specifying which species.It may also be Isatis tinctoria L.”].Pigment on tissue. Indigofera type.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Iris albicans Lange (Iridaceae; ; Iris); 121.01.XX. Iris albicans.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1083:48.Hawara.Petals (2).Presented as I. siberica by Newberry but later re-identified by Täckholm (III:479) as I. albicans. Iris sibirica L.: See under Iris albicans Lange for Newberry's identification. Jasminum Sambac (L.) Aiton. (Oleaceae; Arabian jasmine; Jasmin d'Arabie); 082.02.XX. Jasminum Sambac.{073Dyn 20/21.Schweinfurth.170:312.Deir El Bahari (Royal cache [ Milan Natural History Museum]).Flowers.= Schweinfurth, 1765:314; = Schweinfurth, 1169:368. Jasminum Sambac.{130Roman.Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.= Newberry, 1145:53. Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae; Walnut; Noyer commun); XX.XX.XX. Juglans regia.{120 Graeco-Roman.2nd c.B.C.-3rd c.A.D.-2004.AUFDERHEIDE&AL.: 4.Kellis-1 tomb group (mummies), Dakhleh Oasis.[Presented as walnuts].Not indicated. Juglans regia.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:50.Hawara [Guimet MUS.].2 fruits. Juglans regia.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Hard seed cases & scales. Juglans regia.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Nut shells. Juglans regia.{130.7Roman/Byzantine.Barakat.1671:166.Abu Sha'ar.Wood. Juglans regia.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills). [Kernel?]. Juglans regia.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. 133 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Juglans regia.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:373.Quseir al Qadim.7 fragments. Juglans regia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Seed cases. Juncaceae A. Juss. (Juncaceae; Rush family; Juncacées); 122.--.--. Juncaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Juncaceae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed.= de Vartavan, 1999:111: Presented as Juncus type. Juncus acutus L. (Juncaceae; Sharp rush; ); 122.01.05. Juncus acutus.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.181:153.Helwan [Helwan MUS.]. Juncus acutus.{052Dyn 12.Unger.1134:56.Dahshur pyramid.Fruits. Presented as Juncus maritimus. Juncus acutus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Keimer.1060:145.Tutankhamun's (Thebes).Fibre. Presented as Juncus maritimus. Juncus acutus.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.1093:263.Deir el Medineh.Culm.= Greiss, 181:114 [Dokki MUS. No.36). Juncus acutus.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:262.Unknown.Culm. Juncus acutus.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:475.El Maalla [Cairo MUS. No. 36366].Fibre. Juncus acutus.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.II:476.Tihna el Gebel [Cairo MUS. No. 35314]. [Fibre]. Juncus acutus.{140Coptic?.Greiss.1093:263.Bought in Luxor.Culm. Juncus acutus.{150Islamic.Greiss.1093:263.Bought in Luxor.Leaf lobe and culm. Juncus acutus.Unknown.Greiss.1093:262.Unknown.Culm. Juncus arabicus: See under Juncus rigidus C.A. Mey. Juncus bufonius L. (Juncaceae; Toad rush; Jonc des crapauds).; 122.01.02. Juncus bufonius.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).Inflorescence & pith. Presented as Juncus hybridus. Juncus hybridus: See under Juncus bufonius L. Juncus maritimus: See under Juncus acutus L. Juncus rigidus C.A. Mey. (Juncaceae; (Juncaceae; Sea rush; Jonc maritime); 122.01.06. Juncus rigidus.{020Neolithic.Täckholm.II:471.El Omari [Cairo MUS.No. 87690].Fibre. Presented as Juncus arabicus. Juncus rigidus.{020Neolithic.Täckholm.II:471.Nag El Deir [Cairo MUS; No. 37738).Fibre (mat). Presented as Juncus arabicus. Juncus rigidus.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1116:232.Helwan (Tomb No. 683-H4).Stems.= Greiss, 181:109. Presented as Juncus arabicus. Juncus rigidus.{034Dyn 04.Greiss.1947:29-57.Giza (Cheops Boat).Fibre (mats). Presented as Juncus arabicus. Juncus rigidus.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.II:474.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS. No. 21424].Basket [Fibre]. Presented as Juncus arabicus. Juncus rigidus.{052Dyn 12.Unger.1134:51.Dahshur Pyramid.Fruit capsules. Presented as Juncus 134 Codex arabicus. Juncus rigidus.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).Inflorescence & pith. Presented as Juncus arabicus. Juncus rigidus.{073Dyn 20.Täckholm.II:481.El Qurna [Cairo MUS. No. 3319, 3320].[Fibre]. Presented as Juncus arabicus. Juncus rigidus.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:263.Bought in Luxor.Culm .= Greiss, 181:152 [Dokki MUS. No. 333]. Presented as Juncus arabicus. Juncus rigidus.{140Coptic to Islamic.Greiss.1093:.Cairo MUS. [No. 2650, 2679-80 & 268284].Fibre (baskets). Presented as Juncus arabicus. Juncus rigidus.Unknown.Greiss.1093:272.Cairo MUS. [No. 1004 & 5].Fibre (baskets). Presented as "J. maritimus var. arabicus". Juncus!. (Juncaceae; Rush; Jonc). Juncus!.{052Dyn 12/18.Carter & Carnavon.1954:76.Tomb 37 (Thebes).Fibre (baskets). Juncus!.{100Late Period.Carnarvon & Carter.1954:50 (Pl. 42).Site 14 (Thebes).[Fibre] rushes .= Täckholm, II:482. Juncus L. (Juncaceae; Rush; Jonc); 122.01.--. Juncus.{020Neolithic.Täckholm.II:474.El Omari.[Fibre]. Juncus.{020Neolithic.Täckholm.II:474.Nag El Deir (Girga).[Fibre]. Juncus.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Midgley.142:61 & 67.Badari (Tomb No. 5110).Pith (rush matting). Juncus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Capsules, internodes & culms. Juncus.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).Non-quantified desiccated culm fragments. Juncus.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Culms fragments. Juncus.{030.9Predynastic.Midgley.152:70-71.Badari.Pith (rush matting). Juncus.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm.II:472.Gebelein [Cairo MUS. No. 54545 & 54546].[Fibre]. Juncus.{035Dyn 05.Täckholm.II:474.Gebelein [Cairo MUS. No. 64813 & 64822].[Fibre]. Juncus.{043Dyn 11.Täckholm.II:477.Amonit's tomb [Cairo MUS. No. Corr. 39 U.]).Fibre (sandals). Juncus.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.II:474.Dra Abu el Naga.[Fibre]. Juncus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:171 & 190.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb).Pith.= Täckholm, II:118 [Cairo MUS. No. 910, 911, 1261, 1263]. Juncus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Täckholm.II:475.Tutankhamun's [Cairo MUS. No. 15U].Pith?. Juncus.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.157:148, 150, 167 & 175.Deir el Medineh.Fibre (mats).= Täckholm, II:475. Juncus.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:473.Queen Hatchepsut's temple (Deir El Bahari [Cairo MUS. No. 49219 & 49220]).Fibre (mats). Juncus.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:475.Queen Meritamun's (Deir El Bahari [Cairo MUS. No. 55157 b. (51 U.)]).[Fibre]. Juncus.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:475.Thebes (Mahirper's [Cairo MUS. No. 3806 (17U)]).[Fibre]. Juncus.{072Dyn 19.Täckholm.II:481.Thebes.[Fibre]. Juncus.{073Dyn 20.Täckholm.II:481.El Qurna [Cairo MUS. No.11120-22].[Fibre]. Juncus.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.II:476.Unknown? [Cairo MUS. No. 1909].Fibre. Juncus.{080New Kingdom.Schweinfurth.317:134.Hildesheim-Pelizaeus MUS. [No. 1650, 1658, 1673 & 2043].Fibre. Juncus.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.II:475 & 471.Deir el Bahari (Amun priests & priestesses's mummies [Cairo MUS. No. 29276]).[Fibre]. Juncus.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.II:475.Deir el Bahari.[Fibre]. 135 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Juncus.{092Dyn 26.Täckholm.II:481.Unknown [Cairo MUS. No. 3352).[Fibre]. Juncus.{100Late Period.Täckkholm.II:482.Unknown.[Fibre]. Juncus.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2005-VELDMEIJER: 3.Berenike.Cordage fragments. Juncus.{120Graeco Roman.Boodle.II:476.Hawara.[Fibre]. Juncus.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Not Indicated. Juncus.{130Roman (AD 400 at latest).Täckholm.II:476.Karanis (Kom Aushim [Cairo MUS. No. 47245; 45766 & 49874-76]).Fibre (Baskets). Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:53.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:145]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:54.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:154]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:54.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:153]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:54.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:152]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:54.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:151]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:54.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:150]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:54.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:149]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:54.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:148]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:54.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:147]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:54.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:146]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:55.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:162]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:55.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:161]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:55.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:160]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:55.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:159]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:55.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:158]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:55.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:157]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:55.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:156]. Juncus.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:55.Antinoë.[Pith] [Louvre CAT.Ref:155]. Juncus.{130Roman.Täckholm.II:481.Tebnytis [Cairo MUS. No. 39215 (34U).[Fibre] cushions. Juncus.{130Roman?.Greiss.I:486.Bought in Luxor [Fouad I MUS. No. 60].Fibre (basket). Juncus.{140Coptic.Schweinfurth.1124:84.Ashmunein.Rush. Juncus.{140Coptic.Schweinfurth.II:481. El Kom (Elephantine).[Fibre]. Juncus.Unknown.Täckholm.II:476.Saqqara [Cairo MUS. No. 22229).Fibre (basket). Juncus.Unknown.Täckholm.II:477.Unknown? [Cairo MUS. No. 6099 (34U).Fibre (balls). Juniperus !excelsea Bieb. (Cupressaceae; Grecian juniper; ); 009.01. Juniperus !excelsea.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Dallimore.2117:14.Tutankhamun's (Thebes).Fruits. Juniperus drupacea Labill. (Cupressaceae; Syrian juniper; Génevrier de Syrie); 009.01.XX. Juniperus drupacea.{060Middle Kingdom.Täckholm.I:79.Pabasa's (El Assasif; Thebes; Fouad I MUS. & Stockholm MUS.].7 fruits. Presented as Arceuthos drupacea. Juniperus drupacea.{071Dyn 18.Chiovenda.1035:554.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Berries. Juniperus drupacea.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:551.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. = Täckholm.112:238. Presented as Arceuthos drupacea. Juniperus macrocarpa: See under Juniperus oxcycedrus L. Juniperus oxcycedrus L. ssp. macrocarpa. (Cupressaceae; ; ); 009.01.XX. Juniperus oxcycedrus ssp. macrocarpa.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:128.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).10 fruits. Juniperus oxcycedrus ssp. macrocarpa.Unknown.Beauverie.1034:394.Unknown.3 fruits & 2 seeds. 136 Codex Juniperus oxcycedrus subsp. macrocarpa.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:3.Monastery of Phoebammon.Fruit (1). Juniperus oxcycedrus L. (Cupressaceae; Red berrier juniper; Génevrier piquant); 009.01.XX. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton.1128:58.Mostagedda.Fruit.= Täckholm, 1126:128. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.I:76.Saqqara (Djoser's [Fouad I MUS.]).Berries [Fruits]. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{043Dyn 11.Täckholm.I:76.Gebelein (Ani's tomb [Berlin Botanisches MUS.]).Fruits; = Germer, 88:30 [Schw. 149]. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{052Dyn 12.Germer.1443:245.Kahun [Manchester MUS. No. 75].Rhizomes. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{052Dyn 12.Vieillescazes-Rambier.1992:84.Ita-Ourt's tomb?,Resin (G31). Presented as "Cade". Juniperus oxcycedrus.{060Middle Kingdom.Schweinfurth.1287:12.Thebes (Gurna)[Berlin Botanisches MUS.20207].Berry. Presented as Juniperus macrocarpa, synonymous of J. oxcycedrus and not equal to Juniperus macrocarpa Tenore; = Germer, 88:30. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{060Middle Kingdom.Täckholm.1:76.Assasif [Stockholm MUS.].Berries [Fruits]. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{060Middle Kingdom.Täckholm.1:76.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Berries [Fruits]. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Kew Herbarium.2117:14.Tutankhamun's (Thebes).Fruits. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{071Dyn 18 (Tuthmosis IV).Täckholm.I:76.Priest dwellings (Thebes; BerlinDahlem MUS.].Fruits. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:30.Qurnah (Thebes) [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 150].Not indicated. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.112:239.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.I:76.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS.].Fruits. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{082Dyn 22.Täckholm.I:76.Deir el Bahari.Fruits.= Schweinfurth. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{085Dyn 25/26.Täckholm.I:76.Sheikh Abdel Qurnah [Fouad I MUS. & Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Small pale fruits; = Germer, 88:30 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 154 & 157]. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:30.Dra Abu el Naga [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 151].Not indicated. Juniperus oxcycedrus.{140Coptic (AD 008).Täckholm.1126:129.Monastery of Epiphianus.Fruit fragments. Juniperus oxcycedrus.Unknown.Germer.88:30.[Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 103].Not indicated. Juniperus oxcycedrus.Unknown.Germer.88:30.Coffin [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 152].Not indicated. Juniperus oxcycedrus.Unknown.Germer.88:30.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 153].Not indicated. Juniperus oxcycedrus.Unknown.Täckholm.I:77.[Cairo MUS.]. [No. 18/11/26/4].Fruits. Juniperus oxcycedrus.Unknown.Täckholm.I:77.[Kew MUS.].3 large fruits. Juniperus oxcycedrus.Unknown.Täckholm.I:77.Bought in Luxor [Fouad I MUS.].Carbonised fruits. Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae; Phoenicean juniper; Génevrier de Phénicie); 009.01.01. Juniperus phoenicea.{033Dyn 03.Chalk and F.P.R.L.1144:2.Saqqara.Wood (coffin).= Lucas, 11:437. Juniperus phoenicea.{071Dyn 18.Lucas.1060:145.Tutankhamun's.Berries.= Täckholm, I:76 (J. oxcycedrus). Juniperus phoenicea.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:549 & 557.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits.= 137 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Täckholm, I:76 (J. oxcycedrus). Juniperus phoenicea.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:423.Thebes.Fruits.= Täckholm, I:77 (J. oxcycedrus). Juniperus phoenicea.{081Dyn 21/22.Schweinfurth.1167:75.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache [Fouad I MUS.]).Berries & seeds.= Schweinfurth, 1141:114; = Schweinfurth, 1789:77; = Täckholm, I:76. Juniperus phoenicea.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48 & 52.Hawara.Twigs & berries.= Täckholm, I:77 (J. oxcycedrus); = Lucas, 11: 437 who states that twigs are in Kew Garden's Museum. Juniperus phoenicea.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Berries.= Täckholm, I:77 (J. oxcycedrus). Juniperus phoenicea.Unknown.Loret & Poisson.110:10.Louvre MUS.2 fruit fragments. Juniperus phoenicea.Unknown?.Braun.1151:53.Unknown? [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Passalacqua Collection].Berries.= Täckholm, I:77 (J. oxcycedrus). Juniperus phoenicea.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS.].Berries.= Bonnet, 1177:6. Juniperus phoenicia.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:268.Dra Abu el Naga.Berries.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7. Juniperus sabina L. (Cupressaceae; Savine; Génevrier sabine); 009.01.XX. Juniperus sabina.{080New Kingdom.Macramallah.184:75.Saqqara.Berries. Presented as "Genièvre". Juniperus! (Cupressaceae; Juniper; Génevrier). Juniperus!.{140Coptic (AD 500).Lucas.I:75.Nilometer [Cairo).Wood . Juniperus L. (Cupressaceae; Juniper; Génevrier); 009.01.--. Juniperus.{033Dyn 03?.Ribstein.1343:204.Unknown [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 154].Wood. Juniperus.{034Dyn 04.Phillips.2099:46.Giza (Cheops Boat).Wood. Juniperus.{034Dyn 04.Ruddal.1298:29.Medum (Snefru's Pyramid).Wood. Juniperus.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1887:595.Kahun.Fruits. Juniperus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo Kew MUS.]).Fruits.= de Vartavan, 1999:107; Presented as Juniperus communis/oxcycedrus. Juniperus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Lucas.1060:145.Tutankhamun's.Berries.= de Vartavan, 1400: Table 1.; = de Vartavan, 1999:107 [Kew & Cairo MUS.]. Juniperus.{071Dyn 18.Breccia.1833:10.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Presented as "Ginepro". Juniperus.{072Dyn 19 (Sethi I).Grosser & Grünewald.319:110.Sethi's [Munich MUS. No. 442, 433, 441].Wood (ushebtis). Juniperus.{073Dyn 20 or after.C.T.F.T.1882:114,Unknown [Louvre MUS. E.14214].Wood. Juniperus.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:192.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 12559).Wood (Was scepter). Presented as Wacholderholz . Juniperus.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Juniperus.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Ribstein.1343:204.Unknown? [Spiegelberg COLL. No. S.13].Wood. Jussiaea repens L. (Onagraceae; ; ); 074.02.01. Jussiaea repens.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [18-19m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:482.Berenbal.Pollen. 138 Codex Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers.: See under Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl. Labiatae A.Juss. (Labiatae; Mint family; Labiées); 093.--.--. Labiatae type 2.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Labiatae type 2.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.9 desiccated seeds. Labiatae.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).One desiccated nutlet. Labiatae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).3 [Not Indicated]. Labiatae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. Labiatae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.221 seeds & fruits. Labiatae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [Not Indicated]. Labiatae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Labiatae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:163.Ramses II's mummy.2 pollens . Labiatae.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not Indicated. Labiatae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Labiatae.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:28.Douch.Inflorescence fragment. Labiatae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.10 desiccated seeds. Lactuca sativa L. (Compositae; Lettuce; Laitue cultivée); 106.02.CC. Lactuca sativa.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Seeds. Lactuca sativa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.One seed. Lactuca sativa.{130Roman.Germer.2089:186.Not indicated [Dokki MUS. No. 283].Seeds. Lactuca sativa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Lactuca sativa.Not indicated?.Braun.1121:290.Unknown? [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Seeds. Lactuca L. (Compositae; Lettuce; Laitue).; 106.02.--. Lactuca.{130.6Roman/Coptic.Midgley.143:95.Matmar.Seeds. Lagenaria siceraria: See under Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (Cucurbitaceae; Bottlegourd; Gourde calebasse); 071.XX.XX. Lagenaria vulgaris.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:10.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS.].Not indicated.= Schweinfurth, 1169: 361; = Schweinfurth, 1765:314; = ? Schweinfurth,1700 312. Lagenaria vulgaris.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:265.West-Köms (Elephantine).Fruitskin fragment. Presented as L. siceraria. Lagenaria vulgaris.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:19.Douch.Fruit fragment. Presented as L. siceraria. Lagenaria vulgaris.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:53.Hawara.Not Indicated. Lagenaria vulgaris.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Lagenaria vulgaris.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:32.Monastery of Phoebammon.Shell 139 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. parts & fruit fragments.Presented as L. siceraria. Lagenaria vulgaris.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.4 desiccated seeds.Presented as L. siceraria. Lagenaria vulgaris.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. V.Louvre MUS.Gourd.= Loret & Poisson, 110:13. Lagonychium farctum (Ranks et Sol.) Macbride. (= Prosopis farcta; Leguminosae; ; ); 043.40.01. Lagonychium farctum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).3 [seeds]. Lagonychium farctum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Nuts]. Lagonychium farctum.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. VI.Louvre MUS.5 pods. Presented as Prosopis Stephaniana. Lagonychium farctum.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown [Louvre MUS.].Pods.= Loret & Poisson, 110:16. Presented as Acacia heterocarpa. Lagonychium farctum.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:23.Louvre MUS.Fruits. Presented as Prosopis Stephaniana. Lagonychium farctum.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:23.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].Fruits. Presented as Prosopis Stephaniana. Lagonychium M. Bieb. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.40.--. Lagonychium!{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.Presented as Prosopis. Lagonychium!{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.29 wood fragments.Presented as Prosopis Lagonychium!{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.2 wood fragments.Presented as Prosopis Lagonychium.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Tutankhamun's.Seeds. Presented as Prosopis; = de Vartavan, 1999:109. Lagonychium!.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal.Presented as Prosopis Lagurus L. (Gramineae; Hare's-foot sedge; Lagure); 124.45.--. Lagurus.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:14-19.Douch.10+ florets. Lamiaceae. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.--.--. Lamiaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not indicated (1). Lamiaceae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Lamiaceae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds.Presented as Ajuga/Teucrium. Lamiaceae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 & 133 (Appx.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.6 desiccated and 2 carbonized seeds.Presented as Ajuga/Teucrium. Lapulla V.Wolf. (Boraginaceae; Stickseed; Bardanette); 090.05.--. Lapulla.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= 140 Codex Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 136 [seeds?]. Lathyrus !niger (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.33. Lathyrus !niger.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Butler.1999:109.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Legume. Lathyrus !sativus. (Leguminosae; Grass pea; Gesse commune). Lathyrus !sativus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds & detached hila. Lathyrus !sativus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127 & 131(Table 4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated & 2 carbonized seeds and detached hila. Lathyrus aphaca L. (Leguminosae; Yellow vetchlings; Gesse sans feuilles); 043.33.01. Lathyrus aphaca.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:112.El Omari.Seeds. Lathyrus aphaca.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:142.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).90 seeds and 70 pods (3-4 seeded). Lathyrus aphaca.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 seed. Lathyrus aphaca.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:73.El Hibeh.Seed. Lathyrus hirsutus L. (Leguminosae; Rough pea vine; Gesse hérisée); 043.33.02. Lathyrus hirsutus.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:112.El Omari.1 seed. Lathyrus hirsutus.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Legumes]. Lathyrus hirsutus.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:142.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).200 seeds and 17 pods or pod- fragments. Lathyrus hirsutus.{052Dyn 12.Germer.2089:83.Rahotep's (Meir) [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 158 & Kew MUS. 8.58.1921].[Legumes]. Lathyrus hirsutus.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Lathyrus hirsutus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Butler.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo Kew MUS.]).Legumes.= de Vartavan, 1999:109. Lathyrus hirsutus.{073Dyn 20?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Theban tomb.Pods.Found by Schiaparelli; = Schweinfurth, 1171:6. Lathyrus hirsutus.{112Ptolemaic? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Seeds & pods.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6. Lathyrus marmoratus Boiss. & Bl. in Boiss. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.33.09. Lathyrus marmoratus.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:142.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).1 seed. Lathyrus nissolia L. (Leguminosae; Grass vetchling; Gesse Nissole); 043.33.XX. Lathyrus nissolia.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 seed. Lathyrus nissolia.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Lathyrus nissolia.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Legumes]. Lathyrus sativus L. (Leguminosae; Grass pea; Gesse commune); 043.33.08. 141 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Lathyrus sativus.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:112.El Omari.Seeds. Lathyrus sativus.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Abaza bey.142:63.Badari.Pods & seeds. Lathyrus sativus.{030.9Predynastic/Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto). [Legumes]. Lathyrus sativus type.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el-Iswid.Not indicated. Presented as Lathyrus sativa type. Lathyrus sativus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [Legumes]. Lathyrus sativus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:168.Minshat Abu Omar.[Not Indicated.]. Lathyrus sativus.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1021:260.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).[Legumes].= Schweinfurth, 1171:3; =? Schweinfurth, 1700:312. Lathyrus sativus.{052Dyn 12.Germer.2089:84.Kahun [Kew No. 12.1978].[Legumes]. Lathyrus sativus.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Lathyrus sativus.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Lathyrus sativus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Legumes]. Lathyrus sativus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Butler.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo Kew MUS.]).Legume.= de Vartavan, 1999:109. Lathyrus sativus.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Lathyrus sativus.{073Dyn 20.Keimer.1071:122.Deir el Medineh.Legumes & pods. Presented as "gulbân". Lathyrus sativus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not Indicated. Lathyrus sativus.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Seeds & pods.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6. Lathyrus sativus.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.5 peas. Lathyrus sativus.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:17.Monastery of Phoebammon.Seed shells, legumes (27), seeds (11), flower (1) & leaf. Lathyrus! (Leguminosae; Vetchling:Gesse). Lathyrus type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Lathyrus type.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Presented as Astragalus/Lathyrus type. Lathyrus L. (Leguminosae; Vetchling; Gesse); 043.33.--. Lathyrus.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.[Legumes]. Lathyrus.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Naqada South.2 seeds. Lathyrus.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.15 [seeds]. Lathyrus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Legumes] (4). Lathyrus.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 3 [legumes]. Lathyrus.{040Old Kingdom.Royal Botanic Gardens.154:122.Umm el Sawan (Fayum).Pod. Lathyrus.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Increases in pollen.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Lathyrus.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not precisely identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Lathyrus.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:20.Douch.Seed. 142 Codex Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae; True laurel; Laurier commun); XX.XX.CC. Laurus nobilis.{100Late Period.Pleyte.1250:?.Leyden MUS. [Momies 46, 67 & 82].Leaves. Laurus nobilis.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:51.Hawara.Not Indicated. Presented as "Bay laurel". Laurus! (Lauraceae; ; ). Laurus!.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:88]. Presented as "proche du laurier rose". Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae; Henna; Henné); 072.XX.XX. Lawsonia inermis.{073Dyn 20/26.Schweinfurth.1169:360.Sheikh Abdel Gurna?."Blumengewinde". Lawsonia inermis.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:27.Douch.Inflorescence. Lawsonia inermis.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Abusir el Meleq.Branch [Äg.M.17263]. Lawsonia inermis.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Hawara [Äg.M.3344 & Schweinfurth. 159 &160 &161].Branch & 88:18 [Äg.M.19541 18 &19542 19 &14154]. Lawsonia inermis.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Fayum.Branch (Schweinfurth. 246 & Äg.M.19539). Lawsonia inermis.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Unknown? [Äg.M.19544].Branch. Lawsonia inermis.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:50.Hawara.Not Indicated. Lawsonia inermis.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Badir.1015:.Hawara.Branch.= Germer, 88:19 (Schweinfurth. 239&240). Lawsonia inermis.Unknown?.Schweinfurth.1700:312.Unknown? Not Indicated. Lawsonia inermis: The hairs are of Ramses II (Dyn 18) are thought to have been dyed with henna. See Balout, L. 1978 L'opération Ramsès II, contribution des laboratoires à l'Egyptologie. Bulletin de la Société Française d'Egyptologie, 83: 16. Leersia hexandra Sw. (Gramineae; Bareet grass; ); 124.69.01. Leersia hexandra.Present in ancient Egypt according to Täckholm (1006:153), but we could not trace her source. Leersia oryzoides Sw. (Gramineae; Rice-cut grass; ); 124.69.XX. Leersia oryzoides.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:50.Dahshur Pyramid.Caryopsis & inflorescence. Presented as Oryza clandestina. Leguminosae A.Juss. (Legumineuses); 043.--.--. Leguminosae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:147.Nabta Plata (E-756).Seeds.Two types; = Mitka & Wasylikowa, 1968:Table 1. Leguminosae.{020Neolithic.Hopf.1327:314.Merimde Beni Salama.Not Indicated. Leguminosae.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Leguminosae.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:245.Adaïma.Legume. Leguminosae.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:245.Adaïma.Seed. Presented as "Trifoliae: cf. Trigonella/Trifolium". Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Presented as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107.Tell elIswid.Legumes. 143 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Presented as Vicia large/sativa/Pisum. Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada III).Bakels.1750:146.El Kab.1 seed. Presented as Papilionaceae. Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada III).Bakels.1750:146.El Kab.1 seed.= Vicia/Lathyrus/ Pisum type. Presented as Papilionaceae. Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada; BP 6000-4820 (C14)).Litynska.1578:104.Armant (MA21/83 & 21a/83).[Legume]. Presented as "Vicia type". Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.5 seeds. Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.[Legumes]. Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:135.Maadi III.Wood & wood charcoal. Presented as "Genisteae". Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Legume fragments?]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).169 [seeds]. Presented as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.14 [Not Indicated.]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.13 seeds.= Thanheiser, 1785:Table 2. Presented as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Legumes]. Presented as Lathyrus/Vicia. Leguminosae.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Legumes]. Presented as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Leguminosae.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds.Presneted as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a + c).Pollen. Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104.Tell el-Iswid.3 seeds. Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.60 Legumes]. Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.316 [seeds?] . Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.9 [seeds?]. Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Legume fragments?]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).2332 [seeds]. Presented as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.43 [Not Indicated].= Thanheiser, 1785:Table 2. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Legumes] (24). Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Legumes] (6). Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Legume]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Legumes?] (19). Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.70 seeds. Presented as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.38 seeds. Presented as "Trifolium type"; = Thanheiser, 1785:Table 2. Leguminosae.{040Old Kingdom (C14: BC 2600-2400).Chowdhury and Buth.1294:304.Afyeh (E. Nubia).Not Indicated. Leguminosae.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.15912 [seeds?] . 144 Codex Leguminosae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Leguminosae.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1091:87.Meir.Seeds (15+). Leguminosae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds].Presnted as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Vicia ervilia/Lathyrus sativus". Leguminosae.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Not indicated. Presented as "Vicia/Pisum/Lathyrus". Leguminosae.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:57.Abu Ghalib.Legumes. Presented as "Pisum sp. oder Vicia narbonensis". Leguminosae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Vicieae". Leguminosae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Presented as "Vicia ervilia/Lathyrus sativus". Leguminosae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Butler.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Legume.= de Vartavan, 1999:109. Leguminosae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed. Presented as Ononis type; = de Vartavan, 1999:108. Leguminosae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Legumes. Presented as Leguminosae indet 2; = de Vartavan, 1999:109. Leguminosae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Legumes. Presented as Leguminosae indet 3; = de Vartavan, 1999:109. Leguminosae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Legumes. Presented as Trifolium (subterranean) type. Leguminosae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Legumes. Presented as Trifolium type. Leguminosae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:109.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Legumes. Presented as Leguminosae indet 4. Leguminosae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:109.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Legumes. Presented as Leguminosae indet 1. Leguminosae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Presented as "Tephrosia type". Leguminosae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Leguminosae.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Seeds and pods. Leguminosae.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟Ayn 145 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. -Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).1 fragment, the nature of which is not indicated. Leguminosae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Presented as "Trifolium type". Leguminosae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Presented as Medicago/Melilotus. Leguminosae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 & 103 (Table 4.4.& 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal, 452 desiccated & 276 carbonized small seeds & pods. Leguminosae.{140Coptic.Quibell.151:27.Saqqara (Monastery of Apia Jeremias).Chaff. Presented as "Vicia/Lathyrus". Leguminoseae!{030.6 Nagadian (III - C14 3200-2900/Dyns 1&2).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment. Leguminoseae!{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.16 wood fragments. Leguminoseae!{112Ptolemaic.1999-KLYS&AL.: 221.El-Gahmud.(KRAKOW MUS.) [A pine resin such as “East African Copal” seems to be the most likely].Equal as Zanzibar cepa and Hymenaea verucosa. Leguminoseae!{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Charcoal,small seeds & pods. Leguminoseae.{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment. Leguminoseae.{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.1 wood fragment. Lens culinaris L. (Leguminosae; Lentil; Lentille); 043.XX.CC. Lens culinaris.{020Neolithic.Hopf.114:93.Merimde.[Legumes]. Lens culinaris.{020Neolithic.Menghin & Amer.144:52.Maadi.[Legumes]. Lens culinaris.{030.6Predynastic (Nagadian).Litynska.1578:93.Armant [MA 21/83 & 21a/83].Legumes. Lens culinaris.{030.9Predynastic.Boodle.143:23.Matmar.[legumes]. Lens culinaris.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).20 [legumes]. Lens culinaris.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [Legumes]. Lens culinaris.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Legumes]. Lens culinaris.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Lens culinaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.10 seeds . Lens culinaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).4 [legumes]. Lens culinaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [Legumes]. Lens culinaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.[Not Indicated.]. Lens culinaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Legumes] (2). Lens culinaris.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:137.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).3 seeds. Lens culinaris.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:7.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS.].Lentil paste & seeds.= Schweinfurth, 1700 312; = Germer, 88:35 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 163]. Lens culinaris.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Lens culinaris.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Lens culinaris.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Not Indicated. Lens culinaris.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Lens culinaris.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.2096:5.Tutankhamun's (Thebes).[Legumes]. Presented as Lens esculenta; = Boodle, 2117:15; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes; = de Vartavan, 1999:109. Lens culinaris.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.[Not Indicated.]. Lens culinaris.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Lens culinaris.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Seeds (3). Lens culinaris.{112Ptolemaic? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Not Indicated. Presented as Lens esculenta; = Schweinfurth, 1171:6. 146 Codex Lens culinaris.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.[Legumes], Lens culinaris.{120Graeco Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:366.Quseir al Qadim.[Legumes] (10). Lens culinaris.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds & detached hila. Lens culinaris.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 272 (Fig.28.3.).Quseir.Seeds. Lens culinaris.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills). [Legumes?]. Lens culinaris.{130Roman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:52.Qasr Ibrim.Not Indicated. Lens culinaris.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.181 desiccated & 120 carbonized seeds and 50 desiccated & 1 carbonized detached hila. Lens culinaris.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:19.Monastery of Phoebammon.Legumes, stems, leaves with leaflets, seeds (4) & testa fragments. Presented as L. esculenta. Lens culinaris.{140Coptic.Greiss.181:119.Monastery of Phoebamon.[Legumes]. Presented as L. esculentus. Lens culinaris.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:366.Quseir al Qadim.[Legumes] (2). Lens culinaris.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. VI.Louvre MUS.3 legumes.= Loret & Poisson, 110:16. Presented as Ervum lens. Lens esculenta: See under L. culinaris L. Lens Mill. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.XX. Lens.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Seeds. Lens.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Seeds. Lepidium sativum L. (Cruciferae; Watercress:Cresson des jardins); 036.45.02. Lepidium sativum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2,Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew MUS.]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:108. Lepidium sativum.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:549 &554.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Seeds. Lepidium sativum.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. Lepidium sativum.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:27.Douch.Siliculs. Lepidium sativum.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.2089:57.Unknown? [Botanisches MUS. Schw. 162].Not indicated; = Germer, 88:31. Lepidium sativum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Lepidium sativum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Seed?]. Lepidium sativum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.34 desiccated seeds. Lepidium sativum.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. VII.Louvre MUS.20 seeds.= Loret & Poisson, 110:23. Lepidium sativum.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown?[Florence MUS. No. 3264].Seeds.= Bonnet, 1177:4; ? = Germer, 88:31 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 380]. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne (Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]; Broom bush, khip; ); 085.11.01. Leptadenia pyrotechnica.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Charcoal & seeds. Leptadenia pyrotechnica.{130Roman (1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER.112.Mons Claudianus.Charcoal. 147 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Leptadenia pyrotechnica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.10 follicles. Leptadenia R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae; ; ); 085.11.--. Leptadenia.{020Neolithic (BP 08.000).Neumann.1011:Table 1 & 2a.Abu Ballas.Wood. ;= Close & al, 1626:65. Leptochloa bipinnata (L.) Hochst: See under Demostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. Liguliflorae. (Compositae); 106.--.--. Liguliflorae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8a).Pollen. Liguliflorae.{036Dyn 06 (or after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c).Pollen. Liguliflorae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Liguliflorae.{096Dyn 30 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Liguliflorae.{130Roman (circa) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Liguliflorae.{130Roman (circa) = Before AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2b).Pollen. Liliaceae! (Liliaceae; Lily family; Liliacées). Liliaceae!type.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:170.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-78-3).1 seed. Liliaceae!type.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18200-18000).Hillman.1312:170.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-783).2 seeds. Liliaceae A.Juss. (Liliaceae; Lily family; Liliacées); 116.--.--. Liliaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [28-29 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Liliaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [12-14 m & 18-19m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Liliaceae.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 [1-2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Liliaceae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000 [11 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Liliaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).24 [Not Indicated.]. Presented as Hyacinthaceae [Sic!]. Liliaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.14 [Not Indicated.]. Presented as Hyacinthaceae [Sic!]. Liliaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).89 [Not Indicated.]. Presented as Hyacinthaceae [Sic!]. Liliaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.130 [Not Indicated.]. Presented as Hyacinthaceae [Sic!]. Liliaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not indicated (130). Presented as Hyacinthaceae [Sic!]. Liliaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Presented as Hyacinthaceae [Sic!]. 148 Codex Liliaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Presented as Hyacinthaceae [Sic!]. Liliaceae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Presented as Hyacinthaceae [Sic!]. Liliaceae.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown?.Flower. Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae; Madonna lily; Lis blanc); 116.XX.XX. Lilium candidum.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. III.Young woman's mummy [Louvre MUS.].Bulb & leaves.= Loret & Poisson, 110:9. Linum angustifolium Mill. (Linaceae; Narrow-leaved flax; Lin à feuilles étroites); 050.01.XX. Linum angustifolium.Not indicated.Braun.1121:290.Unknown? [Berlin Aegyptischen MUS].Seed (one). Linum humile: See under L. usitatissimum L. Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae; Common flax; Lin cultivé); 050.01.CC. Linum usitatissimum!{140 Coptic(AD600 -1500).2005-COPLEY&AL.: 870.Qasr Ibrim.Oil from lamp. Linum usitatissimum.{020.5Neolithic.Hopf.114:209.Merimde.Not indicated. Presented as "flax". Linum usitatissimum.{020.6Neolithic.Percival.154:49.Fayum.Seeds. Linum usitatissimum.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:112.El Omari.Seeds. Linum usitatissimum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).[Brunton & Caton Thompson].142:66.Badari. [Fibre]. Linum usitatissimum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Brunton & Caton Thompson.142:66.Badari.Fibre?. Presented as Linen . Linum usitatissimum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Horticultural Section.1128:59.Mostagedda.Capsules. Linum usitatissimum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Midgley.142:70.Badari.[Fibre]. Linum usitatissimum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton & Caton Thompson.142:623.Badari.Capsules. Linum usitatissimum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Fibres. Linum usitatissimum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Midgley.143:23.Matmar (2665).Fibre. Linum usitatissimum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:tomb (Saqqara).[Fibre]. Linum usitatissimum.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY& AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Fibre. Linum usitatissimum.{030.9Predynastic.[Brunton & Caton Thompson].142:66.Badari [No 4260]. [Fibre]. Linum usitatissimum.{030.9Predynastic.Germer.88:44.Abusir el Meleq [Äg. MUS. S.169].Capsule. Linum usitatissimum.{030.9Predynastic.Germer.88:44.Tomb 7g5 in Abusir el Meleq [Äg. MUS. 18922].Capsule. Linum usitatissimum.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.Seeds. Linum usitatissimum.{030.9Predynastic.Midgley.143:29.Matmar.Fibre. Linum usitatissimum.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm.1127:568.El Omari.1 capsule. Linum usitatissimum.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Linum usitatissimum.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).Seeds (16). 149 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Linum usitatissimum.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1093:269.Helwan.Culm. = Greiss, 1116:233, = Greiss, 181:109 (72/H4). Linum usitatissimum.{031Dyn 01.Lucas.221:43.Saqqara (Hemaka's).Fibre (9 objects). Linum usitatissimum.{031Dyn 01.Midgley.2098:48.Tarkhan.Fibre. Presented only as "flax" although a specialist's study [sic.]. Linum usitatissimum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).4 [legumes]. Linum usitatissimum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.Not indicated. Linum usitatissimum.{034Dyn 04/11.Midgley.1128:112.Mostagedda.[Fibre]. Linum usitatissimum.{034Dyn 05.Germer.88:44.Sahurê's (Abusir) [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. S.388].Capsule. Linum usitatissimum.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.10 seeds . Linum usitatissimum.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1016:Table 2.Kom el Hisn.2 seeds. Linum usitatissimum.{040Old Kingdom.Wetterstrom.1772:25.Deir el Ballas.Half a capsule (partly dissecated). Linum usitatissimum.{043Dyn 11.Greiss.1093:264.Assasif.Fibre.= Greiss, 181:113 [Dokki MUS. No. 56277). Linum usitatissimum.{052Dyn 12!.Germer?.319:230.Kahun [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 158a].Fibre. Presented as "Leinenfaden" . Linum usitatissimum.{052Dyn 12.Körber-Grohne.319:230.Kahun [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 159].Fibre. Linum usitatissimum.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.20 seeds. Linum usitatissimum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:8.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS.].Many capsules (vase filled).= Schweinfurth, 1021:278; = Schw. 1169: 360; = Schw.; 1171:12; = Schw. 1765: 314 (Presented as L. humile); = Germer, 88:44 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 165]. Linum usitatissimum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1091:87.Rahotep's (Meir).Seeds. Presented as "lin"; = Germer, 88:44 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 168]. Linum usitatissimum.{060 Middle Kingdom.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 20576].2113:188.Wood. Presented as "lin". Linum usitatissimum.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:46.Dahshur Pyramid.[Fibre]. Linum usitatissimum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew MUS.]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:109. Linum usitatissimum.{071Dyn 18.Breccia.1833:10.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).[Fibre]. Presented as "lino" ; = Germer?, 319:231 [Munich MUS. without No.]. Linum usitatissimum.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.1093:267.Deir el Medineh.Bast and wood fibres.= Greiss, 181:114 [Dokki MUS. 6, 93, 305]. Linum usitatissimum.{071Dyn 18.Piovano.1639:46.[Turin MUS.].Capsule. Presented as L. humile. Linum usitatissimum.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Seed. Linum usitatissimum.{071Dyn 18/19?.Schweinfurth.1021:277.Sheikh Abdel Gurna.Seeds.15 hectolitres!!; Presented as L. humile; = Schweinfurth, 1171:12; ? = Germer, 88:44 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 170 & 171]. Linum usitatissimum.{073Dyn 20.Germer.88:44.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 164].Capsules. Linum usitatissimum.{080New Kingdom.Frydman.1854:224.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Fibre. Linum usitatissimum.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:262.Deir el Medineh.Bast fibres (No.305). Linum usitatissimum.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:263.Bought in Luxor.Bast fibres (No 34 M.I.). Linum usitatissimum.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:263.Deir el Medineh.Bast fibres (No 35). Linum usitatissimum.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:264.Deir el Medineh.Bast fibres (No 6). Linum usitatissimum.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:265.Deir el Medineh.Bast and woodfibres (No DM.93). Linum usitatissimum.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:266.Deir el Medineh.Bast fibres (No DM. 57). Linum usitatissimum.{080New Kingdom?.Greiss.1093:263.Bought in Luxor.Bast fibres [Dokki 150 Codex MUS. No 333).= Greiss, 181:116. Linum usitatissimum.{080New Kingdom?.Greiss.1093:267.Bought in Luxor.Bast fibres (No 323). Linum usitatissimum.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.1006:159.Mummy (Stockholm MUS].[Fibre]. Linum usitatissimum.{082Dyn 22/25.Plu.1482:47.Ramasseum.[Fibre]. Linum usitatissimum.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/ Roman?.Germer?.319:230.Elephantine [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 158b].Fibre. Presented as "Leinenfaden". Linum usitatissimum.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Seeds & capsules. Linum usitatissimum.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.Surface Sector 7 & West Dump (Saqqara).Fibres. Linum usitatissimum.{100 Late Period (700 B.C.).2004-HOWELL&AL.: 230.Manchester MUS.Mummy linen [Presented as “linen”]. Linum usitatissimum.{100Late Period/Ptolemaic.Not Indicated.1128:138.Mostagedda.[Fibre]. Presented as "flax". Linum usitatissimum.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1017:71.El Hibeh.Capsule fragment. Linum usitatissimum.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:13.Douch.Fibres & 20 capsule fragments.= Barakat, 1502:200. Linum usitatissimum.{120Graeco Roman.Germer?.319:233,Abusir el Meleq [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 16826].[Capsules and not seeds as indicated].= Scharff, 1838:112-113; = Germer, 88:44 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 167]. Linum usitatissimum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:50.Hawara.4 capsules & seeds. Linum usitatissimum.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous fruits and seeds. Linum usitatissimum.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).1 fragment, the nature of which is not indicated. Linum usitatissimum.{130.6Roman/Byzantine.Barakat.1671:165.Abu Sha'ar.Fibre. Linum usitatissimum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Seed?]. Linum usitatissimum.{130Roman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:52.Qasr Ibrim.Not indicated. Linum usitatissimum.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:371.Quseir al Qadim.Capsule fragments. Linum usitatissimum.{130Roman?.Greiss.1093:266.Bought in Luxor.Fibre (Bast; No. 201). Linum usitatissimum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 & 132 (Table 4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.4 desiccated seeds, 7 capsule fragments & 1 carbonized seed. Linum usitatissimum.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Greiss.1978:43 & 47.Monastery of Phoebammon.Fibre (ropes). Linum usitatissimum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:371.Quseir al Qadim.2 seeds. Linum usitatissimum.Not indicated.Braun.1121:290.Unknown? Berlin Aegyptischen MUS].2 seeds. Presented as L. humile. Linum usitatissimum.Unknown?.Bonnet.1177:8.Florence MUS. (Schiaparelli's excavations).Capsules. Presented as L. humile. Linum usitatissimum.Unknown?.Bonnet.1177:8.Turin MUS.Fibre. Linum usitatissimum.Unknown?.Not Indicated.1248:101.Mummy [Manchester MUS.].Fibres. Linum usitatissirnurn.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004 NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.116 seeds & fruits. Linum usitatissirnurn.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seed & capsule fragments. Linum! (Linaceae; Flax; Lin). Linum!.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Linum!.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.1 seed. Linum!.{140Coptic.Quibell.221:34.Saqqara.Culm. Presented as "fine straw (?flax)". 151 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Linum L. (Linaceae; Flax; Lin); 050.01.--. Linum.{030.2 Badarian.and later.1937 BRUNTON [MIDGLEY]: 145.Mostagedda.Fibre (Presented as “Linen”). Linum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian?; Lowest Stratum).Abaza bey.142:63.Badari.Capsules. Linum.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.133 seeds. Linum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:109.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seed. Linum.{072Dyn 19.Plu.1172:179.Ramses II's mummy.Fibres.= Plu, 1356:171. Linum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Capsules. Liquidambar !orientalis (Hamamelidaceae; Oriental suret gum; Copalme d'Orient); XX.XX. Liquidambar !orientalis.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Metcalfe.1060:144.Tutankhamun's.Wood (Piece 18 cm long). Liquidambar (Hamamelidaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Liquidambar.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:86.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:290]. Lithospermum arvense: See under Buglossoides arvensis. Lolium !perenne (Gramineae; Perennial Ryegrass; Ivraie vivace). Lolium perenne type.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.42 [seeds]. Lolium perenne type.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.18 [seeds]. Lolium perenne L. (Gramineae; Perennial Ryegrass; Ivraie vivace); 124.31.03. Lolium perenne.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.1006:152.Mummy (Stockholm MUS.].Rachises (3). Lolium perenne.{120Graeco Roman.= El Hadidi, 1844:Table 1. Source not clear. Lolium perenne.Unknown?.Täckholm.112:218.Unknown?.Florets & spikelet branch. Lolium !temulentum (Gramineae; Darnel; Ivraie vivace). Lolium !temulentum.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.Seeds. Lolium !temulentum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Lolium !temulentum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 & 133 (Appx.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.5 desiccated & 6 carbonized seeds. Lolium rigidum: Misidentification of Bonnet. See under Lolium. Lolium temulentum L. (Gramineae; Darnel; Ivraie vivace); 124.31.02. Lolium temulentum type.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).8 [Not Indicated.]. Lolium temulentum type.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.4652 [seeds]. 152 Codex Lolium temulentum type.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).2 [Not Indicated.]. Lolium temulentum type.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1028 [seeds]. Lolium temulentum! (Gramineae; Darnel; Ivraie vivace). Lolium temulentum.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:110.El Omari.Seeds. Lolium temulentum.{020Neolithic.Hopf.1327:314.Merimde Beni Salama.Ear (Pottery impression). Lolium temulentum.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm.I:309.Maadi [Fouad I MUS.].Seeds. Lolium temulentum.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Lolium temulentum.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South.2 seeds. Lolium temulentum.{032Dyn 02.Täckholm.1:309. El Maasara [Stockholm MUS.].Seeds; = Larsen.1133. Lolium temulentum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Täckholm.1006:153.El Ma'sara [Stockholm MUS.]. [Florets?]. Lolium temulentum.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:145.Saqqara (Djoser's [Fouad I MUS. No. 65912]).22 rachis fragments spikelets & awns.= Täckholm, I:309. Lolium temulentum.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:154.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).Florets & seeds. Lolium temulentum.{036Dyn 06.Täckholm.112:81.Saqqara (Itcheti's tomb).Florets. Lolium temulentum.{036Dyn 06.Täckholm.I:309.Sakkara (South; Boats of Queen Neith [Fouad I MUS.]).Complete spikelets and awned lemmas. Lolium temulentum.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 960 [seeds?]. Lolium temulentum.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.I:309.Kahun [British MUS.].One spikelet and some awned lemmas. Lolium temulentum.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.I:309.Tomb [Kew MUS.].Awned lemmas. Lolium temulentum.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Lolium temulentum.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Lolium temulentum.{060Middle Kingdom.Lindau.1136:1032.Tomb in Abusir.Spikelets & seeds. Lolium temulentum.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:54.Abu Ghalib [Stockholm MUS.].2 carbonised seeds. Lolium temulentum.{060Middle Kingdom.Täckholm.1006:153.Abu Ghalib [Stockholm MUS]. [Florets?]. Lolium temulentum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Lolium temulentum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:112.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Lolium temulentum.{071Dyn 18.Samuel.1317:281.Amarna.14 caryopses, some with awns . Lolium temulentum.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.I:309.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS.].Seeds. Lolium temulentum.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 spikelet & 13 grains. Lolium temulentum.{110Late Period/Ptolemaic.Täckholm.I:310.San el Hagar (Tanis).Seeds. Lolium temulentum.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1017:72-3.El Hibeh.Spikelet & seeds (2). Lolium temulentum.{130Roman.Täckholm.I:310.Kom Aushim (Karanis [Fouad I MUS.]).Seeds. Lolium! (Gramineae;); 124.31.--. Lolium type.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).587 [Not Indicated.]. Lolium type.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.285 [seeds]. Lolium type.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).2888:[Not Indicated.]. Lolium type.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2922 [seeds]. 153 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Lolium type.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2823 ?seeds?. Lolium type.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Lolium type.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Lolium type.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Lolium L. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.31.--. Lolium.{020Neolithic (BC 5000/4100).Hopf.114:209.Merimde.Not indicated. Lolium.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Lolium.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.444 seeds. Lolium.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.Seeds. Lolium.{030.9Predynastic.Rosen.1981:In press.Hu Semaineh.Phytolith. Lolium.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).60 [Not Indicated.]. Lolium.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).Seeds. Lolium.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Lolium.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104.Tell el-Iswid.1270 seeds. Lolium.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).245 [Not Indicated.]. Lolium.{040Old Kingdom.Wetterstrom.1752:3.Giza bakery.Seeds. Lolium.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Lolium.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Lolium.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not Indicated. Lolium.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Lolium.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed.= de Vartavan, 1999:112. Lolium.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not Indicated.= Murray, 1673:10. Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl. (Gramineae; Crested hair-grass; Keulérie à crête); 124.35.05 Lophochloa cristata.{112Ptolemaic? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Spikelets.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6. Presented as Koeleria phleoides. Loranthaceae A.Juss. (Loranthaceae; Loranthacées); 015.--.--. Loranthaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Lotus corniculatus L. (Leguminosae; Bird's foot trefoil; Lotier corniculé); 043.16.10. Lotus corniculatus.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.2089:73.Kahun [Kew MUS. No. 12.1978.14].[Legume]. Lotus !corniculatus/desertii.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds & pods. Lotus L. (Leguminosae; Birdsfoot trefoil; Lotier); 043.16.--. Lotus type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. 154 Codex Lotus! (Leguminosae; Birdsfoot trefoil; Lotier). Lotus.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 2.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Lotus.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:11.Thebes.Seeds. Presented as "Lotos Delile". Lupinus albus L. (Leguminosae; White lupine; Lupin blanc); 043.03.04. Lupinus albus.{082Dyn 22.Germer.88:35.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 191].[Legumes]. Presented as L. termis. Lupinus albus.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:15;20.Douch.3 seeds, 1 testa. Lupinus albus.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:35.Gebelein [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 192]. [Legumes]. Presented as L. termis. Lupinus albus.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Pods.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6 (Presented as L. termis). Lupinus albus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds & detached hila. Lupinus albus.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills). [Legume]. Lupinus albus.{130Roman.Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Seeds. Lupinus albus.{130Roman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:52.Qasr Ibrim.[Not indicated]. Lupinus albus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.5 desiccated seeds and detached hila. Lupinus albus.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:20.Monastery of Phoebammon.Sedds (4) & testa fragments. Presented as L. termis. Lupinus albus.{140Coptic.Quibell.151:27.Saqqara (Monastery of Apia Jeremias).Seeds. Lupinus digitatus: See under L. varius ssp. orientalis. Lupinus varius L. ssp. orientalis (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.03.02. Lupinus varius ssp. orientalis.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:157.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).Seeds.= Schweinfurth; 1711:185. Presented as L. digitatus. Lupinus L. (Leguminosae; Lupinus; Lupin); 043.03.--. Lupinus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Legume.Presented as cf. Lupinus but there is little doubt that it is this this species. Lupinus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Lychnis coelirosa Desr. in Lam. (Caryophyllaceae; Campion; Coquelocude des jardins); 021.XX.XX. Lychnis coelirosa.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:51.Hawara.Not Indicated; = Täckholm.112:113; = Germer, 88:17, Hawara [Äg.M.19543 & Schweinfurth, 193 &194); = Germer, 88:19 [Äg.M.3346; Schweinfurth. 243 & Äg.M.14154); = Germer.88:18 (Schw. 217 & 218). Lychnis coelirosa.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:18.Fayum [Schw. 243, 244, 247 & 228].Flowers. Lygeum sparteum Loefl. ex L. (Graminae; ; ); 124.67.01. Lygeum sparteum.{020Neolithic.Hoffmann.2097:67.Maadi.Leaf part. 155 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Lythraceae J. St-Hil. (Loosestrice family; Lythracées); 072.--.--. Lythraceae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Lythrum L. (Lythraceae; Loosetrife; Lythraire); 072.01.--. Lythrum.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Presented as Peplis. Maerua crassifolia Forssk. (Capparidaceae; ; ); 034.04.01. Maerua crassifolia.{010Late Paleolithic.Neumann?.1634:170.Makhadma (Canal 1 & 2).Charcoal. Maerua crassifolia.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1021:262,Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Fruit & seeds. Presented as M. uniflora. = Schweinfurth, 1171:4; = Schweinfurth, 1700:312,= Newberry, 1145:53; = Germer, 88 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 195]. Maerua crassifolia.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:201.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 12670].Wood (Furniture part). Maerua crassifolia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Maerua Forssk. (Capparidaceae; Maerua; Mérue); 034.04.--. Maerua.{020Neolithic (BP 08.000).Neumann.1011:Table 1 & 2a.Abu Ballas.Wood. Maerua.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Maerua uniflora: See under Maerua crassifolia Forskk. Majorana hortensis.: See under Origanum majorana L. Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae; Small-flowered mallow); 063.01.02. Malva parviflora.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2.; 17 [seeds?]. Malva parviflora.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:26.Monastery of Phoebammon.Leaves (14) & stem (1) with leaves (4). Malva rotundifolia L. (Malvaceae; Small mallow; Mauve à feuilles rondes); 063.01.04. Malva rotundifolia.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:110.063.01.04, Malva! (Malvaceae; Mallow; Mauve). Malva!.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Malva!.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.4 seeds. 156 Codex Malva L. (Malvaceae; Mallow; Mauve); 063.01.--. Malva.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).92 [Not Indicated.]. Malva.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.9 [Not Indicated.]. Malva.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Malva.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.16 [seeds]. Malva.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).89 [Not Indicated.]. Malva.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.11 [Not Indicated.]. Malva.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:168.Minshat Abu Omar.Not indicated. Malva.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Seeds] (11). Malva.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.24 [seeds]. Malva.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Malva.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Malva.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Malva.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not Indicated. Malva.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Malva.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:110.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Malva.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.[Not Indicated.]. Malva.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated.= Murray, 1673:10. Malva.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Malva.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.16 desiccated & 16 carbonized seeds. Malvaceae A.Juss. (Mallow family; Malvacées); 063.--.--. Malvaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Mitka & Wasylikowa.1967:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E -75-6).Seeds. Malvaceae.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7d).Pollen. Malvaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Malvaceae! (Malow family; Malvacées); 063.--.--. Malvaceae!.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2); Presented as "Malvaceae?". Mandragora officinarum L. (Solanaceae; Mandrake; Mandragore); 094.XX.XX. Mandragora officinarum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:192.Thebes (Tutankhamun's).Fruits.= Germer, 1851:90. Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae; ; ); 055.XX.XX. Mangifera indica.{034Dyn 04.Phillips.2099:46.Giza (Cheops Boat).Wood (tongue). Matricaria recutita L. (Compositae; Wild Chamomile; Matricaire); 106.62.01. Matricaria recutita.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.2089:181.Abusir [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 196].Fruit. 157 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Matricaria! (Compositae; Mayweed; Matricaire). Matricaria type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Matricaria type.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).2 heads. Matricaria type.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Matricaria L. (Compositae; Mayweed; Matricaite); 106.62.--. Matricaria.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [Not Indicated.]. Matricaria.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Matricaria.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Matthiola librator Newr.: See under Matthiola livida D.C. Matthiola livida (Del.) D.C. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.18.05. Matthiola livida.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Flowers. Presented as M. librator but re-identified by Täckholm as M. livida. See Germer (2089:49) for an identification in Kew (Petrie Collection, No. 19.1978). Medemia argun Württemb. (Palmae; Argun palm; Palmier argun); 125.03.01. Medemia argun.{035Dyn 05.Täckholm.II:122.Saqqara.Fruits. Medemia argun.{035Dyn 05.Täckholm.II:299.West Köms (Elephantine [Fouad I MUS. No. 374]).Fruits (3).= Greiss, 181:148 [Dokki MUS.]. Medemia argun.{043Dyn 11.Täckholm.II:299.Gebelein [Fouad I MUS. No. 372].1 fruit. Medemia argun.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:49.Kahun.30 stones. Medemia argun.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:6.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS.].Fruits & seeds.= Schweinfurth, 1765: 314; ? = Germer, 88:38 [Schw. 134]. Medemia argun.{060Middle Kingdom.Germer.88:38.Tomb 35 in Gurna [Äg. MUS. 20210].Not indicated. Medemia argun.{060Middle Kingdom.Schweinfurth.1287:10.Thebes.Fruits. Medemia argun.{060Middle Kingdom.Täckholm.II:299.Unknown [Michailides Private COLL. Cairo].1 fruit. Medemia argun.{061Dyn 15.Täckholm.II:299.Thebes.Fruits. Medemia argun.{071Dyn 18.Bruyére.157:108.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS. No. 1416 & 1417].2 fruits. Medemia argun.{100Late Period (BC 900-800).Schweinfurth.1287:10.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. 20241 & 20227].Fruits. Medemia argun.{110 Persian period.2001-NEWTON&BARAKAT: 145.„Ayn Manawir (Kharga).18 Kernels [RECTIFICATION: Previously identified and published by Barakat as Mimusops laurifolius in 1998-WUTT&AL.]. Medemia argun.{110 Persian period.2001-NEWTON&BARAKAT: 145.„Ayn Manawir (Kharga).Kernels. Medemia argun.{112 Ptolemaic.2001-NEWTON&BARAKAT: 145.„Ayn Manawir (Kharga).Carbonized kernels. Medemia argun.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.II:299.Elephantine [Fouad I MUS.].Fruits. Medemia argun.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.II:299.Unknown? [Fouad I MUS.].4 kernels. Medemia argun.{120Graeco Roman?.Schweinfurth.1021:268.Dra Abu el Naga.Fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7; = Germer, 88:38 [Äg. MUS. 3376]. 158 Codex Medemia argun.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Fruits. Medemia argun.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:433.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Fruit. Presented as Areca Passalacquae. Medemia argun.Unknown.Beauverie.1034:394.Thebes (Grenoble MUS. No. 268).3 fruits. Medemia argun.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl.II.Louvre MUS. [No.1406].Fruits. Medemia argun.Unknown.Germer.88:38.Illahun [Äg. MUS. 14755].Not indicated. Medemia argun.Unknown.Kunth.2201:227-229.Unknown (Louvre MUS. Passalacqua COLL.).Seeds. Medemia argun.Unknown.Täckholm.II:300.Bought in Luxor [Fouad I MUS. No. 1373 & 3275].Kernel & fruits. Medemia argun.Unknown.Täckholm.II:300.Thebes (British MUS.].9 fruits. Medemia argun.Unknown.Täckholm.II:300.Unknown (Stockholm MUS.].12 fruits. Medemia argun.Unknown.Unger.1258:41.Thebes.Fruits.= Germer; 319:235 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7005); = Germer, 88:38. Medemia argun.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS. No. 3606].= Bonnet, 1177:6. Medicago hispida Gaerth.: See under Medicago polymorpha L. Medicago hispida var. denticulata: See under Medicago polymorpha L. Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. (Leguminosae; Little medic; Luzerne naine); 043.10.13. Medicago minima.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el -Iswid.Not indicated. Medicago minima.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.11 [seeds]. Medicago !minima (Leguminosae; Little medic; ). Medicago minima type.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.1 seed. Medicago polymorpha L. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.10.05. Medicago polymorpha.{032Dyn 02.Täckholm.1126:135.El Maasara tomb.Legume (carbonised). Presented as Medicago hispida var. denticulata. Medicago polymorpha.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:135.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Legume. Presented as Medicago hispida var. denticulata. Medicago polymorpha.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:158.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).Pod fragment. Presented as M. hispida var. denticulata. Medicago polymorpha.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.19 [seeds]. Presented as Medicago hispida. Medicago polymorpha.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:49.Kahun.Seeds (2). Presented as M. denticulata Willd. Medicago polymorpha.{052Dyn 12?.Schweinfurth.1167:56.Dahshur pyramid.Pod.= Schweinfurth, 1169:364. Presented as Medicago hispida var. denticulata. Medicago polymorpha.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.3 seeds. Presented as Medicago hispida. Medicago polymorpha.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1017:71.El Hibeh.[Legume]. Presented as Medicago hispida. Medicago polymorpha.{120Graeco Roman.= El Hadidi, 1844:Table 1. Source not clear. Medicago polymorpha.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.2 seeds. Presented as M. denticulata L. = Schweinfurth, 1700:312. 159 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Medicago rugosa Desr. (Leguminosae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Medicago rugosa.Not indicated.Loret.111:90.Leyden MUS. [No. H, 52-54].Fruits. Medicago turbinata (L.) All. (Leguminosae); 043.10.11. Medicago turbinata All.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Legumes]. Medicago L. (Leguminosae; Medic; Luzerne); 043.10.--. Medicago.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).El Hadidi.1560:347.Nabta (E-75-6).Fruit fragment.= Wasylikowa, 1964:138. Medicago.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Medicago!{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004 NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.1&not indicated seeds or fruits. Medicago.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.35 [seeds]. Medicago.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).6 [seeds?]. Medicago.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.63 [seeds]. Medicago.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 13 seeds. Medicago.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1091:87.Meir.Pods (2). Medicago.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Medicago.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Medicago.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Medicago.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Leguminosae; Small melilot; Melilot à petite fleur); 043.10.05. Melilotus indica.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:53.Dahshur Pyramid.Seeds. Presented as M. parviflora. Melilotus indica.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:550.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Not indicated. Presented as M. parviflora. Melilotus messanensis: See under M. siculus. Melilotus parviflora: See under Melilotus indica (L.) All. Melilotus siculus (Turra) B.D. Jacks (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.11.03. Melilotus siculus.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:17.Monastery of Phoebammon.Leaflet. Presented as M. messanensis. Melilotus Mill. (Leguminosae; Melilotus; Mélilot); 043.11.--. Melilotus.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.77 [seeds?]. Melilotus.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.165 [seeds?]. Melilotus.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:560.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fragment. 160 Codex Melobesia lejolisii Rosanoff. (; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Melobesia Lejolisii.{081Dyn 21 or before.Arwidsson.I:95.Unknown? (Child mummy).Algae; = Täckholm.1006:148 [Stockholm MUS]. Mentha piperita L. (Labiatae; Pepermint; Menthe poivrée); 093.04.XX. Mentha piperita.{073Dyn 20/26.Schweinfurth.1700:312.Sheikh Abd el Gurna.Capituls & branch.= Schweinfurth, 1169:366; = Newberry,1145:53; = Germer, 88:14 [Äg.M.8486;Schweinfurth. 72, 236 & 237). Mentha (Labiatae; Pepermint; Menthe); 093.04.--. Mentha.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Mentha.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.3 desiccated seeds. Mimosa farnesiana: See under Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mimosa nilotica: See under Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. Mimusops !laurifolia (Sapotaceae; ; ); XX.XX. Mimusops !laurifolia.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen, Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Mimusops elengi.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:11.Thebes.Seeds and fruits. Mimusops Elengi.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown?.Fruit. Mimusops kummel Bruce. (Sapotaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Mimusops kummel.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Hepper.2089:149.Tutankhamun's [Kew MUS. No. 13.1979.17].Fruit. Mimusops kummel.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo & Chiovenda.1035:558.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Seeds. Mimusops kummel.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:421.Thebes.Fruits. Mimusops laurifolia (Forsk.) Friis. (Sapotaceae; Persea; Persea); XX.XX.CC. Mimusops laurifolia.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:129.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Fruits. Mimusops laurifolia.{035Dyn 05.Germer.88:41.Abusir (Sahurê's Temple) [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 383].[Fruits]. Mimusops laurifolia.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:159.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).Fruits. Presented as M. schimperi.= Täckholm, 1126:131; = Germer, 88:41 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 207]. Mimusops laurifolia.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1171:5.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Branches. Presented as M. schimperi; = ?,Germer, 88:23 [Äg.M.9688]. Mimusops laurifolia.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:49.Kahun.Fruits & leaves. Mimusops laurifolia.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:5.Dra Abu el Naga [Cairo MUS.].Kernel.= Schweinfurth, 1765: 314. 161 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Mimusops laurifolia.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Fruits. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{060Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period.Newberry.1119:94.Thebes.Fruit. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not Indicated. Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Germer.1851:92, 93 & 94.RT 54 (Thebes; Metropolitan MUS. 09.184.214 & 215 & 216).Leaves. Presented as "M. schimperi". Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Lucas, 1060:145.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Fruits; = Boodle, 2117:16 [Kew MUS. 205, 526, 573F, 616]; = de Vartavan.1400:476; = de Vartavan, 1999:110. Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108 & 160.Deir el Medineh.Fruits & branches. Presented as M. schimperi or "perséa". Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Germer.1443:246.Abydos [Manchester MUS No.3710].Seeds. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:41.Kenamun's [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 201]. [Kernel]. Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).Leaves. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:558.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:560.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Branches & leaves. Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Kernels. Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.1141:112.Deir el Bahari (Amenhetep I's mummy).Leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1789: 74; = Germer, 88:7 (Schw. 233). Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.1141:112.Deir el Bahari (Ahmose I's mummy).Leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1789: 75; = Täckholm, 112 107; = Germer, 88:7 (Schw. 304). Mimusops laurifolia.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.112:121.Tutankhamun's.Branches. Mimusops laurifolia.{072Dyn 19.Germer.1443:246.Queen Tawosret's temple [Manchester MUS. No. 5938).Twigs & leaves. Mimusops laurifolia.{072Dyn 19.Germer.88:23.Senedjem's.Deir el Medineh [Äg.M.3326 &10841 & 10842 & Schweinfurth.294).Branches. Mimusops laurifolia.{072Dyn 19/20.Schiemann.1065:128.Deir el Medineh.2 fruits, 1 seed & fruits skin fragments; = Germer, 88:41 [Äg. MUS. 21534, 21537 & 23983]. Mimusops laurifolia.{073Dyn 20/26.Friis & al.1344:204.Dra Abu el Naga [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Leaves.= Germer, 88:13. Mimusops laurifolia.{073Dyn 20/26.Germer.88:13.Gurna.Leaves (Schweinfurth. No 231).From Maspero's (1884) excavations. Mimusops laurifolia.{080 New Kingdom?.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 780.Seated baboon statue in VIVENEL MUS.L721.Wood. Mimusops laurifolia.{080New Kingdom.Germer.88:41.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 202]. Mimusops laurifolia.{080New Kingdom.Macramallah.184:75.Saqqara.Fruits. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not Indicated. Mimusops laurifolia.{080New Kingdom.Not clear.271:41.Neferempet's statue (Louvre MUS. 852.).Wood. Mimusops laurifolia.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:60.Deir el Bahari (Ramses II's mummy).Leaves. Presented as M. schimperi; = Schweinfurth, 1141:109; = Sch. 1789:73; = Täckholm, 112:130 (Garland); = Germer, 88:9, = Westermaier,1344:202; = Roubet and Layer-Lescot, 1812. Mimusops laurifolia.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1765:312.Deir el Bahari (Nsi-Khonsu's mummy).Leaves. Presented as M. schimperi; = Schweinfurth, 1765:312; = Germer, 88:12 [Äg.M.No 8481). Mimusops laurifolia.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.5 seeds, 2 162 Codex cotyledons & fragments. Mimusops laurifolia.{082Dyn 22.Schweinfurth.1169:364.Mummy.Flowering parts. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{092Dyn 26.Germer.88:14.Djed-Djehuty f-anch's.Leaves (Schw. No. 222). Mimusops laurifolia.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:148.South Ibis Courtyard & West Dump (Saqqara).Leaves. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{100Late Period/Ptolemaic.Hort. Section, Giza.1128:138.Mostagedda.Leaves. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{112Ptolemaic (after).Friis & al.1344:202.Gebelein.Twigs. Mimusops laurifolia.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1017:71-74.El Hibeh.Seeds. Mimusops laurifolia.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (74-75).El Hibeh.1 seed & 1 kernel. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:13.Douch.11+ seeds, leaves & 28 fragments of fruits. Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Myrithi's mummy (Antinoë).Leaves. Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:16.Hawara.Leaves [Äg.M.19546). Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:16.Unknown?.Leaves [Äg.M.8488:& 8489 & Schweinfurth.234 & 235). Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:18.Abusir el Meleq.Leaves [Äg.M.172270). Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:18.Hawara [Äg. MUS. No. 17268].Leaves. Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Not Indicated. Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1021:263.Thebes.Leaves. Presented as M. schimperi; Found by Schiaparelli; = Schweinfurth, 1171:7. Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1021:267.Gebelein [Äg.M.12398 & 12400 & Schw. 232].Branch. Presented as M; schimperi; = Germer, 88:23 & 41 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 209]. Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1765: 314.Nofert Sekeru's (Sheikh Abdel Gurna).Leaves.= Germer, 88:16 [Äg.M.20165-7). Mimusops laurifolia.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:267.Dra Abu el Naga.Branches.= Schweinfurth, 1171:267; Presented as M. schimperi; = Germer, 88:41 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 203, 206 & Äg. MUS. 3362-3]. Mimusops laurifolia.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous leaves and seeds. Mimusops laurifolia.{130Roman.Germer.88:16.Deir el Medineh.Leaves [Äg.M.21827 & Schw. 233). Mimusops laurifolia{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).5 fragments, the nature of which is not indicated. Mimusops laurifolia.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 181 (Table 8.4.).Mons Claudianus.Five seeds.Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Seeds.Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:27.Monastery of Phoebammon.Kernel fragment. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown.Beauverie.109:133.Louvre MUS.5 entire fruits & 3 seeds.= Loret & Poisson, 110:13. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown.Friis & al.1344:202.Unknown?.[UCL MUS. 8494B].Leaves. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown.Germer.1443:245.Der Rifeh.Twigs & leaves. Presented as M. schimperi. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown.Germer.88:23.Unknown?.Branch. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown.Germer.88:24.Unknown?.Branch [Äg.M.3335]. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown.Grosser & Grünewald.319:236.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7008).Fruits & kernels. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown.Grosser & Grünewald.319:239.Not indicated [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 8490).Leaves ( Leiterkette ). 163 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:24.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].Leaves. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown?.Germer.88:24.Deir el Medineh.Branch [Äg.M.23980]. Mimusops laurifolia.Unknown?.Germer.88:24.Theben.Branch (Schw. 208). Mimusops schimperi: See under M. laurifolia. Mimusops L. (Sapotaceae; Bulletwood; Mimusops); XX.XX.--. Mimusops.{071Dyn 18.Germer.1851:90.Amarna [Ashmolean MUS.].Leaves. Mimusops.{080New Kingdom.Ribstein.1343:208.Unknown [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 290].Wood, Mimusops.{081Dyn 21 (Osorkon I).Newberry.1442:145.Thebes (Valley of the kings).Flowers. Mimusops.{081Dyn 21.Newberry.1442:145.Thebes.Flowers. Mimusops.{081Dyn 21.Winlock.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's tomb).Twigs & leaves. Mimusops.{120Graeco Roman.Pleyte.1250:.Mummies [Leiden MUS.].Leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1167:71. Mimusops.{130Roman (circa) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Mimusops.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Mimusops.{140Coptic.Quibell.221:34.Saqqara.[Seeds]. Presented as "mimusops". Mimusops.Unknown.Kunth.2201:228.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Seeds. Presented as Diospyros but reidentified as Mimusops by Braun (1121:301). Mimusops.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? (Florence MUS].Kernels.= Bonnet, 1177:6. Mitracarpus! (Rubiaceae; ; ); 086. Mitracarpus!.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Mohria Sw. (Schizaeaceae; ; ); XX.XX.--. Mohria.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [13 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:482.Berenbal.pollen. Mohria.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 [11 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:484.Berenbal.Pollen. Mons Porphyrites.119 desiccated & 11 carbonized seeds. Moraceae Link. (Mulberry family; Moracées); 012.--.--. Moraceae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000-15.000 [14 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Moringa !peregrina (Moringaceae; ; ); 038.01. Moringa !peregrina.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Moringa aptera: See under M. peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. (Moringaceae; ; ); 038.01.01. Moringa peregrina.{112Ptolemaic?.Schweinfurth.1021:270.Dra Abu el Naga.Seed.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7; Presented as M. aptera. 164 Codex Moringa peregrina.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Moringa peregrina.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.10 seeds. Moringa peregrina.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.5 desiccated seeds & charcoal. Moringa peregrina.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Florence MUS.Seeds. Presented by Migliarini as M. aptera Gaertn.= Bonnet, 1177:4.; = Bonnet, 1177:3; = Germer, 88:28.n. Morus alba L. (Moraceae; White mulberry; Mûrier blanc); 12.XX.CC. Morus alba.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 194.Mons Claudianus.Seeds not distinguished yet. Morus !nigra L. (Moraceae; Black mulberry; Mûrier noir); 12.XX.CC. Morus !nigra.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Morus nigra L. (Moraceae; Black mulberry; Mûrier noir); 012.XX.CC. Morus nigra.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 194.Mons Claudianus.2 probable seeds. Morus nigra.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Fruits & leaves. Morus.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae; Plantain; ); XX.XX.XX. Musa paradisiaca.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Leaf. Muscari Hill. (Liliaceae; Grape hyacinth; Muscari); 116.13.--. Muscari.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).16 [Not Indicated.]. Muscari.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Muscari.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Muscari.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Muscari! (Liliaceae; Grape hyacinth; Muscari). Muscari!.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed.; = de Vartavan, 1999:111. Myriophyllum L. (Haloragidaceae; Water milfoil; Myriophylle); 075.01.--. Myriophyllum.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragidaceae; Spiked milfoil; Myriophylle à épis); 075.01.01. Myriophyllum spicatum.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian).Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Not Indicated. Myriophyllum spicatum.{130Roman (circa) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Myriophyllum spicatum.{130Roman = Before AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2b).Pollen. 165 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae; Common nutmeg; Muscadier commun).XXX.XX.XX. Myristica fragrans.Not indicated.Bonastre.1908:267.Unknown?.Fruit fragments. Presented as Myristica moschata. Myristica moschata Thunb.: See under Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myrsine africana L. (Myrsinaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Myrsine africana.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown?.Not Indicated. Myrtus !communis. (Myrtaceae; Myrthe; Myrte); Myrtus !communis.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Leaf. Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae; Common myrtle; Myrte commun); XX.XX.CC. Myrtus communis.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:110. Myrtus communis.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.Surface Sector 7 & West Dump (Saqqara).Leaves & twigs. Myrtus communis.{100Late Period.Loret.111:78.Bubastis.Branches. Myrtus communis.{100Late Period.Loret.111:78.Unknown? [Leiden MUS.].[Branches.]. Myrtus communis.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:14-28.Douch.25+ branches & 40+ leaves. Myrtus communis.{120Graeco Roman.Germer,88:19.Hawara [Äg.MUS.3340].Fruits. Myrtus communis.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Fayum.Berries [Äg.M.19538]. Myrtus communis.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Unknown?.Leaves [Äg.M.3336]. Myrtus communis.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:51.Hawara.Twigs & leaves; ?= Germer, 88:31. Myrtus communis.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:20.Fayum [Cairo MUS].Flowerheads (Schweinfurth. 241). Myrtus communis.{130Roman (AD 300).Germer.88:25.Hawara [Äg.M.14270].Branch & fruits. Myrtus communis.{130Roman (AD 300).Germer.88:25.Meir [Schw. 215].Branch. Myrtus communis.{130Roman (AD 400).Germer.88:25.Arsinoe.Branch. Myrtus communis.{140Coptic.Quibell.221:34.Saqqara.Leaves (bundle). Presented as "myrtle". Myrtus L. (Myrtaceae; Myrthe; Myrte); XX.XX.XX. Myrtus.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Narcissus tazetta L. (Amarallidaceae; Polyanthus narcissus; Narcisse à bouquet); 119.02.01. Narcissus tazetta.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).Bulb scale.Possibly a late intrusion. Narcissus tazetta.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:51.Hawara [British MUS.].Flowers; = Germer, 2089:198 [Kew No. 112.1888 & 19.1978.19]. Narcissus tazetta.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS].Flowers. Narcissus tazetta.Unknown.Beauverie.109:126 (Pl. III).Louvre MUS. [No. 1410].5 bulbs.= Loret & Poisson, 110:10. Narcissus tazetta.Unknown?.Germer.2089:198.Unknown? [Leiden MUS. No. AU 41].Bulb. 166 Codex Nardurus: See under Vulpia. Nelumbium speciosum Willd.: See under Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner (Nelumbonaceae; Sacred lotus; Lis rose des égyptiens); XX.XX.XX. Nelumbo nucifera.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Seeds. Presented as Nelumbo speciosum Nelumbo nucifera.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:148.Sector 7 (Saqqara).Basal portion of leaf blades. Nelumbo nucifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Hawara.Blutenblattern [Äg.M.14154 &14215]. Nelumbo nucifera.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Not Indicated. Presented as Nelumbo speciosum. Nelumbo nucifera.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 181 (Table 8.4.).Mons Claudianus.3 seeds. Nelumbo nucifera.{130Roman (AD 200-300),Germer.88:17-19.Hawara [Schw. 252, 254, 239 & 240].Flower parts. Nelumbo nucifera.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS. NO. 6333].Receptacle with seeds. Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae; Odorous oleander; Nérion laurier rose); 084.XX.XX. Nerium oleander.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Leaves. Presented as Nerium Oleander. Nicotiana L. (Solanaceae; ; ); 094.07.XX. Nicotiana.{071Dyn 18.Layer-Lescot.1813:183.Ramses II's mummy.Leaves. Nicotiana: Not "tobbaco" (N. tabacum L), but a wild Nicotiana like N. plumbaginifolia Viv. or N. glauca R.C. Grah., both species present in the Nile valley today, the latter common (C. de V.). Nicotiana! (Solanaceae; ; ). Nicotiana!.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Paris & Drapier-Laparade.1717:197.Ramses II's mummy.Chemical components (Alcaloidic bases). Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae; Black cumin; Nigelle de Crète); 024.04.XX. Nigella sativa.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.2096:6.Tutankhamun's (Thebes).Seeds. Presented as "Migella sativa" [Sic.]; = Boodle, 2117:16a [Kew MUS. 614h]; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 1 [Cairo and Kew MUS. idem]; = de Vartavan, 1999:108. Nigella sativa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Nigella sativa.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills). [Fruit]. Nigella sativa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.31 desiccated & 12 carbonized seeds. Nigella sativa.Unknown.Braun.1121:290.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Seeds; = Germer, 2089:35 [Ägyptisches MUS. No. 6997]; = Germer, 88:31. 167 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Nitraria L. (Nitrariaceae; Lotus tree; Nitraire); 049.01.--. Nitraria.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Noaea! (Chenopodiaceae; ; ). Noaea type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Notohlaena R. Br.: See under Cheilanthes Swartz. Nymphaea coerulea Sav. (Nymphaeaceae; Blue lotus; Lotus bleu); 027.01.02. Nymphaea coerulea.{071Dyn 18 (Ahmose I).Schweinfurth.1167:69.Deir el Bahari (Ahmose I's mummy).Petals,= Schweinfurth, 1141:110; Schweinfurth, 1789:76; = Germer, 88:7 (Schw. 304). Nymphaea coerulea.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Germer.1851:92.Thebes (RT 54 [Metropolitan MUS. 09.184.214).Sepals. Nymphaea coerulea.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:190.Tutankhamun's tomb.Petals.= Germer, 128: = Germer, 1851:90, Nymphaea coerulea.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:14.Gurna.Fragments (Schw. No. 256). Nymphaea coerulea.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:548.Thebes (Kha's tomb).Not indicated. Nymphaea coerulea.{072Dyn 19/20.Germer.88:14.Deir el Bahari.Sepals [Äg.M.11990, Äg.M.11991, Äg.M.11992, Äg.M.11993, Äg.M.11994]. Nymphaea coerulea.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1021:280.Cheikh Abdel Qurna (Kent's mummy).Leaves & flower heads.= Schweinfurth, 1171:13; =? Germer, 88:14 (Schw. 257). Nymphaea coerulea.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1141:110.Deir el Bahari (Nibsoni's mummy).Flowers.= Schweinfurth, 1789:76. Nymphaea coerulea.{073Dyn 20/21!.Germer.88:9.Sethi II's.Flowers (Schweinfurth No. 258). Nymphaea coerulea.{073Dyn 20/21.Schweinfurth.1141:110.Deir el Bahari (Ahmose's mummy).Petals & ?sepals.= Täckholm, 112:106 Garland .= Schweinfurth, 1167:68; = Schweinfurth, 1789: 76. Nymphaea coerulea.{073Dyn 20/21.Schweinfurth.1167:70.Deir el Bahari (Amenhetep I's mummy).Flowers.= Schweinfurth, 1141:112; Schweinfurth, 1789:74; = Täckholm, 112:235; = Germer, 88:7. Nymphaea coerulea.{073Dyn 20/21¹.Schweinfurth.1789:73.Ramses II's mummy.Sepals & petals.= Schweinfurth, 1169: 357; =? Germer, 88:10 (Royal mummy, Schweinfurth. 255). Nymphaea coerulea.{081Dyn 21 (Osorkon I).Newberry.1442:145.Thebes (Valley of the kings).Flowers. Nymphaea coerulea.{081Dyn 21.Newberry.1442:145.Thebes.Flowers. Nymphaea coerulea.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:60.Deir el Bahari (Ramses II's mummy).Sepals & petals.= Schweinfurth, 1141:110; = Schweinfurth, 1789:73; = Täckholm, 112:130; = Germer, 88:9; = Leroy, 1715:157; = Roubet & Layer-Lescot, 1812:159. Nymphaea coerulea.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1765:312.Deir el Bahari (Nsi-Khonsu's mummy).Petals.= Schweinfurth, 1765:312; = Germer, 88:12 [Äg.M.No 8481]. Nymphaea coerulea.{085Dyn 25.Germer.1443:245.Qurneh.Flower. Nymphaea coerulea.{120Graeco Roman.Braun.1151:56,Mummy's garland [Leyden MUS.].Leaves. Nymphaea coerulea.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Flower fragment. Nymphaea coerulea.{130Roman.Germer.88:16.Deir el Medineh.Sepals [Äg.M.21827 & Schw. 223]. Nymphaea coerulea.{130Roman.Germer.88:16.Gurna.Sepals [Äg.M.20165-7]. Nymphaea lotus L. (Nymphaeaceae; White Egyptian lotus; Lotier d'Egypte); 027.01.01. Nymphaea lotus.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Wreath. 168 Codex Nymphaea lotus.{081Dyn 21.Newberry.1083:48.Kahun.[Flowers]. Nymphaea lotus.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:60.Deir el Bahari (Amenhetep I's mummy).Petals & sepals.= Schweinfurth, 1141:110; Schweinfurth, 1789:74; = Germer, 88:7. Nymphaea lotus.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:60.Deir el Bahari (Ramses II's mummy).Sepals & petals.= Schweinfurth, 1141:110; = Schweinfurth, 1789:73; = Schw. 1169:357; = Täckholm, 112:131; = Germer, 88:9; = Leroy, 1715:157. Nymphaea lotus.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS].Flowers. Nymphaea lotus.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. VII.Louvre MUS.5 flowers & pedoncul.= Loret & Poisson, 110:24. Nymphaea.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Hather.1965:159.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Vascular tissues. Nymphaea.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Nymphaea.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S2a + b).Pollen. Nymphaea.{081Dyn 21.Winlock.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's tomb).Petals in 3 collars. Nymphaea.{130Roman (circa) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Nymphaea L. (Nymphaeaceae; Water lily; Nénufar); 027.01.--. Nymphaea.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Nymphaea.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown?.Flowers. Ochradenus baccatus Del. (Resedaceae; Taily Weed;); 037.01.01. Ochradenus baccatus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 202.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Ochradenus baccatus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Ochradenus baccatus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.7 desiccated seeds. Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae; Sweet basil; Basilic commun); 093.01.CC. Ocimum basilicum.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.West Dump (Saqqara).Twigs. Ocimum basilicum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Ocimum basilicum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Ocimum L. (Labiatae; Basil; Basilic); 093.01.XX. Ocimum.{130Roman (after) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Olea !europea. (Oleaceae; Common olive; Olivier commun). Olea !europea,130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:91]. Olea !europea,130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:110]. Olea !europea,130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:105]. Olea !europea,130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:103]. Olea !europea,130Roman.C.T.F.T.190:33.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:32]. 169 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Olea europea L. var. nubica. (Oleaceae; ; ); 082.01.XX. Olea europea var. nubica.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Not Indicated. Olea europea L. (Oleaceae; Common olive; Olivier commun); 082.01.CC. Olea europea.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Pits; =? Murray.1682:14. [Kernels]. Olea europea.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Britton.79:17.RT 54 (Thebes; Metropolitan MUS. 09.184.214 & 215 & 216).Leaves.= Germer, 1851:92 & 93 & 94. Olea europea.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:190.Tutankhamun's tomb.Leaves.= Germer, 128; = Germer, 1851:90; = Germer, 2089:151 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 265 & 268]. Other samples = Boodle, 2117:17 [Kew MUS. 253, 254A, 280a & 300a]; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 2 [Kew MUS.]; = de Vartavan, 1999:110. Olea europea.{071Dyn 18.Germer.1851:90.Amarna [Ashmolean MUS.].Leaves. (presented as "Ölbaum"). Olea europea.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:14.Gurna.Leaves (Schweinfurth. 220). Olea europea.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.1208:27.Kherouef's tomb.Leaves. Olea europea.{071Dyn 18.Not Indicated.1739:153.Deir el Medineh [Dokki Agricultural MUS. No 4180].Stones. Olea europea.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Olea europea.{071Dyn 18/19.Germer.88:28.Gurna.Kernel (Schw. 265). Olea europea.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:423.Thebes.1 leafy branch. Olea europea.{072Dyn 19/20.Germer.88:14.Deir el Bahari.Leaves [Äg.M.11992]. Olea europea.{072Dyn 19/20.Germer.88:14.Deir el Bahari.Leaves.[Äg.M.11994]. Olea europea.{073Dyn 20.Greiss.1093:271.Akhmin.Twigs. Olea europea.{073Dyn 20/26.Germer.88:24.Assasif.Branch [Äg.M.9689 & Schw. 271]. Olea europea.{073Dyn 20/26.Germer.88:28.Gurna.Kernel (Schweinfurth. 267). Olea europea.{080New Kingdom.Kislev.1359:236.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Five kernels (dissecated). Olea europea.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated.= Murray, 1673:10. Olea europea.{081Dyn 21.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Olea europea.{082Dyn 22 (Osorkon).Pleyte.1765:314 (Note 1).Mummy's garland [Leiden MUS.].Leaves.= Braun, 1151:56; = Ruffer, 1105:80. Olea europea.{082Dyn 22.Germer.88:14.Sheikh Abdel Gurna.Leaves [Äg.M.8474 & 8475].= ? Ruffer, 1105:80 [Cairo MUS.]. Olea europea.{085Dyn 25.Braun,1151:56.Mummy's garland (Leyden MUS.].Leaves. Olea europea.{092Dyn 26.Germer.88:14.Dd-Dhwti-f-anch's.Leaves.(Schweinfurth. 263&266). Olea europea.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.South Ibis Courtyard & West Dump (Saqqara).Roots, branches, stones & leaves. Olea europea.{110 Persian period.2006-NEWTON&AL.: 408.„Ayn Manawir (MMA context Kharga).2 stones [in contradiction with page 410 where three (trois) is indicated]. Olea europea.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1017:71-3.El Hibeh.Fruit stones. Olea europea.{120 Graeco-Roman.2nd c.B.C.-3rd c.A.D.-2004.Aufderheide&AL.: 4.Kellis-1 tomb group (mummies), Dakhleh Oasis.[Presented as olive oil].Not indicated. Olea europea.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:13.Douch.31+ seeds, leaves, fruits & branches.= Barakat, 1502:200. Olea europea.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Leaves. Olea europea.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:16.Hawara.Leaves [Äg.M.19546). Olea europea.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Not Indicated. Olea europea.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.2 stones. Olea europea.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1021:266,Thebes.Leaves.Found by Schiaparelli; = Schweinfurth, 1171:6. Olea europea.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1021:266.Dra Abu el Naga.Kernel.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7; = Schweinfurth, 1700:312; = Germer, 88:28 (Schweinfurth 262). 170 Codex Olea europea.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1021:267.Gebelein.Branches. Olea europea.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1765:314.Sheikh Abdel Gurna (Nofert-Shekheru's tomb).Leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1170:545. Olea europea.{130 Roman (between AD 100- 200).2006-NEWTON&AL.: 408.„Ayn Manawir (MMS&MQ5d contexts - Kharga).45 stones Olea europea.{130 Roman (between AD 50- 300).2006-NEWTON&AL.: 408.AL-Zarqa (Maximianon – near Koptos).8 stones (The author indicates erroneously p.410 that they are kernels from the Persian period from this site, which is in contradiction with Table 1, p.409 and text p.408 where only Roman kernels are recorded from AL-Zarqa; she thereafter draws erroneous conclusions as to presence of olive at that time, i.e. the Persian period, on the site]). Olea europea.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous parts of various kind. Olea europea.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Stones. Olea europea.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Stones. Olea europea.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills). [Stone]. Olea europea.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1753:2.Antinoë (Unknown lady's mummy).Branches. Olea europea.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:24.Hawara [Schw. 261].Branch. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:39.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:46]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:42.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:61]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:43.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:65]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:44.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:68]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:44.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:67]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:45.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:75]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:45.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:74]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:45.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:71]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:89]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:87]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:101]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:94]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:93]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:48.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:93]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:109]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:122]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:118]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:117]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:51.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:125]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:52.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:140]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:61.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:193]. Olea europea.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:61.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:192]. Olea europea.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:368.Quseir al Qadim.37 stones. Olea europea.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 174.‟AynManawir, MMU (Kharga Oasis).Desiccated leaves. Olea europea.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.27 desiccated & 4 carbonized stones or pips. Olea europea.{140Coptic (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1757:154.Antinoë (Byzantine Lady's mummy).Branchlets & leaves. Olea europea.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:28.Monastery of Phoebammon.Stones (71). Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:40.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:51]. Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:68.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:218]. Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:232]. Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:69.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:237]. Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:72.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:250]. 171 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:73.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:256]. Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:74.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:260]. Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:75.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:265]. Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:75.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:263]. Olea europea.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:92.Antinoë?.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:317]. Olea europea.{140Coptic.Quibell.221:34.Saqqara.Leaves. Presented as "olive". Olea europea.Unknown.Germer.88:24.Thebes.Branch [Äg.M.6939).From Passalaqua's excavations. Olea europea.Unknown.Germer.88:24.Unknown?.Branch [Äg.M.3338). Olea europea.Unknown?.Braun.1151:49.Unknown? [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Passalacqua Cat. N° 1597].Twigs (Bundle of 3). Olea europea.Unknown?.Braun.1151:53.Unknown? [Leiden MUS].Leaves.[Wreaths]. Olea europea.Unknown?.Germer.88:28.Unknown?.Kernel (Schweinfurth. 380). Olea europea.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Not Indicated].= Bonnet, 1177:3. Olea europea.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown?.[Not Indicated.]. Presented as O. Oleaster. Olea europea{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).4 fragments, the nature of which is not indicated. Olea Oleaster Hoffmg. & Link.: See under Olea europea L. Olea.{130Roman (after) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Olea.{130Roman (before) = Before AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2b).Pollen. Oleaceae Hoffmgg. et Link. (Olive family; Oleacées); 082.--.--. Oleaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Oleaceae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. ommiphora !myrrha.{030.9 Predynastic.2004-EDWARDS&AL.: 230.El Mahasna (MANCHESTER MUS.5091).Resin [Presented as evidently “myrrh”]. Onagraceae A. Juss. (Evening-primrose family; Onagracées); 074.--.--. Onagraceae.{036Dyn 06 (after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8d).Pollen. Onagraceae.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2a).Pollen. Onagraceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7c + d).Pollen. Onagraceae.{130Roman (after) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Onagraceae.{130Roman (or before) = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6d).Pollen. Onagraceae! (Evening-primrose family; Onagracées). Onagraceae!.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [29 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Onagraceae!.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 15000-20000 [18-20 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Oncoba! spinosa. (Flacurtiaceae; ; ). Oncoba! spinosa.{120Graeco Roman?.Schweinfurth.1021:266.Dra Abu el Naga.Kernel.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6; = Schweinfurth, 1700:312, = Newberry, 1145:53. 172 Codex Oncoba!/Flacurtia. (Flacurtiaceae; ; ) Oncoba/Flacurtia!{140Coptic.Ribstein.1343:207.Unknown? [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 99].Wood, Oncoba/Flacurtia!Not indicated.Ribstein.1343:207.Unknown? [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 362, 363, 373 & 404].Wood. Ononis! (Leguminosae; Restharrow; Bugrane). Ononis!.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seed.= de Vartavan, 1400:Table 2 [Kew MUS.; presented as Ononis type). Ophioglossum !polyphyllum (Ophioglossaceae; ; ); 002.01. Ophioglossum !polyphyllum.{036Dyn 06 (after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c).Pollen. Origanum majorana L. (Labiatae; Sweet marjoram; Marjolaine cultivée); 093.05.CC. Origanum Majorana.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:13.Douch.139+ branches, 29 leaves & flowers.Various seeds.= Barakat, 1502:200, Origanum Majorana.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Myrithis's mummy (Antinoë).Branches. Origanum Majorana.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Branches. Origanum Majorana.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Abusir el Meleq [Äg.M.17611, 17614 & 17615].Leaf part. Origanum Majorana.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Achmim [Äg.M.14896].Leaf part. Origanum Majorana.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Unknown? [Äg.M.3333 & 3336].Leaf part. Origanum Majorana.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:51.Hawara.Not Indicated; ?= Germer.88:18.Hawara.Branch [Äg.M.3350 & 14155). Origanum Majorana.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1753:1.Unknown lady's (Antinoë).Branches. Origanum majorana.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1757:154.Antinoë (Byzantine Lady's mummy).Branchlets. Origanum Majorana.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:17 & 18.Fayum [Schw. 242, 243, 244, 245 & Äg.M.19538].Leaf & branch. Origanum Majorana.{130Roman.Badir.1015:§,Hawara.Branch.= Germer, 88:19 (Schweinfurth. 269 & 270). Origanum Majorana.{130Roman.Germer,88:17.Hawara [Äg.MUS. specimens].Leaf & branch. Origanum Majorana.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS].Twigs with leaves. Presented as Majorana hortensis. Orlaya: See under Pseudorlaya. Oryza clandestina: See under Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Oryza sativa L. ([Gramineae; Rice; Riz); 124.XX.CC. Oryza sativa.{140 8 Roman to Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. 173 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Ostrya Scop. (Betulaceae;;); XX.XX.XX. Ostrya.{034Dyn 04.Phillips.2099:45.Giza (Cheops Boat).Wood. Presented as "probably O. carpinifolia, the hop hornbeam of S.E. Europe and Asia Minor. Otostegia Benth. (Labiatae;;); 093.18.--. Otostegia.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Palmae! (Palm; Palmier). Palmae.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:420.Thebes.Marbled seeds. Palmae.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Roots and other parts. Palmae.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 180 (Table 2).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Roots & wood fragments. Palmae.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).1 fragment, the nature of which is not indicated. Palmae.{140 Coptic (Post-Meroitic period ca.AD 350-600) 2001-COPLEY&AL.: 594.Nubian site of Qasr Ibrim.Lipids.(Possibly Phoenix dactylifera and/or Hyphaene thebaica). Paniceae. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.--.--. Paniceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Paniceae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Panicum !{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Panicum colonum: See under Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. Panicum !repens. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.74. Panicum !repens.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:112. Panicum !turgidum. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.74.--. Panicum !turgidum.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:143.Nabta Plata (E-756).Seeds. Panicum turgidum Forssk. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.74.01. Panicum turgidum.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Panicum turgidum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Panicum turgidum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 130 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Panicum! (Gramineae; Panic grass; Panic). 124.74.--. Panicum type.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). 174 Codex Panicum L. (Gramineae:Panic grass; Panic); 124.74.--. Panicum.{063Dyn 17-18.Unger.1259:81.El Kab.Caryopsis without seed. Panicum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:112.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Papaver !rhoeas (Papaveraceae; Red poppy; Coquelicot). Papaver !rhoeas.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Papaver rhoeas L. (Papaveraceae; Red poppy; Coquelicot); 031.01.06. Papaver rhoeas.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.4 seeds. Papaver rhoeas.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Papaver rhoeas.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1141:113.Deir el Bahari.Entire flowers.= Schweinfurth, 1167:73, = Schweinfurth, 1169: 357; = Schweinfurth, 1700: 312; = Schweinfurth, 1789: 312. Papaver rhoeas.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:72.Deir el Bahari (Nsi-Khonsou's mummy).Flowers.= Schweinfurth, 1765:312; =? Schweinfurth,1700:312. Papaver rhoeas.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Flowers?. Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae; Opium poppy; Pavot somnifère).031.01.XX. Papaver somniferum.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108 & 201.Deir el Medineh.2 capsules. Papaver somniferum: Although Germer (2089:45) states "Die eine gefundene Mohnkapsel in einem Grab der 18. Dyn. is in ihrer botanischen Bestimmung als P. somniferum nicht gesichert", one of the author (C. de V.) has seen what looks like a P. somniferum capsule in exhibit in 1989 in the Dokki Agricultural Museum, Cairo. He remembers that it was found in Deir el Medineh and wonders if it is not one of the capsules discovered by Bruyère. Papaver !somniferum (Papaveraceae; Opium poppy; Pavot somnifère). Papaver !somniferum.{130.6Roman/Coptic.Midgley.143:95.Matmar.Seeds. Papaver! (Papaveraceae; Poppy; Pavot). Papaver!.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not Indicated. Papaver L. (Papaveraceae; Poppy; Pavot); 031.01.--. Papaver.{081Dyn 21.Winlock.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's).Petals. Papaver.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:27.Douch.1 capsule. Papilionaceae: See under Leguminosae. Parapholis! (Gramineae; ; ); 124.32.01 Parapholis type.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Rachis. 175 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf. (Gramineae; ; ). 124.75.01. Paspalidium geminatum.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:111.El Omari.1 seed. Paspalidium geminatum: See under Panicum germinatum Forst. Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae; Marmal; Marmale); 047.01.01. Peganum harmala.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Pennisetum glaucum (Gramineae; Pennisetum; Pénnisetum); 124.79.XX. Pennisetum glaucum.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Spikelets. Pennisetum L.C.Rich. (Gramineae; Pennisetum; Pénnisetum); 124.79. Pennisetum.Not clear.Rowley Conwy.1549:15.Qasr Ibrïm.Not Indicated. Pennisetum! (Gramineae; Pennisetum; Pénnisetum). Pennisetum!{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Inflorescence. Peplis L.: See under Lythrum L. Peristrophe !bicalyculata (Acanthaceae; ; ); 097.06. Peristrophe !bicalyculata.{036Dyn 06 (or after) = After BC 2238 (C14).Leroy,1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c).Pollen. Peristrophe !bicalyculata.{130Roman (after) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Persica vulgaris: See under Prunus persica Phalaris canariensis L. (Gramineae; Canary grass; Phalaris des Canaries); 124.68.02. Phalaris canariensis.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Phalaris minor Retz. (Gramineae; Lesser canary grass; Phalaris mineur); 124.68.01. Phalaris minor.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,1617.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Not indicated. Phalaris minor.{071Dyn 18.Samuel.1317:281.Amarna.Seeds (12+). Phalaris minor.{072Dyn 19.Täckholm.I:403.Medinet Habu [Fouad I MUS. No. M.H. 30].Complete specimen.= Täckholm (1006:153). Phalaris minor.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:14.Douch.Florets. Phalaris minor.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411: .Monastery of Phoebammon.Panicle with spikelets. 176 Codex Phalaris paradoxa L. var. praemorsa (Lam.) Coss. & Dr. (Gramineae; Paradoxal canary grass; Phalaris paradoxal); 124.68.03. Phalaris paradoxa var. praemorsa.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:156.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple [Berlin-Dahlem and Berlin Botanical MUS.]).Spikelets.= Wittmack, 1711:185. Phalaris paradoxa var. praemorsa.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.I:406.Kahun [British MUS.].2 spikelets. Phalaris paradoxa L. (Gramineae; Paradoxal canary grass; Phalaris paradoxal); 124.68.03. Phalaris paradoxa.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 1115 [seeds]. Phalaris paradoxa.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:48.Dahshur Pyramid.Seeds. Phalaris paradoxa.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:201.Masxuta.Seeds. Phalaris paradoxa.{081Dyn 21 to Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1.El Hibeh.Seed (1). Phalaris paradoxa.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (74-75).El Hibeh.2 grains. Phalaris paradoxa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Spikelet. Phalaris paradoxa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.19 desiccated spikelets. Phalaris L. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.68.--. Phalaris.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Phalaris.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.699 seeds. Phalaris.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).195 [Not Indicated.]. Phalaris.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.54 [Not Indicated.]. Phalaris.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Phalaris.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).Seeds (37).= Wetterstrom, 1354:Table I. Phalaris.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Phalaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.793 seeds. Phalaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.16277 seeds. Phalaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.5 seeds. Phalaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).3502 [Not Indicated.]. Phalaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.300 [Not Indicated.]. Phalaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.Not indicated. Phalaris.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Not indicated (300). Phalaris.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:144.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).2 spikelets & 6 rachis fragments. Phalaris.{040Old Kingdom.Wetterstrom.1772:25.Deir el Ballas.Seeds. Phalaris.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Phalaris.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Phalaris.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Phalaris.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Phalaris.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Phalaris.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated.= Murray, 1673:10 (Memphis). Phalaris.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Phalaris.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.14 desiccated & 11 carbonized seeds. Phallaris paradoxa var. praemorsa.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew MUS.]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:112? 177 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Phillyrea L. (Oleaceae; Mock privet; Filaria); 082.XX.--. Phillyrea.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.60 pollens. Phlomis !herba-vinti. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.17. Phlomis !herba-vinti.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen . Phoenix !dactylifera (Palmae; Date-palm; Palmier dattier); Phoenix !dactylifera.{071Dyn 18/20.Mackay.1918:162.Menna's tomb.Wood. Phoenix !dactylifera.Unknown?.Reutter.1671:114.Unknown [Neuchatel MUS.].Wine?. Phoenix dactylifera L. (Palmae; Date-palm; Palmier dattier); 125.01.01. Phoenix dactylifera.{010Late Paleolithic.El Hadidi.1560:348.Nabta (E-75-8).Seed & ?root?.= Wasylikowa, 1964:139. Phoenix dactylifera.{025.Protodynastic (BC 3200-3100).El Hadidi.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Spadix branches. Presented as "date palm". Phoenix dactylifera.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:107.Hierakonpolis (loc 6). [Fibre]. Phoenix dactylifera.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Roots. Phoenix dactylifera.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Leaves. Phoenix dactylifera.{030.9Predynastic (Archaic).Täckholm.II:219.Abu Umuri.Kernels.Modern according to Täckholm (1336). Phoenix dactylifera.{030.9Predynastic (Early; BC 3650 (C14)).Jodrell Lab.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).Wood. Phoenix dactylifera.{030.9Predynastic.Dyer.149:54.Naqada.Male Palm flower. Phoenix dactylifera.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm,1336:116.Rigeizat (Armant).Leaflets. Phoenix dactylifera.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm.1127:568.El Omari.1 kernel. Phoenix dactylifera.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1116:230.Helwan.Flowers & leaves. Phoenix dactylifera.{032Dyn 02/03.Quibell.312:21.Saqqara (No. 2119).Wood (beams). Phoenix dactylifera.{033.5Early Dynastic.Stuart.311:83.Qaw el Kebir.Wood. Phoenix dactylifera.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.Not indicated. Phoenix dactylifera.{033Dyn 03/06.Petrie & Mackay.314:28.Kafr Ammar.[Fibre] ropes. Phoenix dactylifera.{034Dyn 04.Lucas.11:444.Tomb adjoining pyramid of Khefren.Wood (logs). Phoenix dactylifera.{035Dyn 05.Petrie.148:Pl.34.Deshasha.[Fibre]. Phoenix dactylifera.{035Dyn 05.Schäfer.1023:114,Abusir.Fibre (mat). Phoenix dactylifera.{043Dyn 11.Carnarvon & Carter.1954:27 & 29.Deir El Bahari.Wood. Phoenix dactylifera.{043Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1171:3.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Kernels. Presented as "Dattelkerne"; = Schweinfurth, 1021:260; = Täckholm, 1336:16; = Täckholm, II:219 (CF No. 381); = Germer, 88:37 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 278]. Phoenix dactylifera.{043Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.309:.Tomb No. 9911-13 (Thebes).Fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{043Dyn 11.Täckholm.II:477.Amonit's [Cairo MUS. No. Corr. 39 U.].Leaves (sandals). Phoenix dactylifera.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:10.Dra Abu el Naga.Fruits. Presented as "Dates". Phoenix dactylifera.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.II:231.Hawara.Leaflets. Phoenix dactylifera.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.II:231.Meir [Cairo MUS. No. 5160].Palm ribs. Phoenix dactylifera.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Fruits]. Phoenix dactylifera.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. 178 Codex Phoenix dactylifera.{060Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period.Newberry.1119:94.Thebes.Leaves & fruit. Phoenix dactylifera.{060Middle Kingdom.Germer?.319:230.Kahun [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 10942].Fibre. Presented as "Palmfaser". Phoenix dactylifera.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).[Fruits]. Phoenix dactylifera.{060Middle Kingdom.Schweinfurth.309:.Tomb 16 (Saqqara).Berlin Botanisches MUS. (No. 1392).Fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{060Middle Kingdom.Schweinfurth.309;.Queen Mentou-Hotep's (No. 1177; Thebes). Phoenix dactylifera.{060Middle Kingdom.Steindorff.316:30.Gebelein (Henui's tomb).Fibre (12 bags). Phoenix dactylifera.{062Dyn 16.Petrie & Brunton.150:16 & 19.Sedment (Grave No.1257).Wood & fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{070Second Intermediate Period.Brown.150:16.Sedment (Mayana).Fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18 (Amenhetep I),Täckholm.II:235.Deir El Bahari (Amenhetep I's mummy [Fouad I MUS. 3314]).Not Indicated.Not seen in Schweinfurth (1167) as suggested by Täckholm. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18 (Amenhetep III).Täckholm.II:221.Sennufer's [Cairo? MUS. No.3284).Fruits & kernels. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Boodle.2117:18.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo and Kew]).Fruits & kernels; =de Vartavan.1400:Table 1; = de Vartavan, 1999:112. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:192.Tutankhamun's tomb.Leaves. Presented as "date-palm". Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.325:149.Tutankhamun's.Fibre (Garlands). Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.2010-PANAGIOTAKOPULU&AL.: 479.Amarna.1250 damaged date stones. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Breccia.1833:10.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Presented as "datteri". Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh [MUS. No.1418].Fruits & kernels.= Täckholm, II:220. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:109.Deir el Medineh.[Fruits]. Presented as "dattes". Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Carnarvon & Carter.1954:33 (Pl.79).Thebes.Fibre (baskets). Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Greiss.181:114.Deir el Medineh [Dokki MUS. No. 93.].Leaflets.= Greiss, 1093:267. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Lucas.1060:145.Tutankhamun's.Dates (no stones). Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:558.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits & leaves. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Peet & Woolley.315:74,76 & 81.Amarna.Fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Piovano.1639:47.[Turin MUS.].Fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Stones. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:235.Deir el Bahari (Ahmose I's mummy [Fouad I MUS. 3304 & 3312]).Leaf fibre.Germer, 88:6. Phoenix dactylifera.{071Dyn 18.Winlock.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's).Fibre and palm stick (torches). Phoenix dactylifera.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:204.Masxuta,Petiole piece. Phoenix dactylifera.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:419.Thebes.Fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{072Dyn 19.Täckholm.II:234.Medinet Habu [Fouad I MUS. No. MH.30]. [Strips].= Täckholm, I:403. Phoenix dactylifera.{072Dyn 19/20.Davies.313:35.Apy's (Thebes).Wood. Phoenix dactylifera.{072Dyn 19/20.Schiemann.1065:128.Deir el Medineh.Wood & fruits.= Tâckholm, II:226 (BE MUS. No.23894); = Germer, 88:37 [Äg. MUS. 23983]. Phoenix dactylifera.{073Dyn 20.Keimer.1071:122.Deir el Medineh.Fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{073Dyn 20.Täckholm,II:221.Sennutem's (Thebes [BE MUS. No. 4691]).Datepalm sticks (formal bouquets). 179 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Phoenix dactylifera.{073Dyn 20/21.Schweinfurth.1141:110.Deir el Bahari (Ramses II's mummy [CF MUS. No.3305, 3311, 3313 & 3319 ; BE MUS. No. 8433)].Leaves (Strips; Garlands).= Schweinfurth, 1789:73; = Germer, 88:37 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw.279]. Phoenix dactylifera.{080Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1021:282.Cheikh Abdel Qurna (Kent's mummy).Fibre. Presented as "fibres de Dattier"= ? Täckholm, II:235. Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Germer?.319:232.Thebes [Munich MUS. No. ÄS 287].Fibre (Sandals). Presented as "Palmblatt". Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Germer?.319:99.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No.13885].Fibre (basket). Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.II:233.Deir el Medineh.Fibre (bag). Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Kislev.1359:236.Timna Temple (Sinaï).1 complete seed & 2 halves. Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Schweinfurth.317.Hildesheim-Pelizaeus MUS. [No. 1650, 1657, 1658, 1683-84, 2043].Fibre (Rings of date-fibre cordage). Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Schweinfurth.II:109.Sen Notem's (Thebes; [Berlin Botanisches MUS.]).[Fibre]. Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:220.Amarna.Kernel. Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:220.Deir el Medineh [Cairo MUS.? No.3280].Fruits & kernels. Phoenix dactylifera.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.II:236.Medinet Habu [CF MUS.].[Strips]. Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21 (Pinedjem I).Schweinfurth.1141:110.Deir el Bahari.Strips of leaves & fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21.Lucas.1927:190-6.Cairo MUS.Fibre [7 Wigs]. Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21.Newberry.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's tomb).Leaf-strip in 2 collars. Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:74.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache).Fruits & kernels. Presented as dates; = Schweinfurth, 1789:77; = Schweinfurth, 1169: 369; =? Täckholm, II:221. Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1765:312.Deir el Bahari (Nsi Khonsu's mummy [CF MUS. No. 3306, 3308, 3320, 3322)].Leaves. Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.II:221.Isemkheb's tomb [Cairo MUS. No.26277].Fruits & kernels. Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.II:227.Cairo MUS. [No.3779].Fibre (Wigs). Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.II:229.Mummy pit [British MUS.].Fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.II:234.Deir el Bahari (Priests of Amun's mummies [CE MUS. No.6093]).Plaited leaflets. Phoenix dactylifera.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.224+ fragments & 211 seeds. Phoenix dactylifera.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:264.West-Köms (Elephantine).Fruits & bark. Phoenix dactylifera.{092Dyn 26.Greiss.181:111.Uaiu's mummy [Stockholm MUS.].Leaflets.= Greiss, 1093:267. Phoenix dactylifera.{092Dyn 26.Täckholm.II:235.Dra Abu el Naga [CF MUS. No. 3332 & Äg.M.12403].Strips (garland).= Germer, 88:20 & 37 [Äg. MUS. 3361]. Phoenix dactylifera.{092Dyn 26/30.Täckholm.II:231.Sobek-em-het's (El Fustat; CF MUS. No.1201).Leaves. Phoenix dactylifera.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:150.Surface debris of Sector 7 (Saqqara).Leaf strips. Phoenix dactylifera.{100Late Period.Carnarvon & Carter.1954:49.Valley Temple (Site 14; Thebes).Young fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{100Late Period.Greiss.1477:174.Saqqara.Leaf fibres. Phoenix dactylifera.{100Late Period.Täckholm.II:221.Saqqara [CF No.1965 & 3284].Green dates. 180 Codex Phoenix dactylifera.{100Late Period.Täckholm.II:231.Stokholm MUS. (Crocodile mummies).Datepalm ribs. Phoenix dactylifera.{100Late Period?.Schweinfurth.1171:10.Assasif.Leaves.= Schw. 1021:272; Presented as "Dattie" & "Dattelpalmenblättern". Phoenix dactylifera.{110 Persian period.2001-NEWTON&BARAKAT: 145.„Ayn Manawir (Kharga).Fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2005-VELDMEIJER: 3.Berenike.Cordage fragments. Phoenix dactylifera.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Phoenix dactylifera.{112Ptolemaic (Early).Carnarvon & Carter.1954:43.Thebes.[Flour] of datecakes. Phoenix dactylifera.{112Ptolemaic.Schweinfurth.309:.Thebes [BE MUS. No. 8490 & 8491].Strips (garland). Phoenix dactylifera.{112Ptolemaic.Täckholm,II:222.Tombs (BE No.7801).Flowers. Phoenix dactylifera.{112Ptolemaic.Täckholm.II:232.Hawara.Midrib & leaflets. Phoenix dactylifera.{112Ptolemaic.Täckholm.II:236.Thebes (Nofert-Sekherou's).[Fibre]. Phoenix dactylifera.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (74-75).El Hibeh.672 seeds. Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:13-29.Douch.820+ seeds & fruits; petiols, fibre, etc.= Barakat, 1502:200. Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Bartlett.1146:.Kom Aushim (El Fayum).Small black dates;= Täckholm, II:222 (CF.273). Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Antinoë (Necropolis).[Fibre]. Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Myrithis's mummy (Antinoë).Fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Foliols. Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:20.Fayum.Leaf fibre [Äg.M.19545). Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.[Fruits], flowers & kernels. Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.1021:267.Gebelein.Fibre. Presented as "Dattier". Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.II:236.Nofert-Sekherou's (Thebes; CF MUS. No. 3307).Strips (garland). Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman.Yeivin?.1926:52.Karanis (Kom Aushim).Wood. Phoenix dactylifera.{120Graeco Roman? or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:266 & 268.Dra Abu el Naga.Leaves & fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7; Presented as "Dattes" or "Dattepalm". Phoenix dactylifera.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 174.‟AynManawir, MMU (Kharga Oasis).Leaves (desiccated). Phoenix dactylifera.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous parts of various kind. Phoenix dactylifera.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).5 fragments, the nature of which is not indicated. Phoenix dactylifera.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Desiccated stones, perianth, male flower. Phoenix dactylifera.{130.7Roman/Byzantine.Barakat.1671:166.Abu Sha'ar.9 seeds [sic!], 17 [seeds], Wood, algal part, cone? & fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Fruit]. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman (AD 100-300).Täckholm.II:236.Unknown? (CF MUS. No. 1424).Splits (garland). Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Boodle.II:236.El Lahun [LK MUS.].[Fibres]. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS].Unripe fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Germer?.319:222.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No.7801].Blossoms (Necklace). Presented as "Dattelblüten". 181 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Greiss.1095:252.Tebnytis, Fayum [Dokki MUS. No. 167].Split midribs; = Greiss, 181:116; = Greiss, 1093:267; =? Täckholm, II:222. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Greiss.181:116.Fayum.Leaflets.= Täckholm, II:235 (CF MUS. No. 3285). Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Grüss.1683:775.Not Indicated.?Cellul of date kernel. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Lucas.1927:196.Cairo MUS.Fibre [Wigs]. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Petrie & Brunton.150:21.Sedment.Wood. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Täckholm.II:222.Arsinoe (Fayum).Flowers & fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Täckholm.II:232.Karanis (Kom Aushim [CF MUS. No.1963]).Ribs & thorns. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:372.Quseir al Qadim.35 kernels + fragments. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman?.Greiss.I:486.Bought in Luxor [Fouad I MUS. No. 60].Fibre (basket). Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman?.Täckholm.II:222.Elephantine.15 kernels & 1 small black date; ? = Germer, 88:41 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 211]. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman?.Täckholm.II:222.Fayum [CF. No.3279].Fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman?.Täckholm.II:229.Kom Aushim [Cairo MUS.].Fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{130Roman?.Täckholm.II:230.Unknown (CF MUS.].Leaves (Bouquet). Phoenix dactylifera.{140 8 Roman to Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Fig.28.5.).Quseir.Stones. Phoenix dactylifera.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.127 desiccated & 4 carbonized stones & perianth. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1757:153.Antinoë (Byzantine Lady's mummy).Young leaves. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic (AD 300-400).Bonnet.1753:1.Thäis's (Antinoë).Rachises of leaves & fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Greiss.1978:44.Monastery of Phoebammon.Leaf parts. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:8.Monastery of Phoebammon.Skin, fruits & kernels (75+). Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic (AD 400-900).Quibell.151:27.Saqqara (Monastery of Apia Jeremias).[Fruits], fibre, petioles and stones. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic.Brunton.1128:140.Mostagedda (No. 1409-11).Leaves. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic.Greiss.181:120.Monastery of Phoebamon.Fibre. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic.Greiss.181:146.Kharga cemetery [Botany Dept. Fouad I University].Wood, date palm midribs. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic.Quibell.221:34.Saqqara.[Kernels]. Presented as "date". Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic.Täckholm.II:222.On papyri.Small fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic.Täckholm.II:223.Luxor? [CF MUS. No.1966].Kernels. Phoenix dactylifera.{140Coptic.Täckholm.II:223.Sheikh Abada (Antinopolis [CF MUS. No. 278789]).Fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:369.Quseir al Qadim.Kernels. Phoenix dactylifera.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 630a.Wood (coffin). Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Beauverie.1034:396.Unknown [Louvre MUS.].3 fruits, 1 seed & 2 bread fragments.= Loret & Poisson, 110:7. Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Germer.88:41.Assiut [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 212].Not indicated. Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Greiss.II:232.Saqqara (CF MUS. No. 41 & 49).Split midribs. Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Greiss.II:233.Cairo MUS. [No. 1908, 60].Fibre (baskets). Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:11.Thebes. Presented as "palma-christi". Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Miglarini.68:74.Tombs [Florence MUS. No. 3614].Fruits. Presented as P. reclinata Jacq. = Täckholm, II:223 [Florence MUS. No.3614]. Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Täckholm.II:223.Akhmin.Kernels and 5 fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Täckholm.II:223.Saqqara.Kernels & 6 fruits. 182 Codex Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Täckholm.II:223.Suez.2 kernels. Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown.Täckholm.II:236.Saqqara [Fouad I MUS.].[Fibres]. Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown?.[Fruit]. Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:24 & 25.Turin MUS. [Drovetti Collection].Leaf & fruits. Phoenix dactylifera.Unknown?.Germer?.319:234.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7003).Fruits; ? = Germer, 88:41 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 210]. Phoenix dactylifera:Germer (88:37 & 41) mentions several finds of unknown date and provenance in the Berlin Botanisches MUS.eums. Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (Palmae; ; ); 125.01.XX. Phoenix reclinata.{010Late Paleolithic.Caton Thompson & Gardner.1946:384.Kharga.Seeds.= Täckholm, 112:201. Presented as P. sylvestris but re-identified as P. reclinata. See the remarks in Germer, 2089:232. Phoenix reclinata.{010Late Paleolithic.Reid.1445:505.Kharga Oasis.Leaves. Presented as P. sylvestris but re-identified as P. reclinata. See the remarks in Germer, 2089:232. Phoenix reclinata.See under P. dactylifera for Migliarini's identification. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.: See under P. reclinata Jacq. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. ssp. stenophyllus (Boiss.) Bor. (Gramineae; Common reed; Roseau-à-balai); 124.20.01. Phragmites australis ssp. stenophyllus.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.133:55.Saqqara (Hemaka's tomb [Cairo MUS. 70209 & 70210]).Culms (arrows). Presented as P. communis var. stenophylla. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Gramineae; Common reed; Roseau commun); 124.20.01. Phragmites australis.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).El Hadidi.1560:345.Nabta (E-756).Glums.= Wasylikowa, 1964:138. Phragmites australis.{020Neolithic.Greiss.1116:2287-20.El Omari.Culm (No. A20) .= Greiss, 181:106 (A101). Phragmites australis.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:107.Hierakonpolis.[Culm segment]. Phragmites australis.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Culms & internodes. Phragmites australis.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Culms fragments. Phragmites australis.{030.9Predynastic (Early; BC 3505 +- 80 (C14)).El Hadidi.1440:104.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).Culm pieces. Phragmites australis.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1116:2229.El Omari.Leaves (No.A101).= Greiss, 1095:254 (No. A 136). Presented as P. communis. Phragmites australis.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1116:228.El Omari.Culms.= Greiss, 1095:254. Presented under the synonymous P. communis var. isiacus. Phragmites australis.{031Dyn 01.Greiss.1093:271.Saqqara.Culms. Presented under the synonymous P. communis var. isiacus. Phragmites australis.{033Dyn 03?.Germer.1443:245.Tarkhan.Culms. Phragmites australis.{034Dyn 04.Greiss.1947:42.Giza (Cheops Boat).Fibre (mat). Presented as "P. communis". Phragmites australis.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:160,Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's temple).Part of rhi183 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. zome. Presented as P. communis var. isiacus; = Germer, 88:51 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 285 & 293]. Phragmites australis.{036Dyn 06?.Greiss.1093:270.Saqqara.Epidermal cells of culm and leaf. Presented under the synonymous P. communis var. isiacus. Phragmites australis.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 1212 seeds. Phragmites australis.{052Dyn 12.Germer.88:51.Illahun Pyramid [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 284].Stem piece. Phragmites australis.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.I:214.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS.].Culms. Phragmites australis.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun's).Greiss.133:54.Tutankhamon's tomb [Cairo MUS.].Culms. Presented under the synonymous P. communis var. isiacus; = Germer, 1093:270. Phragmites australis.{073Dyn 20/27.Schweinfurth.I:214.Dra Abu el Naga [Berlin Dahlem MUS.].Rhizome piece; = Germer, 88:51 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 284]. Phragmites australis.{080New Kingdom or Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.I:214.Dra Abu el Naga [Berlin Dahlem MUS.].Culms. Phragmites australis.{080New Kingdom.Täckholm.I:214.Bought in Luxor [Fouad I MUS. No. 1338].Culm pieces. Phragmites australis.{140Coptic?.Greiss.181:116.Bought in Luxor [Dokki MUS.].Culm. Presented under the synonymous P. communis var. isiacus. Phragmites australis.Unknown.Greiss.1093:269.Unknown.Culm. Presented under the synonymous P. communis var. isiacus. Phragmites communis Trin.: See under P. australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Phragmites communis var. isiacus: See under P. australis. Phragmites communis var. mauritanius: See under Phragmites mauritanius Kunth. Phragmites communis var. stenophylla : See under Phragmites australis ssp. stenophyllus. Phragmites mauritanius Kunth. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.20.02. Phragmites mauritanius.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1116:229.El Omari.Culm (No.A112, A15, No. 28).= Greiss, 181:107 (A115, A136). Presented as Phragmites communis var. mauritanius Phragmites! (Gramineae; Reed; Phragmite). Phragmites!.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:477.Berenbal.Pollen. Phragmites Adans. (Gramineae; Reed; Phragmitès); 124.20.--. Phragmites.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,16-17.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Not indicated. Phragmites.{030.9Predynastic. Laetsch.133:55. Nag el-Deir.Culms?. Phragmites.{030.9Predynastic.Rosen.1981:In press.Hu Semaineh.Phytolith. Phragmites.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1258:69-140.Stone sarcophagus (Saqqara).Culms. Phragmites.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.II:123.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS.].Small stand. Phragmites.{092Dyn 26.Western & McLeod.1949:86.Thebes [Pitt Rivers MUS. No. 1896-2-22.].Culm (Distal end; arrow). Presented as "reed". 184 Codex Phyllanthus Niruri Wall.: See under Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein ex Wild. Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein ex Wild. (Euphorbiaceae; ; ); 051.05.03. Phyllantus rotundifolius.{063Dyn 17-18.Unger.1259:81.El Kab.Flowering part. Presented as Phyllantus Niruri. Phyteuma! (Campanulaceae; Horned rampion; Raiponce). Phyteuma-type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Picea !orientalis. (Pinaceae; Oriental spruce; Epicéa oriental); XX.XX. Picea !orientalis.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:109.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:359]. Picea A. Dietr. (Pinaceae; Spruce; Epicéa); XX.--.--. Picea.{036Dyn 06 (or after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c).Pollen. Picea.Unknown?.Western.133:55.Unknown? [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1927.3046].[Wood]. Presented only as "Spruce" but as "Picea" in Western & McLeod, 1949:92 (Note 58). Picea orientalis Carr. (Pinaceae; Oriental spruce; Epicéa oriental); XX.XX.XX. Picea orientalis.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:110.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:361]. Picris coronopifolia DC: See under Picris radicata (Forssk.) Less. Picris L. (Compositae; Oxtongue; Picride); 106.82.--. Picris.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Germer.1851:92.RT 54 (Thebes [Metropolitan MUS. 09.184.214]).Flowers. Picris radicata (Forssk.) Less. (Compositae; ; ); 106.82.01. Picris radicata.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:192.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb).Flowers. Presented as P. coronopifolia= Newberry; = Täckholm, 112:115; = Germer, 128:11; = Germer, 1851:90. Picris radicata.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1765:312.Deir el Bahari (Nsi-Khonsu's mummy).Flowers heads. Presented as P. coronopifolia= Schweinfurth, 1167:72 (as Spitzelia coronopifolia); = ? Schweinfurth, 1700:312, = Schweinfurth, 1169:365; = Täckholm, 112:108; = Germer, 88:12 [Äg.M.Nr.8482]. Pimpinella !anisum. (Umbelliferae; Anise; Anis); 077.12. Pimpinella !anisum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Pimpinella anisum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Pimpinella anisum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.8 desiccated seeds. 185 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Pinaceae Lindley. (Pine family; Pinacées); XX.--.--. Pinaceae.{032Dyn 02 = Long before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a + b).Pollen. Pinaceae.{036Dyn 06 (after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c).Pollen. Pinaceae.{052Dyn 12. (or before.) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b + c).Pollen. Pinaceae!{052Dyn 12.2004-HAMM&AL:241.Dahchour.Resin (embalming balm).Lyon, (GUIMET MUS.).Sample No.9000 1485, 9000 1480, presented as “certainly a conifer resin”]. Pinaceae.{053Dyn 13 (before) = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6a).Pollen. Pinaceae.{053Dyn 13 = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6b).Pollen. Pinaceae.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses IX.2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 36.Ramses IX Shabti (BRITISH MUS.EA 8571).Resin (used as varnish on the object, unheated and black). Pinaceae.{072Dyn 19.2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Shabti (BRITISH MUS.EA 24711).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pinaceae!{080 New Kingdom.2003-PERRAUD: 12, online report.Mummy [PERIGNAN MUS.].Gum presented as”resine de conifiere”. Pinaceae.{110 Persian to Ptolemaic Period (4th to 3rd Cent.B.C).COLOMBINI&AL.2002: 70.Medinet-Madi (Fayum) temple.Pitch resin coating fragments of amphorae. Pinaceae!{112Ptolemaic (BC 100).2004-TCHAPLA&AL: 218&222.Lyon, (GUIMET MUS.) mummy.Oil [chemical analysis].Presented as “conifer resins”. Pinaceae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1757:156.Antinoë (Leukyône's mummy).Branchlets fragments. Pinaceae.{130Roman (or before) = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6d).Pollen. Pinaceae.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Iskander.1979:69.Monastery of Phoebammon.Resin. Presented as "Colophony" although a Pistacia. may be meant. Pinites succinifer Goepp. (Pinaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Pinites succinifer.{030.9Predynastic.Doran.I:72.Armant.Fossil resin ("amber"). Pinites succinifer.The reference (Doran, 1937) cited by Täckholm could not be found in her bibliography. Pinus !nigra/sylvestris. (Pinaceae; ; ); XX.XX. Pinus !nigra/sylvestris.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Pinus halepensis Miller. (Pinaceae; Aleppo pine; Pin d'Alep); XX.XX.XX. Pinus halepensis.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Pinus halepensis.{033Dyn 03.Chalk and F.P.R.L.1144:2.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Wood.= Lucas, 11: 438. Pinus halepensis.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Pinus halepensis.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:150.Surface debris of Sector 7 (Saqqara).Two cones. Pinus halepensis.{100Late Period/Ptolemaic.Täckholm.1103:101.San el Hagar [Tanis].Cone. Pinus halepensis.{112Ptolemaic or after.C.T.F.T.1882:113.Unknown [COLL. Salt N.1441].Wood. as "Pin maritime". Pinus halepensis.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.I:71.Saqqara.2 cones. Pinus halepensis.Unknown.Täckholm.1:71.Suez [Dokki MUS.[No.397]].2 cones. Pinus halepensis.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:25.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].Resin. 186 Codex Pinus maritimus Mill.: See under Pinus halepensis Miller. Pinus pinea! (Pinaceae; Italian stone pine; Pin parasol); XX.XX. Pinus pinea!.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Wood. Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae; Italian stone pine; Pin parasol); XX.XX.XX. Pinus pinea.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:6.Dra Abu el Naga.2 cones [Berlin Botanisches MUS.?).= Schweinfurth, 1700: 312; = Schweinfurth, 1170:544. Pinus pinea.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.I:70.Meïr (Qusia [Cairo MUS?]).Cone fragment; = Germer, 88:44 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 44]. Pinus pinea.{100Late Period.Täckholm.1103:101.San El Hagar (Tanis).Seeds and cones. Pinus pinea.{112Ptolemaic.Täckholm.I:71.Petosiris's [Dokki MUS].Cone. Pinus pinea.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.I:70.Kom Aushim [Dokki MUS.].Cone fragments. Pinus pinea.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.I:70.Petosiris's (Tuna el Gebel).1 cone. Pinus pinea.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.I:70.Tuna el Gebel [Dokki MUS].Seeds & cone scales. Pinus pinea.{120Graeco Roman.Täckholm.I:70.West Köms (Elephantine) [Dokki MUS. No.29]).Seeds & cone scales; = Germer, 88:44 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 287]. Pinus pinea.{120Graeco Roman?.Täckholm.I:71.Unknown? [Dokki MUS. No.384].Cones (3). Pinus pinea.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seed cases&scales. Pinus pinea.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 272 (Fig.28.4.).Quseir.Outer shells of the seeds & scales of the pine cone. Pinus pinea.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).Kernel. Pinus pinea.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Täckholm.I:70.Hawara [British MUS].Cone fragments; ? = Germer, 88:44 [Äg. MUS 3366]. Pinus pinea.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).[Seeds]. Pinus pinea.{130Roman.Bartlett.1146:§,Kom Aushim (Karanis).§, Pinus pinea.{130Roman.Täckholm.1:70.Unknown? [Dokki MUS No.288].Cone. Pinus pinea.{130Roman.Täckholm.I:70.West Köms (Elephantine).Cone scales. Pinus pinea.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:372.Quseir al Qadim.4 cone bracts & shells. Pinus pinea.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.). Pinus pinea.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:434.Thebes.Cone. Pinus pinea.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:434.Thebes.Cone. Pinus pinea.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl.IV.Louvre MUS. [No. 1399].Complete cone.= Loret & Poisson, 110:11. Pinus pinea.Unknown.Täckholm.1:70.Saqqara [Dokki MUS No.404].Cones. Pinus pinea.Unknown.Täckholm.1:70.Unknown? [Louvre MUS. No.1399].Cone. Pinus pinea.Unknown.Täckholm.1:71.Unknown? [Cairo MUS]. No.13/11/26/16].3 seeds. Pinus pinea.Unknown.Täckholm.1:71.Unknown? [Dokki MUS. No.30270].Cone & seeds. Pinus pinea.Unknown.Täckholm.1:71.Unknown? [Dokki MUS. No.397].3 seeds. Pinus pinea.Unknown.Täckholm.1:71.Unknown? [Dokki MUS].5 cones. Pinus! (Pinaceae; Pin; Pin); Pinus!.{071Dyn 18.Winlock.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's tomb).Wood. Pinus!{112Ptolemaic.2004-HAMM&AL:240.Fayoum.Resin (Embalming analysis from Pisa UNIV sample], presented as ”pine pitch”. balm).[Chemical 187 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Pinus L. (Pinaceae; Pine; Pin); XX.--.--. Pinus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [18 & 19 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:476.Berenbal.Pollen. Pinus.{020.2Neolithic (BP 11.000 (after) [2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:476.Berenbal.Pollen. Pinus.{025.Protodynastic.Western & McLeod.1949:85.Abydos (B Tombs [Ashmolean MUS. No. E.1370.]).Wood (arrow fragment). Pinus.{030.2Predynastic.Kew Director 1928.142:62.Badari.Wood piece. Pinus.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ia.Pollen(greater than 20%).Microscopic charcoal is virtually absent. Pinus.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Pinus.{030.9Predynastic.Brunton & Caton-Thompson.142:62-3.Badari.Wood. Pinus.{032Dyn 02 (or before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a + b).Pollen. Pinus.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ib.More abundant pollen.Microscopic charcoal is almost absent. Pinus.{036Dyn 06 (after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c + d).Pollen. Pinus.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2a + b).Pollen. Pinus.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b).Pollen. Pinus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Chalk.1921:12.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb).Wood.= Germer,128:72. Pinus.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:163.Ramses II's mummy.60 pollens. Pinus.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Pollen decreases in abundance.Microscopic charcoal area increases per pollen grain. Pinus.{080New Kingdom.Fahn & Zamski.1857:253.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Pinus.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Pinus.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 cone bract. Pinus.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not precisely identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Pinus.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Pinus.{112Ptolemaic.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. Pinus.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1017:71.El Hibeh.Cone bract. Pinus.{120 Graeco-Roman.2004-AUFDERHEIDE&AL.: 91.Mummies (Kellis,Ismant el Kharab, Dakhleh Oasis).Resin.[Very unclear as formulated!]. Pinus.{130Roman (or before) = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6d).Pollen. Pinus.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Pinus.{130Roman.400-500/Post-Meroitic.1997-EVERSHED&AL.: 667.Qasr Ibrim.Resin. Pinus.{140Coptic (AD 500).Lucas.II:75.Nilometer [Cairo).Wood . Pinus.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:126.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:420]. Pinus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:124.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:411]. Pinus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:124.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:409]. Pinus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:133.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:451]. Pinus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:133.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:450]. Pinus.{150Islamic (AD 1000-1200).C.T.F.T.190:148.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:522]. Pinus.{150Islamic (AD 900?).C.T.F.T.190:125.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:412]. Pinus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyri188 Codex tes.Charcoal.Presented as P. sylvestris/nigra. Pinus.Not indicated.Bonastre.1908:267.Unknown?.Resin. Pinus.Not indicated.Bonastre.1908:267.Unknown?.Resin. Pinus.Unknown?.Florence.1922:319-321.Thebes.Resin. Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae; Black pepper; Poivrier noir); XX.XX.XX. Piper nigrum.{072Dyn 19.Plu.1356:174.Ramses II's mummy.Fruit fragments. Piper nigrum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Two corns. Piper nigrum.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:371.Quseir al Qadim.Dissecated drupes?. Piper nigrum.{140 8 Roman to Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Piper nigrum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:371.Quseir al Qadim.Dissecated drupes. Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Pistaciaceae; Mount Atlas pistachio; Pistachier de l'Atlas); 056.01.XX. Pistacia atlantica.{080New Kingdom.Kislev.1359:236.Timna Temple (Sinaï).13 dry nuts. Pistacia atlantica.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Pistacia lentiscus L. (Pistaciaciae; Mastic; Pistachier Lentisque); 056.01.XX. Pistacia lentiscus.{052Dyn 12 (Amenemhat I).VIEILLESCAZES-2003: 3.Grave of Sat-merHout (Dahchour), sister of Amenemhat I.Resin found in ”Casket Flavor” [Note: High Performance Liquid Chromatography comparative spectra shown seems convincing]. Pistacia Lentiscus.{052Dyn 12.Vieillescazes-Rambier.1992:84.Sit-Hat's (Dahchour).Resin. Presented as "Mastic". Pistacia Lentiscus.{092Dyn 26 (Saïte; BC 570-526).Vieillescazes-Rambier.1992:84.Saqqara (Hekaemsaf's tomb).Resin (G14). Presented as "Mastic". Pistachia !terebinthus. (Pistaciaceae; Terebinth; Thérébinthe); 056.01. Pistacia !terebinthus.{092Dyn 26 (Saïte).Lucas.1980:188.Matarieh (tomb).Resin. Presented as "Chios turpentine". Pistacia !terebinthus.Unknown?.Reutter.1671:114.Unknown [Neuchatel MUS].Resin. Pistacia vera L. (Pistaciaceae; Real pistachio; Pistachier commun); 056.01.XX. Pistacia vera.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Pistacia vera.{080New Kingdom.Hort. Section in Giza.142:66.Badari [No.4260].[Fibre]. Pistacia vera.{080New Kingdom.Horticultural Section in Giza.1128:136.Mostagedda.Not Indicated. Pistacia vera.{120 Graeco-Roman.2nd c.B.C.-3rd c.A.D.-2004.AUFDERHEIDE&AL.: 4.Kellis-1 tomb group (mummies), Dakhleh Oasis.[Presented as pistachio].Not indicated. Pistacia vera.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Nut shells. Pistacia! (Pistaciaceae; Pistache; Pistachier). Pistacia! terebinthus.{112Ptolemaic.2005-KOLLER&AL.: 616.Embalming material.Resin presented as “aged pistachio turpentine [sic.The authors suggest P.terebinthus L.but although this may be possible, the obvious lack of reference material employ in their study does not allow to accept this identification]”. Pistacia!.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Pistacia!.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Branches?. 189 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Pistacia!{????.2004-HAMM&AL:241.Dahchour.Resin (Embalming balm)[Sample No.1627 – Loret exc.].Presented as “mastic”. Pistacia!{112Ptolemaic (BC 100).2004-TCHAPLA&AL: 2203: 218&222.Lyon, (GUIMET MUS.) mummy.Resin [chemical analysis].Presented as “mastic”. Pistacia L. (Pistaciaceae; Pistache; Pistachier); 056.--.--. Pistacia.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Pistacia.{071Dyn 18 (Horemheb).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 35.Baboon headed figure (BRITISH MUS.EA 50698).Resin (included in black varnish found on the object). Pistacia.{071Dyn 18 (mid-late).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 35.Canopic chest of Nebi (BRITISH MUS.EA 35808).Resin (included in black bituminous varnish found on the object). Pistacia.{071Dyn 18 (Nofretari).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 35.Nofertari‟s shabti (FINE ARTS MUS.04.1767).Resin (mixed with black bitumen? Varnish found on the object). Pistacia.{071Dyn 18 (Post Amarna period).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Unnamed man‟s coffin (BRITISH MUS.EA 29580).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{071Dyn 18(Tuthmosis III – Amenhotep III).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Lady Tamyt‟s coffin (BRITISH MUS.EA 6661).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{071Dyn 18.1997-McGOVERN: 82.Malkata (Amenhotep III‟s palace).[Presented as P.atlantica].Resin. Pistacia.{071Dyn 18.STERN&AL.: 2002: 462.El Amarna.Canaanite amphorae and bowls.Resin. Pistacia.{071Dyn 18-19.2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Katebet‟s coffin (BRITISH MUS.EA 6665).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses I/Set I).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 35.Cow head (BRITISH MUS.EA 61610).Resin (included in black varnish found on the object). Pistacia.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses I/Set I).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 35.Tortoise figure (BRITISH MUS.EA 416).Resin (included in black varnish found on the object). Pistacia.{072Dyn 19 (Sethi I).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 35.Shabti (BRITISH MUS.EA 15268).Resin (included in black varnish found on the object). Pistacia.{072Dyn 19.2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Henutmehyt‟s coffin (BRITISH MUS.EA 48001A).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{072Dyn 19.2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Shabti (BRITISH MUS.EA 24711).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{072Dyn 19.2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 35.Shabti (BRITISH MUS.EA 15284).Resin (included in black varnish found on the object). Pistacia.{072Dyn 19.2004-HAMM&AL:243.Ramses II‟s eternity building.Embalming balm [Sample No.9000 2013 from LOUVRE MUS.– Loret exc.].Presented as “mastic” Pistacia.{073Dyn 20 (early).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Shabti (BRITISH MUS.EA 24712).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{073Dyn 20 (late).2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Coffin (BRITISH MUS.EA 29579).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{073Dyn 20.2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Shabti (BRITISH MUS.EA 8652).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{080New Kingdom.2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Shabtis (BRITISH MUS.in box of EA 65214).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{082Dyn 22.1989.03TRAD-MILLS&WHITE: 38.Ramasseum? (Thebes).Resin. Pistacia.{082Dyn 22.2001-SERPICO&WHITE: 34.Denytenamun‟s coffin (BRITISH MUS.EA 29579).Resin (used as varnish on the object). Pistacia.{092Dyn 26 to 096Dyn 30.2004-BUCKLEY&AL.: 295 (Table 1).Beni Hassan.Blackened wrapping from base of mummy.Resin. Pistacia.{092Dyn 26 to 096Dyn 30.2004-BUCKLEY&AL.: 295 (Table 1).Beni Hassan.Detached “resin”-soaked wrapping (location 2).Resin. 190 Codex Pistacia.{092Dyn 26.2000-COLOMBINI&AL.: 25.Merneith's mummy (resin from embalming).The statement "mastic resin from “Pistacia lentisca” [sic] or “Pistacia terebinth” [sic]" is of no value as the sources of the reference material used for chemical analysis coupled with the evident botanical incompetence of the team (see in particular p.21 "Reference Materials" and also Colombini & AL.2002 where this is equally apparent ) invalidates any identification to genus level.Hence the statement "mastic resin" (p.26 - last page of the conclusive chapter) is to be rejected without appeal as P. terebinthus is not "mastic" but turpentine/terebinth. Pistacia.{112 Ptolemaic (332-30 BC).2001-BUCKLEY&EVERSHED: 837 (Table 1).Thebes.Resin attached to linen thread on right ankle. Pistacia.{112Ptolemaic.2007-DUHAUT&AL.: 957.LOUVRE MUS.Resin [chemical analysis] found in a jar formerly believed to have belonged to Ramses II. Pistacia.{120 Graeco-Roman.2004-AUFDERHEIDE&AL .: 91.Mummies (Kellis, Ismant el Kharab, Pistacia.{120 Graeco-Roman.2007-EDWARDS&AL.: 829.MANCHESTER MUS.Resin. Pistacia:See also under Pinaceae for an identification by Iskander ("colophony") which may refer to Pistacia. Pisum arvense: See under Pisum sativum L. Pisum sativum L. ssp. elatius (Bieb.) Asch. et Graebr.(Leguminosae; ; ); 043.34.02. Pisum sativum ssp elatius.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.[Legumes]. Pisum sativum ssp. elatius.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Legumes]. Pisum sativum ssp. elatius.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Butler.1999:109.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Legumes. Pisum sativum L. ssp. sativum/arvense. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.34.02 Pisum sativum ssp. sativum/arvense.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Pisum sativum L. (Leguminosae; Garden pea; Pois cultivé); 043.34.02. Pisum sativum.{020.5Neolithic.Hopf.114:209.Merimde.[Legumes]. Presented as "pea (few)" Pisum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).15 [legumes]. Pisum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Werth.1782:452-462.Merimde.[Legume]. Pisum sativum.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Naqada South.3 seeds.= Wetterstrom,1354 Table I. Pisum sativum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).2 [legumes]. Pisum sativum.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1016:Table 2.Kom el Hisn.1 [legume]. Pisum sativum.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.8 seeds. Presented as P. arvense. Pisum sativum.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.Peas. Pisum sativum.{052Dyn 12.Unger.1134:42.Dahshur Pyramid.Seed fragment. Presented as P. arvense. Pisum sativum.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Legumes]. Pisum sativum.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. 191 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Pisum sativum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Pisum sativum.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Pisum sativum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.Legumes. Pisum sativum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.Legumes. Presented as P. arvense. Pisum sativum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds & detached hila with fragments of testa. Pisum sativum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127(Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.3 desiccated seeds & detached hila. Pisum sativum/elatius.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 190.Mons Claudianus.Seeds & detached hila with fragments of testa. Pisum L. (Leguminosae; Pea; Pois); 043.34.--. Pisum.{020Neolithic.Menghin & Amer.144:52.Maadi.[Legumes]. Pisum.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Pisum.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada III).Bakels.1750:146.El Kab.1 ?pea? (in jar M230). Pisum.{030.9Predynastic.Barakat, 1332:111.El Omari.Seeds. Pisum.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.[Legumes]. Pisum.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [legume]. Pisum.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.Legumes (5). Pisum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun). Boodle, 2117:18a.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Legumes; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 2; = de Vartavan, 1999:109. Plantaginaceae A. Juss. (Plantain family; Plantaginacées); 101.--.--. Plantaginaceae!{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.Presented as Plantaginaceae type. Plantaginaceae!{030.6 Nagadian (III - C14 3200-2900/Dyns 1&2).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.Presented as Plantaginaceae type. Plantaginaceae!{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.Presented as Plantaginaceae type. Plantaginaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [14 m & 18-19 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Plantaginaceae.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 BP [2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Plantaginaceae.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Plantaginaceae.{032Dyn 02 (or before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8b + c).Pollen. Plantaginaceae.{033Dyn 03 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Plantaginaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Plantaginaceae.{052Dyn 12. (or before.) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7d).Pollen. Plantago !crassifolia (Plantaginaceae; Sea plantain; ); 101.01. Plantago crassifolia type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Presented as Plantago maritima type. Plantago !tenuiflora (Plantaginaceae; ; ); 101.01. Plantago tenuiflora-type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. 192 Codex Plantago! (Plantaginaceae; Plantain; Plantain). Plantago type.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Plantago L. (Plantaginaceae; Plantain; Plantain); 101.01.--. Plantago.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ia.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal is virtually absent. Plantago.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.5 [Not Indicated.]. Plantago.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ib.Abundant pollen.Microscopic charcoal is almost absent. Plantago.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.7 [Not Indicated.]. Plantago.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Seeds] (7). Plantago.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Capsule. Plantago.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:163.Ramses II's mummy.9 pollens. Plantago.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Plantago!.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:482.Berenbal.Pollen. Platanus L. (Platanaceae; Plane; Platane); XX.XX.--. Platanus.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Platanus.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.1 pollen. Platanus orientalis L. (Platanaceae; Oriental plane; Platane orientale); XX.XX.XX. Platanus orientalis.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS.]. Poaceae. (= Gramineae; ; ); 124.--.--. Poaceae.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ia.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal is virtually absent. Poaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).Many culms, nodes, rachis fragments & awns. Poaceae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.Numerous various parts. Poaceae.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ib.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal is almost absent. Poaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).Many culms, nodes, rachis fragments & awns. Poaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.7 culm, node, rachis, 32 awns & 854 seeds. Poaceae.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.894 seeds, culms, rachises & nodes. Poaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Rhizomes, twigs, nodes, leaves, rachises & seeds. Poaceae.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Seeds, rhizomes, twigs, leaves & rachises. 193 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Poaceae.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Seeds, twigs, nodes, leaves & rachises. Poaceae.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Pollen is greater than 40%.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Poaceae.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Various parts. Poaceae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Poaceae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Rachis fragment. Poaceae.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Podocarpus L'Hérit. (Podocarpaceae; Podocarp; Podocarpe); XX.XX.XX. Podocarpus.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [27 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:485.Berenbal.Pollen. Podocarpus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [13-14 m & 18-19 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:485.Berenbal.Pollen. Podocarpus.{020Neolithic (Before BP 11.000 [13-14 m & 18-19 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:485.Berenbal.Pollen. Podocarpus.{032Dyn 02 (or before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a + b).Pollen. Podocarpus.{036Dyn 06 (after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c + d).Pollen. Podocarpus.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b + c).Pollen. Podocarpus.{053Dyn 13 (or before) = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6a).Pollen. Podocarpus.{112Ptolemaic.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. Podocarpus.{130Roman (after) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Polygonaceae A. Juss. (Buckwheat family; Polygonacées); 016.--.--. Polygonaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [27-29 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Polygonaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Mitka & Wasylikowa.1967:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Seeds. Presented as "Polygonum type". Polygonaceae.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Seeds. Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae; Knotgrass; Renouée des oiseaux); 016.05.09. Polygonum aviculare.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,1617.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Seeds. Polygonum aviculare.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:203.Masxuta.Fruits. Polygonum aviculare! (Polygonaceae; Knotgrass; Renouée des oiseaux). Polygonum aviculare-type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. 194 Codex Polygonum corrigioloides Faub. & Spach. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.05.XX. Polygonum corrigioloides.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Polygonum corrigioloides.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Nuts]. Polygonum !lapathifolium. (Polygonaceae; Curltop lady's-thumb; Rénouée à feuilles de patience); 016.05. Polygonum lapathifolium type.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el-Iswid.Not indicated. Polygonum persicaria L. (Polygonaceae; Spotted lady's-thumb; Rénouée persicaire); 016.05.01. Polygonum persicaria.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).1 [seed]. Polygonum persicaria.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.9 [Not Indicated.]. Polygonum persicaria.{032Dyn 02 (or before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. Polygonum persicaria.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.6 [achenes]. Polygonum persicaria.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).1 [seed]. Polygonum persicaria.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.5 [Not Indicated.]. Polygonum persicaria.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad. [Achenes] (5). Polygonum persicaria.{033Dyn 03 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Polygonum persicaria.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S2a + b).Pollen. Polygonum persicaria.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7d).Pollen. Polygonum persicaria.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b).Pollen. Polygonum persicaria.{053Dyn 13 (or before) = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6a).Pollen. Polygonum persicaria.{053Dyn 13 = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6b).Pollen. Polygonum persicaria.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Achenes]. Polygonum persicaria.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Achenes]. Polygonum persicaria.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Achenes]. Polygonum persicaria.{130Roman (or before) = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S6c + d).Pollen. Polygonum persicaria.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollens. 195 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Polygonum !persicaria. (Polygonaceae; Spotted lady's-thumb; Rénouée persicaire); 016.05. Polygonum persicaria-type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Polygonum !serrulatum: See under Polygonum !salicifolium. Polygonum salicifolium Brouss. ex Willd. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.05.02. Polygonum salicifolium.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el-Iswid.Not indicated. Polygonum !salicifolium (Polygonaceae); 016.05. Polygonum !salicifolium.{020Neolithic.Stapf.154:49.Fayum.[Achenes.]. Presented as P. cf. serrulatum. Polygonum senegalense Meisn. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.05.04. Polygonum senegalense.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.2089:28.Gebelein [Botanisches MUS., Schw. 288].Seeds; = Germer, 88. Polygonum !senegalense (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.05. Polygonum senegalense type.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.10 [achenes]. Polygonum! (Polygonaceae; Knotweed; Renouée). Polygonum!.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:482.Berenbal.Pollen. Polygonum L. (Polygonaceae; Knotweed; Renouée); 016.05.--. Polygonum.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian).Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Not Indicated. Polygonum.{020.6Neolithic (Fayum A).Caton Thompson & Gardner.154:43-46.Upper K (Fayum).Seeds & pods. Polygonum.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:112.El Omari.Achenes. Polygonum.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 2.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Polygonum.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,16-17.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Seeds. Polygonum.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1354 Table I.Nagada South (KH3).27 seeds. Polygonum.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [achenes]. Polygonum.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1016:Table 2.Kom el Hisn.2 [nuts]. Polygonum.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Achenes]. Polygonum.{071Dyn 18.Samuel.1317:281.Amarna.1 seed. Polygonum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Polygonum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.4 desiccated seeds. 196 Codex Polygonum/Rumex (Polygonaceae; ; ). Polygonum/Rumex.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Achenes] (90). Polygonum/Rumex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Achenes] (38). Polygonum/Rumex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Achenes] (113). Polygonum/Rumex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad. [Achenes] (113). Polygonum/Rumex.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Achenes]. Polygonum/Rumex.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Achenes]. Polygonum/Rumex.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Achenes]. Polypodium L. (Polypodiaceae; Polypody; Polypode); XX.XX.--. Polypodium.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Populus euphratica Oliver. (Salicaceae; Poplar; Peuplier de l'Euphrate); 011.02.01. Populus euphratica.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Populus euphratica.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. IV.Louvre MUS.Leaves.= Loret & Poisson, 110:12. Populus L. (Salicaceae; Poplar; Peuplier); 011.02.--. Populus.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:203.Masxuta.Wood pieces (2). Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae; Common purslane; Pourprier potager); 020.01.01. Portulaca oleracea.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. Portulaca oleracea.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183(Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Portulaca oleracea.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.123 desiccated seeds. Portulaca L. (Portulacaceae; Purslane; Pourprier); 020.01.--. Portulaca.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Naqada South.1 seed. Portulaca.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1354:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).Seeds (2). Portulaca.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 3.Kom el-Hisn.Not Indicated.= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 27 [seeds]. Potamogeton L. (Potamogetonaceae; Pondweed; Epi d'eau); 109.01. Potamogeton.{130Roman (after) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Potentilla L. (Rosaceae; Cinquefoil; Potentille); 041.04.--. Potentilla.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS]).Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:108. 197 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Poterium: See under Sanguisorba. Prosopis Stephaniana: See under Lagonychium farctum. Prosopis: See under Lagonychium. Prunus amygdalus: See under P. dulcis. Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae; Apricot; Abricotier); 041.XX.CC. Prunus armeniaca.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.Sector 7 (Saqqara).Stone; = Germer, 2089:61 [Kew No. 27.7.1976). Prunus armeniaca.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae; ; ); 041.XX.CC. Prunus cerasus.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Fruits (3). Prunus cerasus.Unknown?.Germer.88:41.Abusir [Äg. MUS. 16224].Not indicated. Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae; Prune tree; Prunier); 041.XX.CC. Prunus domestica.{071Dyn 18.Fasolo.1552:192.Thebes [Florence MUS. No. 2678].Wood. Prunus domestica.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Antinoë.Dozen leaves. Prunus domestica.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Stones. Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. Webb. (Rosaceae; Almond tree; Amandier); 041.XX.CC. Prunus dulcis.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Lucas.1060:144.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Kernels; = Newberry.2096:5; = Boodle, 2117:19; = de Vartavan: 1400:Table 1; = de Vartavan, 1999:108. Boodle (2117:31a) mentions an uncertain identification of almond wood for some arrows of the same tomb. Prunus dulcis.{071Dyn 18.Germer.2089:60.Unknown? [Ägyptischen MUS.].[Fruits]. Prunus dulcis.{071Dyn 18.Kew.11:330.Not indicated [Kew Museum No. 47/1937].Kernels. Prunus dulcis.{071Dyn 18.Kew?.11:440.Not indicated [Kew Museum No. 61/1923].Wood (Walking stick handle). Presented under the synonymous "P. amygdalus"; = Germer, 2089:60. Prunus dulcis.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:557.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Berries. Prunus dulcis.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:559.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Endocarps. Presented under the synonymous Amygdalus communis. Prunus dulcis.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Prunus dulcis.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Hard seed cases & scales.Presented as Amygdalus communis. Prunus dulcis.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.Kernels (4). Prunus dulcis.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills). [Kernel]. Presented as Amygdalus communis. Prunus dulcis.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Stones.Preseted as Prunus amygdalus. Prunus dulcis.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Seed cases.Presented as Amygdalus communis. Prunus dulcis.{140Coptic.Quibell.151:28.Saqqara (Monastery of Apia Jeremias).[fruits]. Presented as "almonds". Prunus dulcis.Unknown.Lucas.11:330.Unknown [Cairo MUS.].9 almonds. 198 Codex Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. (Rosaceae; Peach; Pêcher); 041.XX.CC. Prunus persica.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.6 fruit stones & 24+ fruit fragments. Prunus persica.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:71.El Hibeh.Fruit stones fragments. Prunus persica.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48 & 50.Hawara.Stones. Prunus persica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Prunus persica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Prunus persica.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:370.Quseir al Qadim.4 stones. Prunus persica.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:15.Monastery of Phoebammon.Stones (2). Prunus persica.{140Coptic.Quibell.221:34.Saqqara.[Kernel]. Presented as "peach". Prunus persica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.1 stone.Presented as Persica vulgaris. Prunus persica.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:370.Quseir al Qadim.[Kernels]. Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae); XXX.XX.XX. Pseudevernia furfuracea (syn.Evernia furfuracea).{090 Third Intermediate Period (800-500 BC).2009-SCHMULL&BROWN: 46 (Plate 1).Thebes.The mummy Abothloe is at the REDPATH MUS., McGill University, Canada.(Lichen reviewed in the article is at the Farlow herbarium collection, Harvard University Herbaria).Some specimens. Pseudorlaya (Umbelliferae; dune carrot;); 077.23.--. Pseudorlaya.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds & pips.Presented as “Orlaya”. Pteridophyta; XXX.XX.XX. Pteridophyta.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-811).Dicyostele fragments. Pteridophyta.{112Ptolemaic.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. Pteridophyta.{130Roman.Emery-Barbier.1878:153.Ramses II's (Thebes).Pollen. Presented as "fougères". Pteris !cretica (Adiantaceae; Brake; Ptéride); 005.XX. Pteris !cretica.{032Dyn 02 (or before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a + b).Pollen. Pteris !cretica.{036Dyn 06 (after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8c + d).Pollen. Pteris !cretica.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + c).Pollen. Pteris !cretica.{130Roman (after) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Pteris L. (Adiantaceae; Brake; Ptéride); 005.XX.--. Pteris.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. 199 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Pteris vittata (Adiantaceae; ; ); 005.XX.XX. Pteris vittata.{010Late Paleolithic.Reid.1445:505.Kharga Oasis.Fern pinnules. Pteropyrum Jaub. & Spach. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.XX.--. Pteropyrum.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Pulicaria crispa (Forssk) Oliv. (Compositae;); 106.43.XX. Pulicaria crispa!.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Pulicaria Gaerth. (Compositae; Fleabane; Pulicaire); 106.43.--. Pulicaria type.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Pulicaria type.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Pulicaria undulata (L.) Kostel. (Compositae; ; ); 106.43.03. Pulicaria undulata.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm.1127:568.El Omari.2 flowers & fragments.= Täckholm, 112:85; = Täckholm, 1336:115; = Barakat, 1332:109. Pulicaria! (Compositae; Fleabane; Pulicaire). Pulicaria.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).2 [Not Indicated.]. Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae; Pomegranate; Grenadier); XX.XX.CC. Punica granatum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:5.Dra Abu el Naga.Fruits. Presented as "grenades"; = Schweinfurth, 1765: 314. Punica granatum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Brown.150:16.Sedment (Mayana).Fruits. Punica granatum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Punica granatum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Boodle.2117:20.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS. (wreath 255a.]).Leaves.; = Germer, 128; = Germer, 1851:90; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 2; = de Vartavan, 1999:110. Punica granatum.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Fruits.= Germer?, 319:236 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 21530). Punica granatum.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Punica granatum.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:420.Thebes.Fruits.=? Braun, 1151:60; = ? Germer?, 319:236 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 6998]. Punica granatum.{073Dyn 20/26.Schweinfurth.1169:360.Scheich Abdel el Qurna (Thebes).Blossoms. Punica granatum.{080New Kingdom.Macramallah.184:75.Saqqara.Fruits. Punica granatum.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1141:113.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache).[Fruits].= Schweinfurth, 1789:77 (presented as "pommes de grenade"). Punica granatum.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.West Dump (Saqqara).Fruit rind. Punica granatum.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:13-29.Douch.6 entire fruits, 3 incomplete ones; 1 branch with one fruit. Punica granatum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:50.Hawara.Not Indicated. Punica granatum.{120Graeco Roman?.Schweinfurth.1021:268.Dra Abu el Naga.Fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1171:7. Punica granatum.{130 Roman Period.2002 NEWTON: ? [Unpublished].‟Ayn-Manawir, MMS 200 Codex (Kharga Oasis).1 seed.= NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN, 2005: 174. Punica granatum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.1 pip & 5 fragments of the leathery rind. Punica granatum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Fruit]. Punica granatum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:19 & 20.Hawara [Schw. 247 & 289].Leaves. Punica granatum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Punica granatum.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS. No. 6332].Petals. Punica granatum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127(Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Punica granatum.{140Coptic.Quibell.151:28.Saqqara (Monastery of Apia Jeremias).[Fruits]. Punica granatum.{140Coptic.Quibell.221:34.Saqqara.Fruit. Presented as "pomegranate". Punica granatum.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:431.Unknown?(mummy sarcophagi).Peel. Punica granatum.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. VI.Louvre MUS.2 fruits.= Loret & Poisson, 110:14. Punica granatum.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown?.[Fruit]. Punica granatum.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:24.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].14 Fruits. Punica granatum.Unknown?.Germer (Lepsius).88:41.Saqqarah [Äg. MUS. 1313, 1314, 1315-6 & 745?].Not indicated. Punica granatum.Unknown?.Germer.88:41.Abusir el Meleq [Äg. MUS. 16878].Not indicated. Punica granatum.Unknown?.Germer.88:41.Mummy [Berlin Botanisches MUS. 291].Not indicated. Punica L. (Punicaceae; Pomegranate; Grenadier); XX.--.--. Punica.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Pyrus !communis. (Rosaceae; Common pear; Poirier commun); 041.XX. Pyrus !communis.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:42.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:59]. Pyrus !communis.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:43.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:65]. Pyrus !communis.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:44.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:66]. Pyrus !communis.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:45.Antinoë.Stem [Louvre CAT.Ref:71]. Pyrus !communis.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:46.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:83]. Pyrus !communis.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:46.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:80]. Pyrus !communis.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:89]. Pyrus !communis.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:88]. Pyrus !communis.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:82.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:278] Pyrus !communis.{131Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:84.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:283]. Pyrus !communis.{140Coptic (AD 500-600).C.T.F.T.190:159.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:551]. Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae; Common pear; Poirier commun); 041.XX.CC. Pyrus communis.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Not Indicated. Presented as P. domestica. Pyrus domestica: See under Pyrus communis L. 201 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Pyrus malus L. (Rosaceae; Apple tree; Pommier); 041.XX.CC. Pyrus malus.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum,233:13-28.Douch.5+ leafy branches & fruit fragment + seed. Presented under the synonymous Malus sylvestris. Pyrus! (Rosaceae). Pyrus?.131Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:161.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:562]. Qercus aegilops: See under Quercus cerris L. Quercus !cerris. (Fagaceae; European oak; Chêne chevelu). Quercus !ilex-coccifera (Fagaceae; Holy oak; Chène vert); XXX.XX. Quercus Aesculus: See under Quercus for Miglarini's identification. Quercus cerris L. (Fagaceae; European oak; Chêne chevelu); XXX.XX.XX. Quercus Cerris.{071Dyn 18.Boodle.324:39 & 325:153.Tutankhamun's.Wood (tenons). Presented as Quercus aegilops = Lucas (11:438); = Boodle, 2117:32. Quercus cerris-type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Quercus ilex-coccifera type.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Quercus suber L. (Fagaceae; Coark oak; Chène-liège); XXX.XX.XX. Quercus suber.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Wood (Cork). Quercus L. (Fagaceae; Oak; Chêne); XXX.--.--. Quercus.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Quercus.{030.9Predynastic.Bravo.11:438.Gebelein.Bark. Quercus.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Quercus.{036Dyn 06 (or after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c).Pollen. Quercus.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2a).Pollen. Quercus.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b).Pollen. Quercus.{072Dyn 19.Plu.1356:170.Ramses II's mummy.Wood. Quercus.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Decreased abundance of pollen.Microscopic charcoal area increases per pollen grain. Quercus.{092Dyn 26.Western & McLeod.1949:87.Tomb in Thebes [Pitt Rivers MUS. No. 1896-2-25].Wood (arrow). Quercus.{096Dyn 30 to Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Kneeling divinity in VIVENEL MUS L724.Wood. Quercus.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s 202 Codex Quercus.{112 Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Ptah Sokaris statue in VIVENEL MUS L.727.Wood (base). Quercus.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Quercus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Quercus.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:126.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:419]. Quercus.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:147.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:515]. Quercus.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:155.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:539]. Quercus.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:72.Unknown? [Florence MUS.].Leaves. Presented as Quercus Aesculus. Randia L. (Rubiaceae; ; ); 086.XX.--. Randia.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Ranunculaceae A. Juss. (Buttercup family; Rénonculacées); 024.--.--. Ranunculaceae.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Ranunculaceae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8B + c).Pollen. Ranunculaceae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Ranunculaceae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.2 pollens. Ranunculaceae.{096Dyn 30 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Ranunculus arvensis L. (Ranunculaceae; Corn buttercup;); 024.01.11. Ranunculus !arvensis.{140.6 Roman to (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 Ranunculus asiaticus L. (Ranunculaceae; Persian buttercup; Rénoncule d'Orient); 024.01.06. Ranunculus asiaticus.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.1006:157.Mummy [Stockholm MUS].8 leaves & leaf fragments. Ranunculus asiaticus.Unknown?.Täckholm.112:215.Unknown?.Fruit & leaf. Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Cruciferae; Wild radish; Ravenelle); 036.38.01. Raphanus raphanistrum.{060Middle Kingdom.Unger.1134:51.Dahshur pyramid.Not indicated. Raphanus raphanistrum.{130 Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 113.Mons Claudianus.Seeds? Raphanus raphanistrum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds&pod. Raphanus !raphanistrum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 229 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Raphanus raphanistrum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.39 desiccated & 1 carbonized pods. Raphanus raphanistrum.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:12.Monastery of Phoebammon.Pod fragments. 203 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Raphanus sativus L. var. aegyptiacus (Cruciferae; Garden radish; Radis cultivé); 036.38.CC. Raphanus sativus var. aegyptiacus.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:13.Monastery of Phoebammon.Root & leaf stalks. Raphanus sativus L. (Cruciferae; Garden radish; Radis); 036.38.CC. Raphanus sativus.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.2 radishes. Raphanus sativus.{140 Coptic (AD600-1500).2005-COPLEY&AL.: 867&868.Qasr Ibrim.Oil from lamp. Raphanus sativus.{140 Coptic (early 6th century AD).1996-O‟DONOGHUE&AL.: 542 (Figure 1.b).Qasr Ibrim.Desiccated seeds.Ancient DNA. Raphanus sativus.{140 Coptic.2008-ROMANUS&AL.: 792.Bawit Monastery.Oil from lamp. Ranunculus !repens (Ranunculaceae; Creeping buttercup; Rénoncule rampante); 024.01. Ranunculus repens-type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Ranunculus !sceleratus. (Ranunculaceae; Blister buttercup; Rénoncule scélèrate); 024.01. Ranunculus sceleratus-type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Raphanus L. (Cruciferae; Radish; Radis); 036.38.--. Raphanus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).8 pods. Raphanus.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Raphia farinifera Gaertn. (Palmae; ; ); 125.XX.XX. Raphia farinifera.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Stokar.1919:135-7.Badari.Fibre. Presented as Raphia Ruffia.Probably Hyphaene thebaica, see the remarks in Täckholm (II:304) & Germer (2089:236). Raphia ruffia Mart.: See under Raphia farinifera Gaertn. Rapistrum !perenne (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.33. Rapistrum !perenne.{070Second Intermediate period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.Capsule. Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth (Compositae; False sowthistle;); 106.87.01 Reichardia tingitana.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 121 (Appx.4.1a).Mons Porphyrites.2 desiccated seeds. 204 Codex Reseda odorata L. (Resedaceae; Sweet mignonette; Mignonette odorante); 037.03.XX. Reseda odorata.{130Roman.Newberry.1083:46.Hawara.Flowers? (Wreaths). Reseda pruinosa Del. (Resedaceae;); 037.03.12. Reseda pruinosa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.141 desiccated seeds. Reseda L. (Resedaceae; Mignonette; Mignonette); 037.03.--. Reseda.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Rhamnus! (Rhamnaceae; Buckthorn; Nerprun). Rhamnus!.130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:50.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:121]. Rhamnus!.130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:51.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:126]. Rhamnus L. (Rhamnaceae; Buckthorn; Nerprun); 060.01.--. Rhamnus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Brown.150:16.Sedment (Mayana).Fruits. Rhus !coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae; Sicilian sumac;); 055.01.01. Rhus !coriaria.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande (Anacardiaceae;;); 055.01.03. Rhus tripartita.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae; Castor oil; Ricin commun); 051.XX.XX. Ricinus communis.{020Neolithic.Neuweiler.1079:69.Maadi.Seeds. Ricinus communis.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Abaza Bey.142:38 & 41.Badari.Seeds. Ricinus communis.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Brunton.1128:38.Hemamieh.Seeds. Ricinus communis.{030.9Predynastic.Keimer.1079:71.Maadi.Seeds. Ricinus communis.{034Dyn 04/11.Hort. Section in Giza.1128:59.Mostagedda.Not Indicated. Ricinus communis.{071Dyn 18.Beauverie.109:133.Louvre MUS.Seeds. Ricinus communis.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:422.Thebes.Seeds.= Kunth, 130; = Braun, 1151:54 [Berlin Botanisches MUS.]; = Julia-Fontanelle, 130:292 (Oil). Ricinus communis.{081Dyn 21 to Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1.El Hibeh.Seed fragments (8+). Ricinus communis.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:265.West-Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. Ricinus communis.{112 Ptolemaic (BC 100).2004-TCHAPLA&AL: 217&223 Lyon, (GUIMET MUS.) mummy.Oil [chemical analysis].Presented as “castor oil”. Ricinus communis.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Ricinus communis.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:73.El Hibeh.Seed fragments. Ricinus communis.{120Graeco Roman or modern?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Seeds.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6. 205 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Ricinus communis.{120Graeco Roman.Harris.2116:54.Luxor.Seeds.Date is uncertain according to Abbate. Ricinus communis.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:50.Hawara.Seeds (2). Ricinus communis.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 181 (Table 3).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).5 fragments, the nature of which is not indicated. Ricinus communis.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous seeds, petiols and a fragmented fruit. Ricinus communis.{140 Coptic (AD600-1500).2005-COPLEY&AL.: 870.Qasr Ibrim.Oil from lamp. Ricinus communis.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Seeds. Ricinus communis.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Not Indicated. Ricinus communis.{160Ottoman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:52.Qasr Ibrim.[Not indicated]. Ricinus communis.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. V.Louvre MUS.72 seeds.= Loret & Poisson, 110:13; = Bonastre, 131:97. Ricinus communis.Unknown.Kunth.1160:422.Thebes.Seeds.= Passalacqua, 130; = Braun, 1151:54 [Berlin Botanisches MUS.]; = Julia-Fontenelle, 139:292 (Oil); =? Germer?, 319:237 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7007]. Ricinus communis.Unknown.Unger.132:61.Unknown.1 seed. Ricinus communis.Unknown?. Loret & Poisson.110:13.Cabinet des Médailles [Caillaud COLL. Bibliothèque Nationale].Seeds. Ricinus communis.Unknown?. Loret & Poisson.110:13.Unknown? [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].Seeds. Ricinus communis.Unknown?. Loret & Poisson.110:13.Vienna MUS.Seeds. Ricinus! communis. (Euphorbiaceae; Castor oil; Ricin commun); 051. Ricinus! communis.{071Dyn 18.Lucas.11:76.Yuya and Tuya's tomb.Oil.Lucas states that there is little doubt "that the sample is Castor Oil". Rosa Richardii Rehder: See under Rosa sancta A. Rich. Rosa sancta A. Rich. (Rosaceae; ; ); 041.02.XX. Rosa sancta.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Myrithis's mummy (Antinoë).Petals. Rosa sancta.{120Graeco Roman.Crépin.1033:184.Arsinoe (Fayum).Flowers (9). Rosa sancta.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Fayum.Flowers & sepals [Äg.M.19540]. Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Unknown?.Flowers & sepals [Äg.M.3328 &3329].Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:18.Abusir el Meleq.Flowers [Äg. MUS. No. 17611]. Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Unknown?.Flowers [Äg.M.3336]. Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:20.Abusir el Meleq.Sepals [Äg.M.17177]. Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:20.Unknown? [Ägypt. MUS.].Sepals.(Mummy 11673, Äg.M.11742). Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:48.Hawara.Not Indicated. Rosa sancta.{130Roman (AD 100-500).Crépin.1033:183.Hawara.Flowers (2). Rosa sancta.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:17 & 19.Hawara [Schw. 298 & 247].Flowers & 206 Codex sepals. Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{130Roman (AD 200-500).Crepin.1033:189.Arsinoe (Fayum).9 flowers.= Anonym, 1890:51. Rosa sancta.{130Roman.Badir.1015:§,Hawara.Flowers & sepals.= Germer, 88:17 (Schweinfurth. 299). Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS.].Flowers & petals. Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{130Roman.Germer.88:17 & 19.Hawara [Äg.M.14272, 14276 & 3340].Flowers & sepals. Presented as R. richardii. Rosa sancta.{130Roman.Germer.88:17.Abusir el Meleq.Flowers & sepals [Äg.M.3345 & 3347 & 14156 & 17269]. Presented as R. richardii. Rosaceae A. Juss. (Rose family; Rosacées); 041.--.--. Rosaceae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.4 pollens. Rosaceae.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Increases in pollen.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Rosaceae.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Rosmarinus officinalis. (Labiatae; Rosemary; Romarin officinal); 093.XX.XX. Rosmarinus officinalis.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:14-27.Douch.50+ branches & 18+ leaves.= Barakat, 1502:200. Rosmarinus officinalis.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Myrithis's mummy (Antinoë).Branches. Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae; Common madder; Garance tinctoriale); 086.08.XX. Rubia tinctorum.{071Dyn 18 (Akhenaten).Germer.2200:68.Amarna.Dye [Chemical components]. Presented only as "Krapp". Rubia tinctorum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Pfister.1022:209.Tutankhamun's.Dye [Chemical components]. Rubia tinctorum.{073Dyn 21.Germer.2200:68.Royal Cache (Deir el Bahari).Dye [Chemical components]. Presented only as "Krapp". Rubia (Rubiaceae;); 086.08.--. Rubia.{060 Middle Kingdom ca.2124-1981 BC.2009-LEONA: 14759 (Fig.2).Tomb MMA 830, el -Khokha, Upper Egypt, Thebes.Pigment identification (presented as madder lake). Rubia.{130 Roman Period (1st Cent.A.D.).2009-SCOTT&AL.:927.Painted cartonnage fragment [UCL MUS.UC45948e].Pigment identification (presented as “madder”). Rubiaceae A. Juss. (Madder family; Rubiacées); 086.--.--. Rubiaceae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.3 pollens. Rubiaceae! (Madder family; Rubiacées). Rubiaceae!.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Kew Director 1928.142:62.Badari.Wood (2 pieces). Presented as "probably a Rubiaceous Wood". 207 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Rumex !acetosa. (Polygonaceae; Garden sorrel; Oseille commune); 016.07. Rumex acetosa type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Rumex !crispus. (Polygonaceae; Curled dock; Oseille crépu); 016.07. Rumex crispus type.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.[Achenes]. Rumex !maritimus. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.07. Rumex maritimus type.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el-Iswid.Not indicated. Rumex maritimus type.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1204 [achenes]. Rumex maritimus type.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.232 seeds. Rumex crispus L. (Polygonaceae; Curled dock; Oseille crépu); 016.07.04. Rumex crispus.{034.Dyn 04.Germer.2089:29.Meidum.Seed. Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae; Dented dock; Oseille dentelé); 016.07.02. Rumex dentatus.{020Neolithic.Steen.1563:35.Merimde.Not indicated. Rumex dentatus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Achenes] (159). Rumex dentatus.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Nuts]. Rumex dentatus.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.3286 [achenes]. Rumex dentatus.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:148.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).7 flowers in fruiting. Rumex dentatus.{035.Dyn 05.Germer.88:49.Sahurê's (Abusir) [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 390].Not indicated. Rumex dentatus.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.147 [achenes]. Rumex dentatus.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.Seed (1). Rumex dentatus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Achenes]. Rumex dentatus.{112Ptolemaic.Schweinfurth.1021:272.Dra Abu el Naga.Branches.= Schweinfurth, 1171:10; = Täckhom, 1126:149; = Germer, 88:49. Rumex dentatus.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Not Indicated. Rumex dentatus.Unknown?.Bonnet.1177:7.Florence MUS. (Schiaparelli's excavations).Seeds. Rumex hydrolapathum Huds . (Polygonaceae; Great water dock; Oseille aquatique); 016.07.XX. Rumex hydrolapathum.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Rumex pulcher L. (Polygonaceae; Fiddle dock; Rumex élégant); 016.07.03. Rumex pulcher.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:112.El Omari.Achenes. Rumex pulcher.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis ( burial 333, HK 43).3 desiccated fruits. 208 Codex Rumex simpliciflorus Murb. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.07.09. Rumex simpliciflorus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Achenes] (7). Rumex type.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Rumex L. (Polygonaceae; Dock; Oseille); 016.07.--. Rumex.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,16-17.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Crushed seeds. Rumex! (Polygonaceae; Dock; Oseille). Rumex!.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Stems. Rumex.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian).Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Not Indicated. Rumex.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:245.Adaïma.Achenes. Rumex.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Inflorescence. Rumex.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Achenes] (215). Rumex.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Achenes] (163).= Thanheiser, 1785:Table 2. Rumex.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Achenes]. Rumex.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).187 achenes. Rumex.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Rumex.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8a).Pollen. Rumex.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.162&39 seeds & fruits. Rumex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Achenes] (356). Rumex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Achenes] (793). Rumex.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Achenes] (83).= Thanheiser, 1785:Table 2. Rumex.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 158 [nuts?]. Rumex.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2b).Pollen. Rumex.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b).Pollen. Rumex.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Achenes]. Rumex.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew MUS.]).Achenes.= de Vartavan, 1999:107. Rumex.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Rumex.{071Dyn 18.Samuel.1317:281.Amarna.4 seeds and fragments. Rumex.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Increases in pollen.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Rumex.{080New Kingdom,Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Rumex.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Increase in abundance of pollen.Charcoal remains are abundant. Rumex.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟AynRumex.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seed & perianth. Rumex.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.9 desiccated seeds & 12 desiccated perianth. 209 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Rumex/Polygonum: See under Polygonum/Rumex. Ruppia maritima L. (Ruppiaceae; Widgeon weed; ; ); 112.01.01. Ruppia maritima.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian).Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Not indicated. Ruppia maritima.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Ruta !chalepensis.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Ruta !chalepensis.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 88 (Table 4.3.).Mons Porphyrites.Desiccated seeds. Saccharum officinarum L. (Gramineae; Sugar cane; Canne à sucre ); 124.85.CC. Saccharum officinarum.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Saccharum spontaneum L.: see under Saccharum spontaneum L. var. aegyptiacum (Willd.) Hack. Saccharum spontaneum L. var. aegyptiacum (Willd.) Hack. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.85.01. Saccharum spontaneum var. aegyptiacum.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1127:568.El Omari.Stems. Presented as Saccharum spontaneum. Saccharum spontaneum var. aegyptiacum.{035Dyn 05.Greiss.181:149.Gebelein.Culms. Presented as S. biflorum. Saccharum spontaneum var. aegyptiacum.{035Dyn 05/06.Greiss.1093:270.Saqqarah.Portion of a reed. Presented as S. biflorum. Saccharum spontaneum var. aegyptiacum.{100Late Period (C14:524-264 BC).Kudielka.1930:82.Ox mummy (S.S.A.K. MUS. in Munich: ÄS 60).Spikelet. Presented as Saccharum spontaneum. Saccharum spontaneum var. aegyptiacum.{130Roman.Greiss.1093:265.Tebnytis [Dokki MUS.].Leaf.= Greiss, 1095:252, = Greiss, 181:116, Presented as S. biflorum Saccharum spontaneum var. aegyptiacum.{130Roman.Greiss.1093:269.Unknown.Culms. Saccharum spontaneum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Saccharum spontaneum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.140 desiccated & 2 carbonized seeds. Saccharum spontaneum var. aegyptiacum.Unknown.Greiss.1093:269.Unknown.Culm. Saccharum spontaneum var. aegyptiacum.Unknown.Greiss.181:149.Unknown.Culms & leaves. Saccharum spontaneum. var. aegyptiacum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Portions of inflorescences. Salicornia L. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.14.--. Salicornia.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225(Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. [Note of the editors : Possibly S. europaea as the only Salicornia present in Egypt]. Salix !subserrata. (Salicaceae; African willow; Saule d'Egypte). Salix !subserrata.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:107.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew and Cairo MUS.]).Leaves. Presented as S. safsaf. Salix safsaf: See under Salix subserrata Willd. 210 Codex Salix subserrata Willd. (Salicaceae; African willow; Saule d'Egypte); 011.01.01. Salix subserrata.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Germer.1851:90.Tutankhamun's.Leaves. Salix subserrata.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:191.Tutankhamun's tomb.Leaves. Presented under the synonymous S. safsaf; = Boodle, 2117:21. Salix subserrata.{072Dyn 19/20.Germer.88:14.Deir el Bahari.Leaves [Äg.M.11993]. Salix subserrata.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:69.Deir el Bahari (Ahmose I's mummy).Leaves. Presented under the synonymous S. safsaf.= Schweinfurth, 1141:112; = Schw. 1169: 369; = Schw. 1789:74; = Täckholm,112:106, = Germer, 88. Salix subserrata.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:70.Deir el Bahari (Amenhetep I's mummy).Leaves. Presented under the synonymous S. safsaf; = Schweinfurth, 1141:112; = Schweinfurth, 1169: 369; = Schweinfurth, 1789: 74; = Täckholm, 112:235, = Germer, 88:7 [Äg.M.8484/ Schweinfurth.224). Salix subserrata.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:72.Deir el Bahari (Nsi-Khonsou's mummy).Leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1765:312; = Schweinfurth, 1169: 369; = Germer, 88:12. Presented under the synonymous S. safsaf. Salix subserrata.{081Dyn 21?.Schweinfurth.1021:270.Sheikh Abdel Gurna.Leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1171:9. Salix subserrata.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë.Branches. Presented under the synonymous S. safsaf. Salix subserrata.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Unknown?.Leaves [Äg.M.19544]. Salix subserrata.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:24.Hawara.Branch (Schweinfurth. 302). Salix subserrata.{130Roman.Germer.88:24.Antinoë.Branch [Äg.M.14895 & Schw. 301). Salix subserrata.{202Not clear.Schweinfurth.1021:270.Cheikh Abdel Gurna.Leaves.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6; Presented under the synonymous S. safsaf. Salix subserrata.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:72.Unknown?.Leaves. Salix tetrasperma.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Leaves. Salix L. (Salicaceae; Willow; Saule); 011.01.--. Salix!.131Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:142.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:485]. Salix.{025.Protodynastic.Möller & Scharff.1690:64.Abusir el Meleq.Wood (knifehandle). Salix.{033Dyn O3?.Ribstein.1343:204.Unknown? [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 520/21].Wood. Salix.{071Dyn 18.Fasolo.1552:192.Thebes [Florence MUS. No. 2678].Wood (pole),= Western & Mc Leod, 1949:77. Salix.{081Dyn 21.Winlock.220:80.Thebes (Meryet Amun's tomb).Leaves (2 collars). Presented as "willow". Salix.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:25-27.Douch.4+ branches & fragmentary twigs. Salix.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Ribstein.1343:205.Unknown? [Spiegelberg COLL. No. S.4].Wood. Salix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:76.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:268]. Salix.{140Coptic.Quibell.221:34.Saqqara.Leaves. Presented as "willow". Salix.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:11.Thebes.Flowers heads. Presented as S. subsinata Delile. Salsola baryosma (Schult.) Dandy. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.19.01. Salsola baryosma.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).El Hadidi.1560:345.Nabta (E-75-6).Bark & Wood fragments.= Wasylikowa, 1964:138. Salsola (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.19.--. Salsola.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Over 11 fruits. 211 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae; ; ); 059.01.01. Salvadora persica.{{030.6 Nagadian (III - C14 3200-2900/Dyns 1&2).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.5 wood fragments. Salvadora persica.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 12500).Neumann?.1634:170.Makhadma 4.Wood charcoal. Salvadora persica.{030.6 Nagadian (IC - circa 3500 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.101 wood fragments. Salvadora persica.{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.32 wood fragments. Salvadora persica.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.86 wood fragments. Salvadora persica.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Salvia spinosa L. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.10.09. Salvia spinosa.{063Dyn 17-18.Unger.1259:81.El Kab.Fragment of seed testa. Sambucus L. (Caprifoliaceae; Elder; Sureau); XX.XX.--. Sambucus.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. Sanguisorba spinosum Bertol. (Rosaceae; ; ); 041.03.XX. Sanguisorba spinosum.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:147.West Dump (Saqqara).Two examples [sic]. Presented as Poterium spinosum; ? = Germer, 2089:64 [Kew MUS. No. 27.20.1976 & 27.31.1976). Sanguisorba! (Rosaceae; Burnet; Petite pimprenele). Sanguisorba!.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Presented as Poterium/Sanguisorba. Santalum album L. (Santalaceae; White sandal; Santal blanc); 014.XX.XX. Santalum album.Not indicated.de Verneuil.2202:286.Not indicated.[Sawdust]. Presented as "bois de santal". Santalum album: de Verneuil's identification is in need of verification. Sapindus emarginatus: See under Sapindus trifoliatus L. Sapindus trifoliatus L. (Sapindaceae; ; ); 057.XX.XX. Sapindus trifoliatus.Unknown?.Radlkofer.1151:60.Unknown? [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Passalacqua collection No. 452].Fruits. Presented as S. emarginatus; ?= Germer, 2089:114 [Ägyptisches MUS. No. 7021]; = Germer, 88:31. Sapotaceae Juss. (; Sapodilla family; Sapotacées); XX.--.--. Sapotaceae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. Sapotaceae.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:95.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:319]. 212 Codex Sapotaceae.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:113.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:368]. Sapotaceae.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:145.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:504]. Sapotaceae.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:28.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:8]. Sapotaceae.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:28.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:7]. Sapotaceae.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:28.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:6]. Sapotaceae.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:28.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:5]. Sapotaceae.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:97.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:331]. Sapotaceae.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:97.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:330]. Sapotaceae.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:148.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:519]. Sapotaceae.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:148.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:518]. Sapotaceae.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:122.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:402]. Sapotaceae.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:122.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:401]. Sapotaceae.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:128.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:426]. Sapotaceae.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:128.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:428]. Sapotaceae.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:128.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:427]. Sapotaceae.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:132.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:446]. Schizaeceae! (; Curly grass family; Schizéacées); XXX.XX.XX Schizaeceae!.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 15000 [12 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:484.Berenbal.Pollen. Schizaeceae!.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 15000-20000 [19 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:484.Berenbal.Pollen. Schizocarphus: See under Scilla L. Schoenoplectus litoralis/triquiter: See under Scirpus litoralis Schrad. or S. triquiter L. Schoenoplectus: See under Scirpus L. Schouwia thebaica Webb (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.40.01. Schouwia thebaica Webb.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:145.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Seeds.= Mitka & Wasylikowa, 1968:Table 1. Schouwia! thebaica (Cruciferae; ; ). Schouwia! thebaica.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).Stem, pedicel and fruit silique. Scilla pusilla Migliar. (Liliaceae; ; ); 116.08.XX. Scilla pusilla.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS. No. 3615].2 bulbs. 213 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Scilla!. (Liliaceae; ; ); 116.08.XX. Scilla!.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:170.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-81-1).Fruit. Presented as cf. Schizocarpus fruit (?Tribulus type)]. Scilla!.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18200-18000).Hillman.1312:170.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-78-3).Fruit. Presented as cf. Schizocarpus fruit (?Tribulus type)]. Scirpus corymbosus Heyne ex Roth: See under Scirpus inclinatus. Scirpus inclinatus (Del.) Asch. et Schweinf. ex Boiss. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06.02. Scirpus inclinatus.{120Graeco Roman.Boodle.II:20.El Lahun [Kew No. 1 MUS. Dokki MUS.].Not indicated. Scirpus inclinatus.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Abusir el Meleq.Hull piece [Äg.M.17612). Scirpus inclinatus.{120Graeco Roman.Germer?.319:238.Abusir el Meleq [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 17613].Culms (Garland). Scirpus inclinatus.{120Graeco Roman.Schweinfurth.II:20.Hawara [Berlin-Dahlem MUS. No.14271, 14272, 14155 & 14215; British MUS.].[Halmstucke].= Germer, 88:17 [Äg.M.14275). Scirpus inclinatus.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:2.Antinoë (Sheikh Abada).Branchlets (bundle of). Presented under the synonymous "S. corymbosus Heyne". Scirpus inclinatus.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS].Split culms. Scirpus litoralis Schrad. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06.08. Scirpus litoralis.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.54 seeds. Scirpus litoralis.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 seeds. Scirpus maritimus/tuberosus. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06. Scirpus maritimus/tuberosus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:170.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-81-1).1 seed. Scirpus maritimus/tuberosus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-78-3).Tubers. Scirpus maritimus/tuberosus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18200-18000).Hillman.1312:169.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-81-1).Tuber fragment. Scirpus maritimus: See under S. tuberosus Desf. Scirpus praelongatus Poir. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06.04. Scirpus praelongatus.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Scirpus !praelongatus (Cyperaceae; ). Scirpus praelongatus type.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds (24). 214 Codex Scirpus triquiter/litoralis. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06. Scirpus triquiter/litoralis.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).2 [Not Indicated.]. Scirpus triquiter/litoralis.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).20 [Not Indicated.]. Scirpus triqueter/litoralis.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Scirpus triqueter/litoralis.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Seeds]. Scirpus tuberosus Desf. (Cyperaceae; Spurt grass; Scirpe maritime); 129.06.09. Scirpus tuberosus.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian).Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Nutlets. Presented as S. tuberosus/maritimus. Scirpus tuberosus.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el-Iswid.Not indicated. Scirpus tuberosus.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.10 seeds. Scirpus tuberosus.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Achenes]. Presented as Scirpus maritimus. Scirpus tuberosus.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104.Tell el-Iswid.8 seeds. Scirpus tuberosus.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.6 seeds. Scirpus tuberosus.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.29 seeds. Scirpus tuberosus.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Scirpus tuberosus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Scirpus tuberosus.{100Late Period (C14:524-264 BC).Kudielka.1930:82.Ox mummy [S.S.A.K. MUS. in Munich: ÄS 60].Inflorescence. Scirpus tuberosus.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.2089:243.Crocodile's mummy [Kew MUS.].6 Binsenhalme mit Blütenstanden. Scirpus tuberosus.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Fragments of plants [Sic].,= Täckholm, II: 30 [6 culms, British MUS.]. Scirpus L. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06.--. Scirpus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:147.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Seeds.= Mitka & Wasylikowa, 1968:Table 1. Presented as Schoenoplectus. Scirpus.{020.1Neolithic (Qarunian).Wetterstrom.1773:189.Fayum (FS2).Nutlets. Scirpus.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Scirpus.{030.9Predynastic.de Roller.1577:106.Tell el-Iswid.9 seeds. Scirpus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).10 [Not Indicated.]. Scirpus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.6 [seeds].= Thanheiser, 1785:Table 2. Scirpus.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).5 seeds. Scirpus.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.540.Seeds & fruits. Scirpus.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 seed. Scirpus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).11 [Not Indicated.]. Scirpus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.8 [Not Indicated.]. Scirpus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Achenes] (8). Scirpus.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 106 [nuts?]. Scirpus.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Scirpus.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Scirpus.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. 215 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Scirpus.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Scirpus.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Seeds. Scirpus.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Scirpus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Scirpus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Scirpus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]),Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1999:112. Scirpus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated.= Murray, 1673:10. Scirpus.{092Dyn.26.2002-SMITH&JONES.Abdominal content of mummy Horemkenesi.Seed. Scirpus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 202.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Scirpus.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Scirpus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 130 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.6 desiccated seeds. Scirpus.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:477.Berenbal.Pollen. Scirpus! (Cyperaceae; ; ); Scirpus!.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Presented as Scirpus/Schoenoplectus type. Scorpiurus muricatus L. var. laevigata (Sibth. et Sm.) Boiss. (Leguminosae; Wall scorpion's tail; Scorpiure poilu); 043.18.01. Scorpiorus muricatus var. laevigata.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:136.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).19 joints of legumes. Scorpiurus muricatus L. (Leguminosae; Wall scorpion's tail; Scorpiure poilu); 043.18.01. Scorpiorus muricatus.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:157.Abusir (Né-User-Ré's Temple).Pod & seeds; = Germer, 88 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 303]. Scorpiorus muricatus.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1016:163.Kom el-Hisn.Seeds (68). Scorpiorus muricatus.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Scorpiorus muricatus.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Legumes]. Scorpiorus muricatus.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Legumes]. Scorpiorus muricatus.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Fayum [Cairo MUS.; Schw. 241].Flowerheads. Scorpiurus L. (Leguminosae; Scorpion's tail; Scorpiure); 043.18.--. Scorpiurus.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Legumes]. Scorpiorus.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Legumes?] (5). Scorpiorus.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Scorpiorus.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Legumes] (3). Scorpiorus.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. 216 Codex Scrophulariaceae A.Juss. (; ; ); 95.--.--. Scrophulariaceae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:111.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Presented as Verbascum/Scrophularia indet. See Täckholm's comments (III:276). Senecio desfontainei Druce. (Compositae; ; ); 106.68.02. Senecio desfontainei.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.2089:184.Fayum [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 241].Flowerheads; = Germer, 88:19. Senecio L. (Compositae; Groundsel ragwort; Séneçon); 106.68.--. Senecio.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Not indicated (2). Senecio.Unknown?Germer.88:49.Sarcophagus in Berlin Botanisches MUS. [Schw. 122].Not indicated. Senecio! (Compositae; Groundsel ragwort; Séneçon). Senecio type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Sesamum indicum L.: See under Sesamum orientale L. Sesamum orientale L. (Pedaliaceae; Oriental sesame; Sésame); 098.01.CC. Sesamum orientale.{030.9Predynastic.Dyer.149:54.Naqada.Not Indicated. Presented as Sesamum indicum. Sesamum orientale.{071.Dyn 18.Germer.2089:172.Deir el Medineh.Seeds. Sesamum orientale.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 capsule fragment. Presented as Sesamum indicum. Sesamum orientale.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Seed. Presented as Sesamum indicum. Sesamum orientale.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:73.El Hibeh.Capsule. Presented as Sesamum indicum. Sesamum orientale.{120Graeco Roman?.Schweinfurth.1021:265.Dra Abu el Naga.Capsules.= Schweinfurth, 1171:6. Presented as Sesamum indicum. Sesamum orientale{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.1 seed.Presented as S.indicum. Sesamum orientale.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 (Table 4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed.Presented as S.indicum. Sesamum orientale.Not clear.Schweinfurth.1021:264.Not indicated.Seeds.Found by Schiaparelli; = Schweinfurth, 1171:5. Presented as Sesamum indicum. Sesamum L. (Pedaliaceae; Sesame; Sésame); 098.01. Sesamum.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Sesamum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Boodle.2117:21a.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS. 495]).Seeds; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 1 [also in Cairo MUS.]; = de Vartavan, 1999:111. Sesamum.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Seeds. Presented as "sésame". Sesamum.{080.New Kingdom (Akhenaton).2003-FULLER: 133.Amarna.Seeds.[Not demonstrated.Personal communication to the author.] 217 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Sesbania aegyptiaca:See under Sesbania sesban. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill. (Leguminosae; Peabush; Sesbenier); 043.24.02. Sesbania sesban.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Jodrell.1440:198.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Branchlets. Sesbania sesban.{033Dyn 03.Ribstein.1343:206.Unknown? [Ägyptolo. Inst. Heidelberg No. 522 & 524].Wood pieces. Presented as Aeschynomene sp. Sesbania sesban.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.1167:68.Deir el Bahari (Ahmose's mummy).Flower heads.= Schweinfurth, 1141:112; = Schweinfurth, 1789: 75; = Täckholm, 112:106; = Germer, 88:7 (Schw. 304). Presented as S. aegyptiaca. Sesbania sesban.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:26.Douch.1 thorny twig. Sesbania sesban.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Pods & stems. Sesbania sesban.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1753:1.Unknown lady's (Antinoë).Pods & stems. Sesbania sesban.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:17.Antinoë [Schw. 305].Flowers. Sesbania sesban.{140Coptic (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1757:153.Antinoë (Byzantine Lady's mummy).Pods & branchlets. Sesbania.{030.9Predynastic (Early).Jodrell Lab.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc 29).Wood. Setaria !italica. (Gramineae; Foxtail millet; Millet des oiseaux); 124.78. Setaria italica!.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Seeds. Setaria type. (Gramineae; ; ); Setaria type.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. (Gramineae; Hooked Bristle grass ; Sétaire verticillée); 124.78.02. Setaria verticillata.{052Dyn 12?.Täckholm.I:460.El Lahun [Kew MUS. No. 59].Complete panicle. Setaria verticillata.{120Graeco Roman.Bonnet.1118:3.Antinoë (Necropolis).Chaff. Setaria! (Gramineae; Bristle grass millet; Sétaire). Setaria!{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Setaria!{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 130 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.4 desiccated seeds. Setaria.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:143.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Seeds. Setaria.{030.9 Predynastic .1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,16-17.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Not indicated. Setaria.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 seed. Setaria.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:112.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Silene linicola C.C. Gmel. (Caryophyllaceae; ; ); 021.07.XX. Silene linicola.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. 218 Codex Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae; Catchfly; Silène); 021.07.--. Silene.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Silene.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).3 seeds. Silene.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).3 [seeds]. Silene.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.3 seeds. Silene.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [seeds].= Thanheiser, 1785:Table 2. Silene.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Silene.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Silene.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Sinapis alba L. [Brassicaceae; White mustard; Moutarde blanche); 036.30.02. Sinapis !alba.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.1 seed.(Identified tentatively). Sinapis arvensis L. var. allionii. (Cruciferae; Field Mustard; Moutarde sauvage); 036.30.03. Sinapis arvensis var. allionii.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:9.Dra Abu el Naga.Pods (7).= Schweinfurth, 1169: 359; = Schweinfurth, 1700:312; = Schweinfurth, 1170:545.; = Newberry, 1145:53: = Germer, 88:49 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 306]. Sinapis arvensis L. var. nilotica. (Cruciferae; Field Mustard; Moutarde sauvage); 036.30.03. Sinapis arvensis var. nilotica.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:14.Monastery of Phoebammon.Stem pieces (5), pod halves (19) & pod (complete). Sinapis L. (Cruciferae; Mustard; Moutarde); 036.30. Sinapis.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ia.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal is virtually absent. Sinapis.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ib.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal is almost absent. Sinapis.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).1 [Not Indicated.]. Sinapis.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Sinapis.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal area increases per pollen grain. Sinapis.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not precisely identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Sinapis/Brassica. (Cruciferae; ; ). Sinapis/Brassica.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.12 seeds. 219 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Sisymbrium L. (Cruciferae; Sisymbrium; Sisimbre); 036.01.--. Sisymbrium.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Sisymbrium! (Cruciferae; Sisymbrium; Sisimbre). Sisymbrium!.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed].= Thanheiser, 1785:Table 2. Solanaceae; 094.--.--. Solanaceae!{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment.Presented as Solanaceae type. Solanaceae.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.26 seeds & fruits. Solanaceae.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Seeds of either Solanum or Withania. Solanum !nigrum (Solanaceae; Black nightshade; Morelle noire); 094.01. Solanum dulcamara in Britton (79) is regarded as Withania Somnifera by Germer (1851:91). Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae; Woody nightshade; Morelle Douce-amère); Solanum dulcamara. Identifications by Newberry from Tutankhamun's tomb (1059:192) and Hawara (1145:51) are regarded as Withania somnifera by Schweinfurth, Keimer and Germer (2089:166).See under this species for this identification. Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae; Apple of Sodom; Pomme de Sodome); 094.01.09. Solanum incanum.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:30.Monastery of Phoebammon.Fruit (basal part). Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae; Egg plant; Aubergine); 094.01.CC. Solanum melongena.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds & calyx. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae; Black nightshade; Morelle noire); 094.01.01. Solanum nigrum!.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).13 seeds. Solanum nigrum.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Seeds. Solanum nigrum.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Solanum nigrum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Seeds?] (3). Solanum nigrum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [seeds].= Thanheiser, 1785:Table 2. Solanum L. (Solanaceae; Nightshade; Morelle); 094.01.--. Solanum.{010Late Paleolithic.El Hadidi.1560:348.Nabta.Fruit fragment. Solanum.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. 220 Codex Solanum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 203.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Solanum/Withania.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Solanum/Withania.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.38 desiccated & 1 carbonized seeds. Solenostemma argel (Del.) Hayne (Asclepiadaceae;); 085.04.01. Solenostemma argel.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 181 (Table 8.4.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds Solenostemma argel.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 202.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Solenostemma argel.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 136 (Appx.4.4).Mons Porphyrites.5 follicles.[Hand-picked material]. Sonchus oleraceus L. (Compositae; ); 106.91.02 Sonchus oleraceus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 121 (Appx.4.1a).Mons Porphyrites.1 desiccated seed. Sonchus! (Compositae; Sow thistle; Laiteron). Sonchus!.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el Fara'in (Buto).4 heads. Sorbus domestica L. (Rosaceae; Service tree; Sorbier domestique).041.XX.CC. Sorbus domestica.{130Roman.Germer.2089:63.Hawara [Kew MUS. No. 112.1888).Fruit. Sorghum bicolor Moench. bicolor. (Gramineae; Sorghum; Sorgho); 124.93.XX. Sorghum bicolor bicolor.{130 Roman to 160 Ottoman Period (100 AD to 1500 AD).1998bDEAKIN&AL.: 118.Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Presented as Sorghum bicolor bicolor var.bicolor.Ancient DNA. Sorghum bicolor bicolor.{160Ottoman (16th-19th cent.).Rowley-Conwy.1556:52.Qasr Ibrim.[Not indicated]. Sorghum bicolor bicolor.{160Ottoman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:59.Qasr Ibrim.[Not indicated]. Sorghum bicolor Moench. ssp. arundinaceum. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.93.XX. Sorghum bicolor ssp. arundinaceum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew]).Florets & seeds.= de Vartavan, 1991:112. Sorghum bicolor var.arundinaceum.{090 Third Intermediate Period to 130 Roman (100 AD at the latest).1998b-DEAKIN&AL.: 118.Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Presented as sorghum bicolor verticilliflorum var.arundinaceum.Ancient DNA. Sorghum !bicolor (Gramineae; Sorghum; Sorgho); 124.93.XX. Sorghum bicolor!{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Dahlberg & al.1967:167.Nabta Plata (E-756).Seeds; = Wasylikowa, 1964:43; = Mitka & Wasylikowa, 1968:Table 1.; = Dahlberg & Wasylikowa, 2095: 295 (photo). Sorghum bicolor verticilliflorum (Steud) Stapf (Gramineae; ; ); 124.93.04. Sorghum bicolor verticilliflorum.{130Roman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:59.Qasr Ibrim.[Not indicated]. Sorghum bicolor Moench. (Gramineae; Great millet; ); 124.93.XX. 221 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Sorghum bicolor.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Hubbard.141:137.Armant.Husks. Sorghum bicolor.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).XX. Sorghum bicolor.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.I:537.Nib-Ari's (Thebes; Berlin-Dahlem MUS.].Culm piece. Presented as S. vulgare. Sorghum bicolor.{072Dyn 19.Germer.88:34.Maket's [Äg. MUS. 20664].Halmstücke. Sorghum bicolor.{090 Third Intermediate Period to 160 Ottoman Period (800-1800 AD).1998aDEAKIN&AL.: 33 Table 1).Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Ancient DNA. Sorghum bicolor.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:365.Quseir al Qadim.166 seeds & 631 spikelets. Sorghum bicolor.Unknown.Germer.88:34.Neb-jrj's [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 308].Fragment. Sorghum bicolor.Unknown.Täckholm.I:537.Gebelein [Fouad I MUS. No. 66854].Panicle.Rather fresh appearance (Täckholm, I:537). Presented as S. vulgare. Sorghum bicolor.Unknown?.Loret.111:26.Florence MUS.Seeds. Presented as S. vulgare. Sorghum bicolour var.durra.{130 Roman to 140 Coptic (5th-7th centuries AD).1998bDEAKIN&AL.: 118.Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Ancient DNA. Sorghum bicolour var.durra.{150 Islamic Period (possibly 800 AD to 1200 AD).1998bDEAKIN&AL.: 118.Qasr Ibrim.Seeds.Presented as Sorghum bicolor bicolor var.durra.Ancient DNA. Sorghum bicolour.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Spikelets. Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.93.03. Sorghum sudanense.{010Late Paleolithic.= El Hadidi, 1844:Table 1. Source not clear. Sorghum !virgatum (Hack.) Stapf. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.93.02. Sorghum !virgatum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Sorghum !virgatum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.30 desiccated seeds. Sorghum vulgare.: See under Sorghum bicolor Moench. Sorghum Moench. (Gramineae; Sorghum; Sorgho); 124.93.--. Sorghum.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6).Not Indicated.= Wasylikowa, 1985:159 (Table 2). Sorghum.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Sorghum.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:27.Douch.2 panicles.= Barakat, 1502:201. Sorghum!.{130 Roman Period.2005 NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).One glume. Sorghum.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes). [Legumes]. Presented as Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.Unknown.Hannerd.1258:69-140.Thebes.Seeds.Record doubtful according to Täckholm (I:537). Sorghum.Unknown.Unger.1258:69-140.Saqqara.Stems.Record doubtful according to Täckholm (I:537). Spargamium! (Sparganiaceae; Bur reed; Ruban d'eau). Spargamium-type.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. 222 Codex Spergula L. (Caryophyllaceae; Spury; Spergule); 021.16.--. Spergula.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Sphaeranthus suaevolens D.C. (Compositae; ; ); 106.29.01. Sphaerantus suaevolens.{071Dyn 18-19?.Schweinfurth.1021:272.Dra Abu el Naga.Heads (5).= Schweinfurth, 1171:9; = Schweinfurth, 1700:312; = Newberry, 1145:33; = Germer, 2089:177 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 307]; = Germer, 88. Spinacia tetrandra Roxb. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.XX.XX. Spinacia tetrandra.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Spitzelia coronopifolia: See under Picris coronopifolia. Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl.) Kunth. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.46.01. Sporobolus spicatus.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).Inflorescence & [seeds]. Sporobolus spicatus: The authors's comment that "it was apparently not utilized in antiquity and thus it is probably intrusive" is not valid since our records of the ancient Egyptian flora are incomplete. This species may therefore belong to Dyn. 18. Stachys aegyptiaca Pers. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.13.01. Stachys aegyptiaca.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:20.Douch.1 capitule. Stellaria/Silene! (Caryophyllaceae; ; ). Stellaria/Silene!Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:480.Berenbal.Pollen. Sterculiaceae Vent.; 064.--.--. Sterculiaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Huber.1566:26.Naga ed Deir.Wood (Parenchymatous material).Huber suggested Sterculia or Pterygota. Stipa tenaccissima.{020Neolithic.Hoffmann.2097:67.Maadi.Leaf part. Stipa tenacissima L. (Gramineae; Feather grass; Stipe); 124.49.XX. Stipa tenacissima.Täckholm (I:356) states: "The identification of this grass which is not indigenous to Egypt needs verification". Strychnos nux vomica L. (Loganiaceae; Nux-vomica poison nut; Arbre à noix vomique); XXX.XX.XX. Strychnos nux vomica.{130Roman.Schwede.2114:39.Alexandria.Seeds. Styrax benzoin Driander (Styracaceae; Benzoin; Benjoin); XX.XX.XX. Styrax Benzoin.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:53.Hawara.Not indicated. 223 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Styrax L. (Styracaceae; Styrax; Aliboufier); XX.XX.--. Styrax.Unknown?.Vieillescazes-Rambier.1992:84.Not indicated.Resin (Résine G). Suaeda palestina Eig & Zohary. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.16.XX. Suaeda palestina.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Suaeda! (Chenopodiaceae; Seepweed; Suaéda). Suaeda!.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Suaeda Forssk. ex Scop. (Chenopodiaceae; Seepweed; Suaéda); 022.16.--. Suaeda.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment. Suaeda.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).41 [seeds]. Suaeda.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).102 [seeds]. Suaeda.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2 [seeds]. Suaeda.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood. Suaeda.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Suaeda.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Suaeda.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Suaeda.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:480.Berenbal.Pollen. Syzygium! (Myrtaceae; ; ). Syzygium type.{032Dyn 02 (or before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8a).Pollen. Tabaceae [Sic.]: Not a valid denomination. Nicotiana type? Tabaceae.Not indicated.Kudielka.1874:79.Ox mummy [S.S.A.K. MUS. in Munich: ÄS 60].Flower. Tamaricaceae S.F. Gray. (Tamarisk family; Tamaricacées; ); 068.--.--. Tamaricaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [28-29 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Tamaricaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [12-14 m & 18-19 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Tamaricaceae.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 [1-2 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Tamaricaceae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000 [11 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Tamarindus indica.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273.Quseir.Seeds. Tamarix !aphylla.{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.13 w ood fragments. Tamarix !aphylla.{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.14 wood fragments. Tamarix !nilotica (Tamaricaceae; ; ). Tamarix !nilotica.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Wood & Wood charcoal. 224 Codex Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. (Tamaricaceae; ; ); 068.01.01. Tamarix aphylla.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Wood. Tamarix aphylla.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Tamarix aphylla.{052Dyn 12.Germer.88:55.El Kab [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 345].Rinde. Tamarix aphylla.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.1006:154.Mummy [Stockholm MUS.].Branches (9). Presented under the synonymous T. Articulata. Tamarix aphylla.{112 Ptolemaic(early).2005-ANDELKOVIC&ASENSI AMOROS: 355.Coffin of Nesmin.(BELGRADE MUS.).Wood. Tamarix aphylla.{120Graeco Roman.Yeivin.11:447.Kom Aushim (Karanis).Wood?. Tamarix aphylla.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Bratislava Slovak National MUS.Wood (coffin). Tamarix aphylla.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Moravska Trebova Municipal MUS. [No. E77/71].Wood (coffin). Tamarix aphylla.Not indicated.Brezinova & Hurda.1454:141.Naprstek Prague MUS. No. P. 625a.Wood (coffin). Tamarix articulata: See under T. aphylla. Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bge. (Tamaricaceae; ; ); 068.01.03. Tamarix nilotica.{030.9 Predynastic. 2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Tamarix nilotica.{031Dyn 01.Grosser.88:55.Nagada [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 136e].Wood. Tamarix nilotica.{035Dyn 05.Germer.88:25.Neuserre's (Abusir).Branch (Schweinfurth. 343). Tamarix nilotica.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:159.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).Branchlets. Tamarix nilotica.{063Dyn 17-18.Unger.1259:81.El Kab.Branch. Tamarix nilotica.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1021:283.Cheikh Abdel Qurna (Kent's mummy).Branches.= Schweinfurth, 1700: 312; = Schweinfurth, 1171:13; = Germer, 88:51 [Äg. MUS. 12404]. Tamarix nilotica.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:23.Gebelein [Äg.M.12400].Branch. Tamarix nilotica.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Not Indicated. Tamarix nilotica.{120Graeco Roman.Yeivin.11:447.Kom Aushim (Karanis).Wood?. Tamarix nilotica.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Twig. Tamarix passerinoides Del. ex Desv. (Tamaricaceae; ; ); 068.01.05. Tamarix passerinoides.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. Tamarix tetragina Ehrenb. (Tamaricaceae; ; ); 068.01.02. Tamarix tetragina.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Wood. 225 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Tamarix L. (Tamaricaceae; Tamarisk; Tamaris); 068.01.--. Tamarix.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 12500).Neumann?.1634:170.Makhadma (2 & 4; Canal 1 & 2).1036 Wood. & charcoal fragments. Tamarix.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 17500-17000).Tomcynska.1875:252-7.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-784).Wood Charcoal. Tamarix.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18000).Tomcynska.1875:252-7.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-81-1).Wood Charcoal. Tamarix.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 18200-18000).Tomcynska.1875:252-7.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-783).Wood Charcoal. Tamarix.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 19000).Tomcynska.1875:252-7.Wadi Kubbaniya (E-81-6).Wood Charcoal. Tamarix.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Barakat.1966:Table 1.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Wood charcoal. Tamarix.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).El Hadidi.1560:347.Nabta.Branchlets.= Wasylikowa, 1964:138. Tamarix.{010Late Paleolithic.Neumann?.1634:170.Es Salamuni.Charcoal. Tamarix.{020 Neolithic.2008-CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Faiyum.[BRITISH MUS.EA No 58699].Part of a wooden bow in good condition. Tamarix.{020.55Neolithic (Tasian).Kew.1128:33.Mostagedda.Wood (coffin 426). Tamarix.{020Neolithic (BP 08.000).Neumann.1011:Table 1 & 2a.Abu Ballas.Wood. Tamarix.{020Neolithic.Barakat.1626:65.Nabta (E-75-6).Wood. Tamarix.{020Neolithic.Plenderleith.154:45.Fayum.Wood. Tamarix.{020Neolithic.Täckholm.1006:154.Merimde Beni Salama [Stockholm MUS].Wood. Tamarix.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Kew Director 1928.142:38.Badari.Wood (2 pieces). Tamarix.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Kew Director 1928.142:62.Badari.Wood (2 pieces). Tamarix.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Kew.1128:58.Mostaggeda.Wood. Tamarix.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Jodrell.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Wood. Tamarix.{030.6 Nagadian (IC - circa 3500 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1 wood fragment. Tamarix.{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.256 wood fragments. Tamarix.{030.6 Nagadian (III - C14 3200-2900/Dyns 1&2).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.75 wood fragments. Tamarix.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.1043 wood fragments. Tamarix.{030.9 Predynastic (3600 BC.).2005-FAHMY: 290 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis (burial 333, HK 43).1 desiccated leaflet. Tamarix.{030.9 Predynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ia.Microscopic charcoal is virtually absent.Pollen is not precisely identified. Tamarix.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Tamarix.{030.9Predynastic (Early; BC 3505 +- 80 (C14)).Jodrell Lab.1440:104.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).Wood. Tamarix.{030.9Predynastic (Early; BC 3650 (C14)).Jodrell Lab.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).Wood. Tamarix.{030.9Predynastic.Boodle.141:137.Armant.Twigs. Tamarix.{030.9Predynastic.Boodle.141:138.Armant.Tree root and [fibre]. Tamarix.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1093:265.Unknown.Stem. Tamarix.{030.9Predynastic.Greiss.1127:568.El Omari.Wood.= Greiss, 1116:229; = Greiss, 181:107 (A76). Tamarix.{030.9Predynastic.Kew.1128:91.Mostagedda.Wood. Tamarix.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:135.Maadi III.Wood & Wood charcoal. Tamarix.{031Dyn 01/03.Boodle.141:138.Armant.Charcoal. Tamarix.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.25 226 Codex stems. Tamarix.{032Dyn 02.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).El Kab.55 wood fragments. Tamarix.{033.5 Early Dynastic.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone Ib.Microscopic charcoal is almost absent.Pollen is not precisely identified. Tamarix.{033.5Early Dynastic.Täckholm.1006:155.El Ma'sara [Stockholm MUS].Wood. Tamarix.{034Dyn 04/09.Boodle.143:53.Matmar.Wood. Tamarix.{034Dyn 04/11.Kew.1128:59.Mostagedda.Twigs. Tamarix.{040 Late Old Kingdom to 060 Middle Kingdom (?).2008CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Asyut, precise find spot not recorded.[BRITISH MUS.EA No 47352].1 wooden bow in poor condition (both ends damaged). Tamarix.{043Dyn 11.Brown,117:49.Deir el Bahari.Roots. Tamarix.{050First Intermediate Period.Western & McLeod.1949:80.Naga el-Deir (Cemetery 3500; Hearst MUS. No. 6-2757).Wood (Bow fragment). Tamarix.{050First Intermediate Period.Western & McLeod.1949:80.Naga el-Deir (Cemetery 3500; Hearst MUS. No. 6-2778).Wood (arrow). Tamarix.{051 Dyn 11b.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. 12003].2113:156.Wood. Presented as "tamaris". Tamarix.{052 Dyn 12.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 3931].2113:116.Wood. Presented as "tamaris". Tamarix.{052 Dyn 12.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 12028].2113:158.Wood. Presented as "tamaris". Tamarix.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7c).Pollen. Tamarix.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Tamarix.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood.Presented as "sycomore". Tamarix.{060Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:191.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 17830).Wood (2 sticks). Presented as "Tamariskenholz". Tamarix.{060Middle Kingdom.Lucas.11:441.Kew MUS.Wood (walking stick and throw stick). Tamarix.{071Dyn 18 (Tuthmosis III).C.T.F.T.1882:118.Deir el Medineh [Louvre MUS. E.14470].Wood. Presented as "Tamaris". Tamarix.{071Dyn 18.Chalk.1060:144.Tutankhamun's.Wood (from 2 objects). Tamarix.{071Dyn 18.Samuel.1317:281.Amarna.Twigs. Tamarix.{071Dyn 18.Western.1551:91.Thebes (Amenophis III's tomb [Ashmolean MUS. 1923663]).Wood.= Littauer & al. 216:92. Tamarix.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Normand.1714:327.Ramses II's mummy.Wood. Tamarix.{073Dyn 20/26.Chalk.11:441.Not indicated.Wood (coffin). Tamarix.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Pollen is not precisely identified.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Tamarix.{080New Kingdom.Fahn & Zamski.1857:253.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Tamarix.{080New Kingdom.Greiss.1093:264.Deir el Medineh.Twig. Tamarix.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:109.Thebes[(Munich MUS. No. 430, 421].Wood. Tamarix.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:205.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 6817.).Wood (crocodile). Presented as "Tamariskenholz". Tamarix.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:98.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 19745].Wood (Sickle). Tamarix.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:98.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 7103].Wood (hoe). Tamarix.{080New Kingdom.Grosser & Grünewald.319:99.Unknown [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 12478 & 10773].Wood. 227 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Tamarix.{080New Kingdom.Werker.1856:232.Timna Temple (Sinaï).Wood. Tamarix.{085Dyn 25.Grosser & Grünewald.319:99.Abusir el Meleq [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 17007].Wood (lyre). Presented as "Tamariskenholz". Tamarix.{090 Third Intermediate Period (1070-1050 BC.).1998-WIEDEMANN: 98 (Table 1). (ST.GALLEN MUS.).Wood.Inner coffin. Tamarix.{090Third Intermediate Period (circa BC 700 (C14)).Hansen.1659:30.Washington State Hist. Soc. MUS. (Tacoma).Wood. Tamarix.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:264.WestKöms (Elephantine).Fruit remains & bark. Tamarix.{092Dyn 26.Western & McLeod.1949:86.Tomb in Thebes [Pitt Rivers MUS. No. 1896-2-24].Wood (arrow). Tamarix.{092Dyn 26?.Western & McLeod.1949:81.Thebes [Ashmolean MUS. No. 1886.811].Wood (arrow). Tamarix.{096Dyn 30 to Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS:: 83.Suckling Isis statue in VIVENEL MUS L 709.Wood. Tamarix.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Ptah Sokaris statue in VIVENEL MUS L.726.Wood. Tamarix.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Falcon statue in VIVENEL MUS 1964-26.Wood. Tamarix.{100 Late Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS:: 79.Ptah Sokaris statue in VIVENEL MUS L.728.Wood. Tamarix.{100Late Period/Ptolemaic.Hort. Section in Giza.1128:138.Mostagedda.Leaves. Tamarix.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not precisely identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Tamarix.{112 Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 79.Ptah Sokaris statue in VIVENEL MUS L.725.Wood. Tamarix.{112 Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Ptah Sokaris statue in VIVENEL MUS L.727.Wood. Tamarix.{112 Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Ptah Sokaris statue in VIVENEL MUS L.727.Wood. Tamarix.{112 Ptolemaic.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Suckling Isis statue in VIVENEL MUS L 711.Wood. Tamarix.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Tamarix.{120 Graeco Roman Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Falcon statue in VIVENEL MUS L 708.Wood. Tamarix.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:25;28.Douch.4+ branches. Tamarix.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous various parts. Tamarix.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 180 (Table 2).‟AynManawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).roots. Tamarix.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Ribstein.1343:207.Unknown? [Spiegelberg COLL. No. S.7, 8, 11, 15 & 15].Wood. Tamarix.{130Roman (AD 300-400).Boodle.141:204.Armant.Wood. Tamarix.{130Roman (circa) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:36.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:38c]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:37.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:38d]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:41.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:56]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:42.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:60]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:42.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:58]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:42.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:57]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:43.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:64]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:43.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:62]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:44.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:70]. 228 Codex Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:47.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:90]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:113]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:49.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:108]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:52.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:142]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:52.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:141]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:52.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:139]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:52.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:138]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:55.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:163]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:82.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:279]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:86.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:291]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:87.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:294]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:87.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:293]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:87.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:292]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:88.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:299]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:88.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:298]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:88.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:297]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:88.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:296]. Tamarix.{130Roman or Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:88.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:295]. Tamarix.{130Roman? (AD 300-400?).C.T.F.T.190:71.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:248]. Tamarix.{130Roman? (AD 300-400?).C.T.F.T.190:71.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:247]. Tamarix.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal & 13 desiccated leaves. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 500).C.T.F.T.190:113.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:370]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 500).C.T.F.T.190:38.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:42]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:103.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:343]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:104.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:344]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:104.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:347]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:105.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:349]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:105.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:348]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:106.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:350]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:107.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:353]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:112.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:367]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:113.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:369]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:127.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:422]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:130.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:433]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:144.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:495]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600).C.T.F.T.190:151.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:529]. Tamarix.{140Coptic (AD 600?).C.T.F.T.190:104.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:345]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:104.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:346]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:107.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:354]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:112.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:366]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:112.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:365]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:115.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:375]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:119.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:386]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:130.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:434]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-700).C.T.F.T.190:84.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:282]. 229 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-800).C.T.F.T.190:37.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:39]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-800).C.T.F.T.190:38.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:41]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-800).C.T.F.T.190:38.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:40]. Tamarix.{140Coptic or Islamic (AD 600-800).C.T.F.T.190:81.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:274]. Tamarix.{140Coptic to Islamic.C.T.F.T.190:120.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:392]. Tamarix.{140Coptic to Islamic.C.T.F.T.190:120.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:391]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:100.Antinoë?.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:339]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:117.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:383]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:117.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:382]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:117.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:381]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:117.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:380]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:117.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:379]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:119.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:389]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:119.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:388]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:119.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:387]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:120.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:390]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:123.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:404]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:123.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:403]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:124.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:410]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:124.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:408]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:125.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:416]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:125.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:413]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:126.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:417]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:127.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:421]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:130.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:430]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:130.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:429]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:131.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:441]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:131.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:440]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:131.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:439]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:132.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:444]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:132.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:442]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:134.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:457]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:134.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:456]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:134.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:455]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:134.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:454]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:134.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:453]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:135.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:460]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:135.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:459]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:135.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:458]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:140.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:480]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:141.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:483]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:141.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:481]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:142.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:487]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:142.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:486]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:143.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:494]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:143.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:493]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:143.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:492]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:144.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:499]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:144.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:498]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:144.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:500]. 230 Codex Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:144.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:497]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:145.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:506]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:145.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:505]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:145.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:502]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:145.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:501]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:146.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:510]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:146.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:509]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:146.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:507]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:147.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:514]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:147.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:513]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:147.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:512]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:149.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:529]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:149.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:528]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:149.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:527]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:149.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:526]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:149.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:525]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:149.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:524]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:153.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:538]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:156.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:541]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:157.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:545]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:158.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:549]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:158.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:550]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:159.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:553]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:159.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:554]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:160.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:558]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:161.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:564]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:161.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:561]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:72.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:251]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:73.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:255]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:73.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:253]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:73.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:252]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:74.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:261]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:74.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:259]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:74.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:258]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:74.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:257]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:75.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:262]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:76.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:267]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:77.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:270]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:77.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:269]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:82.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:277]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:90.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:306]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:90.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:304]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:90.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:303]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:91.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:309]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:91.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:307]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:92.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:312]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:92.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:316]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:92.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:315]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:92.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:314]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:92.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:313]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:95.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:320]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:96.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:329]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:96.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:328]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:96.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:327]. 231 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:96.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:326]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:96.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:325]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:96.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:324]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:97.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:335]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:97.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:334]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:97.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:333]. Tamarix.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:97.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:332]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:101.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:341]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:106.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:351]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:130.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:432]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:130.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:431]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:131.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:438]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:135.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:461]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 700-800).C.T.F.T.190:156.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:540]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800).C.T.F.T.190:108.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:356]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800).C.T.F.T.190:114.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:372]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800).C.T.F.T.190:114.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:371]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800).C.T.F.T.190:158.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:547]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800).C.T.F.T.190:158.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:548]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:115.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:374]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:115.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:373]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:118.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:385]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:118.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:384]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:127.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:424]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:127.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:423]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:127.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:425]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:137.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:467]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:138.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:471]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:138.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:470]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:138.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:469]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:138.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:468]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:139.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:476]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:139.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:475]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:139.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:474]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:139.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:473]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 800-900?).C.T.F.T.190:139.Bâouit? .Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:472]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:120.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:393]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:121.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:398]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:121.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:397]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:121.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:396]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:121.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:395]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:121.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:394]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:122.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:400]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:122.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:399]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:131.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:436]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:133.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:447]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:141.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:482]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:155.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:539]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900?).C.T.F.T.190:140.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:478]. Tamarix.{150Islamic (AD 900?).C.T.F.T.190:142.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:489]. Tamarix.{200 Unknown Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Falcon statue in VIVENEL MUS L 705.Wood. Tamarix.{200 Unknown Period.2007b-ASENSI AMOROS: 83.Naked statue in VIVENEL MUS L 711.Wood. 232 Codex Tamarix.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:480.Berenbal.Pollen. Tamarix.Unknown.Greiss.1093:264.Unknown.Wood (from a small sieve). Tamarix! (Tamaricaceae; Tamarisk; .Tamaris); 068.01.--. Tamarix!.{071Dyn 18 (Tuthmosis III).C.T.F.T.1882:118.Deir el Medineh (Tomb 1267 [Louvre MUS.E.14471]).Wood. Presented as "tamaris". Tanacetum! (Compositae; Tansy; Tanaisie); Tanacetum type.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Flower heads & achenes]. Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae; English yew; If commun); XX.XX.XX. Taxus baccata.{036Dyn 06/12.Beauvisage.1183:83.Ur-s-nefer's sarcophagus (Meïr).Wood. Taxus baccata.{052Dyn 12.Beauvisage.1182:31.Unknown (Two sarcophagi).Wood. Taxus baccata.{071Dyn 18 (Amenhetep III).Wittmack.1712:27.Amarna (Teye's Wooden head [Berlin MUS.]).Wood; = Wittmack.1701:10. Teucrium: See under Lamiaceae Thesium humile Vahl. (Santalaceae; ; ); 014.01.01. Thesium humile.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:112.El Omari.Fruits. Thlaspi !arvense (Cruciferae; Penny cress; Tabouret des champs); 036.XX. Thlaspi !arvense.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Thlaspi !arvense.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Thymbra spicata Pall ex. Bieb. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.XX.XX. Thymbra spicata.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Boodle.2117:22.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb).Sprig; = Not indicated.325:13 (Object No. 367h). Thymelaceae A. Juss. (Thyméléacées); 065.--.--. Thymelaceae.{130Roman (circa) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Thymus bovei Benth. (Labiatae; Mother-of-thyme; Thym serpolet); 093.06.02. Thymus bovei.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:15-21.Douch.55+ branches; leaves.= Barakat, 1502:200. Presented as Thymus decussate. Tilia europea L. (Tiliaceae; European linden; Tilleul commun); 062.XX.XX. Tilia europea.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Newberry.1083:46.Hawara.2 flowers. 233 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Tilia !tomentosa. (Tiliaceae; Silver lime; Tilleul argenté); 062.XX. Tilia tomentosa!.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Tilia tomentosa Moensch. (Tiliaceae; Silver lime; Tilleul argenté); 062.XX.XX. Tilia tomentosa.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Tilia tomentosa.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:163.Ramses II's mummy.2 pollens. Tilia tomentosa.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Lab. of Louvre MUS.1931:11.Fayum [Louvre MUS.].Wood. Tilia L. (Tiliaceae; Lime; Tilleul); 062.XX.--. Tilia.{096Dyn 30 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Tilia.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 400).Wittmack.1711:185.Abusir.Wood (coffin). Tilia.{130Roman (AD 300-500).Oakley.1709:.Wood (mummy label). Tiliaceae; 062.--.--. Tiliaceae.{030.9Predynastic.Huber.1566:26.Naga ed Deir.Wood (Parenchymatous material).Huber suggested Grewia as a possibility. Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link. (Umbelliferae; False carrot; Caucalier); 077.26.04. Torilis arvensis.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.6 seeds. Presented as T. infesta. Torilis arvensis.Germer (2089:142) suggested that Newberry's remains belong to Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Torilis infesta Roth: See under T. arvensis (Huds.) Link. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. (Umbelliferae; Knotted hedgeparsley;); 077.26.03. Torilis nodosa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225(Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Torus! [Non existing genus!] (; ; ); Torus!.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. (Umbelliferae; Ami; Ammi); 077.XX.XX. Trachyspermum copticum.{071Dyn 18.Samuel.1916:372.Amarna.Fruits. Trachyspermum copticum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 183 (Table 8.5.).Mons Claudianus.94 seeds. Trachyspermum copticum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.38 desiccated seeds. Trachyspermum copticum.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS No.3628].Seeds.= Bonnet, 1177:6; = Germer, 88:31 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 380]. Presented as T. ammi. Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae; Water chestnut; Marron d'eau); XX.XX.XX. 234 Codex Trapa natans.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:434.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Kernel. Trapa natans.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:434.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Kernel?. Trapa natans.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:434.Unknown?.Kernel. Trapa natans.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. VI.Louvre MUS.1 fruit.= Loret & Poisson, 110:14. Trianthema pentandra L. (Aizoaceae; ; ); 019.05.01. Trianthema pentandra.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.],Pollen. Presented as Zaleya pentandra. Tribulus pentandrus Forssk. (Zygophyllaceae; ; ); 048.06.04. Tribulus pentandrus.{010Late Paleolithic.El Hadidi.1560:348.Nabta (E-75-8).Mericarps.= Wasylikowa, 1964:138. Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae; Devil's thorn; Tribule terrestre); 047.06.05. Tribulus terrestris.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.[Fruits?]. Trichodesma africanum (L.) R. Br. (Boraginaceae; ; ); 090.02.03. Trichodesma africanum.{030.2Predynastic.Netolitsky.1128:112.Mostagedda.Leaves. Trichodesma africanum.{030.9Predynastic.Netolitsky.1566:28.Naga ed Deir.Leaves fragments. Trichodesma !africanum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Trichodesma africanum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 207.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Trichodesma africanum.{130Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 113.Mons Claudianus.Seeds.? Trichodesma africanum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.19 desiccated seeds & leaves. Trifoliae: See under Leguminosae. Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Leguminosae; Egyptian clover; Tréfle d'Alexandrie); 043.12.12. Trifolium alexandrinum.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.167 seeds & calyx. Trifolium alexandrinum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:50.Hawara.Not Indicated.= Täckholm, 1006:157. Trifolium !medium. (Leguminosae; Zigzag clover; Tréfle intermédiaire); 043.12. Trifolium medium!.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.1006:154.Mummy [Stockholm MUS].Calyx. Trifolium resupinatum L. (Leguminosae; Persian clover; Tréfle de Perse); 043.12.02. Trifolium resupinatum.{081Dyn 21.Täckholm.1006:156.Mummy [Stockholm MUS].3 leaves; petioles & 5 calyx. 235 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Trifolium L. (Leguminosae; Clover; Trèfle); 043.12.--. Trifolium.{030.6Predynastic (Nagadian).Wetterstrom.1773:224.Nagada South (KH3).Seeds. Trifolium.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.2120 seeds. Trifolium.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.86 seeds. Trifolium.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1016:163.Kom el-Hisn.Seeds (1953). Trifolium.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.[Not Indicated].= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 1953 [seeds]. Trifolium.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Trifolium.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 224 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Trifolium.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 (Appx.4.1c).Mons Porphyrites.3 desiccated seeds. Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Leguminosae:Fenugreek; Fénugrec); 043.08.CC. Trigonella foenum graecum.{030.9Predynastic.Zohary & Hopf.114:111.Maadi.Legumes. Trigonella foenum graecum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.2096:5.Tutankhamun's (Thebes).Seeds;= Boodle, 2117:23 [Kew MUS. 277, 454, 476, 573C & 614]; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 2 [Cairo & Kew MUS.]; = de Vartavan, 1999:108. Trigonella foenum graecum.{071Dyn 18.Granger & allii.1998:192-3.Amenhotep's (Thebes).Legume. Presented as "Trigonella hamosa (fenugreek)" but comments indicate that T. foenum graecum is meant. Trigonella foenum graecum.{071Dyn 18.Lucas.1060:145.Tutankhamun's.Seeds.= de Vartavan, 1400:Table 1 [Kew MUS.]; = de Vartavan, 1999:108 [Cairo MUS.], Trigonella foenum graecum.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Trigonella foenum graecum.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes).Not indicated. Presented as "fenugreek". Trigonella foenum graecum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:366.Quseir al Qadim.30 seeds. Trigonella foenum-graecum.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182 -184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Over 11 seeds. Trigonella foenum-graecum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds (rare). Trigonella !foenum graecum. (Leguminosae:Fenugreek; Fénugrec); Trigonella !foenum graecum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1091:87.Meir.Seeds. Presented as "helba?". Trigonella hamosa L. (Leguminosae:; ); 043.08.11. Trigonella hamosa.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:137.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Pod. Trigonella hamosa.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:16.Monastery of Phoebammon.Stem part & legumes with calyx (2). Trigonella L. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.08.--. Trigonella.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.1&Not indicated seeds or fruits Trigonella.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).[Not Indicated.]. Triticum aestivo-compactum: See under Triticum aestivum L. 236 Codex Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae; ; Blé tendre); 124.XX.CC. Triticum aestivum.{020.5Neolithic.Hopf.1327:314.Merimde Beni Salama.Not Indicated. Triticum aestivum.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:110.El Omari.Grains. Triticum aestivum.{020.8Neolithic.Helbaek.1264:94.El Omari.Grains [seeds]. Triticum aestivum.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,1617.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Seeds & rachises. Triticum aestivum.{030.9Predynastic.Follieri & van Zeist.1811:106-7.Maadi.Not indicated. Triticum aestivum.{052Dyn 12.Unger.1134:41.Dahshur Pyramid.Seeds & glumes. Presented as T. antiquorum. Triticum aestivum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.Rachises. Triticum aestivum.{071Dyn 18.Piovano.1639:47.(Turin MUS.].Seeds. Triticum aestivum.{072Dyn 19 (Ramses II).Unger.1261:202.Masxuta.Seeds. Presented as T. vulgare antiquorum Heer . Triticum aestivum.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Seeds. Presented as "aestivo-compactum". Triticum aestivum.{100Late or Roman.Schiemann.I:255.Bought in Luxor.Not indicated. Presented as T. vulgare. Triticum aestivum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Rachis nodes. Triticum aestivum.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Rachis fragments, glumes & [seeds]. Triticum aestivum.Not indicated.Raspail.1874:154.Unknown? [Passalacqua COLL.].Seeds. Presented as "Froment". Triticum aestivum.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. I.Louvre MUS.Seeds.= Loret & Poisson, 110:4. Presented as T. vulgare . Triticum aestivum/durum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Triticum !aestivum. (Gramineae; ; Blé tendre). Triticum !aestivum.{020.6Neolithic.Percival.154:46.Fayum.Charred grains. Presented as T. vulgare. Triticum !aestivum.{020.8Neolithic.Helbaek.1264:94.El Omari.Seeds. Triticum !aestivum.{030.9Predynastic.Rosen.1981:In press.Hu Semaineh.Phytolith. Triticum !aestivum.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Many rachises. Triticum !aestivum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.15 desiccated & 15 carbonized rachis nodes. Triticum !aestivum/durum.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.Rachis fragments (92&45). Triticum antiquorum: See under T. aestivum for Unger's finds. Triticum boeoticum Boiss. (Gramineae; Wild einkorn; Engrain sauvage); 124.XX.XX. Triticum boeoticum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.29 [38] [Seeds]. Triticum boeoticum/monococcum. (Gramineae; Wild einkorn/Einkorn; Engrain sauvage/Engrain); 124.XX. Triticum boeoticum/monococcum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Rachises?] (4). 237 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Triticum !dicoccum (Gramineae; Emmer; Blé amidonnier). Triticum !dicoccum.{020.55Neolithic (Tasian).Percival.1128:33.Mostagedda.Spikelets. Triticum !dicoccum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Boodle.141:138.Armant.Leaf fragment. Presented as "Possibly Emmer-wheat". Triticum !dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.Rosen.1981:In press.Hu Semaineh.Phytolith. Presented as T. palaeocolchicum. Triticum !dicoccum.{036Dyn 06.Hopf.1810:178.Saqqara.Spikelets (glumes). Triticum !dicoccum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Glume bases & rachis segments. Triticum !dicoccum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103, 127 & 131 (Tables 4.5., 4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.22 desiccated & 7 carbonized glume bases, 11 desiccated & 1 carbonized rachis segments. Triticum diccocum Schübl. (Gramineae; Emmer; Blé amidonnier); 124.XX.CC. Triticum diccocum.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2)).Adaïma.Numerous arious parts.Presented as "Triticum dicoccum L.subsp.dicoccurn". Triticum diccocum.{092Dyn.26.2002-SMITH&JONES:181.Abdominal content of mummy Horemkenesi.Glumes. Triticum dicoccum.{020.2Neolithic.Stemler & Falk.1014:395.Nabta Playa.Rachis. Triticum dicoccum.{020.55Neolithic (Tasian).Biffen.1128:33.Mostagedda.Spikelets. Presented as "emmer". Triticum dicoccum.{020.5Neolithic.Landwirtschaftlichen Institut von Dahlem.2094:214.Merimde. [Seeds]; Identified by Fahmy (2094:214) as Triticum sp.; = Hopf.1327:314. Triticum dicoccum.{020.5Neolithic.Werth.1782:453-462.Merimde.Spikelets. Triticum dicoccum.{020.6Neolithic (Fayum A).Caton-Thompson & Gardner.154:43-56.Upper K (Fayum).Seeds & spikelets. Triticum dicoccum.{020.6Neolithic.Stapf, Percival & Biffen.154:46.Fayum.Whole spikelets.= Germer, 1443:245 [Manchester MUS. No. 7972). Triticum dicoccum.{020.8Neolithic.Schiemann.1322:148.El Omari.Seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{020.8Neolithic.Täckholm.1127:568.El Omari.Seeds, paleas, lemmas and glumes.= Debono 1611 53; = Barakat, 1332:110; = Helbaek 1264 94 (Seeds and one spike). Triticum dicoccum.{020Neolithic.Menghin & Amer.144:52.Maadi.Seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{020Neolithic.Neuweiler.1079:69.Maadi.Not indicated. Triticum dicoccum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Brunton.1128:33.Hemamieh.Spikelets & seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Percival.1128:59.Mostagedda.Ear & spikelets. Presented as "emmer". Triticum dicoccum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Percival.142:63.Badari.Ears & grains. Triticum dicoccum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Brunton.143:22-3.Badari.[Seeds]. Triticum dicoccum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Harlan.1825:14-25.Hierakonpolis (Hk 14).Seeds & spikelets. Triticum dicoccum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).Kew Director 1928.142:62.Badari.Seed (1). Triticum dicoccum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Seeds, spikelets & chaff. Presented as T. vulgare. Triticum dicoccum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; prior).Geller.1680:47.Hierakonpolis.Seeds, rachises, spikelets, chaff. Triticum dicoccum.{030.6Predynastic (Nagadian).Litynska.1578:93-104.Armant [MA 21/83 & 21a/83].Spikelets, rachis & grain. Triticum dicoccum.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Triticum dicoccum.{030.6Predynastic.Grüss.1684:680.Nagada [Berlin Botanisches MUS.? Jar 13069].Glume & barb. Triticum dicoccum.{030.8Predynastic.Boodle.141:138.Armant.Grains, (Pots BIIf, B38c1, P40h, W43b, P24l, L30h), leaf & stems. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,16238 Codex 17.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Various [Presented as Triticum dicoccon]. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9 PredynasticV.2001-FAHMY:773 (Table 1).Hierakonpolis(HK43). [Presented as Triticum dicoccon]. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell el-Iswid.[Seeds]. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.Follieri & van Zeist.1811:106-7.Maadi.Not indicated. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.Gibson.269:7.Abydos (Cemetery).Seeds. Presented as T. vulgare . Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.Keimer.1079:69.Maadi.[Seeds].= Täckholm, I:249. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.Seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.Percival & Biffen.1128:59.Mostagedda.Spikelets & chaff. Presented as "emmer". Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Many spikelets forks & seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.14 spikelets forks, 17 seeds, many glume bases.= Thanheiser, 1785. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.Seeds, forks, glume bases. Triticum dicoccum.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South (KH3).314 grains & rachises.= Wetterstrom, 1354:Table I. 32 913 rachises!. Triticum dicoccum.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:111.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds, spikelet forks & glume base. Triticum dicoccum.{031Dyn 01.Täckholm.I:243.Saqqara (Hemaka's tomb [Cairo MUS. & Fouad I MUS.]).Not indicated; = Saad, 147:52 (Vase 1254). Triticum dicoccum.{031Dyn 01/02.Germer.88:33.Near Silsileh [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 325].Seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:6.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Bread. Triticum dicoccum.{032Dyn 02.Schiemann.I:244.El Maasara [Stockholm MUS.].Carbonised seeds; = Larsen, 1133. Triticum dicoccum.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.269 seeds & 379 forks & 2329 glume bases. Triticum dicoccum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Grüss.1929:518.Abusir el Meleq (jar 19330).Seeds, pericarp & testa. Triticum dicoccum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Many spikelets forks & seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.Not indicated. Triticum dicoccum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2 & 3.Tell Ibrahim Awad.53 spikelets forks, 71 seeds & many glumes. Triticum dicoccum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.37 spikelets forks, 12 seeds, many glume bases.= Thanheiser, 1785:[57] [66], Triticum dicoccum.{033Dyn 03.Aberg.1126:156.Sakkara (Djoser's pyramid).Spikelets & seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{033Dyn 03.Grüss.1929:519.Saqqara (Djoser's pyramid).Glume. Triticum dicoccum.{034Dyn 04.Schiemann.I:248.Saqqara [Fouad I MUS.].Chaff. Triticum dicoccum.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:152.Abusir (Né-User-Rê's temple).Chaff.= Täckholm, I:245 (recorded as belonging to Dyn 12; Fouad I MUS. & Berlin Dahlem MUS.]; = Germer, 1443:245; = Germer, 88:34 [Äg. MUS. 16193]. Triticum dicoccum.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1164.Sahurês's (Abusir).Seeds; = Germer, 88:34 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 310, 330, 338 & Äg. MUS. 3069]. Triticum dicoccum.{035Dyn 05.Zohary.114:43.Abusir.Florets. Triticum dicoccum.{036Dyn 06.Helbaeck.1263:5.Queen Icheti's tomb.2 whole spikes & 26 fragments. Triticum dicoccum.{036Dyn 06.Schiemann.1322:149.Saqqara (Icheti's tomb).Spikelets.= Täckholm, 112:56. Triticum dicoccum.{036Dyn 06.Schiemann.I:244.Queen Neith's (Saqqara; Fouad I MUS.].Spikelets. 239 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Triticum dicoccum.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.23 seeds & 80 forks & 615 glume bases. Triticum dicoccum.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.Rachises & seeds.= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:Table 2. 54 seeds & 1763 rachises. Triticum dicoccum.{040Old Kingdom.Wetterstrom.1772:25.Deir el Ballas.Seeds & rachis fragments. Triticum dicoccum.{043Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1835:420.Gebelein (Ani's tomb [Fouad I MUS].).Ears. Presented as T. dicoccum Schrk var. tricoccum; = Schweinfurth, 1021; = Germer, 88:34 [Äg. MUS. 3357 & Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 322 & 337]. Triticum dicoccum.{051Dyn 11 (Wah).Grüss.1681:277.Thebes (Wah's tomb).Glume, seed parts. Triticum dicoccum.{051Dyn 11.Grüss.1681:277.Deir el Bahari (Menthuhetep's tomb [Berlin Botanisches MUS.]).Roots of sprout, epiderm. Triticum dicoccum.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.I:244.Unknown? [Kew MUS.].Glumes and seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{052Dyn 12.Schiemann.1322:145.Abusir (Mehreru's tomb).Spikelets & seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1091:87.Rahotep's (Meir).Seeds.= Schultz, 1521:604. Considered by him as naked wheat. Triticum dicoccum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.I:245.Thebes (Tomb found by Möller).Spikelets. Triticum dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Many seeds, rachises, etc. Triticum dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Many seeds, etc. Triticum dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Not Indicated. Triticum dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom.Lindau.1136:1032.Abusir (tomb).Spikelets & seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Grains & chaff. Triticum dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:50.Abu Ghalib.60 seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:50.Abu Ghalib.Carbonised seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom.Täckholm.I:245.Akhmin.Seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{063Dyn 17-18.Unger.1259:81.El Kab.Rachis. Presented as T. turgidum . Triticum dicoccum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Many seeds, etc. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Percival.264.Tutankhamun's [Cairo MUS. & Kew MUS.].Seeds; = Boodle, 2117:24; = de Vartavan.1400:Table 2; = de Vartavan, 1999:111. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18 (Tuthmosis IV).Schweinfurth.I:245.Priests's tomb.Spikelets & seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18.Germer?.319:233.Western Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 14655).Seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18.Grüss.1681:275-278.Amarna.Bread. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18.Grüss.220:80.Queen Meryet-Amun's (Thebes).Bread. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18.Percival.264.Tomb.Spikelets & portions of culms. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:177.Amarna.Spikelet forks. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18.Samuel.1317:281.Amarna.Spikelets rachises, culms, forks & bases (427). Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth & Schiemann.I:246.Sheikh Abd el Qurnah [Cairo Fouad I MIS. & Berlin Dahlem MUS.Carbonised spikelets & threshed seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18.Schweinfurth.I:248.Assasif.Spikelets & seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18.Täckholm.I:248.Amarna.Husks. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 18/19.Schiemann.1065:123-7.Deir el Medineh [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 21575 & 23981; Fouad I MUS.].Threshed emmer.= ? Bruyère, 157:109 ( blé ). Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 19.Täckholm.I:246.Deir el Bahari [Stockholm MUS].Seeds (naked) & spikelets. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 19.Täckholm.I:246.Deir el Medineh.Spikelets. Triticum dicoccum.{071Dyn 19/20.Täckholm.I:246.Rammeside tomb [Kew MUS. Herbarium].Spikelets. 240 Codex Triticum dicoccum.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:419.Thebes.[Florets]. Triticum dicoccum.{080New Kingdom.Grüss.1683:774-776.Deir el Medineh.Bread. Triticum dicoccum.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated.= Murray, 1673:10. Triticum dicoccum.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.287 spikelets, 100+ glume bases, 1 grain & 6 internodes. Triticum dicoccum.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Not Indicated. Triticum dicoccum.{092Dyn 26.Liese-Kleiber and Schlichterle.1010:XI.Anch-Hor's tomb.Seeds & rachis fragments. Triticum dicoccum.{096Dyn 30/Ptolemaic.Täckholm.I:246.Nes-Uaiu's outer mummy cofin [Stockholm MUS].Rachis fragments. Triticum dicoccum.{100Late Period.Greiss.1477:174.Saqqara.Chaff. Triticum dicoccum.{100Late Period.Schiemann.I:246.Fouad I MUS.Not precise. Triticum dicoccum.{112Ptolemaic.Grüss.1683:774-776.Ashmunein.Bread. Triticum dicoccum.{112Ptolemaic.Schiemann.I:246.Unknown [Fouad I MUS.].Threshed emmer. Triticum dicoccum.{112Ptolemaic.Schweinfurth.I:246.Gebelein [Berlin Botanical MUS.].Ears.= Germer?, 319:233. [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 14656a]. Triticum dicoccum.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (74-75).El Hibeh.81 spikelets & 5 glume fragments. Triticum dicoccum.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat.1502:200.Douch.Grains & spikes. Triticum dicoccum.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.Seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{120Graeco Roman.Schiemann.I:246.San el Hagar (Tanis).Carbonised seeds. Triticum dicoccum.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184 (Table 4).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Rachis nods.Presented as T.turgidum subsp.dicoccum. Triticum dicoccum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 184.Mons Claudianus.Rachis nodes. Triticum dicoccum.{130Roman.Schiemann.1958:.Kom Aushim.Seeds.Täckholm (I:246) says that Leighty refers to naked wheat only. Triticum dicoccum.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 270.Quseir.Spikelets. Triticum dicoccum.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:25.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].Seeds. Triticum dicoccum.Unknown?.Braun.1151:49.Unknown? [Berlin Botanisches MUS.].[Not Indicated]. Triticum dicoccum.Unknown?.Grüss.1683:774-6.Western Thebes.Bread. Triticum dicoccum.Unknown?.Miglarini.68:74.Unknown? [Florence MUS.]. Triticum dicoccum/durum: See under Triticum. Triticum dicoccum:Germer (88:34) mentions four finds of unknown provenance and/or date in the Berlin Botanisches Museums. Triticum durum Desf. (Gramineae; Hardwheat; Blé dur); 124.XX.CC. Triticum durum.{030.9Predynastic.de Vartavan.1957:In press.Adaïma.Rachises.Identification confirmed by Hillman. Triticum durum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1091:87.Meir.A few seeds. Triticum durum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Rachises. Triticum durum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Schiemann.I:255.Deir el Medineh [Fouad I MUS.].Not indicated. Triticum durum.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184&186 (Tables 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Glumes, rachis nods, glumes, caryopsis.Presented as T.turgidum subsp.durum. Triticum durum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Rachis nodes, grain & chaff. 241 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Triticum durum.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Grains & rachis segments. Triticum durum.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).Rachis internodes, glumes and chaff [seed?]. Triticum durum.{130Roman.Leighty.1958:.Kom Aushim [Fouad I MUS.].Ears, glumes & kernels both hairy and glabrous. Triticum durum.{130Roman?.Wetterstrom.1017:364.Quseir al Qadim.20 seeds & 298 rachises. Triticum durum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.6621 desiccated & 2190 carbonized rachis nodes. Triticum durum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:364.Quseir al Qadim.1963 seeds & 293 rachises. Triticum durum.Unknown.Schweinfurth.317:134.Pelizaeus-Museum of Hildesheim No. 1297 & 2651.Seeds.Ancient origin doubtfull. Triticum durum/aestivum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103, 127 & 131 (Tables 4.5., 4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.1376 desiccated & 32 carbonized rachilla, desiccated & carbonized glumes, lemma & palea. Triticum !durum (Gramineae; Hardwheat; Blé dur); 124.XX. Triticum !durum.{035Dyn 05.Germer.88:34.Unknown? [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 333]. Presented as T. durum (?) Desf. Triticum !durum.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 spikelet, 5 node fragments, 100+ glumes & 20 rachis. Triticum !durum.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (74-75).El Hibeh.1 rachis segment. Triticum !durum.{120Graeco Roman.Percival.264:.Hawara [British MUS.].Spikelets & seeds. Triticum !durum.{120Graeco Roman.Percival.264:.Kahun [British MUS.].Spikelets. Presented as "Triticum durum type". Triticum !durum.{130Roman.Schiemann.I:255.Tebnytis (Fayum [Fouad I MUS.]).Complete ear. Presented as "Triticum durum type". Triticum !durum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.38 desiccated & 531 carbonized grains. Triticum !durum.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:364,Quseir al Qadim.Seeds & rachises.Could also be T. aestivum. Triticum durum/aestivum: See under Triticum. Triticum monococcum L. (Gramineae; Einkorn; Engrain); 124.XX.CC. Triticum monococcum.{030.9Predynastic.Follieri & van Zeist.1811:106-7.Maadi.Not indicated. Triticum monococcum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.Seeds. Triticum monococcum.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:111.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Rachises. Triticum monococcum/dicoccum. (Gramineae; Einkorn/Emmer; Engrain/Blé amidonnier). Triticum monococcum/dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.Many seeds, etc. Triticum monococcum/dicoccum.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell elDab'a.Many seeds, etc. Triticum monococcum/dicoccum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el -Dab'a.Rachises. 242 Codex Triticum !monococcum var. monococcum (Gramineae; Einkorn; Engrain); 124.XX. Triticum !monococcum var. monococcum.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:110.El Omari.One seed. Triticum !monococcum var. monococcum.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:245.Adaïma.Spikelet forks. Triticum !monococcum var. monococcum.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm.1127:568.El Omari.Ear.= Täckholm, 1126:127. Triticum !monococcum var. monococcum.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:127.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Seeds & spikelets. Triticum !monococcum var. monococcum.{036Dyn 06.Täckholm.1126:128.Saqqara (Itcheti's tomb).Florets.= Täckholm, 112:60. Triticum !monococcum var. monococcum.{071Dyn 18.Samuel.1317:282.Amarna.Spikelet fork (1). Triticum palaeocolchicum: See under T. dicoccum Schübl. Triticum spelta L. (Gramineae; Spelt; Epeautre); 124.XX.CC. Triticum spelta.{030.9Predynastic.Follieri & van Zeist.1811:106-7.Maadi.Not indicated. Triticum turgidum Steud. (Gramineae; ; ) 124.XX.CC. Triticum turgidum.Unknown.Loret & Poisson.110:11.(Louvre MUS. No. 1400).Seeds. Triticum.{020.5Neolithic.Werth.1782:453-462.Merimde.Not indicated. Presented as "Free threshing wheat". Triticum !turgidum (Gramineae; ; ) 124.XX. Triticum !turgidum.{130Roman.Leighty.1958:.Kom Aushim [Fouad I MUS.].Seeds.Leighty hesitated for this identification, but Schiemann confirmed the possibility for the seeds to belong to T. durum. Triticum L. (Gramineae; Wheat; Blé); 124.XX. Triticum.{020Neolithic.Greiss.1116:229.El Omari.Leaves (A34).= Greiss, 181:107. Triticum.{020Neolithic.Steen.1563:35.Merimde.Not indicated. Triticum.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Not Indicated.1128:58.Mostaggeda.Wood. Triticum.{030.2Predynastic.Kew Director 1928.142:62.Badari.Seed (1). Presented as "wheat". Triticum.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; prior).Geller.1680:47.Hierakonpolis.Seeds, rachises, spikelets, chaff.= Geller; 1679. Triticum.{030.9 Predynastic .1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182, 16-17.Hierakonpolis (HK43). Triticum.{030.9Predynastic (= BP 6095 +/-250 (C14:1953)).Sloley.1540:115.Fayum.Grain [Florets]. Triticum.{030.9Predynastic (Early; BC 3505 +- 80 (C14)).El Hadidi.1440:104.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).[Seeds] (200). Triticum.{030.9Predynastic (Early; BC 3650 (C14)).Jodrell Lab.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).Wood. Triticum.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.[Seeds]. Presented as "Triticum durum/aestivum". Triticum.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Forks, bases & internodes. 243 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Triticum.{030.9Predynastic (Nagada; BP 6000-4820 (C14)).Litynska.1578:104.Armant (MA21/83 & 21a/83).Spikelet forks. Triticum.{030.9Predynastic.Boodle.143:23.Matmar.[seeds]. Triticum.{030.9Predynastic.Dyer.149:54.Naqada.Straw. Presented as "wheat". Triticum.{030.9Predynastic.Schweinfurth.318:171.Nagada (Royal tombs).[Spikelets?] Amphora filled whith wheat. Triticum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Seeds]. Presented as "Triticum dicoccum/durum". Triticum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Rachis fragments, glume bases & [Seeds]. Triticum.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Glume bases (58) & seeds (26). Triticum.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.Seeds. Triticum.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:6.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Bread. Presented as wheat. Triticum.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:6.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Bread. Presented as wheat. Triticum.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.80 seeds. Triticum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).[Seeds]. Presented as "Triticum dicoccum/durum type". Triticum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Rachis fragments, glume bases & [Seeds]. Triticum.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.28 glume bases & 10 seeds².= Thanheiser, 1785. Triticum.{034Dyn 04/11.Kew.1128:59.Mostagedda.Straw?. Triticum.{040Old Kingdom (C14: BC 2600-2400).Chowdhury and Buth.1294:304.Afyeh (E. Nubia).Not Indicated. Triticum.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.5 seeds. Triticum.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:4.Dra Abu el Naga.Not indicated. Presented as "froment" (T. aestivum?). Triticum.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Many seeds, rachises, etc. Triticum.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Seeds. Presented as "Triticum dicoccum/durum". Triticum.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Many seeds, rachises, etc. Triticum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Seeds. Presented as "Triticum dicoccum/durum". Triticum.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Many seeds, rachises, etc. Triticum.{071Dyn 18.Brown.150:21.Pit 1232 (Sedmant).[Seeds]. Triticum.{073Dyn 20.Keimer.1071:122.Deir el Medineh.Not indicated. Triticum.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.4 grains. Triticum.{092Dyn 26.2002-SMITH&JONES:181.Abdominal content of mummy Horemkenesi.Awn, glume, lemma. Triticum.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Triticum.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:14-28.Douch.16+ rachises;seeds; spikelet fragments.= Barakat, 1502:200, Triticum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds, rachis nodes (tough) & awns. Triticum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.(Tough rachis).Basal nodes. Triticum.{130.7Roman/Byzantine.Barakat.1671:166.Abu Sha'ar.3 rachises & 1 fragment. Triticum.{130Roman (AD 200-300),Thanheiser,1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Rachis fragents, glumes & [seeds]. Triticum.{130Roman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:52.Qasr Ibrim.[Not indicated]. 244 Codex Triticum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites. (Tough rachis).131 desiccated & 78 carbonized basal nodes. Triticum.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103, 127 & 131 (Tables 4.5.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.(Tough rachis).1190 desiccated & 411 carbonized rachis nodes, desiccated & carbonized awns. Triticum.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:5.Monastery of Phoebammon.Seeds (4). Triticum.Not clear.Rowley Conwy.1549:15.Qasr Ibrïm.Not Indicated. Presented as "Wheat". Triticum.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:431.Unknown?(mummy sarcophagi).Seeds. Presented as T. hybernum. Triticum.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:11.Thebes.Seeds. Presented as "froment ou blé antique, blé dur". Triticum.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:97.Unknown?.Not Indicated. Presented as "Blé ordinaire, Triticum hybernum". Tubiflorae C. A. Agardh. Tubiflorae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8a + b).Pollen. Tubiflorae.{036Dyn 06 (or after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8c + d).Pollen. Tubiflorae.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7d).Pollen. Tubiflorae.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2a).Pollen. Tubiflorae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + B).Pollen. Tubiflorae.{053Dyn 13 = BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6b).Pollen. Tubiflorae.{096Dyn 30 (before) = Before BC 348 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7e).Pollen. Tubiflorae.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Tubiflorae.{130Roman = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6c + d).Pollen. Tubiflorae.{130Roman or later = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Typha !domingensis (Typhaceae; Common reed-mace; ); 128.01. Typha !domingensis.{036Dyn 06 (or after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S8c + d).Pollen. Typha !domingensis.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7c + d).Pollen. Typha !domingensis.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S2a + b).Pollen. Typha !domingensis.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7a).Pollen. Typha !domingensis.{130Roman (circa) = After AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2d).Pollen. Typha !domingensis.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Typha !domingensis.{130Roman = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6d).Pollen. Typha !elephantina (Typhaceae; ; ); 128.01. Typha !elephantina.{036Dyn 06 (or after) = Well after BC 2238 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8d).Pollen. 245 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Typha !elephantina.{052Dyn 12 (or after) = After BC 1808 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2a).Pollen. Typha !elephantina.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7b + c).Pollen. Typha !elephantina.{053Dyn 13 (or before) = Before BC 1758 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6a).Pollen. Typha !elephantina.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. Typha !elephantina.{130Roman = Before AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2a).Pollen. Typha !elephantina.{130Roman = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6c + d).Pollen. Typha australis: See under Typha domingensis Pers. Typha domingensis Pers. (Typhaceae; Common reed-mace; ); 128.01.01. Typha domingensis.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian).El Hadidi.1440:108.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 6).Leaf blades. Typha domingensis.{034Dyn 04.Greiss.1947:42.Giza (Cheops Boat).Fibre (mats). Presented as T. australis. Typha L. (Typhaceae; Cat's tail; Quenouille); 128.01.--. Typha.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Hather.1965:158.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Vascular tissue. Typha.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Hort. Section in Giza.1128:59.Mostagedda.Pith?. Typha.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Typha.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Typha.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Typha.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Pollen is not identified.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Typha.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Typha.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Typha.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Typha! (Typhaceae; ; ). Typha!.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:477.Berenbal.Pollen. Typhaceae A. Juss. (Cattail family; Typhacées); 128.--.--. Typhaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 15000-20000 [18-21 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Typhaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000 [27-29 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Typhaceae.{020Neolithic (after BP 11.000 [1 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Typhaceae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000 [11 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. 246 Codex Ulmaceae Mirbel. (Elm family; Ulmacées); XX.--.--. Ulmaceae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [14 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:482.Berenbal.Pollen. Presented as "Ulmus type". Ulmaceae.{020Neolithic (BP 11.000-15.000 [14 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Ulmus campestris Mill.: See under Ulmus procera Salisb. Ulmus !nitens (Ulmaceae; Elm; Orme); XX.XX. Ulmus !nitens.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Boodle.216:92.Tutankhamun's.Wood; = Boodle, 2117:33. Ulmus procera Salisb. (Ulmaceae; English elm; Orme champêtre); ; XX.XX.XX. Ulmus procera.{071Dyn 18.Fasolo.1552:192.Thebes [Florence MUS. No. 2678].Wood. Presented as Ulmus campestris. Ulmus L. (Ulmaceae; Elm; Orme); XX.XX.--. Ulmus.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Chalk.1921:9.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb).Wood.= Littauer & Cromwell, 216:92. = Chalk, 1060:144. Ulmus.{071Dyn 18.Western .1551:91.Thebes (Amenophis III's tomb [Ashmolean MUS. 1923663]).Wood.= Littauer & Cromwell, 216:92. Ulmus.{130Roman (circa) = Before AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2b).Pollen. Umbelliferae A. Juss. (Carrot family; Ombellifères); 077. Umbelliferae.{010Late Paleolithic (Before BP 20000 [27-30 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Umbelliferae.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 20000-11000 [12-14 m & 19 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Umbelliferae.{020Neolithic (After BP 11.000 [1 m deep]).Saad & Sami.1571:489.Berenbal.Pollen. Umbelliferae.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Umbelliferae.{032Dyn 02 (before) = Before BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. Umbelliferae.{032Dyn 02 = BC 2703 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S8b).Pollen. Umbelliferae.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Umbelliferae.{052Dyn 12 (before) = Before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S7d).Pollen. Umbelliferae.{052Dyn 12 (or before) = Long before BC 1813 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Cores S7a + b).Pollen. Umbelliferae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:110.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seed. Presented as Scandix pecten-veneris/Scandicium stellatum. Umbelliferae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:110.Tutankhamun's.Fruit. Presented as "Umbeliferae indet 3". Umbelliferae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Germer.1851:94.RT 54 (Thebes; Metropolitan MUS.].Flower parts. Umbelliferae.{072Dyn 19.Kunth.1160:421.Thebes.Branch. Umbelliferae.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.5 pollens. Umbelliferae.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Umbelliferae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Umbelliferae.{130Roman = AD 162 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S2c).Pollen. 247 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Umbelliferae.{130Roman = Before AD 82 (C14).Leroy.1374:49.Eastern Delta (Core S6d).Pollen. Umbelliferae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.26 desiccated & 8 carbonized seeds. Umbelliferae/Compositae/.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,1617.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Not indicated. Urginea! (Liliaceae; ; ), 117. Urginea!.Not clear.Saad & Sami.1571:478.Berenbal.Pollen. Urochloa Pal. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.XX.--. Urochloa.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:143.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Seeds. Urtica L. (Urticaceae; Nettle; Ortie); 013.01.--. Urtica.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Ramses II's mummy.4 pollens. Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae; Badderwort; Urticulaire); 100.01.--. Utricularia.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Valerianaceae/Dipsaceae (; ; ); 102. Valerianaceae/Dipsaceae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:111.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Seeds. Presented as Valerianella/Pterocephalus type. Verbena !officinalis L. (Verbenaceae; Herb of the Cross; Verveine); 093.04.01 Verbena !officinalis.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 226 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Verbena! (Verbenaceae; Vervain; Verveine); Verbena!.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [seed]. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (Scrophulariaceae; ; ); 095.14.05. Veronica anagallis-aquatica.{120Graeco Roman.= El Hadidi, 1844:Table 1. Source not clear. Viburnum L. (Caprifoliaceae; Viburnum; Viorne); XX.XX.XX. Viburnum.{112Ptolemaic or after.C.T.F.T.1882:113,Unknown [Louvre MUS. AF6917].Wood. Vicia !ervilia. (Leguminosae; Bitter vetch; Ervillier); 043.32. Vicia !ervilia.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.Testa fragments. Vicia !ervilia.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:74.El Hibeh.Testa fragments. Vicia !faba. (Leguminosae; Broad bean; Fève); 043.32. Vicia !faba.{030.9Predynastic.Werth.1782:453-462.Merimde.Legume. 248 Codex Vicia !villosa. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32. Vicia !villosa.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Presented as "Villa (Sic) cf. villosa". Vicia cracca L. (Leguminosae; Tufted vetch; Vesce craque); 043.32.XX. Vicia cracca.{020Neolithic.Neuweiler.1079:69.Maadi.[Legumes]. Vicia cracca.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. (Leguminosae; Bitter vetch; Ervillier); 043.32.05. Vicia ervilia.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).Legume. Vicia ervilia.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:T.1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [legume]. Vicia ervilia.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South Town.5 legumes.= Wetterstrom, 1354:Table. I. Vicia ervilia.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.261:167.Minshat Abu Omar.Not indicated. Vicia ervilia.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Vicia ervilia.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Vicia ervilia.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:51.Abu Ghalib.Legumes. Vicia ervilia.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Vicia ervilia.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. Vicia ervilia.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:367.Quseir al Qadim.35 legumes. Vicia faba L. ssp. paucijuga. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.CC. Vicia faba ssp. paucijuga.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Testa. Vicia faba L. ssp. minor. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.CC. Vicia faba var. minor.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Legume]. Vicia faba L. (Leguminosae; Broad bean; Fève); 043.32.CC. Vicia faba.{035.Dyn 05.Germer.2089:81.Sahurê's (Abusir) [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 387]. [Legume]; = Germer, 88:35. Vicia faba.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.Legumes. Presented as "Faba vulgaris". Vicia faba.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:7.Dra Abu el Naga.2 legumes. Presented as Faba vulgaris; = Germer, 88:35 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 32b]. Vicia faba.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Vicia faba.{073Dyn 20.Schweinfurth.1021:281.Cheikh Abdel Qurna (Kents' mummy).[Legumes]. Presented as "fèves". Vicia faba.{080New Kingdom.Boodle.143:72.Matmar.[Legumes]. Vicia faba.{100 Late Period.Germer.2089:81.Saqqara [Dokki MUS. No. 4174].[Legume]. Vicia faba.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:49.Hawara.Legume (1). Vicia faba.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds & detached hila. Vicia faba.{130 Roman.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Vicia faba.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Legumes. Vicia faba.{130Roman.Germer.2089:81.Kôm el Achmin [Dokki MUS. No. 1433].[Legume]. 249 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Vicia faba.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:365.Quseir al Qadim.21 seed coat fragments. Vicia faba.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 127 & 131 (Tables 4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.2 desiccated & 1 carbonized detached hila. Vicia faba.{140Coptic (AD 600-700).Schweinfurth.1129:61.Monastery of Epiphianus (Thebes). [Legumes.]. Presented as "broad beans". Vicia faba.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:365.Quseir al Qadim.1 bean & 1 fragment. Vicia faba.Unknown.Germer.88:35.Mummy in Berlin Botanisches MUS. [Schw. 122].Not indicated. Vicia faba.Unknown.Unger.111:94.Unknown [Vienna MUS.].Legumes. Vicia hirsuta: See under V. tetrasperma. Vicia lutea L. (Leguminosae; Yellow vetch; Vesce jaune); 043.32.02. Vicia lutea.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:140.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).75+ seeds. Vicia lutea.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 seed. Vicia lutea.{112Ptolemaic.Wetterstrom.1771:72.El Hibeh.[Legume]. Vicia monantha Retz. ssp. monantha (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.09. Vicia monantha ssp. monantha.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:111.El Omari.Seeds. Vicia monantha Retz. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.09. Vicia monantha.{052Dyn 12.Täckholm.2089:79.Kahun [Kew MUS. No. 12.1978.14].[Legumes]. Vicia narbonensis L. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.01. Vicia narbonensis.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:140.Saqqara (Djoser's (Pyramid).Seeds & pods. Vicia narbonensis.{035.Dyn 05.Germer.2089:78.Sahure's Pyramid [Botanisches MUS. Schw. 386]. [Legumes]; = Germer, 88:48. Vicia narbonensis.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:53.Abu Ghalib.Seed. Vicia sativa L. ssp. !nigra (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.03. Vicia sativa ssp. !nigra.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a. [Legumes]. Vicia sativa L. (Leguminosae; Common vetch; Vesce cultivée); 043.32.03. Vicia sativa.{020Neolithic.Neuweiler.1079:69.Maadi.[Legumes]; = Menghin & Amer, 144:52. Vicia sativa.{020Neolithic.Steen.1563:36.Merimde.Not indicated. Vicia sativa.{030.9Predynastic.Täckholm.1127:568.El Omari.Legumes.= Barakat, 1322:111; = Täckholm, 1336:116. Vicia sativa.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Legumes]. Vicia sativa.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South Town (KH3).30 seeds. Vicia sativa.{032Dyn 02.Täckholm.1126:139.El Maasara. Legume; = Larsen, 1133. Vicia sativa.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:138.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).115 seeds. Vicia sativa.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:5,Dra Abu el Naga.1 pod fragment. Vicia sativa.{052Dyn 12.Unger.1134:54.Dahshur Pyramid.Leaf twine. Vicia sativa.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Legumes]. Vicia sativa.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Butler.1999:108.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Legumes. 250 Codex Vicia sativa.{160Ottoman.Rowley-Conwy.1556:52.Qasr Ibrim.[Not indicated]. Vicia sativa.Not indicated.Germer.1443:245.Khnum-Nakht's skull [Manchester MUS. No. 3710].Seeds. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.07. Vicia tetrasperma.{020.8Neolithic.Barakat.1332:111.El Omari.Seeds. Vicia tetrasperma/hirsuta. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32. Vicia tetrasperma/hirsuta.{030.2Predynastic (Badarian).Percival.1128:59.Mostagedda.Pod. Vicia! (Leguminosae; Vetch; Vesce). Vicia!.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1999:109.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo MUS.]).Legume. Vicia!{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58&59 (Table 1 & 2).Adaïma.1&not indicated seeds or fruits. Vicia L. (Leguminosae; Vetch; Vesce); 043.32.--. Vicia.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:245.Adaïma.Hylum. Vicia.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada (KH3).Pollen. Vicia.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Vicia.{030.9Predynastic (Late)/Early Dynastic.de Roller.1577:104-107 (Table 12).Tell elIswid.Not indicated. Vicia.{030.9Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:Fig. 1.Naqada.Pollen. Vicia.{030.9Predynastic.Kroll.1351:129.Maadi III.[Legumes]. Vicia.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.5 [legumes]. Vicia.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.[Legume]. Vicia.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.1 [legume]. Vicia.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.5 [legumes]. Vicia.{031Dyn 01 (BC 2950).van Zeist.1378:113.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.145.5 seeds. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.36 seeds. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.36 seeds. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.526 legumes. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.526 seeds. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seeds. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.6 [legumes]. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.3 seeds . Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.13 [legumes]. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.3 seeds. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.13 [legumes]. Vicia.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 1.Tell Ibrahim Awad.6 [legumes]. Vicia.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.117 seeds. Vicia.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.19 seeds. Vicia.{040Old Kingdom.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.23 seeds. Vicia.{040Old Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.Not indicated.= Moens & Wetterstrom, 1016:163. Vicia.{060Middle Kingdom.Schiemann.1135:52.Abu Ghalib.Seeds. Vicia.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1673:10.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated. 251 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Vicieae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 210 (Table 8.8.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Vicieae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 129 & 133 (Appx.4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.2 desiccated & 1 carbonized seeds. Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Leguminosae [Fabaceae]; Mung bean; Haricot mungo). 043.36.CC. Vigna radiata.{150 Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Table 28.1.).Quseir.Seeds. Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. (Leguminosae; Cowpea; ); 043.36.03. Vigna unguiculata.{035Dyn 05.Germer.88:35.Sahurê's [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 385].Not indicated. Vigna Savi (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.36.--. Vigna.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS].Pollen. Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertner (Sapotaceae; Shea; Karité); XXX.XX.XX. Vitellaria.{060 Middle Kingdom.Mariaux or Détienne (C.T.F.T.) [Louvre MUS. No. E 12028].2113:158.Wood. Presented as "Karité". Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera (Vitidaceae; Grape vine; Vigne); 061.XX.XX. Vitis vinifera ssp. vinifera.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Stalks & [seeds]. Vitis vinifera L. (Vitidaceae; Grape vine; Vigne); 061.XX.CC. Vitis vinifera.{030.9Predynastic.Germer.88:53.Abusir el Meleq (Tomb 1051) [Äg. MUS. 19096].Seeds. Vitis vinifera.{030.9Predynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).1 [seed]. Vitis vinifera.{031Dyn 01.Täckholm.1126:133.Abydos.Carbonised kernels. Vitis vinifera.{031Dyn 01.Täckholm.1126:133.Naqada.Carbonised kernels; ? = Germer, 88:40 {Äg. MUS. 14902; Schw. 348, 351 & 354]. Vitis vinifera.{033.5Early Dynastic.de Roller.260:114.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seed (1). Vitis vinifera.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.1785:Table 1.Tell el-Fara'in (Buto).66 [seeds]. Vitis vinifera.{033.5Early Dynastic.Thanheiser.263:Table 2.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Seed (1).= Thanheiser, 1785:T.2. Vitis vinifera.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:133.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).Fruits. Vitis vinifera.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1171:3.Gebelein (Ani's tomb).Fruits.= Schweinfurth, 1021:260; Presented as "raisin" & "Weinbeeren". Vitis vinifera.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1019:9.Dra Abu el Naga.Seeds & fruits. Vitis vinifera.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Vitis vinifera.{060Middle Kingdom (Late) or Second Intermediate Period.Carnarvon & Carter.1954:70.Tomb 37 (Thebes).Leaves & twigs. Presented as "vine leaves and twigs". Vitis vinifera.{060Middle Kingdom (Late).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Vitis vinifera.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).Not Indicated.= Murray, 1682:14. Vitis vinifera.{060Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period.Newberry.1119:94.Thebes.Leaves. Vitis vinifera.{060Middle Kingdom.Moens & Wetterstrom.1575:Table 1.Kom el-Hisn.Not indicated. Vitis vinifera.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. 252 Codex Vitis vinifera.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:149.Tutankhamun's tomb [Cairo & Kew MUS.].Seeds.= Lucas, 1060:145; = Boodle, 2117:25; = de Vartavan, 1400:Table 2; = de Vartavan, 1999:109; = Germer, 128. Vitis vinifera.{071Dyn 18.Breccia.1833:10.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Presented as "uva". Vitis vinifera.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Seeds; ? = Germer, 88:40 [Äg. MUS. 21527]. Vitis vinifera.{071Dyn 18.Germer.88:24.Unknown?.Branch. Vitis vinifera.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:558.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits.= Täckholm, 112:228. Vitis vinifera.{071Dyn 18.Renfrew.1321:176.Amarna.Not indicated. Vitis vinifera.{072Dyn 19.Germer.88:40.Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 347].Not indicated. Vitis vinifera.{073Dyn 20.Keimer.1071:122.Deir el Medineh.Fruits. Vitis vinifera.{073Dyn 20/26.Germer.88:24.Dra Abu el Naga [Äg.M.9690].Leaves. Vitis vinifera.{080New Kingdom.Kislev.1359:236.Timna Temple (Sinaï).703 seeds. Vitis vinifera.{080New Kingdom.Murray.1682:14.Kom Rabi'a (Memphis).Not indicated.= Murray, 1673:10 (Memphis). Vitis vinifera.{081Dyn 21.Schweinfurth.1167:74.Deir el Bahari (Royal Cache).[Fruits].= Schweinfurth, 1141:113; Schweinfurth, 1169:362; = Schweinfurth, 1789:77 (as raisins ); =? Schweinfurth, 1167:73; = Germer, 88:40 [Äg. MUS. 3365; Schw. 356]. Vitis vinifera.{090Third Intermediate Period to Graeco Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.Elephantine.Pips. Vitis vinifera.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Seeds. Vitis vinifera.{110 Persian period.2001-NEWTON&BARAKAT: 145.„Ayn Manawir (Kharga).Seeds (presented as “pépins de raisins”). Vitis vinifera.{112Ptolemaic.Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Vitis vinifera.{120 Graeco-Roman.2nd c.B.C.-3rd c.A.D.2004- AUFDERHEIDE&AL.: 5.Kellis-1 tomb group (mummies), Dakhleh Oasis.Seeds. Vitis vinifera.{120Graeco Roman.Barakat & Baum.233:13-28.Douch.68+ branches & 6 seeds. Vitis vinifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Fayum [Ag.M.19539].Leaves. Vitis vinifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Unknown? (Ag.M.19544),Leaves. Vitis vinifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:40.Gebelein [Ag.M.3364 & Schw. 355].Not indicated. Vitis vinifera.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:50.Hawara.[Fruits]. Presented as V. vinifera var. corinthica; =? Germer, 88:18 (Ag.M.19542). Vitis vinifera.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN] : 182-184&186 (Table 4&5).‟Ayn-Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Numerous seeds. Vitis vinifera.{130 Roman Period.2005-NEWTON [GONON, WUTTMAN]: 180 (Table 2).‟Ayn -Manawir, Qanat 10 (Kharga Oasis).Roots. Vitis vinifera.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds, pips & stalks. Vitis vinifera.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills). [Seed]. Vitis vinifera.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Bonnet.1757:154.Antinoë (Leukyône's mummy).Branchlets & leaves.=? Germer, 88:24. Vitis vinifera.{130Roman.Germer.88:17.Abusir el Meleq.Leaves [Ag.M.17265]. = ? Scharff, 1838: 60 (Seeds). Vitis vinifera.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:368.Quseir al Qadim.10 seeds. Vitis vinifera.{140 8 Roman to Islamic.2009-VEEN&AL.: 273 (Fig.28.5.).Quseir.Seeds. Vitis vinifera.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.142 desiccated & 7 carbonized pips, 35 desiccated & 1 carbonized stalks. Vitis vinifera.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:26.Monastery of Phoebammon.Seeds (7), leaf fragments, tendrils & stalks. Vitis vinifera.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:368.Quseir al Qadim.13 seeds & fragments. Vitis vinifera.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:434.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Fruits. Vitis vinifera.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. VI.Louvre MUS.30 fruits.= Loret & Poisson, 110:19. 253 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Vitis vinifera.Unknown.Germer.88:24.Unknown?.Branch. Vitis vinifera.Unknown.Kunth.2201:229.Unknown? [Passalacqua COLL.].Fruits.= Kunth, 1160:422; = Julia-Fontanelle, 130:292; = Braun, 1151:60; ? = Germer.88:40 [Ag.M.7004]. Vitis vinifera.Unknown.Täckholm.112:228.Thebes?.Leaves. Vitis vinifera.Unknown?.Bonastre.131:96.Unknown?.[Fruits]. Presented as "raisins". Vitis vinifera.Unknown?.Bonnet.1149:23.Turin MUS [Drovetti Collection].Fruits. Vitis vinifera.Unknown?.Germer (Lepsius).88:40.Unknown? [Äg. MUS. 745].Not indicated. Vitis.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Increases in pollen.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Vitis.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not precisely identified.Charcoal remains are abundant. Vulpia C.C. Gmel. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.04.--. Vulpia.{060Middle Kingdom (Early).Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.[Seeds]. Presented as Nardurus. Vulpia.{070Second Intermediate Period.Thanheiser.1784:Table 1.Tell el-Dab'a.Rachis. Presented as Nardurus. Waltheria indica L. (Sterculiaceae; ; ); 064.04.01. Waltheria indica.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. in DC (Solanaceae; ; ); 094.02.01. Withania somnifera.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Germer.1851:91-2.RT 54 (Thebes; Metropolitan MUS. 09.184.214 & 216).Fruits.= Corrected Solanum dulcamara of Newberry (1059) & Britton (79:17). Withania somnifera.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Newberry.1059:192.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb).Berries. Presented as Solanum dulcamara. See the remarks under that species. Withania somnifera.{071Dyn 18.Germer.128:12,Tutankhamun's.Fruits.= Germer, 1851:90. Withania somnifera.{096Dyn 30 (Nectanebo II) to Late Ptolemaic.Hepper.1441:149.West Dump (Saqqara).Flowers heads. Withania somnifera.{120Graeco Roman.Badir.1015:§,Hawara.Flowers.= Germer, 88:47. Withania somnifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Hawara [Ag.M.19538 & Ag.M.17264].Berries. Withania somnifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17.Unknown?[Ag.M.3329].Berries. Withania somnifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:17-19.Hawara [Äg.M.14154, 17264,17266, 17267, 17268 & 19541].Berries. Withania somnifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Fayum.Berries. Withania somnifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer.88:19.Unknown? [Ag.M.19544 &14154].Berries, Withania somnifera.{120Graeco Roman.Germer?.319:238.Abusir el Meleq [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 17613].Berries (Garland). Withania somnifera.{120Graeco Roman.Newberry.1145:51.Hawara.Not Indicated. Presented as Solanum dulcamara. See the remarks under that species. Withania somnifera.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Germer.88:17.Fayum [Schw.357 &358].Berries. Withania somnifera.{130Roman.Germer.1443:246.Fayum [Manchester MUS].Berries. Withania somnifera.Unknown.Jomard & Caillaud.2100:11.Thebes.Seeds. Presented as "Physalis somnifera". Withania somnifera.Unknown?.Kunth.1160:420.Unknown?.Seeds. 254 Codex Xanthium L. (Compositae; ; ); 106.49.--. Xanthium.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Not Indicated. Xanthium.{030.9Predynastic (3rd-4th Millenium).Bottema.262:126.Tell Ibrahim Awad.Pollen. Zaleya pentandra (L.) Jeffr. (Aizoaceae; ; ); 019.05.01. Zaleya pentandra.{112Ptolemaic (circa BC 100).Girard & Maley.1670:107.Mummy [Lyon MUS.].Pollen. Zilla !spinosa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Zilla spinosa (Turra) Prantl. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.36.01. Zilla spinosa.{030.9Predynastic.van Zeist & de Roller.1879:Table 1.Maadi.[Seeds]. Zilla spinosa.{120Graeco Roman?.Newberry.1145:52.Hawara.Capsules. Presented as Zilla myagroides. Zilla spinosa.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Zilla spinosa.{130Roman (late 1st to 2nd cent.A.D.).1998-VEEN&DYER: 113.Mons Claudianus.Seeds.? Zilla spinosa.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:373.Quseir al Qadim.1 seed. Zilla spinosa.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.280 desiccated & 398 carbonized seeds. Zilla spinosa.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:373.Quseir al Qadim.Seeds (29) & fragments. Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. (Rhamnaceae; ; ); 060.03.02. Ziziphus lotus.Unknown.Germer.2089:115.Unknown [Kew MUS. No. 41.1974].Fruit. Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd. (Rhamnaceae; Christ's thorn; Epine du Christ); 060.03.01. Ziziphus spina-christi!.{030.6Predynastic.de Vartavan.1410:245.Adaïma.Half fruit. Ziziphus spina-christi!.{030.6Predynastic.Emery-Barbier.1268:320.Nagada (KH3).Pollen. Ziziphus spina-christi!.{030.9Predynastic.Dyer.149:54.Naqada.Not Indicated. Ziziphus spina-christi!.{030.9Predynastic.Wetterstrom.1062:Table 1.Nagada South Town (KH3).5 dissecated & carbonised seeds. Ziziphus spina-christi.{030.4Predynastic (Amratian; circa BC 3800-3500).El Hadidi.1440:105.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 11c).Kernels. Ziziphus spina-christi.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: 18.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Fruit. Ziziphus spina-christi.{030.9 Predynastic.2008-FAHMY&AL.: 208 (Table 2).Hierakonpolis (HK6).Kernels & wood. Ziziphus spina-christi.{030.9Predynastic (Early; BC 3505 +- 80 (C14)).El Hadidi.1440:104.Hierakonpolis (Loc. 29).4 stones. Ziziphus spina-christi.{031Dyn 01.Saad & Keimer.147:52.Saqqara (Hemaka's tomb).Fruits. Ziziphus spina-christi.{031Dyn 01/02.Keimer.192.Kom el Ahmar (Hierakonpolis).Fruits; ? = Germer, 88:40 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 364]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:7.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Fruits. Presented as nabk. Ziziphus spina-christi.{032Dyn 02.Lucas.176:7.Tomb 3477 (Saqqara).Fruits. Presented as nabk. Ziziphus spina-christi.{033Dyn 03.Chalk.1144:4.Saqqara.Wood (plyWood coffin). Ziziphus spina-christi.{033Dyn 03.Täckholm.1126:131.Saqqara (Djoser's Pyramid).700 kernels. Ziziphus spina-christi.{034Dyn 04/09.Boodle.143:53.Matmar.Wood. 255 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Ziziphus spina-christi.{035Dyn 05.Germer, 88:40. Sahurê's temple [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 382].Not indicated. Ziziphus spina-christi.{035Dyn 05.Schweinfurth.1130:157.Abusir (Ne-User-Rê's Temple).Kernel; = Germer, 88:40 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 363]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{051Dyn 11.Schweinfurth.1021:260.Gebelein.Fruits & seeds.= Schweinfurth, 1171:3; = Germer, 88:40 [Äg. MUS. 3372, 3373, 360 & 362]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{051Dyn 11b.2008-CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Deir el-Bahari, burial chamber of the temple-tomb of King Mentuhotep II [BRITISH MUS.EA No 47629].Shaft of a wooden bow tapering to a point at one end in fair condition (two repaired fragments). Ziziphus spina-christi.{051Dyn 11b.2008-CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Deir el-Bahari, burial chamber of the temple-tomb of King Mentuhotep II.[BRITISH MUS.EA No 47630].Shaft of a wooden bow tapering to a point at one end in fair condition (incomplete). Ziziphus spina-christi.{051Dyn 11b.2008-CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Deir el-Bahari, burial chamber of the temple-tomb of King Mentuhotep II.[BRITISH MUS.EA No 49463].Wooden bow fragments in fair condition. Ziziphus spina-christi.{051Dyn 11b.2008-CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Deir el-Bahari, burial chamber of the temple-tomb of King Mentuhotep II.[BRITISH MUS.EA No 49465].1 wooden bow fragment in fair condition (incomplete). Ziziphus spina-christi.{052Dyn 12.Newberry.1083:50.Kahun.Fruits. Ziziphus spina-christi.{052Dyn 12.Schweinfurth.1091:87.Rahotep's (Meir).6 kernels; = Germer, 88:40 [Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 365]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{060 Middle Kingdom (not clear).2005-GERISCH: No page.Mersa/Wadi Gawasis.Wood. Ziziphus spina-christi.{060Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom.Murray.1846:165.Kom Rab'ia (Memphis).1 Fruit. Ziziphus spina-christi.{060Middle Kingdom.Gale.1951:128.British MUS.Wood (hafts of three axes). Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Kew.11:438.Tutankhamun's.Wood; = Boodle, 2117:34. Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).Lucas.1060:144.Tutankhamun's.Fruits; = Newberry.2096:5; = Boodle, 2117:26 [Kew MUS.]; = de Vartavan, 1400:Table 1 [also Cairo MUS.]; = de Vartavan, 1999:109. Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18(?).2008-CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Exact find spot not recorded.[BRITISH MUS.EA No 5429].1 wooden bow in fair condition. Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Bruyère.157:108.Deir el Medineh.Fruits; = Germer, 88:40 [Äg. MUS. 21531]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Chalk.11:440.Not indicated.Wood (dowels). Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Germer.1443:246.Abydos [Manchester MUS No.3710].Seeds. Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Germer?.319:186.Thebes (Grabung 1903/4; Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 17385).[Fruits and not seeds as indicated]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Grosser & Grünewald.319:185.Assasif (Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 15/70]).Wood (axe). Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Grosser & Grünewald.319:186.Assasif (Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 29/70]).Wood. Presented as "Christusdornbaumes". Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Grosser & Grünewald.319:186.Assasif (Thebes [Berlin Botanisches MUS. No. 17/70]).Wood. Presented as "vermutlich Christusdorn". Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Kew.11:440.Not indicated.Wood (dowels). Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Lucas.11:440.Not indicated.Wood (dowels). Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:558.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Fruits. Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Mattirolo.1035:562.Deir el Medineh (Kha's tomb).Wood. 256 Codex Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18.Wittmack.229:447.Florence MUS.Wood (bow).This identification is challenged (see Western & McLeod, 1949:89). Ziziphus spina-christi.{071Dyn 18?.Carnarvon & Carter.1954:31.Thebes.Fruits. Presented as "fruit of the Nebbek tree". Ziziphus spina-christi.{072Dyn 19.Leroi-Gourhan.1355:164.Deir el Bahari (Ramses II's mummy).Pollen. Ziziphus spina-christi.{073Dyn 20?.Schweinfurth.1835:420.Gebelein.Fruits; ? = Germer, 88:40 [Äg. MUS. 3371 & Schw. 361]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{080 New Kingdom(?).2008-CARTWRIGHT&TAYLOR: 79 (Table 1).Thebes.[BRITISH MUS.EA No 5430].1 wooden bow in good condition. Ziziphus spina-christi.{080New Kingdom.Macramallah.184:75.Saqqara.Fruits. Ziziphus spina-christi.{081Dyn 21/Persian.Wetterstrom.1771:Table 5.1. (71-74).El Hibeh.1 stone. Ziziphus spina-christi.{090Third Intermediate Period/Ptolemaic/Roman.Willerding & Wolf.1579:266.West-Köms (Elephantine).Fruits. Ziziphus spina-christi.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 180 (Table 8.3.).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Ziziphus spina-christi.{130Roman (AD 100-200).Ribstein.1343:207.Unknown? [Spiegelberg COLL. S10].Wood (mummy label). Ziziphus spina-christi.{130Roman (AD 100-200).van der Veen.2112:139.Mons Claudianus (Red Sea Hills).[Fruit]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Ziziphus spina-christi.{130Roman (AD 200-300).Thanheiser.1783:Table 1.Kellis (Ismant el Kharab, Dakhla Oasis).Fruits. Ziziphus spina-christi.{130Roman (AD 200-400).Newberry.1083:47.Hawara.4 fruits. Ziziphus spina-christi.{130Roman.Wetterstrom.1017:369.Quseir al Qadim.9 stones & fragments. Ziziphus spina-christi.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 128 & 132 (Tables 4.1c & 4.2.).Mons Porphyrites.11 desiccated & 1 carbonized stones. Ziziphus spina-christi.{140Coptic (AD 400-500).Täckholm.1411:24.Monastery of Phoebammon.Stone & fruit. Ziziphus spina-christi.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:116.Edfu.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:378]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:160.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:557]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{140Coptic.C.T.F.T.190:28.Antinoë.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:9]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{150Islamic (AD 1200).C.T.F.T.190:147.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:517]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{150Islamic (AD 1300).C.T.F.T.190:108.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:357]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{150Islamic (AD 1300).C.T.F.T.190:109.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:358]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{150Islamic (AD 800).C.T.F.T.190:116.Bâouit.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:377]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{150Islamic (AD 800-900).C.T.F.T.190:148.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:520]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{150Islamic (AD 900).C.T.F.T.190:148.Not indicated.Wood [Louvre CAT.Ref:521]. Ziziphus spina-christi.{150Islamic.Wetterstrom.1017:369.Quseir al Qadim.1 seed. Ziziphus spina-christi.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:434.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Fruit. Presented as Z. lotus. Ziziphus spina-christi.Not indicated.Bonastre.1456:434.Unknown (mummy sarcophagi).Fruit. Presented as Z. lotus. Ziziphus spina-christi.Unknown.Beauverie.109:Pl. VI.[Louvre MUS.].6 fruits.= Loret & Poisson, 110:18. Ziziphus spina-christi.Unknown.Germer (Lepsius).88:40.[Äg. MUS. 1421].[Fruits]. Ziziphus spina-christi.Unknown.Germer.88:40.[Florence MUS. 3611 & Berlin Botanisches MUS. Schw. 380d].[Fruits]. Ziziphus spina-christi.Unknown.Germer.88:40.Abusir [Äg. MUS. 17385].Fruits. 257 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Ziziphus spina-christi.Unknown.Germer.88:40.Thebes [Äg. MUS. Passalacqua COLL. 7000].Fruits. Ziziphus spina-christi.Unknown.Loret & Poisson.110:18.[Louvre MUS.].Kernel fragment. Presented as Z. vulgaris Lam. Ziziphus Mill. (Rhamnaceae; ; ); 060.03.--. Ziziphus.{010Late Paleolithic (BP 9360-8580).Wasylikowa.1964:146.Nabta Plata (E-75-6).Fruit stones.= Mitka & Wasylikowa, 1968:Table 1. Ziziphus.{020Neolithic.Wasylikowa.1626:66.Nabta (E-75-6). Stones. Ziziphus.{030.6 Nagadian (IIC C14 circa 3400 BC).2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.2 wood fragments. Ziziphus.{030.6 Nagadian.2005-NEWTON: 359 (Table 1).Adaima.8 wood fragments. Ziziphus.{030.9 Predynastic.1999-FRIEDMAN [FAHMY]: Table 182,16-17.Hierakonpolis (HK43).Dry fruit. Ziziphus.{032Dyn 02 or earlier (up to Nagada IC).2004-NEWTON: 58 (Table 1).Adaïma.1 seed. Ziziphus.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 100 (Table 4.4.).Mons Porphyrites.Charcoal. Ziziphus.Not indicated.Ribstein.1343:207.Kalsruhe Landes MUS. [No. H435a].Wood (peg). Zostera marina L. (Zosteraceae; ; ); 113.01.XX. Zostera marina.{081Dyn 21 or before.Täckholm.1006:145.Mummy coffin of child (Stockholm MUS].A leaf and one seed. Zygophyllaceae R. Br.; 047.--.--. Zygophyllaceae.{071Dyn 18 (Tutankhamun).de Vartavan.1400:Table 2.Thebes (Tutankhamun's tomb [Kew MUS.]).Seed. Presented as "Tribulus type"; = de Vartavan, 1999:109. Zygophyllaceae.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 225 (Appx.1).Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Zygophillaceae.{140.6 Roman to Coptic.2007-VEEN&TABINOR: 103 (Table 4.5.).Mons Porphyrites.61 desiccated seeds. Zygophyllum coccineum L.; (Zygophyllaceae;); 047.05.05. Zygophyllum coccineum.{130 Roman.2001-VEEN: 203.Mons Claudianus.Seeds. Zygophyllum L. (Zygophyllaceae; Cocklebur, Petite Bardane); 047.05.--. Zygophyllum.{010Late Paleolithic.Neumann.1634.Makhadma 4.Wood charcoal. Zygophyllum.{080 New Kingdom to 100 Late Period.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIa.Increases in pollen.Microscopic charcoal increases per pollen grain. Zygophyllum.{112 Ptolemaic to 130 Roman.2010-STANLEY&BERNHARDT: 72.Alexandria‟s Eastern Harbor core AL 19, Pollen-Microscopic Charcoal Zone IIb.Pollen is not identified.Charcoal remains are abundant.  258 Codex IDENTIFICATIONS SHORTLIST LISTE IDENTIFICATIONS TO SPECIES OR SUGGESTED SPECIES LEVEL /IDENTIFICATIONS AU NIVEAU DE L'ESPÈCE OU SUGGERANT L’ESPECE Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae; Coral pea; Arbre à chapelet); 043.XX.CC. Acacia albida Del. (Leguminosae; Kenya-acacia; Arbre blanc); 043.42.04. Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. (Leguminosae; Babul acacia; Acacia d'Arabie); 043.42.08. Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.42.12. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Leguminosae; Cassie; Acacia de Farnèse); 043.42.XX. Acacia gerrardii Benth. var. negevensis Zoh. (Leguminosae; Red thorn; ); 043.42.09. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. (Leguminosae; Shona; ); 043.42.01. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae; Nile acacia; Acacia du Nil); 043.42.07. Acacia raddiana Savi. (Leguminosae; Israelian acacia; ); 043.42.06. Acacia seyal Del. (Leguminosae; Shittim; Arbre à gomme).; 043.42.11. Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. (Leguminosae; Umbella thorn; ); 043.42.05. Acorus calamus L. (Araceae; Sweet flag; Acore odorant); 126.XX.XX. Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae; Baobab; Baobab); XX.XX.XX. Aegilops crassa Boiss. (Gramineae; Goat grass; Egilope); 124.27.02. Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thwaites. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.14.02. Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. (Amaranthaceae; Kapok bush; Herbe a` kapok); 023.03.01. Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae; Bent grass; Agrostide stolonifère); 124.42.01. Aizoon canariense L. (Aizoaceae; ;) 019.02.01 Alhagi graecorum Boiss. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.31.XX. Alhagi maurorum Medic. (Leguminosae; Camel's thorn; Alhagi des Maures); 043.31.01. Allium ampeloprasum L. (Liliaceae; Levant garlic; Ail d'Orient); 117.01.01. Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae; Onion; Oignon); 117.01.CC. Allium kurrat Sfth. et Krause. (Liliaceae; Salad Leak; ); 117.01.CC. Allium porrum L. (Liliaceae; French leek; Poireau); 117.01.CC. Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae; Garlic; Ail); 117.01.CC. Althaea ficifolia L. (Malvaceae; Althaea; Althée); 063.05.XX. Ambrosia maritima L. (Compositae; Sea-ambrosia; Ambroise maritime); 106.50.01. Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. In DC. (Chenopodiaceae; ;) 022.23.02 Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae; Pimpernel; Mouron) 078.03.01. Anastatica hierochunta L. (Cruciferae; Rose of Jericho; Rose de Jéricho); 036.21.01. Andrachne telephioides L. (Euphorbiaceae; Andrachne; Andrachné); 051.06.02. Androcymbium gramineum (Cav.) McBride. (Liliaceae; ; ); 116.02.01. Androsace maxima L. (Primulaceae; Rock jasmine; Androselle); 078.XX.XX. Anethum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae; Common dill; Aneth); 077.XX.CC. Anthemis arvensis L. (Compositae; Field chamomile; Anthémide des champs); 106.57.05. Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. (Compositae; ; ); 106.57.04. Anthemis retusa Del. (Compositae; ; ); 106.57.02. 259 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae; Celery; Céleri douce); 077.06.02. Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Coss. & Kral. (Boraginaceae; ); 090.16.03. Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) DC. (Boraginaceae;; sang de l’homme); 090.16.01 Artemisia inculta Del. (Compositae; Wormwood of the Bible; ); 106.67.04. Artemisia judaica L. (Compositae; ;); 106.67.03 Arundo donax L. (Graminae; Giant reed; Canne de Provence); 124.19.01. Asphodelus fistulosus L. (Liliaceae; Onion asphodel; Asphodèle); 116.03.04. Astenatherum forskalii. (Vahl) Nevski (Gramineae; ; ); 124.38.01. Asteriscus graveolens Less. (Compositae; ; ); 106.48.02. Astragalus vogelii (Webb.) Bornm. (Leguminosae; Webber’s milk-vetch; Astragale); 043.26.21. Avena fatua L. (Gramineae; Oat; Avoine); 124.37.04. Avena sterilis L. (Gramineae; Oat; Avoine); 124.37.05. Avena strigosa Schreb. (Gramineae; Bristle oat; ); 124.37.XX. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae (Verbenaceae); Black mangrove; Avicennie); 092.01.01. Azolla nilotica Dec. (Azollaceae; Azolla; Azolle); XX.XX.XX. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Balanitaceae; Heglig; Dattier du désert); 048.01.01. Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae; Common beet; Bette); 022.01.01. Betula pendula Roth. (Betulaceae; European white birch; Bouleau verruqueux); XX.XX.XX. Boswellia carterii (Burseraceae; Bible frankincense; Boswellie de Carter). 053.XX.XX. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch in Rohling (Cruciferae; black mustard; moutarde noire) 036.29.04. Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae; Cabbage; Chou ordinaire); 036.29.CC. Brassica rapa L. (Cruciferae; Bird rape; Rave); 036.29.01. Bromus diandrus Roth. (Gramineae; Great Brome; Grand Brome); 124.01.08. Bromus japonicus Thunb. (Gramineae; Japanese brome; Brome du Japon); 124.01.05. Buglossoides arvensis (L.) J.M. (Boraginaceae; Corn gromwell; Grémil des champs); 090.14.02. Bupleurum aristatum Barth. (Umbelliferae; ; ); 077.05.XX. Bupleurum semicompositum Höjer (Umbelliferae; ; ); 077.05.03. Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae; Common box; Buis commun); XX.XX.XX. Cajanus flavus DC. (Leguminosae; Pigeon pea; Pois d'Angola); 043.XX.XX. Calligonum comosum (Polygonaceae;;); 016.02.01. Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. (Asclepiadaceae; Apple of Sodom; Arbre à soie); 085.07.01. Cannabis sativa. (Cannabidaceae; Hemp; Chanvre commun); XX.XX. Capparis decidua (Forskk.) Edgew. (Capparidaceae; ; ); 034.01.01. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L) Medicus. (Cruciferae; Shepherd's purse; Bourse à pasteur); 036.52.01. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae; Heartseed; Pois de coeur); 057.01.01. Carex divisa Huds. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.01.01. 260 Codex Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae; Safflower; Carthame des teinturiers); 106.18.XX. Cassia senna L. (Leguminosae; Alexandria senna; Sené d'Egypte); 043.38.03. Castanea sativa Miller. (Fagaceae; European chestnut; Châtaignier commun); XX.XX.XX. Cayratia ibuenis (Hook.) Suesseng. (Vitidaceae; ; ); 061.01.01. Cedrus libani A. Rich. (Pinaceae; Cedar of Lebanon; Cèdre du Liban); XX.XX.XX. Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae; Feather cockscomb; Cèlose argentée); 023.XX.XX. Centaurea depressa M.B. (Compositae; Blue cornflower; Centaurée bleue); 106.12.XX. Centaurea nigra L. (Compositae; Black centaurea; Centaurée noire); 106.12.XX. Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae; Carob tree; Caroubier commun); 043.XX.CC. Ceratophyllum demersum L. (Ceratophyllaceae; ; ); 028.01.01. Cercis siliquastrum L. (Leguminosae; Judas Tree; Arbre de Judée); 043.XX.XX. Ceruana pratensis Forskk. (Compositae; ; Ceruane); 106.26.01. Chenopodium album L. ssp. iranicum (Chenopodiaceae; White goosefoot; Chénopode blanche); 022.02.08. Chenopodium hybridum L. (Chenopodiaceae; Bastard goosefoot; Ansérine batarde); 022.02.XX. Chenopodium murale L. (Chenopodiaceae; Wall goosefoot; Ansérine des murs); 022.02.04. Chenopodium virgatum (L.) Jessen. (Chenopodiaceae; = C. foliosum (Mönch) Asch.); 022.XX.XX. Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Compositae; Crown daisy; Chrysanthème des jardins); 106.64.01. Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Compositae; Corn marigold; Chrysanthème des moissons), 106.64.XX. Cicer arietinum L. (Leguminosae; Chick-pea; Pois chiche); 043.XX.CC. Cichorium pumilum Jacq. v. endivia L. (Compositae; ; Chicorée frisée); 106.72.01. Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitidaceae; ; ); 061.02.01. Cistus ladaniferus L. (Cistaceae; gum rockrose;); 067.XX.XX. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae; Colocynth; Coloquinte); 071.05.01. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai. (Cucurbitaceae; Water melon; Pastèque); 071.05.XX. Citrus aurantium L. var. amara (Rutaceae; Orange; Orange); 052.XX.CC. Citrus medica L. (Rutaceae; Lemon tree; Citronnier); 052.XX.CC. Cleome chrisantha Decne. (Cleomaceae; ); 035.02.02. Cleome droserifolia (Forskk.) Del. (Cleomaceae; ); 035.02.01. Cocculus hirsutus Diels. (Menispermaceae; ; ); 026.01.XX. Cocculus pendulus (J. R. & Forst.) Diels. (Menispermaceae; ; ); 026.01.01. Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae; Coconut palm; Cocotier); 125.XX.XX. Commiphora myrrha Engl. (Burseraceae; Common myrrh tree; Arbre à myrrhe); 053.01.XX. Commiphora opobalsamum Engl. (Burseraceae; Balm of Gilead & Mecca myrrh; Baume de la Mecque). 053.01.01. Convolvulus hystrix Vahl. (Convolvulaceae; ; ); 087.01.01. Convolvulus scammonia L. (Convolvulaceae; Scammony glorybind; Liseron scammonnée); 087.01.18. Conyza dioscoridis (L.) Desf. (Compositae; Plowghman's spikenard; Pluchée); 106.28.01. Corchorus olitorius L. (Tiliaceae; Jew's mallow; Corette potagère); 062.01.02. Cordia crenata Del. (Ehretiaceae; ). Cordia myxa L. (Ehretiaceae; Assyrian plum; Sebestier domestique); 089.01.XX. 261 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Cordia sinensis Lam. (Ehretiaceae; Cordia; Sebestier); 089.01.01. Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbellifereae; Coreander; Coriandre); 077.03.01. Cornulaca monacantha Del. (Chenopodiaceae;) 022.24.01. Coronopus niloticus (Del.) Spreng. (Cruciferae-Brassicaceae;); 036.47.02. Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.47.01. Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae; Hazel; Coudrier noisetier); XX.XX.XX. Cressa cretica L. (Convolvulaceae; ; ); 087.08.01. Crinum zeylanicum L. (Liliaceae; ; ); 116.XX.XX.Crotalaria! (Leguminosae). Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. (Graminae; Swamp pricklegrass; ); 124.47.02. Cucumis melo L. (Cucurbitaceae; Melon; Melon); 071.07.XX. Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumber; Concombre); 071.07.XX. Cuminum cyminum L. (Umbelliferae; Cumin; Cumin); 077.XX.CC. Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae; Italian cypress; Cyprès commun); 009.XX.XX. Cuscuta pedicellata Ledeb. (Cuscutaceae; Clover dodder; ); 088.01.04. Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. (Gramineae; Bluestem; Barbon); 124.87.02. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae; Bermuda grass; Gros chiendent); 124.56.01. Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. (Cyperaceae; Foxtail sedge; ); 129.08.19. Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae; Ardue; Jambélon); 129.08.17. Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.08.05. Cyperus dives Del. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.08.18. Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae; Tigernut grass; Souchet comestible); 129.08.12. Cyperus longus L. (Cyperaceae; Rough cyperus; ; ); 129.08.15. Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae; Purple nutsedge; Souchet à tubercules); 129.08.13. Cyperus schimperianus Steud. (Cyperaceae; ); 129.08.16. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.XX.XX. Dalbergia melanoxylon Guillemin (Leguminosae; African blackwood; Ebène); 043.XX.XX. Delphinium ajacis L.(Ranunculaceae; ; ); 024.05.XX. Delphinium orientale Losc. (Ranunculaceae; ; ); 024.05.XX. Demostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. (Gramineae; Halfa grass; Halfa); 124.11.01. Didesmus tenuifolius DC. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.34.XX. Digitaria Heist ex Fabr. (Gramineae; Finger grass; Digitaire); 124.71.--. Diospyros ebenum Koenig ex Retz. (Ebenaceae; ; ); 081.XX.XX. Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. (Cruciferae; Wall rocket;); 036.28.01. Dracaena [ombet!] (Agavaceae; Nubian dragon tree; Arbre dragon); 118.01.01 Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. (Gramineae; Southern cockspur; Panic des cultivateurs); 124.76.01. Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (Gramineae; Cockspur; Oplismène pied-de-coq); 124.76.02. Echium rauwolfii Del. (Boraginaceae; ; ); 090.18.05. Elaeocarpus serratus L. (Elaeocarpaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. Br. (Cyperaceae; Common spikerush; Héléocharis des marais); 129.07.01. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (Zingiberaceae; True cardamom; Cardamome); XXX.XX.XX Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runem ssp. junceum Runem (Gramineae; Sandcouch; Agropyron); 124.25.01. 262 Codex Emex spinosus (L.) Campd. (Polygonaceae; Prichly Douch; ); 016.03.01. Enarthrocarpus lyratus (Forssk.) DC. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.37.01. Epilobium hirsutum L. (Onagraceae; Great willowherb; Epilobe hérisée); 074.01.01. Equisetum palustre L. (Equisetaceae; Marsh horsetail; Prêle des marais); 001.01.XX. Eragrostis aegyptiaca (Willd.) Del. (Gramineae; Teff; Teff); 124.12.07. Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae; ; ); 051.07.07. Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Euphorbiaceae; Sun spurge; Euphorbe éveille-matin); 051.07.28. Fagonia bruguieri DC. (Zygophyllaceae;;); 047.03.02. Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. (Leguminosae [Fabaceae]; Apple-ring acacia;); 043.--.--. [But part of modern flora of Egypt and missing from Täckholm’s S.F. ]. Ferula gummosa Boiss. (Umbelliferae; Giant fennel; Férule commune); 077.19.XX. Ficus carica L. (Moraceae; Common fig; Figuier commun); 012.01.03. Ficus ingens Miquel. (Moraceae; ; ); 012.01.XX. Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae; Sycamore fig; Figuier sycomore); 012.01.XX. Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bub. (Cyperaceae; Annual fimbry;) 129.04.01. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Umbelliferae; Fennel; Fenouil). 077.16.01. Francoeuria crispa (Forssk.) Cass. (Asteraceae;;); 106.44.01. Frankenia pulverulenta L. (Frankeniaceae; Frankenia; Frankénie); 069.01.01. Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae; Ash; Frêne commun); 082.XX.XX. Galium tricorne Stoker ex. With. (Rubiaceae; Corn bedstraw; ); 086.06.05. Geranium L. (Geraniaceae; Geranium; Géranium); 046.01.--. Glinus lotoides L. (Molluginaceae; Carpetweed; Mollugine); 018.03.01. Gnaphalium luteo-album L. (Compositae; Jersey cudweed; Gnaphale jaunâtre); 106.35.01. Gossypium arboreum L. var. soudanense. (Malvaceae; Asiatic tree cotton; Cotonnier en arbre); 063.10.01. Gossypium herbaceum L. (Malvaceae; Levant cotton; Cotonnier d'Asie); 063.10.XX. Grewia tenax (Forskk.) Fiori. (Tiliaceae; Grewia; Grewia); 062.03.03. Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. Gmelin. (Rosaceae; Kusso tree; Kousso); 041.XX.XX. Haloxylon persicum Bunge. (Chenopodiaceae; Saxaul; Haloxylon de Perse); 022.XX.XX. Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae; English ivy; Lierre commun); XX.XX.XX. Helichrysum stoechas DC. (Compositae; Lavender-like helichrysum; Immortelle stoechas); 106.36.XX. Heliotropium undulatum Vahl. (Boraginaceae; ; ); 090.01.XX. Hibiscus trionum L. (Malvaceae; ; ); 063.09.03.Hordeum marinum (Gramineae; ; ); 124.30.XX. Hordeum sativum Pers. (Gramineae; Barley; Orge); 124.30.CC. Hyoscyamus muticus L. (Solanaceae; ; ); 094.08.03. Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. (Palmae; Dom palm; Palmier doum); 125.02.01. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (Gramineae; Cotton grass; Imperata cylindrique); 124.84.01. Jasminum Sambac (L.) Aiton. (Oleaceae; Arabian jasmine; Jasmin d'Arabie); 082.02.XX. Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae; Walnut; Noyer commun); XX.XX.XX. Juncus acutus L. (Juncaceae; Sharp rush; ); 122.01.05. Juncus bufonius L. (Juncaceae; Toad rush; Jonc des crapauds).; 122.01.02. 263 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Juncus rigidus C.A. Mey. (Juncaceae; (Juncaceae; Sea rush; Jonc maritime); 122.01.06. Juniperus drupacea Labill. (Cupressaceae; Syrian juniper; Génevrier de Syrie); 009.01.XX. Juniperus oxcycedrus L. (Cupressaceae; Red berrier juniper; Génevrier piquant); 009.01.XX. Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae; Phoenicean juniper; Génevrier de Phénicie); 009.01.01. Juniperus sabina L. (Cupressaceae; Savine; Génevrier sabine); 009.01.XX. Jussiaea repens L. (Onagraceae; ; ); 074.02.01. Lactuca sativa L. (Compositae; Lettuce; Laitue cultivée); 106.02.CC. Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (Cucurbitaceae; Bottlegourd; Gourde calebasse); 071.XX.XX. Lagonychium farctum (Ranks et Sol.) Macbride. (= Prosopis farcta; Leguminosae; ; ); 043.40.01. Lathyrus aphaca L. (Leguminosae; Yellow vetchlings; Gesse sans feuilles); 043.33.01. Lathyrus hirsutus L. (Leguminosae; Rough pea vine; Gesse hérisée); 043.33.02. Lathyrus marmoratus Boiss. & Bl. in Boiss. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.33.09. Lathyrus nissolia L. (Leguminosae; Grass vetchling; Gesse Nissole); 043.33.XX. Lathyrus sativus L. (Leguminosae; Grass pea; Gesse commune); 043.33.08. Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae; True laurel; Laurier commun); XX.XX.CC. Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae; Henna; Henné); 072.XX.XX. Leersia hexandra Sw. (Gramineae; Bareet grass; ); 124.69.01. Leersia oryzoides Sw. (Gramineae; Rice-cut grass; ); 124.69.XX. Lens culinaris L. (Leguminosae; Lentil; Lentille); 043.XX.CC. Lepidium sativum L. (Cruciferae; Watercress:Cresson des jardins); 036.45.02. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne (Asclepiadaceae [Apocynaceae]; Broom bush, khip; ); 085.11.01. Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae; Madonna lily; Lis blanc); 116.XX.XX. Linum angustifolium Mill. (Linaceae; Narrow-leaved flax; Lin à feuilles étroites); 050.01.XX. Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae; Common flax; Lin cultivé); 050.01.CC. Liquidambar !orientalis (Hamamelidaceae; Oriental suret gum; Copalme d'Orient); XX.XX. Lolium perenne L. (Gramineae; Perennial Ryegrass; Ivraie vivace); 124.31.03. Lolium temulentum L. (Gramineae; Darnel; Ivraie vivace); 124.31.02. Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl. (Gramineae; Crested hair-grass; Keulérie à crête); 124.35.05 Lotus corniculatus L. (Leguminosae; Bird's foot trefoil; Lotier corniculé); 043.16.10. Lupinus albus L. (Leguminosae; White lupine; Lupin blanc); 043.03.04. Lupinus varius L. ssp. orientalis (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.03.02. Lychnis coelirosa Desr. in Lam. (Caryophyllaceae; Campion; Coquelocude des jardins); 021.XX.XX. Lygeum sparteum Loefl. ex L. (Graminae; ; ); 124.67.01.Lythraceae J. St-Hil. (Loosestrice family; Lythracées); 072.--.--. Maerua crassifolia Forssk. (Capparidaceae; ; ); 034.04.01. Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae; Small-flowered mallow); 063.01.02. Malva rotundifolia L. (Malvaceae; Small mallow; Mauve à feuilles rondes); 063.01.04. Mandragora officinarum L. (Solanaceae; Mandrake; Mandragore); 094.XX.XX. Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae; ; ); 055.XX.XX. Matricaria recutita L. (Compositae; Wild Chamomile; Matricaire); 106.62.01. Matthiola livida (Del.) D.C. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.18.05. 264 Codex Medemia argun Württemb. (Palmae; Argun palm; Palmier argun); 125.03.01. Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. (Leguminosae; Little medic; Luzerne naine); 043.10.13. Medicago polymorpha L. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.10.05. Medicago rugosa Desr. (Leguminosae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Medicago turbinata (L.) All. (Leguminosae); 043.10.11. Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Leguminosae; Small melilot; Melilot à petite fleur); 043.10.05. Melilotus Mill. (Leguminosae; Melilotus; Mélilot); 043.11.--. Melilotus siculus (Turra) B.D. Jacks (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.11.03. Melobesia lejolisii Rosanoff. (; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Mentha piperita L. (Labiatae; Pepermint; Menthe poivrée); 093.04.XX. Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Mimusops kummel Bruce. (Sapotaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Mimusops laurifolia (Forsk.) Friis. (Sapotaceae; Persea; Persea); XX.XX.CC. Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. (Moringaceae; ; ); 038.01.01. Morus alba L. (Moraceae; White mulberry; Mûrier blanc); 12.XX.CC. Morus nigra L. (Moraceae; Black mulberry; Mûrier noir); 012.XX.CC. Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae; Plantain; ); XX.XX.XX. Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragidaceae; Spiked milfoil; Myriophylle à épis); 075.01.01. Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae; Common nutmeg; Muscadier commun).XXX.XX.XX. Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae; Common myrtle; Myrte commun); XX.XX.CC. Narcissus tazetta L. (Amarallidaceae; Polyanthus narcissus; Narcisse à bouquet); 119.02.01. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner (Nelumbonaceae; Sacred lotus; Lis rose des égyptiens); XX.XX.XX. Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae; Odorous oleander; Nérion laurier rose); 084.XX.XX. Nicotiana L. (Solanaceae; ; ); 094.07.XX. Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae; Black cumin; Nigelle de Crète); 024.04.XX. Nymphaea coerulea Sav. (Nymphaeaceae; Blue lotus; Lotus bleu); 027.01.02. Nymphaea lotus L. (Nymphaeaceae; White Egyptian lotus; Lotier d'Egypte); 027.01.01. Ochradenus baccatus Del. (Resedaceae; Taily Weed;); 037.01.01. Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae; Sweet basil; Basilic commun); 093.01.CC. Olea europea L. (Oleaceae; Common olive; Olivier commun); 082.01.CC. Oryza sativa L. ([Gramineae; Rice; Riz); 124.XX.CC. Panicum turgidum Forssk. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.74.01. Papaver rhoeas L. (Papaveraceae; Red poppy; Coquelicot); 031.01.06. Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae; Opium poppy; Pavot somnifère).031.01.XX. Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf. (Gramineae; ; ). 124.75.01. Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae; Marmal; Marmale); 047.01.01. Pennisetum glaucum (Gramineae; Pennisetum; Pénnisetum); 124.79.XX. Phalaris canariensis L. (Gramineae; Canary grass; Phalaris des Canaries); 124.68.02. Phalaris minor Retz. (Gramineae; Lesser canary grass; Phalaris mineur); 124.68.01. Phalaris paradoxa L. (Gramineae; Paradoxal canary grass; Phalaris paradoxal); 124.68.03. Phalaris L. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.68.--. Phillyrea L. (Oleaceae; Mock privet; Filaria); 082.XX.--. Phoenix dactylifera L. (Palmae; Date-palm; Palmier dattier); 125.01.01. 265 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (Palmae; ; ); 125.01.XX. Phragmites Adans. (Gramineae; Reed; Phragmitès); 124.20.--. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Gramineae; Common reed; Roseau commun); 124.20.01. Phragmites mauritanius Kunth. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.20.02. Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein ex Wild. (Euphorbiaceae; ; ); 051.05.03. Picea orientalis Carr. (Pinaceae; Oriental spruce; Epicéa oriental); XX.XX.XX. Picris radicata (Forssk.) Less. (Compositae; ; ); 106.82.01. Pinites succinifer Goepp. (Pinaceae; ; ); XX.XX.XX. Pinus halepensis Miller. (Pinaceae; Aleppo pine; Pin d'Alep); XX.XX.XX. Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae; Italian stone pine; Pin parasol); XX.XX.XX. Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae; Black pepper; Poivrier noir); XX.XX.XX. Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Pistaciaceae; Mount Atlas pistachio; Pistachier de l'Atlas); 056.01.XX. Pistacia lentiscus L. (Pistaciaciae; Mastic; Pistachier Lentisque); 056.01.XX. Pistacia vera L. (Pistaciaceae; Real pistachio; Pistachier commun); 056.01.XX. Pisum L. (Leguminosae; Pea; Pois); 043.34.--. Pisum sativum L. (Leguminosae; Garden pea; Pois cultivé); 043.34.02. Platanus orientalis L. (Platanaceae; Oriental plane; Platane orientale); XX.XX.XX. Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae; Knotgrass; Renouée des oiseaux); 016.05.09. Polygonum corrigioloides Faub. & Spach. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.05.XX. Polygonum persicaria L. (Polygonaceae; Spotted lady's-thumb; Rénouée persicaire); 016.05.01. Polygonum salicifolium Brouss. ex Willd. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.05.02. Polygonum senegalense Meisn. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.05.04. Populus euphratica Oliver. (Salicaceae; Poplar; Peuplier de l'Euphrate); 011.02.01. Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae; Common purslane; Pourprier potager); 020.01.01. Potamogeton L. (Potamogetonaceae; Pondweed; Epi d'eau); 109.01. Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae; Apricot; Abricotier); 041.XX.CC. Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae; ; ); 041.XX.CC. Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae; Prune tree; Prunier); 041.XX.CC. Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. Webb. (Rosaceae; Almond tree; Amandier); 041.XX.CC. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. (Rosaceae; Peach; Pêcher); 041.XX.CC. Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae); XXX.XX.XX. Pteris vittata (Adiantaceae; ; ); 005.XX.XX. Pulicaria crispa (Compositae;); 106.43.XX. Pulicaria undulata (L.) Kostel. (Compositae; ; ); 106.43.03. Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae; Pomegranate; Grenadier); XX.XX.CC. Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae; Common pear; Poirier commun); 041.XX.CC. Pyrus malus L. (Rosaceae; Apple tree; Pommier); 041.XX.CC. Quercus cerris L. (Fagaceae; European oak; Chêne chevelu); XXX.XX.XX. Quercus suber L. (Fagaceae; Coark oak; Chène-liège); XXX.XX.XX. Ranunculus arvensis L. (Ranunculaceae; Corn buttercup;); 024.01.11. Ranunculus asiaticus L. (Ranunculaceae; Persian buttercup; Rénoncule d'Orient); 024.01.06. 266 Codex Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Cruciferae; Wild radish; Ravenelle); 036.38.01. Raphanus sativus L. (Cruciferae; Garden radish; Radis); 036.38.CC. Raphia farinifera Gaertn. (Palmae; ; ); 125.XX.XX. Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth (Compositae; False sowthistle;); 106.87.01 Reseda odorata L. (Resedaceae; Sweet mignonette; Mignonette odorante); 037.03.XX. Reseda pruinosa Del. (Resedaceae;); 037.03.12. Rhamnus L. (Rhamnaceae; Buckthorn; Nerprun); 060.01.--. Rhus !coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae; Sicilian sumac;); 055.01.01. Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande (Anacardiaceae;;); 055.01.03. Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae; Castor oil; Ricin commun); 051.XX.XX. Rosa sancta A. Rich. (Rosaceae; ; ); 041.02.XX. Rosmarinus officinalis. (Labiatae; Rosemary; Romarin officinal); 093.XX.XX. Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae; Common madder; Garance tinctoriale); 086.08.XX. Rumex crispus L. (Polygonaceae; Curled dock; Oseille crépu); 016.07.04. Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae; Dented dock; Oseille dentelé); 016.07.02. Rumex hydrolapathum Huds . (Polygonaceae; Great water dock; Oseille aquatique); 016.07.XX. Rumex L. (Polygonaceae; Dock; Oseille); 016.07.--. Rumex pulcher L. (Polygonaceae; Fiddle dock; Rumex élégant); 016.07.03. Rumex simpliciflorus Murb. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.07.09. Ruppia maritima L. (Ruppiaceae; Widgeon weed; ; ); 112.01.01. Saccharum officinarum L. (Gramineae; Sugar cane; Canne à sucre ); 124.85.CC. Saccharum spontaneum L. var. aegyptiacum (Willd.) Hack. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.85.01. Salicornia L. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.14.--. Salix subserrata Willd. (Salicaceae; African willow; Saule d'Egypte); 011.01.01. Salsola baryosma (Schult.) Dandy. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.19.01. Salvia spinosa L. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.10.09. Sanguisorba spinosum Bertol. (Rosaceae; ; ); 041.03.XX. Santalum album L. (Santalaceae; White sandal; Santal blanc); 014.XX.XX. Sapindus trifoliatus L. (Sapindaceae; ; ); 057.XX.XX. Schouwia thebaica Webb (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.40.01. Scilla pusilla Migliar. (Liliaceae; ; ); 116.08.XX. Scirpus inclinatus (Del.) Asch. et Schweinf. ex Boiss. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06.02. Scirpus litoralis Schrad. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06.08. Scirpus maritimus/tuberosus. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06. Scirpus praelongatus Poir. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06.04. Scirpus triquiter/litoralis. (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129.06. Scirpus tuberosus Desf. (Cyperaceae; Spurt grass; Scirpe maritime); 129.06.09. Scorpiurus muricatus L. (Leguminosae; Wall scorpion's tail; Scorpiure poilu); 043.18.01. Scorpiurus L. (Leguminosae; Scorpion's tail; Scorpiure); 043.18.--. Senecio desfontainei Druce. (Compositae; ; ); 106.68.02. Sesamum orientale L. (Pedaliaceae; Oriental sesame; Sésame); 098.01.CC. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill. (Leguminosae; Peabush; Sesbenier); 043.24.02. Silene linicola C.C. Gmel. (Caryophyllaceae; ; ); 021.07.XX. 267 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Sinapis alba L. [Brassicaceae; White mustard; Moutarde blanche); 036.30.02. Sinapis arvensis L. var. allionii. (Cruciferae; Field Mustard; Moutarde sauvage); 036.30.03. Sinapis arvensis L. var. nilotica. (Cruciferae; Field Mustard; Moutarde sauvage); 036.30.03. Sinapis L. (Cruciferae; Mustard; Moutarde); 036.30. Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae; Woody nightshade; Morelle Douce-amère); Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae; Apple of Sodom; Pomme de Sodome); 094.01.09. Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae; Egg plant; Aubergine); 094.01.CC. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae; Black nightshade; Morelle noire); 094.01.01. Solenostemma argel (Del.) Hayne (Asclepiadaceae;); 085.04.01. Sonchus oleraceus L. (Compositae; ); 106.91.02 Sorbus domestica L. (Rosaceae; Service tree; Sorbier domestique).041.XX.CC. Sorghum bicolor Moench. (Gramineae; Great millet; ); 124.93.XX. Sorghum bicolor verticilliflorum (Steud) Stapf (Gramineae; ; ); 124.93.04. Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.93.03. Sphaeranthus suaevolens D.C. (Compositae; ; ); 106.29.01. Spinacia tetrandra Roxb. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.XX.XX. Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl.) Kunth. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.46.01. Stachys aegyptiaca Pers. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.13.01. Stipa tenacissima L. (Gramineae; Feather grass; Stipe); 124.49.XX. Strychnos nux vomica L. (Loganiaceae; Nux-vomica poison nut; Arbre à noix vomique); XXX.XX.XX. Styrax benzoin Driander (Styracaceae; Benzoin; Benjoin); XX.XX.XX. Suaeda palestina Eig & Zohary. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.16.XX. Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. (Tamaricaceae; ; ); 068.01.01. Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bge. (Tamaricaceae; ; ); 068.01.03. Tamarix passerinoides Del. ex Desv. (Tamaricaceae; ; ); 068.01.05. Tamarix tetragina Ehrenb. (Tamaricaceae; ; ); 068.01.02. Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae; English yew; If commun); XX.XX.XX. Thymbra spicata Pall ex. Bieb. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.XX.XX. Thymus bovei Benth. (Labiatae; Mother-of-thyme; Thym serpolet); 093.06.02. Tilia europea L. (Tiliaceae; European linden; Tilleul commun); 062.XX.XX. Tilia tomentosa Moensch. (Tiliaceae; Silver lime; Tilleul argenté); 062.XX.XX. Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link. (Umbelliferae; False carrot; Caucalier); 077.26.04. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. (Umbelliferae; Knotted hedgeparsley;); 077.26.03. Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. (Umbelliferae; Ami; Ammi); 077.XX.XX. Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae; Water chestnut; Marron d'eau); XX.XX.XX. Trianthema pentandra L. (Aizoaceae; ; ); 019.05.01. Tribulus pentandrus Forssk. (Zygophyllaceae; ; ); 048.06.04. Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae; Devil's thorn; Tribule terrestre); 047.06.05. Trichodesma africanum (L.) R. Br. (Boraginaceae; ; ); 090.02.03. Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Leguminosae; Egyptian clover; Tréfle d'Alexandrie); 043.12.12. 268 Codex Trifolium resupinatum L. (Leguminosae; Persian clover; Tréfle de Perse); 043.12.02. Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Leguminosae:Fenugreek; Fénugrec); 043.08.CC. Trigonella hamosa L. (Leguminosae:; ); 043.08.11. Trigonella L. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.08.--. Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae; ; Blé tendre); 124.XX.CC. Triticum boeoticum Boiss. (Gramineae; Wild einkorn; Engrain sauvage); 124.XX.XX. Triticum diccocum Schübl. (Gramineae; Emmer; Blé amidonnier); 124.XX.CC. Triticum durum Desf. (Gramineae; Hardwheat; Blé dur); 124.XX.CC. Triticum monococcum L. (Gramineae; Einkorn; Engrain); 124.XX.CC. Triticum spelta L. (Gramineae; Spelt; Epeautre); 124.XX.CC. Triticum turgidum Steud. (Gramineae; ; ) 124.XX.CC. Typha !elephantina (Typhaceae; ; ); 128.01. Typha domingensis Pers. (Typhaceae; Common reed-mace; ); 128.01.01. Ulmus procera Salisb. (Ulmaceae; English elm; Orme champêtre); ; XX.XX.XX. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (Scrophulariaceae; ; ); 095.14.05. Vicia cracca L. (Leguminosae; Tufted vetch; Vesce craque); 043.32.XX. Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. (Leguminosae; Bitter vetch; Ervillier); 043.32.05.. Vicia faba L. (Leguminosae; Broad bean; Fève); 043.32.CC. Vicia lutea L. (Leguminosae; Yellow vetch; Vesce jaune); 043.32.02. Vicia monantha Retz. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.09. Vicia narbonensis L. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.01. Vicia sativa L. (Leguminosae; Common vetch; Vesce cultivée); 043.32.03. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32.07. Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Leguminosae [Fabaceae]; Mung bean; Haricot mungo). 043.36.CC. Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. (Leguminosae; Cowpea; ); 043.36.03. Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertner (Sapotaceae; Shea; Karité); XXX.XX.XX. Vitis vinifera L. (Vitidaceae; Grape vine; Vigne); 061.XX.CC. Waltheria indica L. (Sterculiaceae; ; ); 064.04.01. Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. in DC (Solanaceae; ; ); 094.02.01. Zaleya pentandra (L.) Jeffr. (Aizoaceae; ; ); 019.05.01. Zilla spinosa (Turra) Prantl. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.36.01. Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. (Rhamnaceae; ; ); 060.03.02. Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd. (Rhamnaceae; Christ's thorn; Epine du Christ); 060.03.01. 269 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. IDENTIFICATIONS TO GENUS LEVEL (OF GENDERS OTHER THAN THOSE OF ABOVE SPECIES)/IDENTIFICATIONS AU NIVEAU DU GENRE (DE GENRES DIFFÉRENTS DES ESPÈCES PRÉCÉDENTES : Abies Mill. (Pinaceae; Fir; Sapin); XX.XX.--. Abutilon Mill. (Malvaceae; Flowering maple; Abutilon); 063.07.--. Acer L. (Aceraceae; Maple; Erable); XX.XX.--. Achillea L. (Compositae; Yarrow; Achillée); 106.59.--. Adiantum L. (Adiantaceae; Maidenhair; Capillaire); 005.01.--. Alisma L. (Alismataceae; ; ); 107.01.--. Alnus Miller. (Betulaceae; Alder; Aulne). XX.XX.--. Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae; Amaranth; Amaranthe); 023.01.--. Arbutus L. (Ericaceae; Mandrone; Arbousier); XX.XX.XX. Arundo L. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.19.--. Atriplex L. (Chenopodiaceae; Saltbush; Arroche); 022.05.--. Ballota L. (Labiatae; Ballota; Ballotte); 093.15.--. Balsamodendron . (Burseraceae); 053.XX. Bambusa Schreber. (Graminae; Bamboo; Bambou); 124.XX.--. Bellevalia Lapeyr. (Liliaceae; Hyacinth; Ail des champs); 116.11.--. Boscia Lam. (Capparaceae; ; ); 034.03.--. Boswellia (Burseraceae;;); 053.XX.XX. Brachiaria Griseb. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.72.--. Brassica L. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.29.--. Bryonia L. (Cucurbitaceae; Bryony; Bryone); 071.01.--. Buxus L. (Buxaceae; ; ); XX.XX.--. Calendula L. (Compositae; Calendula; Calendule); 106.69.--. Calla L. (Araceae; Calla; Calla); 126.XX.--. Calystegia R.Br. (Convolvulaceae; Glorybend; Calystégie); 087.02.-Camelina Crantz. (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.49.--. Carduus L. (Compositae). Celtis L. (Ulmaceae; ; ); XX.XX.--. Cerastium L. (Caryophyllaceae; Chickweed; Céraiste); 021.13.--. Chaerophyllum L. (Umbelliferae; ; ). 077.XX.--. Cheilanthes Swartz. (Sinopteridaceae; ; ). 006.01.--. Cirsium Miller (Compositae). Corbichonia Scop. (Molluginaceae;); 018.05.--. Cyclamen L. (Primulaceae; Cyclamen; Cyclamen); 078.XX.--. Draba L. (Cruciferae; Whitlow-grass; Drave); 036.XX.--. Dryopteris Adans. (Aspleniaceae; Wood fern; Dryoptéris); XX.XX. Ephedra L. (Ephedraceae; Joint fir; Ephédra); 010.01.--. Erucaria Gaertner (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.22.--. Fagus L. (Fagaceae; Beech; Hêtre); XX.XX.XX. Geranium L. (Geraniaceae; Geranium; Géranium); 046.01.--. Glinus L. (Moluginaceae; ; ); 018.03.--. Gypsophila L. (Caryophyllaceae; Gypsophila; Gypsophile); 021.05.--. 270 Codex Halophila Thou. (Hydrocharitaceae); 108.01.--. Hammada Bunge. (Chenopodiaceae; ; ); 022.21.--. Lagurus L. (Gramineae; Hare's-foot sedge; Lagure); 124.45.--. Lapulla V.Wolf. (Boraginaceae; Stickseed; Bardanette); 090.05.--. Lythrum L. (Lythraceae; Loosetrife; Lythraire); 072.01.--. Matricaria L. (Compositae; Mayweed; Matricaite); 106.62.--. Mohria Sw. (Schizaeaceae; ; ); XX.XX.--. Muscari Hill. (Liliaceae; Grape hyacinth; Muscari); 116.13.--. Nitraria L. (Nitrariaceae; Lotus tree; Nitraire); 049.01.--. Ostrya Scop. (Betulaceae;;); XX.XX.XX. Otostegia Benth. (Labiatae;;); 093.18.--. Phillyrea L. (Oleaceae; Mock privet; Filaria); 082.XX.--. Podocarpus L'Hérit. (Podocarpaceae; Podocarp; Podocarpe); XX.XX.XX. Potentilla L. (Rosaceae; Cinquefoil; Potentille); 041.04.--. Pseudorlaya (Umbelliferae; dune carrot;); 077.23.--.Pteridophyta; XXX.XX.XX. Pteropyrum Jaub. & Spach. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.XX.--. Randia L. (Rubiaceae; ; ); 086.XX.--. Sambucus L. (Caprifoliaceae; Elder; Sureau); XX.XX.--. Sisymbrium L. (Cruciferae; Sisymbrium; Sisimbre); 036.01.--. Spergula L. (Caryophyllaceae; Spury; Spergule); 021.16.--. Urochloa Pal. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.XX.--. Urtica L. (Urticaceae; Nettle; Ortie); 013.01.--. Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae; Badderwort; Urticulaire); 100.01.--. Viburnum L. (Caprifoliaceae; Viburnum; Viorne); XX.XX.XX. Vulpia C.C. Gmel. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.04.--. Xanthium L. (Compositae; ; ); 106.49.--. IDENTIFICATIONS AU NIVEAU DE LA FAMILLE/IDENTIFICATION TO FAMILY LEVEL. Combretaceae R. Br. (Myrobalan family); XX.--.--. Dipsacaceae A. Juss. (Dipsacaceae; Teasel family; Dipsacacées); 103.--.--. Ericaceae Juss. (Ericaceae; Heath family; Ericacées); XX.--.--. Lamiaceae. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.--.--. Loranthaceae A. Juss. (Loranthaceae; Loranthacées); 015.--.--. Schizaeceae! (; Curly grass family); XXX.XX.XX Thymelaceae A. Juss. (Thyméléacées); 065.--.--. IDENTIFICATIONS AU NIVEAU DE L'ORDRE/IDENTIFICATIONS TO ORDER LEVEL. Filicales.; 003.00.00. Liguliflorae. (Compositae); 106.--.--. Paniceae. (Gramineae); 124.--.--. Pteridophyta; 000.00.00 Tubiflorae C. A. Agardh. Coniferae Juss. XX.--.--. 271 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. IDENTIFICATIONS DE VARIANTES/VARIANT IDENTIFICATIONS. Beta vulgaris subsp. perennis (L.) Aellen (Chenopodiaceae; Common beet; Bette); 022.01.01. Chenopodium album L. ssp. iranicum (Chenopodiaceae; White goosefoot; Chénopode blanche); 022.02.08. Citrus aurantium L. var. amara (Rutaceae; Orange; Orange); 052.XX.CC. Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runem ssp. junceum Runem (Gramineae; Sandcouch; Agropyron); 124.25.01. Gossypium arboreum L. var. soudanense. (Malvaceae; Asiatic tree cotton; Cotonnier en arbre); 063.10.01. Hordeum sativum Pers. var distichum . (Gramineae; Two-rowed barley; Orge-à-deux-rangs); 124.30.CC. Hordeum sativum Pers. var. hexastichum. (Gramineae; Six-rowed barley; Orge-à-six-rangs); 124.30.CC. Juniperus oxcycedrus L. ssp. macrocarpa. (Cupressaceae); 009.01.XX. Lupinus varius L. ssp. orientalis (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.03.02. Olea europea L. var. nubica. (Oleaceae); 082.01.XX. Phalaris paradoxa L. var. praemorsa (Lam.) Coss. & Dr. (Gramineae; Paradoxal canary grass; Phalaris paradoxa); 124.68.03. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. ssp. stenophyllus (Boiss.) Bor. (Gramineae; Common reed; Roseau-à-balai); 124.20.01. Pisum sativum L. ssp. elatius (Bieb.) Asch. et Graebr. (Leguminosae); 043.34.02. Pisum sativum L. ssp. sativum/arvense. (Leguminosae); 043.34.02. Raphanus sativus L. var. aegyptiacus (Cruciferae; Garden radish; Radis cultivé); 036.38.CC. Saccharum spontaneum L. var. aegyptiacum (Willd.) Hack. (Gramineae); 124.85.01. Scorpiurus muricatus L. var. laevigata (Sibth. et Sm.) Boiss. (Leguminosae; Wall scorpion's tail; Scorpiure poilu); 043.18.01. Sinapis arvensis L. var. nilotica. (Cruciferae; Field Mustard; Moutarde sauvage); 036.30.03. Sorghum bicolor Moench. ssp. arundinaceum. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.93.XX. Vicia faba L. ssp. minor. (Leguminosae); 043.32.CC. Vicia faba L. ssp. paucijuga. (Leguminosae); 043.32.CC. Vicia monantha Retz. ssp. monantha (Leguminosae); 043.32.09. Vicia sativa L. ssp. !nigra (Leguminosae); 043.32.03. Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera (Vitidaceae; Grape vine; Vigne); 061.XX.XX. 272 Codex INCOMPLETE OR DOUBTFUL IDENTIFICATIONS LISTED IN THE CODEX/IDENTIFICATIONS INCOMPLÈTES OU DOUTEUSES PRESENTEES DANS LE CODEX Abies !cilicica. (Pinaceae; Cilician fir; Sapin de Cilicie); XX.XX. Acacia !laeta R. Br. Ex Benth (Leguminosae; Gay acacia; Tazzeyt); 043.42.02 Actiniopteris! (Actiniopteridaceae; ; ); 007.01.--. Alopecurus !myosuroides L. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.40. Ambrosia! (Compositae; Ragweed; Ambroise). Ammi !majus (Umbelliferae; Greater ammi; Grande ammi); 077.10. Angelica! (Umbelliferae; Angelica; Angélique). Apium !nodiflorum (Umbelliferae; Creeping water parsnip; Berle nodiflore); 077.06. Aquilegia! (Ranunculaceae; Columbine; Ancolie). Artemisia !vulgaris (Compositae; Mugwort; Armoise commune); 106.67. Astragalus !gummifer. (Leguminosae; Tragacanth milkvetch; Astragale à gomme adragante); 043.26.XX. Biarum/Erodium! (Araceae); 126. Bromus !sterilis (Cruciferae; Barren Brome; Brome stérile); 124.01. Bunium! (Umbelliferae; Hawk nut; Terre-noix). Capparis !decidua (Forskk.) Edgew. (Capparidaceae; ; ); 34.01.01. Capsella! (Cruciferae). Cassia! absus. (Leguminosae; Absus cassie; Cisme). Cenchrus !cilliaris. (Gramineae; Buffel grass; Cenchrus cilie); 124.81.03. Cladium! (Cyperaceae; ; ); 129. Cleome !paradoxa R. Br. ex DC (Cleomaceae;); 035.02.07. Coronilla! (Leguminosae). Cotula! (Compositae).Crataegus L. (Rosaceae; ; ); 41.05.--. Cucumis !prophetarum Jusl. ap. L. (Cucurbitaceae; Cucumis;); 071.07.03. Cutandia !divaricata. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.06.XX. Cynara !scolymus (Compositae; French artichoke; Artichaud); 106.07. Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae; Wild carrot; Carotte sauvage); 077.25.XX. Echinaria! capitata. (Gramineae; ; ). Ficus !salicifolia (Moraceae; ; ); 012.01. Ficus pseudosycomorus/sycomorus (Moraceae; ; ); 012.01. Filago! (Compositae; Fluffweed; Filage); 106.--.--. Forsskalea !tenacissima L. (Urticaceae;;); 13.03.01 Geranium !dissectum (Geraniaceae; Cutleaf geranium; Géranium découpé); 046.01. Grewia !flavescens (Tiliaceae; ; ); 062.03. Indigofera! (Leguminosae; Indigo; Indigotier). Juniperus !excelsea Bieb. (Cupressaceae; Grecian juniper; ); 009.01. Lathyrus !niger (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.33. Lolium !temulentum (Gramineae; Darnel; Ivraie vivace). 273 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Mitracarpus! (Rubiaceae; ; ); 086. Noaea! (Chenopodiaceae; ; ). Oncoba! spinosa. (Flacurtiaceae; ; ). Oncoba!/Flacurtia. (Flacurtiaceae; ; ) Ononis! (Leguminosae; Restharrow; Bugrane). Ophioglossum !polyphyllum (Ophioglossaceae; ; ); 002.01. Panicum !repens. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.74. Parapholis! (Gramineae; ; ); 124.32.01 Peristrophe !bicalyculata (Acanthaceae; ; ); 097.06. Phlomis !herba-vinti. (Labiatae; ; ); 093.17. Phyteuma! (Campanulaceae; Horned rampion; Raiponce). Pimpinella !anisum. (Umbelliferae; Anise; Anis); 077.12. Pistachia !terebinthus. (Pistaciaceae; Terebinth; Thérébinthe); 056.01. Plantago !crassifolia (Plantaginaceae; Sea plantain; ); 101.01. Plantago !tenuiflora (Plantaginaceae; ; ); 101.01. Polygonum !lapathifolium. (Polygonaceae; Curltop lady's-thumb; Rénouée à feuilles de patience); 016.05. Pteris !cretica (Adiantaceae; Brake; Ptéride); 005.XX. Quercus !cerris. (Fagaceae; European oak; Chêne chevelu). Quercus !ilex-coccifera (Fagaceae; Holy oak; Chène vert); XXX.XX. Ranunculus !repens (Ranunculaceae; Creeping buttercup; Rénoncule rampante); 024.01. Ranunculus !sceleratus. (Ranunculaceae; Blister buttercup; Rénoncule scélèrate); 024.01. Rapistrum !perenne (Cruciferae; ; ); 036.33. Rumex !acetosa. (Polygonaceae; Garden sorrel; Oseille commune); 016.07. Rumex !maritimus. (Polygonaceae; ; ); 016.07. Setaria !italica. (Gramineae; Foxtail millet; Millet des oiseaux); 124.78. Sorghum !virgatum (Hack.) Stapf. (Gramineae; ; ); 124.93.02. Spargamium! (Sparganiaceae; Bur reed; Ruban d'eau). Stellaria/Silene! (Caryophyllaceae; ; ). Syzygium! (Myrtaceae; ; ). Tanacetum! (Compositae; Tansy; Tanaisie); Thlaspi !arvense (Cruciferae; Penny cress; Tabouret des champs); 036.XX. Torus! (; ; ). ???? Trifolium !medium. (Leguminosae; Zigzag clover; Tréfle intermédiaire); 043.12. Ulmus !nitens (Ulmaceae; Elm; Orme); XX.XX. Urginea! (Liliaceae; ; ), 117. Verbena !officinalis L. (Verbenaceae; Herb of the Cross; Verveine); 093.04.01 Vicia !villosa. (Leguminosae; ; ); 043.32. 274 Codex SYNONYMIC EQUIVALENCES OF BASIONYMS (SPECIES NAME) / EQUIVALENCES SYNONYMIQUES DES BASIONYMES (NOMS D‟ESPECES) Acacia heterocarpa: See under Lagonychium farctum. Acacia vera Willd: See under Acacia nilotica Del. Aeschynomene: See under Sesbania sesban for Ribstein's identification. Agropyron junceum: See under Elymus farctus ssp. junceum. Ajuga: See under Lamiaceae Amygdalus communis: See under Prunus dulcis. Amygdalus persica.: See under Prunus armeniaca. Andropogon laniger: See under Cymbopogon schoenanthus. Andropogon sorghum: See under Sorghum. Anthemis kahirica: See under A. retusa Del. Arceuthos drupacea: See under Juniperus drupacea. Areca Passalacquae: See under Medemia argun Württemb. Artemisia herba-alba: See under Artemisia inculta Del. Arundo isiaca: See under Phragmites communis. Asclepias procera: See under Calotropis procera. Balanites roxburghii Planch.:See under B. aegyptiaca for Dyer's identification. Balsamodendron myrrha: See under Commiphora myrrha Engl. Bdellium: See under Commiphora. Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima: See under B. vulgaris subsp. perennis. Betula verrucosa Ehrb.: See under B. pendula Rothb. Blitum !virgatum: See under Chenopodium virgatum Aschers. Borrago officinalis: See under Tricodesma africanum for Netolitsky's identification. Brassica campestris L.: See under B. rapa L. Brassica napus L.: See under B. campestris L. Butyrospermum: See under Vitellaria Gaertn. Cajanus indicus Sprengl.: See under Cajanus flavus DC. Capparis spinosa L.: See under Capparis aegyptia Lam. Cichorioideae: See under Compositae Cissus ibuensis Hook: See under Cayratia ibuenis. Citrus cedrata: See under C. medica L. Citrus limonum: See under C. medica L. Citrus limonum: See under Citrus medica Cocculus leaeba: See under C. pendulus (J. R. & Forst.)Diels. Comarum! (= Potentilla L.; Rosaceae;Cinquefoil;Potentille). Convolvulus spinosa.: See under C. Hystrix Vahl. Cuscuta arabica Fries: See under C. pedicellata Ledeb. Cyperus aucheri: See under C. conglomerates Rottb. Cyperus melanorhizus: See under C. esculentus L. Danthonia forskolei: See under Astenatherum forskalii (Vahl) Nevski. Eragrostis abyssinica: See under Eragrostis aegyptiaca. Eragrostis cynosuroides Beauv.: See under Demostachya bipinnata. Festuca: See under Gramineae. Genisteae: See under Leguminosae. Gymnanthelia lanigera: See under Andropogon laniger Desf. Heleocharis: See under Eleocharis. 275 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Heleochloa schoenoides: See under Crypsis schoenoides. Heliotropium nubicum Bunge: See under Heliotropium undulatum Vahl. Hyacinthaceae [Sic.]: See under Liliaceae. Iris sibirica L.: See under Iris albicans Lange for Newberry's identification. Juncus arabicus: See under Juncus rigidus C.A. Mey. Juncus hybridus: See under Juncus bufonius L. Juncus maritimus: See under Juncus acutus L. Juniperus macrocarpa: See under Juniperus oxcycedrus L. Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers.: See under Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl. Lagenaria siceraria: See under Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Lens esculenta: See under L. culinaris L. Leptochloa bipinnata (L.) Hochst: See under Demostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. Linum humile: See under L. usitatissimum L. Lithospermum arvense: See under Buglossoides arvensis. Lolium rigidum: Misidentification of Bonnet. See under Lolium. Lupinus digitatus: See under L. varius ssp. orientalis. Maerua uniflora: See under Maerua crassifolia Forskk. Majorana hortensis.: See under Origanum majorana L. Matthiola librator Newr.: See under Matthiola livida D.C. Medicago hispida Gaerth.: See under Medicago polymorpha L. Medicago hispida var. denticulata: See under Medicago polymorpha L. Melilotus messanensis: See under M. siculus. Melilotus parviflora: See under Melilotus indica (L.) All. Mimosa farnesiana: See under Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Mimosa nilotica: See under Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. Mimusops schimperi: See under M. laurifolia. Moringa aptera: See under M. peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. Myristica moschata Thunb.: See under Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nardurus: See under Vulpia. Nelumbium speciosum Willd.: See under Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner. Notohlaena R. Br.: See under Cheilanthes Swartz. Olea Oleaster Hoffmg. & Link.: See under Olea europea L. Orlaya: See under Pseudorlaya. Oryza clandestina: See under Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Panicum colonum: See under Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. Papilionaceae: See under Leguminosae. Paspalidium geminatum: See under Panicum germinatum Forst. Peplis L.: See under Lythrum L. Persica vulgaris: See under Prunus persica Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.: See under P. reclinata Jacq. Phragmites communis Trin.: See under P. australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Phragmites communis var. isiacus: See under P. australis. Phragmites communis var. mauritanius: See under Phragmites mauritanius Kunth. Phragmites communis var. stenophylla : See under Phragmites australis ssp. stenophyllus. Phyllanthus Niruri Wall.: See under Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein ex Wild. Picris coronopifolia DC: See under Picris radicata (Forssk.) Less. Pinus maritimus Mill.: See under Pinus halepensis Miller. 276 Codex Pisum arvense: See under Pisum sativum L. Poaceae. (= Gramineae); 124.--.--. Polygonum !serrulatum: See under Polygonum !salicifolium. Poterium: See under Sanguisorba. Prosopis Stephaniana: See under Lagonychium farctum. Prosopis: See under Lagonychium. Prunus amygdalus: See under P. dulcis. Pyrus domestica: See under Pyrus communis L. Qercus aegilops: See under Quercus cerris L. Quercus Aesculus: See under Quercus for Miglarini's identification. Raphia Ruffia Mart.: See under Raphia farinifera Gaertn. Rosa Richardii Rehder: See under Rosa sancta A. Rich. Saccharum spontaneum L.: see under Saccharum spontaneum L. var. aegyptiacum (Willd.) Hack. Salix safsaf: See under Salix subserrata Willd. Sapindus emarginatus: See under Sapindus trifoliatus L. Schizocarphus: See under Scilla L. Schoenoplectus litoralis/triquiter: See under Scirpus litoralis Schrad. or S. triquiter L. Schoenoplectus: See under Scirpus L. Scirpus corymbosus Heyne ex Roth: See under Scirpus inclinatus. Scirpus maritimus: See under S. tuberosus Desf. Sesamum indicum L.: See under Sesamum orientale L. Sesbania aegyptiaca:See under Sesbania sesban. Sorghum vulgare: See under Sorghum bicolor Moench. Spitzelia coronopifolia: See under Picris coronopifolia. Tamarix articulata: See under T. aphylla. Teucrium: See under Lamiaceae Torilis infesta Roth: See under T. arvensis (Huds.) Link. Trifoliae: See under Leguminosae. Triticum aestivo-compactum: See under Triticum aestivum L. Triticum antiquorum: See under T. aestivum for Unger's finds. Triticum dicoccum/durum: See under Triticum. Triticum palaeocolchicum: See under T. dicoccum Schübl. Typha australis: See under Typha domingensis Pers. Ulmus campestris Mill.: See under Ulmus procera Salisb. Vicia hirsuta: See under V. tetrasperma. 277 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 278 Codex FLORA IDENTIFIED SPECIES, GENUS AND FAMILIES ORGANISED TAXONOMICALLY/ ESPECES, GENRES ET FAMILLES ORGANISÉES TAXONOMIQUEMENT PTERIDOPHYTA A.- ARTICULATAE EQUISETACEAE RICHARD B.- FILICES OPHIOGLOSSACEAE PRESL ADIANTACEAE PRESL SINOPTERIDACEAE KOIDZ ACTINIOPTERIDACEAE PICHI-SERM 001.01.XX.Equisetum palustre L. 002.01.Ophioglossum !polyphyllum 005.01.--.Adiantum L. 005.XX.XX.Pteris vittata 006.01.--. Cheilanthes Swartz. 007.01.--.Actiniopteris! GYMNOSPERMAE A.-CONIFEROPSIDA CUPRESSACEAE S.F. GRAY B.-CHLAMYDOSPERMAE EPHEDRACEAE DUM. 009.01.01.Juniperus phoenicea L. 009.01.XX.Juniperus drupacea Labill. 009.01.XX.Juniperus oxcycedrus L. 009.01.XX.Juniperus sabina L. 009.XX.XX.Cupressus sempervirens L. 010.01.--.Ephedra L. ANGIOSPERMAE 279 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. A.-DICOTYLEDONEAE SALICACEAE MIRBEL 011.01.01.Salix subserrata Willd. 011.02.01.Populus euphratica Oliver. MORACEAE LINK 012.01.03.Ficus carica L. 012.01.XX.Ficus ingens Miquel. 012.01.XX.Ficus sycomorus L. 012.XX.CC. Morus alba L. 012.XX.CC.Morus nigra L. URTICACEAE A. JUSS. 013.01.--.Urtica L. SANTALACEAE R. BR. 014.01.01.Thesium humile Vahl. 014.XX.XX.Santalum album L. LORANTHACEAE A.JUSS. 015.--.--. Loranthaceae A.Juss. POLYGONACEAE A. JUSS. 016.02.01. Calligonum comosum 016.03.01.Emex spinosus (L.) Campd. 016.05.01.Polygonum persicaria L. 016.05.02.Polygonum salicifolium Brouss.ex Willd. 016.05.04.Polygonum senegalense Meisn. 016.05.09.Polygonum aviculare L. 016.05.XX.Polygonum corrigioloides Faub.& Spach. 016.07.02.Rumex dentatus L. 016.07.03.Rumex pulcher L. 016.07.04.Rumex crispus L. 016.07.09.Rumex simpliciflorus Murb. 016.07.XX.Rumex hydrolapathum Huds . 016.XX.--.Pteropyrum Jaub.& Spach. MOLLUGINACEAE WIGHT 018.03.01.Glinus lotoides L. AIZOACEAE J.C. AGARDH 019.02.01 Aizoon canariense L. 019.05.01.Trianthema pentandra L. 019.05.01.Zaleya pentandra (L.) Jeffr. PORTULACACEAE A. JUSS. 020.01.01.Portulaca oleracea L. CARYOPHYLLACEAE A. JUSS. 021.05.--.Gypsophila L. 021.07.XX.Silene linicola C.C.Gmel. 021.13.--.Cerastium L. 021.16.--.Spergula L. 021.XX.XX.Lychnis coelirosa Desr.in Lam. CHENOPODIACEAE VENT. 022.01.01.Beta vulgaris L. 022.02.04.Chenopodium murale L. 022.02.08.Chenopodium album L. 280 Codex 022.02.XX.Chenopodium hibridum. 022.02.XX.Chenopodium virgatum (L.) Jessen. 022.05.--.Atriplex L. 022.14.--. Salicornia L. 022.16.XX.Suaeda palestina Eig & Zohary. 022.19.01.Salsola baryosma (Schult.) Dandy. 022.21.--.Hammada Bunge. 022.23.02 Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. In DC. 022.XX.XX.Haloxylon persicum Bunge. 022.XX.XX.Spinacia tetrandra Roxb. AMARANTHACEAE A. JUSS. 023.01.--.Amaranthus L. 023.03.--.Aerva Forssk. 023.XX.XX.Celosia argentea L. RANUNCULACEAE A. JUSS. 024.01.06.Ranunculus asiaticus L. 024.01.11. Ranunculus arvensis L. 024.04.XX.Nigella sativa L. 024.05.XX.Delphinium Ajacis L. 024.05.XX.Delphinium orientale Losc. MENISPERMACEAE A. JUSS. 026.01.01.Cocculus pendulus (J.R.& Forst.) Diels. 026.01.XX.Cocculus hirsutus Diels. CERATOPHYLLACEAE S.F. GRAY. 028.01.01.Ceratophyllum demersum L. NYMPHAEACEAE SALISB. 027.01.01.Nymphaea lotus L. 027.01.02.Nymphaea coerulea Sav. PAPAVERACEAE A. JUSS. 031.01.06.Papaver rhoeas L. 031.01.XX.Papaver somniferum L. CAPPARIDACEAE A. JUSS. 034.01.01.Capparis decidua (Forskk.) Edgew. 034.03.--. Boscia Lam. 034.04.01.Maerua crassifolia Forssk. CLEOMACEAE (PAX) AIRY-SHAW 035.02.01. Cleome droserifolia (Forskk.) Del. 035.02.02. Cleome chrisantha Decne. 035.02.07. Cleome !paradoxa R. Br. ex DC CRUCIFERAE A. JUSS. 036.01.--.Sisymbrium L. 036.18.XX.Matthiola librator Newr. 036.21.01.Anastatica hierochunta L. 281 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 036.22.--.Erucaria Gaertner 036.29.01.Brassica rapa L. 036.29.04. Brassica nigra (L.) K. in R. 036.29.CC.Brassica oleracea L. 036.30.03.Sinapis arvensis L.var.allionii. 036.33.Rapistrum !perenne 036.34.XX.Didesmus tenuifolius DC. 036.36.01.Zilla spinosa (Turra) Prantl. 036.37.01.Enarthrocarpus lyratus (Forssk.) DC. 036.38.01.Raphanus Raphanistrum L. 036.38.CC.Raphanus sativus L. 036.40.01.Schouwia thebaica Webb 036.45.02.Lepidium sativum L. 036.47.01.Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) DC. 036.47.02. Coronopus niloticus (Del.) Spreng. 036.49.--.Camelina Crantz. 036.52.01.Capsella bursa-pastoris (L) Medicus. 036.XX.--.Draba L. RESEDACEAE S.F. GRAY 037.01.01. Ochradenus baccatus Del. 037.03.12. Reseda pruinosa Del. 037.03.CC.Reseda odorata L. MORINGACEAE R. BR. 038.01.01.Moringa peregrina Forssk.) Fiori. ROSACEAE A. JUSS. 041.02.XX.Rosa sancta A.Rich. 041.03.XX.Sanguisorba spinosum Bertol. 041.04.--.Potentilla L. 041.05.--.Crataegus L. 041.XX.CC.Pyrus malus L. 041.XX.CC.Pyrus communis L. 041.XX.CC.Sorbus domestica L. 041.XX.XX.Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.Gmelin. 041.XX.CC.Prunus armeniaca L. 041.XX.CC.Prunus cerasus L. 041.XX.CC.Prunus domestica L. 041.XX.CC.Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.Webb. 041.XX.CC.Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. LEGUMINOSAE A. JUSS. 043.03.02.Lupinus varius L.ssp.orientalis 043.03.04.Lupinus albus L. 043.08.11.Trigonella hamosa L. 043.08.CC.Trigonella foenum graecum L. 043.10.05.Medicago polymorpha L. 043.10.11.Medicago turbinata (L.) All. 282 Codex 043.10.13.Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. 043.10.XX.Medicago rugosa Desr. 043.11.03.Melilotus siculus (Turra) B.D.Jacks 043.11.05.Melilotus indica (L.) All. 043.12.02.Trifolium resupinatum L. 043.12.12.Trifolium alexandrinum L. 043.16.10.Lotus corniculatus L. 043.18.01.Scorpiurus muricatus L. 043.24.02.Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill. 043.26.21 Astragalus vogelii (Webb.) Bornm. 043.26.XX.Astragalus !gummifer. 043.31.01.Alhagi maurorum Medic. 043.31.XX.Alhagi graecorum Boiss. 043.32.01.Vicia narbonensis L. 043.32.02.Vicia lutea L. 043.32.03.Vicia sativa L. 043.32.05.Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. 043.32.07.Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. 043.32.09.Vicia monantha Retz.ssp.monantha 043.32.CC.Vicia faba L. 043.32.XX.Viccia cracca L. 043.33.01.Lathyrus aphaca L. 043.33.02.Lathyrus hirsutus L. 043.33.08.Lathyrus sativus L. 043.33.09.Lathyrus marmoratus Boiss.& Bl.in Boiss. 043.33.XX.Lathyrus nissolia L. 043.34.02.Pisum sativum L. 043.36.03.Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. 043.36.CC. Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek 043.38.03.Cassia senna L. 043.40.01.Lagonychium farctum Macbride. 043.42.01.Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. 043.42.02 Acacia !laeta R. Br. Ex Benth 043.42.04.Acacia albida Del. 043.42.05.Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. 043.42.06.Acacia raddiana Savi. 043.42.07.Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex.Del. 043.42.08.Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. 043.42.09.Acacia gerrardii Benth.var. negevensis Zoh. 043.42.11.Acacia seyal Del. 043.42.12.Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne. 043.42.XX.Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. 043.XX.CC.Cicer arietinum L. 043.XX.CC.Lens culinaris L. 043.XX.CC.Abrus precatorius L. 043.XX.XX.Cajanus flavus DC. 283 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 043.XX.CC.Ceratonia siliqua L. 043.XX.XX.Cercis siliquastrum L. 043.XX.XX.Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 043.XX.XX.Dalbergia melanoxylon Guillemin 043.- -.- -. Faidherbia albida (Delile). A. Chev. GERANIACEAE A. JUSS. 046.01.Geranium !dissectum ZYGOPHYLLACEAE R. BR. 047.01.01.Peganum harmala L. 047.03.02. Fagonia bruguieri DC. 047.05.--.Zygophyllum L. 047.06.04.Tribulus pentandrus Forssk. 047.06.05.Tribulus terrestris L. BALANITACEAE ENDL. 048.01.01.Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. NITRARIACEAE LINDL. 049.01.--.Nitraria L. LINACEAE S.F. GRAY 050.01.CC.Linum usitatissimum L. 050.01.XX.Linum angustifolium Mill. EUPHORBIACEAE 051.05.03.Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein ex Wild. 051.06.02.Andrachne telephioides L. 051.07.07.Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss. 051.07.28.Euphorbia helioscopia L. 051.XX.XX.Ricinus communis L. RUTACEAE A. JUSS. 052.XX.CC.Citrus aurantium L. 052.XX.CC.Citrus medica L. URSERACEAE KUNTH 053.01.01.Commiphora opobalsamum (L.) Engl. 053.01.XX.Commiphora myrrha Engl. 053.XX.XX.Boswellia carterii. ANACARDIACEAE R. BR. 055.01.01. Rhus !coriaria L. 055.01.03. Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande 055.XX.XX.Mangifera indica L. PISTACIACEAE (MARCHAND) CARUEL 056.01.XX.Pistacia atlantica Desf. 056.01.XX.Pistacia vera L. 056.01.XX.Pistacia lentiscus L. SAPINDACEAE A. JUSS. 057.01.01.Cardiospermum halicacabum L. 057.XX.XX.Sapindus trifoliatus L. SALVADORACEAE LINDL. 059.01.01.Salvadora persica L. RHAMNACEAE A. JUSS. 060.01.--.Rhamnus L. 060.03.01.Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd. 060.03.02.Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. 284 Codex VITIDACEAE A. JUSS. 061.01.01.Cayratia ibuenis (Hook.) Suesseng. 061.02.01.Cissus quadrangularis L. 061.XX.CC.Vitis vinifera L. TILIACEAE A. JUSS. 062.01.01.Corchorus olitorius L. 062.03.03.Grewia tenax (Forskk.) Fiori. 062.XX.XX.Tilia europea L. 062.XX.XX.Tilia tomentosa Moensch. MALVACEAE A. JUSS. 063.01.02.Malva parviflora L. 063.01.04.Malva rotundifolia L. 063.05.XX.Althaea ficifolia L. 063.07.--.Abutilon Mill. 063.09.03.Hibiscus trionum L. 063.10.01.Gossypium arboreum L. 063.10.XX.Gossypium herbaceum L. STERCULIACEAE VENT. 064.04.01.Waltheria indica L. THYMELAEACEAE A. JUSS. 065.--.--.Thymelaeaceae A.Juss. TAMARICACEAE S.F. GRAY 068.01.01.Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. 068.01.02. Tamarix tetragina Ehrenb. 068.01.03.Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bge. 068.01.05. Tamarix passerinoides Del. ex Desv. FRANKENIACEAE A. ST.-HIL. CUCURBITACEAE A. JUSS. 069.01.01.Frankenia pulverulenta L. 071.01.--.Bryonia L. 071.05.01.Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 071.05.XX.Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai. 071.07.XX.Cucumis melo L. 071.07.XX.Cucumis sativus L. 071.XX.XX.Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. LYTHRACEAE JAUME ST-HIL. 072.01.--.Lythrum L. 072.XX.XX.Lawsonia inermis L. ONAGRACEAE A. JUSS. 074.02.01.Jussiaea repens L. 074.01.01.Epilobium hirsutum L. HALORAGIDACEAE R. BR. 075.01.01.Myriophyllum spicatum L. UMBELLIFERAE A. JUSS. 077.03.01.Coriandrum sativum L. 077.05.03.Bupleurum semicompositum Höjer 077.05.XX.Bupleurum aristatum Barth. 077.06.02.Apium graveolens L. 077.10.--.Ammi !majus 077.12.Pimpinella !anisum. 077.16.01.Foeniculum vulgare (L.) Mill. 077.19.XX.Ferula gummosa Boiss. 077.23.--. Pseudorlaya Murb. 285 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 077.25.XX. Daucus carota L. 077.26.03. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. 077.26.04.Torilis arvensis Roth. 077.XX.CC.Anethum graveolens L. 077.XX.CC.Cuminum cyminum L. 077.XX.--.Chaerophyllum L. 077.XX.XX.Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. PRIMULACEAE VENT. 078.03.01. Anagallis arvensis L. 078.XX.--.Cyclamen L. 078.XX.XX Androsaceae maxima L. EBENACEAE VENT. 081.XX.XX.Diospyros ebenum Koenig ex Retz. OLEACEAE HOFFMGG ET LINK 082.01.CC.Olea europea L. 082.02.XX.Jasminum Sambac (L.) Aiton. 082.XX.--.Phillyrea L. 082.XX.XX.Fraxinus excelsior L. APCCYNACEAE A. JUSS. 084.XX.XX.Nerium oleander L. ASCLEPIADACEAE R. BR. 085.04.01. Solenostemma argel (Del.) Hayne 085.07.01.Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. 085.11.01. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne RUBIACEAE A. JUSS. 086.06.05.Galium tricorne Stoker ex.With. 086.08.XX.Rubia tinctorum. 086.XX.--.Randia L. CONVOLVULACEAE A. JUSS. 087.01.01.Convolvulus hystrix Vahl. 087.01.18.Convolvulus scammonia L. 087.02.--.Calystegia R.Br. 087.08.01.Cressa cretica L. 088.01.04.Cuscuta pedicellata Ledeb. CUSCUTACEAE DUM. EHRETIACEAE MART. 089.01.01.Cordia sinensis Lam. 089.01.XX.Cordia myxa L. BORAGINACEAE A. JUSS. 090.01.XX.Heliotropium undulatum Vahl. 090.02.03.Trichodesma africanum (L.) R.Br. 090.05.--.Lapulla V.Wolf. 090.14.02.Buglossoides arvensis (L.) J.M. 090.16.01. Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) DC. 090.16.03.Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Coss.& Kral. 090.18.05.Echium rauwolfii Del. AVICENNIACEAE (END.) SCHNIZL. 092.01.01.Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. LABIATAE A. JUSS. 093.01.CC.Ocimum basilicum L. 093.04.01 Verbena !officinalis L. 286 Codex 093.04.XX.Mentha piperita L. 093.05.CC.Origanum majorana L. 093.06.02.Thymus bovei Benth. 093.10.01.Salvia aegyptiaca L. 093.10.09.Salvia spinosa L. 093.13.01.Stachys aegyptiaca Pers. 093.15.--.Ballota L. 093.17.Phlomis !herba-vinti. 093.18.--.Otostegia Benth. 093.XX.XX.Rosmarinus officinalis. 093.XX.XX.Thymbra spicata Pall ex.Bieb. SOLANACEAE A. JUSS. 094.01.01.Solanum nigrum L. 094.01.09.Solanum incanum L. 094.01.CC. Solanum melongena L. 094.02.01.Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. in DC 094.07.XX.Nicotiana L. 094.08.03.Hyoscyamus muticus L. SCROPHULARIACEAE A. JUSS. 095.14.05.Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. ACANTHACEAE JUSS. 097.06.Peristrophe !bicalyculata PEDALIACEAE R. BR. 098.01.CC.Sesamum orientale L. LENTIBULARIACEAE RICH. 100.01.--.Utricularia L. PLANTAGINACEAE A. JUSS. 101.01.--.Plantago L. DIPSACACEAE A. JUSS. 103.--.--.Dipsacaceae A.Juss. COMPOSITAE GISEKE 106.--.--.Liguliflorae. 106.02.CC.Lactuca sativa L. 106.07.Cynara !scolymus 106.12.XX.Centaurea depressa M.B. 106.12.XX.Centaurea nigra L. 106.18.XX.Carthamus tinctorius. 106.26.01.Ceruana pratensis Forskk. 106.28.01.Conyza dioscoridis (L.) Desf. 106.29.01.Sphaeranthus suaevolens D.C. 106.35.01.Gnaphalium luteo-album L. 106.36.XX. Helichrysum stoechas DC. 106.43.03.Pulicaria undulata (L.) Kostel. 106.43.XX. Pulicaria crispa (Forssk) Oliv. 106.48.02.Asteriscus graveolens Less. 106.49.--.Xanthium L. 106.50.01.Ambrosia maritima L. 106.57.02.Anthemis retusa Del. 287 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 106.57.04.Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. 106.57.05.Anthemis arvensis L. 106.59.--.Achillea L. 106.62.01.Matricaria recutita L. 106.64.01.Chrysanthemum coronarium L. 106.64.XX.Chrysanthemum segetum L. 106.66.--.Cotula L. 106.67.03 Artemisia judaica L. 106.67.04.Artemisia inculta Del. 106.68.02.Senecio desfontainei Druce. 106.69.--.Calendula L. 106.82.01.Picris radicata (Forssk.) Less. 106.87.01 Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth 106.91.02 Sonchus oleraceus L. ALISMATACEAE VENT. 107.01.--.Alisma L. B.-MONOCOTYLEDONEAE HYDROCHARITACEAE A. JUSS. 108.01.--.Halophila Thou. POTAMOGETONACEAE DUM. 109.01.Potamogeton L. RUPPIACEAE (KUNTH) HUTCH. 112.01.01.Ruppia maritima L. ZOSTERACEAE DUM. 113.01.XX.Zostera marina L. LILIACEAE A. JUSS. 116.02.01.Androcymbium gramineum (Cav.) McBride. 116.03.04.Asphodelus fistulosus L. 116.08.XX.Scilla pusilla Migliar. 116.11.--.Bellevalia Lapeyr. 116.13.--.Muscari Hill. 116.XX.XX.Crinum zeylanicum L. 116.XX.XX.Lilium candidum L. AGAVACEAE J.G AGARDH 118.01.01 Dracaena ombet! ALLIACEAE J.C. AGARDH AMARYLLIDACEAE JAUME ST-HILL 117.01.01.Alium ampeloprasum L. 117.01.CC.Allium cepa L. 117.01.CC.Allium kurrat Sfth.et Krause. 117.01.CC.Allium porrum L. 117.01.CC.Allium sativum L. 119.02.01.Narcissus tazetta L. IRIDACEAE A. JUSS. 121.01.XX.Iris albicans Lange. 288 Codex JUNCACEAE A. JUSS. 122.01.02.Juncus bufonius L. 122.01.05.Juncus acutus L. 122.01.06.Juncus rigidus C.A.Mey. GRAMINEAE A. JUSS. 124.01.05.Bromus japonicus Thunb. 124.01.08.Bromus diandrus Roth. 124.04.--.Vulpia C.C.Gmel. 124.06.XX.Cutandia !divaricata. 124.11.01.Demostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. 124.12.07.Eragrostis aegyptiaca Willd.) Del. 124.14.02.Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thwaites. 124.19.01.Arundo donax L. 124.20.01.Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 124.20.02.Phragmites mauritanius Kunth. 124.25.01.Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runem ssp. junceum Runem 124.27.02.Aegilops crassa Boiss. 124.30.CC.Hordeum sativum Pers. 124.30.XX.Hordeum marinum 124.31.02.Lolium temulentum L. 124.31.03.Lolium perenne L. 124.32.01 Parapholis! 124.35.05.Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl. 124.37.04. Avena fatua L. 124.37.05. Avena sterilis L. 124.37.XX.Avena strigosa Schreb. 124.38.01.Astenatherum forskalii (Vahl) Nevski 124.40.Alopecurus !myosuroides L. 124.42.01.Agrostis stolonifera L. 124.45.--.Lagurus L. 124.46.01.Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl.) Kunth. 124.47.01. Crypsis !aculeata (L.) Ait. 124.47.02.Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. 124.49.XX.Stipa tenacissima L. 124.56.01.Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 124.67.01.Lygeum sparteum Loefl. ex L. 124.68.01.Phalaris minor Retz. 124.68.02.Phalaris canariensis L. 124.68.03.Phalaris paradoxa L. 124.69.01.Leersia hexandra Sw. 124.69.XX.Leersia oryzoides Sw. 124.71.--.Digitaria Heist ex Fabr. 124.72.--.Brachiaria Griseb. 124.74.--.Panicum L. 289 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. 124.75.01.Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf. 124.76.01.Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. 124.76.02.Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) P. Beauv. 124.78.02.Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. 124.79.Pennisetum !glaucum L.C.Rich. 124.81.03. Cenchrus !cilliaris. 124.84.01.Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. 124.85.01.Saccharum spontaneum L. var. spontaneum Hack. 124.85.CC. Saccharum officinarum L. 124.87.02.Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. 124.93.02. Sorghum !virgatum (Hack.) Stapf. 124.93.03.Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf. 124.93.XX.Sorghum bicolor Moench. 124.XX.--. Bambusa Schreber. 124.XX.--.Urochloa Pal. 124.XX.CC.Triticum aestivum L. 124.XX.XX.Triticum boeoticum Boiss. 124.XX.CC.Triticum diccocum Schübl. 124.XX.CC.Triticum durum Desf. 124.XX.CC.Triticum monococcum L. 124.XX.CC.Triticum spelta L. 124.XX.CC.Triticum turgidum Steud. 124.XX.CC. Oryza sativa L. PALMAE A. JUSS. 125.01.01.Phoenix dactylifera L. 125.01.XX.Phoenix reclinata Jacq. 125.02.01.Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. 125.03.01.Medemia argun Württemb. 125.XX.XX.Cocos nucifera L. 125.XX.XX.Raphia farinifera Gaertn. ARACEAE A. JUSS. 126.XX.XX.Acorus calamus L. 126.XX.--.Calla L. TYPHACEAE A. JUSS. 128.01.01.Typha domingensis Pers. CYPERACEAE A. JUSS. 129.01.01.Carex divisa Huds. 129.04.01. Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bub. 129.06.02.Scirpus inclinatus (Del.) Asch. et Schweinf. ex Boiss. 129.06.04.Scirpus praelongatus Poir. 129.06.08.Scirpus litoralis Schrad. 129.06.09.Scirpus tuberosus Desf. 129.07.01.Eleocharis palustris (L.) R.Br. 129.08.05.Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. 290 Codex 129.08.12.Cyperus esculentus L. 129.08.13.Cyperus rotundus L. 129.08.15.Cyperus longus L. 129.08.16.Cyperus schimperianus Steud. 129.08.17.Cyperus articulatus L. 129.08.18.Cyperus dives Del. 129.08.19.Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. 129.08.21.Cyperus papyrus L. 129.08.XX. Cyperus aucheri FAMILIES ABSENT FROM THE STUDENT'S FLORA. (BY ALPHABETICAL ORDER/PAR ORDRE ALPHABÉTIQUE) ACERACEAE JUSS. XX.XX.XX.Acer L. ARALIACEAE JUSS. XX.XX.XX.Hedera helix L. ASPLENIACEAE S.F. GRAY XX.XX.--.Dryopteris Adans. AZOLLACEAE C. CHR. XX.XX.XX.Azolla nilotica Dec. BETULACEAE S.F. GRAY XX.XX.--.Alnus Miller. XX.XX.XX.Betula pendula Roth. XX.XX.XX.Corylus avellana L. XX.XX.--.Ostrya Scop. BOMBACACEAE KUNTH XX.XX.XX.Adansonia digitata L. BUXACEAE LOISEL CANNABIDACEAE ENDL. CAPRIFOLIACEAE JUSS. COMBRETACEAE R. BR. ELAEOCARPACEAE DC. ERICACEAE JUSS. XX.XX.XX.Buxus sempervirens L. XX.XX.Cannabis !sativa. XX.XX.--.Sambucus L. XX.--.--.Combretaceae R.Br. XX.XX.XX.Elaeocarpus serratus L. XX.--.--.Ericaceae Juss. XX.XX.XX.Arbutus L. XX.XX.XX.Quercus suber L. XX.XX.XX.Castanea sativa Miller. XX.XX.XX.Fagus L. XX.XX.XX.Quercus cerris L. FAGACEAE DUM. HAMAMELIDACEAE R. BR. JUGLANDACEAE A. RICH. EX KUNTH. LAURACEAE JUSS. LOGANIACEAE MART. MUSACEAE JUSS. XX.XX.Liquidambar !orientalis XX.XX.XX.Juglans regia L. XX.XX.CC.Laurus nobilis L. XX.XX.XX.Strychnos nux-vomica L. XX.XX.XX.Musa paradisiaca L. 291 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. MYRSINACEAE R. BR. MYRISTICACEAE R. BR. MYRTACEAE JUSS. NELUMBONACEAE DUM. PARMELIACEAE ZENKER PINACEAE LINDL. XX.XX.XX.Myrsine africana L. XX.XX.XX.Myristica fragrans Houtt. XX.XX.CC.Myrtus communis L. XX.XX.XX.Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner XXX.XX.XX. Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) XX.XX.Abies !cilicica. XX.XX.XX.Cedrus libani A.Rich. XX.XX.XX.Picea orientalis Carr. XX.XX.XX.Pinites succinifer Goepp. XX.XX.XX.Pinus halepensis Miller. XX.XX.XX.Pinus pinea L. PIPERACEAE C.A. AGARDH. XX.XX.XX.Piper nigrum L. PLATANACEAE DUM. XX.XX.XX.Platanus orientalis L. PODOCARPACEAE ENDL. XX.XX.XX.Podocarpus L'Hérit. POLYPODIACEAE S.F. GRAY XX.XX.--.Polypodium L. PUNICACEAE HORAN. XX.XX.CC.Punica granatum L. SAPOTACEAE JUSS. XX.XX.XX.Mimusops elengi L. XX.XX.XX.Mimusops kummel Bruce. XX.XX.CC.Mimusops laurifolia (Forsk.) Friis. XX.XX.--.Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertner SCHIZAEACEAE MART. XX.XX.--.Mohria Sw. STYRACACEAE L.C. RICH. EX A. RICH. XX.XX.XX.Styrax benzoin Driander TAXACEAE SPRENG. XX.XX.XX.Taxus baccata L. TRAPACEAE DUM. XX.XX.XX.Trapa natans L. ULMACEAE MIRB. XX.XX.--.Celtis L. XX.XX.XX.Ulmus procera Salisb. XXX.XX.XX Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton ZINGIBERACEAE MART. 292 Codex INDEX. NOMS VERNACULAIRES FRANÇAIS DES ESPÈCES CITÉES DANS LE CODEX. Abricotier: Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae). Abutilon: Abutilon Mill. (Malvaceae). Acacia d'Arabie: Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. (Leguminosae). Acacia d'Egypte: Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Acacia de Farnèse: Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Leguminosae). Acacia du Nil: Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Acacia: Acacia Mill. (Leguminosae). Ache des marais: Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Ache puante: Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Ache: Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Achillée: Achillea L. (Compositae). Acore aromatique: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Acore odorant: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Acore vrai: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Agropyron: Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runem ssp. junceum Runem (Gramineae). Agrostide blanche:Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). Agrostide stolonifère:Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). Agrostide tracante:Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). Agrostide: Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). Agrostide: Agrostis L. (Gramineae). Ail d'Orient: Alium ampeloprasum L. (Liliaceae). Ail des champs: Bellevalia Lapeyr. (Liliaceae). Ail: Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae). Alhagi des Maures: Alhagi maurorum Medic. (Leguminosae). Aliboufier: Styrax L. (Styracaceae). Althée: Althaea ficifolia L. (Malvaceae). Amandier: Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. Webb. (Rosaceae). Amaranthe: Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae). Ambroise maritime: Ambrosia maritima L. (Compositae). Ambroise: Ambrosia! (Compositae). Ammi:Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. (Umbelliferae). Ancolie: Aquilegia! (Ranunculaceae). Andrachné: Andrachne telephioides L. (Euphorbiaceae). Androselle: Androsaceae maxima L. (Primulaceae). Aneth odorant: Anethum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Aneth: Anethum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). 293 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Angélique: Angelica! (Umbelliferae). Anis: Pimpinella !anisum. (Umbelliferae). Ansérine batarde: Chenopodium hybridum L. (Chenopodiaceae). Ansérine blanche: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). Ansérine des murs: Chenopodium murale L. (Chenopodiaceae). Ansérine farineuse: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). Anthémide des champs: Anthemis arvensis L. (Compositae). Arbousier: Arbutus L. (Ericaceae). Arbre à chapelet: Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). Arbre à gomme: Acacia seyal Del. (Leguminosae). Arbre à gomme: Astragalus vogelii (Webb.) Bornm. (Leguminosae) Arbre à myrrhe: Commiphora myrrha Engl. (Burseraceae). Arbre à noix vomique: Strychnos nux vomica L. (Loganiaceae). Arbre à soie: Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. (Asclepiadaceae). Arbre blanc: Acacia albida Del. (Leguminosae). Arbre de Judée: Cercis siliquastrum L. (Leguminosae). Aréquier: Areca Passalacquae).. (Palmae). Armoise commune: Artemisia !vulgaris (Compositae). Armoise: Artemisia L. (Compositae). Arnébie: Arnebia! (Boraginaceae). Arnébie: Arnebia Forssk. (Boraginaceae). Artichaud: Cynara !scolymus (Compositae). Arroche: Atriplex L. (Chenopodiaceae). Asphodèle: Asphodelus fistulosus L. (Liliaceae). Astragale à gomme adragante: Astragalus !gummifer. (Leguminosae). Astragale: Astragalus L. (Leguminosae). Astragale: Astragalus vogelii (Webb.) Bornm. (Leguminosae) Aubergine: Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) Aulne: Alnus Miller. (Betulaceae). Avicennie: Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae). Avoine: Avena L. (Gramineae). Avoine: Avena fatua. (Gramineae). Azolle: Azola nilotica Dec. (Azollaceae). Balanite: Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Balanitaceae). Ballotte: Ballota L. (Labiatae). Bambou: Bambusa Schreber. (Graminae). Baobab: Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae). Barbon: Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. (Gramineae). Bardanette: Lapulla V.Wolf. (Boraginaceae). Basilic commun: Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae). Basilic: Ocimum L. (Labiatae). Baume de la Mecque: Commiphora opobalsamum Engl. (Burseraceae). Benjoin: Styrax benzoin Driander (Styracaceae). Berle nodiflore: Apium !nodiflorum (Umbelliferae). Bette: Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae). 294 Codex Blé amidonnier: Triticum diccocum Schübl. (Gramineae). Blé dur: Triticum durum Desf. (Gramineae). Blé tendre: Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae). Blé: Triticum L. (Gramineae). Bois béni: Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). Bois d'Artois: Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). Boswellie de Carter: Boswellia Carterii. (Burseraceae). Bouleau blanc: Betula pendula Roth. (Betulaceae). Bouleau verruqueux: Betula pendula Roth. (Betulaceae). Bouleau: Betula L. (Betulaceae). Bourse à pasteur: Capsella bursa-pastoris (L) Medicus. (Cruciferae). Brome du Japon: Bromus japonicus Thunb. (Gramineae). Brome stérile: Bromus !sterilis (Crucifereae). Brome: Bromus L. (Gramineae). Bryone: Bryonia L. (Cucurbitaceae). Buglosse: Buglossoides I.M. Johnston (Boraginaceae). Bugrane: Ononis! (Leguminosae). Buis commun: Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). Caille-lait: Galium L. (Rubiaceae). Calendule: Calendula L. (Compositae). Calotropis: Calotropis R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae). Calystégie: Calystegia R.Br. (Convolvulaceae). Camomille: Anthemis L. (Compositae). Camomille allemande: Matricaria recutita L. (Compositae). Campanule: Campanula! (Campanulaceae). Canne de Provence: Arundo donax L. (Graminae). Capillaire: Adiantum L. (Adiantaceae). Câprier: Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae) Carex: Carex L. (Cyperaceae). Caroube: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae). Caroubier commun: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae). Carthame des teinturiers: Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae). Caucalier: Torilis arvensis (Huds). Link. (Umbelliferae). Cèdre du Liban: Cedrus libani A. Rich. (Pinaceae). Cèdre: Cedrus Trew. (Pinaceae). Céleri douce: Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Celeri sauvage: Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Cèlose argentée: Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae). Cenchrus cilie : Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Leguminosae (Poaceae)) Centaurée bleue: Centaurea depressa M.B. (Compositae). Centaurée noire: Centaurea nigra L. (Compositae). Centaurée: Centaurea L. (Compositae). Céraiste: Cerastium L. (Caryophyllaceae). Ceruane:Ceruana pratensis Forssk. Césalpinie: Caesalpinia! (Leguminosae). 295 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Chanvre commun: Cannabis !sativa. (Cannabidaceae). Chanvre: Cannabis L. (Cannabidaceae). Châtaignier commun: Castanea sativa Miller. (Fagaceae). Chêne chevelu: Quercus cerris L. (Fagaceae). Chêne pedonculé: Quercus Aesculus. (Fagaceae). Chène vert: Quercus !ilex-coccifera (Fagaceae). Chène-liège: Quercus suber L. (Fagaceae). Chêne: Quercus L. (Fagaceae). Chenopode blanc: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). Chénopode: Chenopodium L. (Chenopodiaceae). Chicorée frisée : Cichorium endivia L. (Compositae (Asteraceae)) Chiendent: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae). Chou ordinaire: Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae). Chrysanthème des jardins: Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Compositae). Chrysanthème des moissons: Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Compositae). Cisme: Cassia! absus. (Leguminosae). Citron: Citrus medica L. (Rutaceae). Cléome: Cleome (L.) D.C. (Cleomaceae). Cocotier: Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae). Coloquinte: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae). Concombre: Cucumis L. (Cucurbitaceae). Concombre: Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae). Convolvulacées: Convolvulaceae. A. Juss. (Convolvulaceae). Copalme d'Orient: Liquidambar !orientalis (Hamamelidaceae). Coquelicot: Papaver rhoeas L. (Papaveraceae). Coquelocude des jardins: Lychnis coelirosa Desr. in Lam. (Caryophyllaceae). Corette potagère: Corchorius olitorius L. (Tiliaceae). Cordie: Cordia L. (Ehretiaceae). Coriandre: Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbellifereae). Cotonnier d'Asie: Gossypium herbaceum L. (Malvaceae). Cotonnier en arbre: Gossypium arboreum L. (Malvaceae). Cottonier: Gossypium L. (Malvaceae). Coudrier noisetier: Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae). Cresson alénois: Lepidium sativum L. (Crucifereae). Cresson des jardins: Lepidium sativum L. (Crucifereae). Crypside: Crypsis Ait. emend. Hubbard (Graminae). Cucurbitacées: Cucurbitaceae). A. Juss. (Umbelliferae). Cumin: Cuminum cyminum L. (Umbelliferae). Cuscute: Cuscuta L. (Convolvulaceae). Cyclamen: Cyclamen L. (Primulaceae). Cypéracées: Cyperaceae A.Juss. Cyprès commun: Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae). Cyprès: Cupressus L. (Cupressaceae). Dattier du désert: Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Balanitaceae). Dattier sauvage: Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. (Palmae). Digitaire: Digitaria Heist ex Fabr. (Gramineae). 296 Codex Dipsacacées: Dipsacaceae .A.Juss. Drave: Draba L. (Cruciferae). Dryoptéris: Dryopteris Adans. (Aspleniaceae). Ebène: Dalbergia melanoxylon Guillemin (Leguminosae). Egilope: Aegilops crassa Boiss. (Gramineae). Engrain sauvage: Triticum boeoticum Boiss. (Gramineae). Engrain: Triticum monococcum L. (Gramineae). Epeautre: Triticum spelta L. (Gramineae). Ephédra: Ephedra L. (Ephedraceae). Epi d'eau: Potamogeton L. (Potamogetonaceae). Epicéa oriental: Picea orientalis Carr. (Pinaceae). Epicéa: Picea A. Dietr. (Pinaceae). Epilobe hérisée: Epilobium hirsutum L. (Onagraceae). Epine du Christ: Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd. (Rhamnaceae). Erable: Acer L. (Aceraceae). Ergot de coq: Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) Pal. (Gramineae). Ericacées: Ericaceae A.Juss. Ervillier: Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. (Leguminosae). Euphorbe éveille-matin: Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Euphorbe: Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Fausse-camomille: Anthemis arvensis L. (Compositae). Fausse girouille des sables : Pseudorlaya pumila L. (Umbelliferae/Apiaceae) Faux anis: Cuminum cyminum L. (Umbelliferae). Fenouil batard: Anethum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Fenouil puant: Anethum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Fenouil:Foeniculum vulgare (L.) Mill. (Umbelliferae). Fénugrec: Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Leguminosae). Férule commune: Ferula !communis. (Umbelliferae). Fève: Vicia faba. (Leguminosae). Figuier commun: Ficus carica L. (Moraceae). Figuier sycomore: Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae). Figuier: Ficus L. (Moraceae). Filage: Filago! (Compositae). Filaria: Phillyrea L. (Oleaceae). Frankénie: Frankenia pulverulenta L. (Frankeniaceae). Frêne commun: Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae). Frêne: Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae). Garance tinctoriale: Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae). Génevrier de Phénicie: Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae). Génevrier de Syrie: Juniperus drupacea Labill. (Cupressaceae). Génevrier piquant: Juniperus oxcycedrus L. (Cupressaceae). Génevrier sabine: Juniperus sabina L. (Cupressaceae). Génevrier: Juniperus L. (Cupressaceae). Géranium découpé: Geranium !dissectum (Geraniaceae). Géranium: Geranium L. (Geraniaceae). Gesse commune: Lathyrus sativus L. (Leguminosae). 297 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Gesse hérisée: Lathyrus hirsutus L. (Leguminosae). Gesse Nissole: Lathyrus nissolia L. (Leguminosae). Gesse sans feuilles: Lathyrus aphaca L. (Leguminosae). Gesse: Lathyrus L. (Leguminosae). Gnaphale jaunâtre: Gnaphalium luteo-album L. (Compositae). Gomme rockrose : Cistus ladaniferus L. (Cistaceae) Gommier d'Egypte: Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Gommier rouge:Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Gourde calebasse: Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Stanley. (Cucurbitaceae). Graminées: Gramineae A.Juss. Grand Brome: Bromus diandrus Roth. (Gramineae). Grande ammi: Ammi !majus (Umbelliferae). Grémil des champs: Buglossoides arvensis (L.) J.M. Grenadier: Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae). Grenadier: Punica L. (Punicaceae). Grenadille d'Afrique: Dalbergia melanoxylon Guillemin (Leguminosae). Grewia: Grewia tenax (Forskk.) Fiori. (Tiliaceae). Grewia: Grewia L. (Tiliaceae). Gros chiendent: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae). Guezette: Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). Gypsophile: Gypsophila L. (Caryophyllaceae). Halfa: Demostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. (Gramineae). Haloxylon de Perse: Haloxylon persicum Bunge. (Chenopodiaceae). Haricot rouge (XVIII siècle) Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). Héléocharis des marais: Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. Br. (Cyperaceae). Héléocharis: Eleocharis R. Br. (Cyperaceae). Henné: Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae). Herbe à kapok: Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Schult. (Amaranthaceae) Herbe aux vipères: Echium! (Boraginaceae). Hêtre: Fagus L. (Fagaceae). If: Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae). Immortelle stoechas: Helichrysum stoechas DC. (Compositae). Imperata cylindrique: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (Gramineae). Indigotier: Indigofera! (Leguminosae). Iris de Sibèrie: Iris sibirica L. (Iridaceae). Ivraie enivrante: Lolium temulentum L. (Gramineae). Ivraie: Lolium L. (Gramineae). Jambélon: Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae). Jasmin d'Arabie: Jasminum Sambac (L.) Aiton. (Oleaceae). Jusquiame: Hyoscyamus L. (Solanaceae). Jonc des crapauds: Juncus bufonius L. (Juncaceae). Jonc maritime: Juncus rigidus C.A. Mey. (Juncaceae). Jonc: Juncus L. (Juncaceae). Jujubier: Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd. (Rhamnaceae). 298 Codex Juncacées: Juncaceae A. Juss. (Juncaceae). Karité: Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertner (Sapotaceae). Keulérie à crête: Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl. (Gramineae). Kousso: Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. Gmelin. (Rosaceae). Labiées: Labiatae). A.Juss. (Labiatae). Lagure: Lagurus L. (Gramineae). Laiteron: Sonchus! (Compositae). Laitue cultivée: Lactuca sativa L. (Compositae). Laitue: Lactuca L. (Compositae). Laurier commun: Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae). Lentille: Lens culinaris L. (Leguminosae). Lierre commun: Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae). Liliacées: Liliaceae A.Juss. Liliacées: Liliaceae. Lin à feuilles étroites: Linum angustifolium Mill. (Linaceae). Lin cultivé: Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae). Lin: Linum L. (Linaceae). Lis blanc: Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae). Lis rose des égyptiens: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner (Nelumbonaceae). Liseron scammonnée: Convolvulus scammonia L. (Convolvulaceae). Lotier d'Egypte: Nymphaea lotus L. (Nymphaceae). Lotier: Lotus L. (Leguminosae). Lotier corniculé: Lotus corniculatus L. (Leguminosae). Lotus bleu: Nymphaea coerulea Sav. (Nymphaceae). Lupin blanc: Lupinus albus L. (Leguminosae). Lupin: Lupinus L. (Leguminosae). Luzerne naine: Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. (Leguminosae). Luzerne: Medicago L. (Leguminosae). Lythraire: Lythrum L. (Lythraceae). Macre: Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae). Mandragore: Mandragora officinarum L. (Solanaceae). Marjolaine cultivée: Origanum majorana L. (Labiatae). Marmale: Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae). Marron d'eau: Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae). Mastic:Pistacia lentiscus L. (Pistaciaceae). Matricaire: Matricaria recutita L. (Compositae). Mauve à feuilles rondes: Malva rotundifolia L. (Malvaceae). Mauve: Malva L. (Malvaceae). Melilot à petite fleur: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Leguminosae). Mélilot: Melilotus Mill. (Leguminosae). Melon: Cucumis melo L. (Cucurbitaceae). Menthe poivrée: Mentha piperita L. (Labiatae). Mérue: Maerua crassifolia Forskk. (Capparidaceae). Mignonette odorante: Reseda odorata L. (Resedaceae). Mignonette: Reseda L. (Resedaceae). Millet des oiseaux: Setaria !italica. (Gramineae). Mimusops: Mimusops L. (Sapotaceae). Mollugine: Glinus lotoides L. (Molluginaceae). Morelle Douce-amère: Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae). Morelle grimpante: Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae). Morelle noire: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae). Morelle: Solanum L. (Solanaceae). Mouron: Anagallis L. (Primulaceae). Moutarde noire : Brassica nigra (L.) (Brassicaceae) Moutarde sauvage: Sinapis arvensis L. var. allionii. (Cruciferae). Moutarde: Sinapis L. (Cruciferae). 299 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Mûrier noir: Morus nigra L. (Moraceae). Muscadier commun: Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae). Muscari: Muscari Hill. (Liliaceae). Myriophylle à épis: Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragidaceae). Myriophylle: Myriophyllum L. (Haloragidaceae). Myrrhe: Commiphora Jacq. (Burseraceae). Myrte commun: Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae). Myrte: Myrtus L. (Myrtaceae). Nabéa: Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd. (Rhamnaceae). Narcisse à bouquet: Narcissus tazetta L. (Amarallidaceae). Nénufar: Nymphaea L. (Nymphaceae). Nérion laurier rose: Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae). Nerprun: Rhamnus L. (Rhamnaceae). Nigelle cultivée: Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae). Nigelle de Crète: Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae). Nitraire: Nitraria L. (Nitrariaceae). Noyer commun: Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae). Noix vomique: Strychnos nux vomica L. (Loganiaceae). Oignon: Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae). Olivier: Olea europea L. (Oleaceae). Olivier: Olea L. (Oleaceae). Oplismène pied-de-coq: Echinochloa cruss -galli (L.) Pal. (Gramineae). Orange: Citrus aurantium L. var. amara (Rutaceae). Orange: Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae). Orge-à-deux-rangs: Hordeum sativum Pers. var distichum . (Gramineae). Orge-à-six-rangs: Hordeum sativum Pers. var. hexastichum. (Gramineae). Orge: Hordeum sativum Pers. (Gramineae). Orme champêtre: Ulmus procera Salisb. 300 (Ulmaceae). Orme: Ulmus !nitens (Ulmaceae). Orme: Ulmus L. (Ulmaceae). Ortie: Urtica L. (Urticaceae). Oseille aquatique: Rumex hydrolapathum Huds . (Polygonaceae). Oseille commune: Rumex !acetosa. (Polygonaceae). Oseille crépu: Rumex !crispus. (Polygonaceae). Oseille dentelé: Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae). Oseille: Rumex L. (Polygonaceae). Ozanne: Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). Pain de singe (fruits du Baobab): Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae). Palma Christi: Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae). Palmier argun: Medemia argun Württemb. (Palmae). Palmier dattier: Phoenix dactylifera L. (Palmae). Palmier doum: Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. (Palmae). Panic des cultivateurs: Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. (Gramineae). Panic pied-de-coq: Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) Pal. (Gramineae). Panic: Panicum L. (Gramineae). Papyrus: Cyperus papyrus L. (Cyperaceae). Passerage des jardins: Lepidium sativum L. (Crucifereae). Pastèque: Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai. (Cucurbitaceae). Pavot somnifère: Papaver somniferum! (Papaveraceae). Pavot: Papaver L. (Papaveraceae). Pêcher: Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. (Rosaceae). Pénnisetum: Pennisetum L.C.Rich. (Gramineae). Codex Persil arabe: Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbellifereae). Petite bardane: Zygophyllum L. (Zygophyllaceae). Petite camomille: Matricaria recutita L. (Compositae). Petite pimprenele: Sanguisorba! (Rosaceae). Peuplier de l'Euphrate: Populus euphratica Oliver. (Salicaceae). Peuplier: Populus L. (Salicaceae). Phalaris des Canaries: Phalaris canariensis L. (Gramineae). Phalaris mineur: Phalaris minor Retz. (Gramineae). Phalaris paradoxal: Phalaris paradoxa L. (Gramineae). Phalaris paradoxal: Phalaris paradoxa L. var. prae).morsa (Lam.) Coss. & Dr. (Gramineae). Phragmite: Phragmites Adans. (Gramineae). Picride: Picris L. (Compositae). Pied-de-coq: Echinochloa Pal. (Gramineae). Pied-de-poule: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae). Pin d'Alep: Pinus halepensis Miller. (Pinaceae). Pin parasol: Pinus pinea! (Pinaceae). Pin parasol: Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae). Pin: Pinus L. (Pinaceae). Pistachier commun: Pistacia vera L. (Pistaciaceae). Pistachier de l'Atlas: Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Pistaciaceae). Pistachier lentisque: Pistacia lentiscus L. (Pistaciaceae). Pistachier térébinthe:Pistacia therebinthus L. (Pistaciaceae). Pistachier: Pistacia L. (Pistaciaceae). Plantain: Plantago L. (Plantaginaceae). Platane orientale: Platanus orientalis L. (Platanaceae). Platane: Platanus L. (Platanaceae). Pluchée: Conyza discoridis (L.) Desf. (Compositae). Podocarpe: Podocarpus L'Hérit. (Podocarpaceae). Poireau: Allium porrum L. (Liliaceae). Poirier commun: Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae). Pois chiche: Cicer arietinum L. (Leguminosae). Pois cultivé: Pisum sativum L. (Leguminosae). Pois d'Angola: Cajanus flavus DC. (Leguminosae). Pois de coeur: Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). Pois gras: Lathyrus hirsutus L. (Leguminosae). Pois velu: Lathyrus hirsutus L. (Leguminosae). Pois: Pisum L. (Leguminosae). Poivrier noir: Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae). Polypode: Polypodium L. (Polypodiaceae). Pomme de Sodome: Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae). Pommier: Pyrus malus L. (Rosaceae). Potentille: Potentilla L. (Rosaceae). Pourprier potager: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae). Pourprier: Portulaca L. (Portulacaceae). Prêle des marais: Equisetum palustre L. (Equisetaceae). Prêle: Equisetum L. (Equisetaceae). Prunier: Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae). Ptéride: Pteris !cretica (Adiantaceae). Ptéride: Pteris L. (Adiantaceae). Pulicaire: Pulicaria Gaerth. (Compositae). Quenouille: Typha L. (Typhaceae). Râcle: Cenchrus L. (Gramineae). Radis cultivé: Raphanus sativus L. var. aegyptiacus (Cruciferae). 301 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Radis: Raphanus sativus L. (Cruciferae). Raiponce: Phyteuma! (Campanulaceae). Rave: Brassica !rapa (Crucifereae). Ravenelle: Raphanus Raphanistrum L. (Cruciferae). Ray grass anglais: Lolium perenne L. (Gramineae). Réglisse sauvage: Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae). Reluiseau: Lathyrus aphaca L. (Leguminosae). Rénoncule d'Orient: Ranunculus asiaticus L. (Ranunculaceae). Rénoncule rampante: Ranunculus !repens (Ranunculaceae). Rénoncule scélèrate: Ranunculus ! sceleratus. (Ranunculaceae). Rénouée à feuilles de patience: Polygonum !lapathifolium. (Polygonaceae). Renouée des oiseaux: Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae). Rénouée persicaire: Polygonum persicaria L. (Polygonaceae). Renouée: Polygonum L. (Polygonaceae). Requiénie: Tephrosia! (Leguminosae). Ricin commun: Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae). Romarin officinal: Rosmarinus officinalis. (Labiatae). Rose de Jéricho: Anastatica hierochunta L. (Cruciferae). Roseau aromatique: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Roseau commun: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Gramineae). Roseau de Phénicie: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Roseau-à-balai: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Gramineae). Roseau: Arundo donax L. (Graminae). Rouge des teinturiers: Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae). Ruban d'eau: Spargamium! 302 (Sparganiaceae). Rumex élégant: Rumex pulcher L. (Polygonaceae). Safran batard: Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae). Sang de l’ homme : Arnebia hispidissima Lehm. (Boraginaceae) Santal blanc: Santalum album L. (Santalaceae). Sapin de Cilicie: Abies !cilicica. (Pinaceae). Sapin: Abies Mill. (Pinaceae). Sapotacées: Sapotaceae Juss. Saule d'Egypte: Salix subserrata Willd. (Salicaceae). Saule: Salix L. (Salicaceae). Schizéacées: Schizaceae. Scirpe maritime:Scirpus tuberosus Desf. (Cyperaceae). Scorpiure: Scorpiurus L. (Leguminosae). Scorpiure poilu: Scorpiurus muricatus L. (Leguminosae). Sebestenier: Cordia myxa. (Ehretiaceae). Sebestier domestique: Cordia myxa. (Ehretiaceae). Sené d'Egypte: Cassia senna L. (Leguminosae). Séneçon: Senecio L. (Compositae). Sénégrain: Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Leguminosae). Sésame: Sesamum L. (Pedaliaceae). Sésame: Sesamum orientale L. (Pedaliaceae). Sesbane: Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill. (Leguminosae). Sesbenier: Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill. (Leguminosae). Sétaire verticillée: Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. (Gramineae). Sidr: Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd. (Rhamnaceae). Silène: Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae). Sisimbre: Sisymbrium L. (Cruciferae). Codex Sison:Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. (Umbelliferae). Sorbier doméstique: Sorbus domestica L. (Rosaceae). Sorgho: Sorghum bicolor Moench. bicolor. (Gramineae). Sorgho: Sorghum Moench. (Gramineae). Souchet à tubercules: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae). Souchet comestible: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae). Souchet rond (XVIII siècle): Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae). Souchet sultan: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae). Souchet: Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae). Souci de jardin: Calendula type. (Compositae). Spergule: Spergula L. (Caryophyllaceae). Stipe: Stipa L. (Gramineae). Suaéda: Suaeda Forssk. ex Scop. (Chenopodiaceae). Sureau: Sambucus L. (Caprifoliaceae). Tabouret des champs: Thlaspi !arvense (Cruciferae). Tamaris: Tamarix L. (Tamaricaceae). Tanaisie: Tanacetum! (Compositae). Teff: Eragrostis aegyptiaca (Willd.) Del. (Gramineae). Terre-noix: Bunium! (Umbelliferae). Thérébinthe: Pistachia !terebinthus. (Pistaciaceae). Thérébentine: Pistacia terebinthus. Thym serpolet: Thymus bovei Benth. (Labiatae). Tilleul argenté: Tilia tomentosa Moensch. (Tiliaceae). Tilleul commun: Tilia europea L. (Tiliaceae). Tilleul: Tilia L. (Tiliaceae). Tréfle d'Alexandrie: Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Leguminosae). Tréfle de Perse: Trifolium resupinatum L. (Leguminosae). Tréfle intermédiaire: Trifolium !medium. (Leguminosae). Trèfle: Trifolium L. (Leguminosae). Tribule terrestre: Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae). Trigonelle: Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Leguminosae). Urticulaire: Utricularia L. (Lentibulariaceae). Verveine: Verbena! (Verbenaceae). Vesce à fruit velu: Lathyrus hirsutus L. (Leguminosae). Vesce craque: Viccia cracca L. (Leguminosae). Vesce cultivée: Vicia sativa L. (Leguminosae). Vesce jaune: Vicia lutea L. (Leguminosae). Vesce: Vicia L. (Leguminosae). Vigne de Judée: Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae). Vigne: Vitis vinifera L. (Vitidaceae). Viorne: Viburnum L. (Caprifoliaceae). 303 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Forssk. Bubani (Cyperaceae) Annunciation lily: Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae). Apple of Sodom: Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. (Asclepiadaceae). Apple of Sodom: Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae). Apple: Pyrus malus L. (Rosaceae). NDEX Apricot: Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae). Arabian jasmine: Jasminum Sambac (L.) Aiton. (Oleaceae). COMMON ENGLISH NAMES OF SPECIES LISTED Ardue: Cyperus articulatus L. IN THE CODEX. . (Cyperaceae). Areca palm: Areca Passalacquae. (Palmae). Argun palm: Medemia argun Württemb. Absus cassie: Cassia! absus. (Palmae). (Leguminosae). Arnebia: Arnebia Forssk. (Boraginaceae). Acacia: Acacia Mill. (Leguminosae). Ash: Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae). Aethiopian sourgourd:Adansonia digitata Ash: Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae). L. (Bombacaceae). Asiatic tree cotton: Gossypium arboreum L. African blackwood: Dalbergia melanoxylon var. soudanense. (Malvaceae). Guillemin (Leguminosae). Asses fig: Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae). African willow: Salix subserrata Willd. Assyrian plum: Cordia myxa. (Ehretiaceae). (Salicaceae). Azolla: Azola nilotica Dec. (Azollaceae). Alder: Alnus Miller. (Betulaceae). Babul acacia: Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. Aleppo pine: Pinus halepensis Miller. (Leguminosae). (Pinaceae). Badderwort: Utricularia L. Alexandria senna: Cassia senna L. (Lentibulariaceae). (Leguminosae). Balanos (fruit of Hegelig?): Balanites Algaroba: Ceratonia siliqua L. aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Balanitaceae). (Leguminosae). Ballota: Ballota L. (Labiatae). Almond tree: Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. Balm of Gilead: Commiphora Webb. (Rosaceae). opobalsamum Engl. (Burseraceae). Althaea: Althaea ficifolia L. (Malvaceae). Bamboo: Bambusa Schreber. (Graminae). Amaranth: Amaranthus L. Banyardgrass: Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) (Amaranthaceae). Pal. (Gramineae). Ami:Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. Baobab: Adansonia digitata L. (Umbelliferae). (Bombacaceae). Andrachne: Andrachne telephioides L. Bareet grass: Leersia hexandra Sw. (Euphorbiaceae). (Gramineae). Angelica: Angelica! (Umbelliferae). Barley: Hordeum sativum Pers. Animated oat: Avena sterilis L.(Poaceae) (Gramineae). Anise: Pimpinella !anisum. (Umbelliferae). Barren Brome: Bromus !sterilis Annual fimbry: : Fimbristylis bisumbellata I 304 . Codex (Crucifereae). Basil: Ocimum L. (Labiatae). Bastard goosefoot: Chenopodium hybridum L. (Chenopodiaceae). Bedding grass: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (Gramineae). Bedstraw: Galium L. (Rubiaceae). Beech: Fagus L. (Fagaceae). Beet: Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae). Bellflower: Campanula! (Campanulaceae). Bent grass: Agrostis L. (Gramineae). Bent grass: Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). Benzoin: Styrax benzoin Driander (Styracaceae). Bermuda grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae). Bible frankincense: Boswellia Carterii. (Burseraceae). Birch: Betula L. (Betulaceae). Bird rape: Brassica !rapa (Crucifereae). Birdsfoot trefoil: Lotus L. (Leguminosae). Bishop's weed:Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. (Umbelliferae). Bitter apple: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae). Bitter apple: Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae). Bitter cucumber: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae). Bitter gourd: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae). Bitter vetch: Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. (Leguminosae). Bittersweet: Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae). Black centaurea: Centaurea nigra L. (Compositae). Black cumin: Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae). Black mangrove: Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae). Black mulberry: Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) Black mustard: Brassica nigra (L.) (Brassicaceae) Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae). Black pepper: Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae). Blister buttercup: Ranunculus !sceleratus. (Ranunculaceae). Blue cornflower: Centaurea depressa M.B. (Compositae). Blue lotus: Nymphaea coerulea Sav. (Nymphaeaceae). Blue water lily: Nymphaea coerulea Sav. (Nymphaeaceae). Bluestem: Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. (Gramineae). Boscia: Boscia Lam. (Capparaceae) Boswellia: Boswellia Roxb. ex. Colebr. (Burseraceae) Bottle gourd: Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Stanley. (Cucurbitaceae). Bottlegourd: Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (Cucurbitaceae). Bourbon lily: Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae). Box: Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). Brake: Pteris !cretica (Adiantaceae). Brake: Pteris L. (Adiantaceae). Brasiletto: Caesalpinia! (Leguminosae). Bristle grass millet: Setaria! (Gramineae). Bristle oat: Avena strigosa Schreb. (Gramineae). Broad bean: Vicia faba L. (Leguminosae). Brome: Bromus L. (Gramineae). Broom bush: Leptadenia pyrotechnica Forssk. Decne (Asclepiadaceae now Apocynaceae) Bryony: Bryonia L. (Cucurbitaceae). Buckthorn: Rhamnus L. (Rhamnaceae). Buckwheat family: Polygonaceae A. Juss. Buffel grass: Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Poaceae) Bugloss: Buglossoides I.M. Johnston (Boraginaceae). Bulletwood: Mimusops L. (Sapotaceae). Bulrush: Typha domigensis Pers. (Typhaceae). Bur reed: Spargamium! (Sparganiaceae). 305 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Burnet: Sanguisorba! (Rosaceae). Bush fig: Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae). Buttercup family: Ranunculaceae A. Juss. Cabbage: Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae). Calamus: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Calendula: Calendula L. (Compositae). Calotrope: Calotropis R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae). Camel's thorn: Alhagi maurorum Medic. (Leguminosae). Camomile: Anthemis L. (Compositae). Campion: Lychnis coelirosa Desr. in Lam. (Caryophyllaceae). Canary grass: Phalaris canariensis L. (Gramineae). Caper tree: Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae) Caperbush: Capparis L. (Capparaceae). Carob gum: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae). Carob tree: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae). Carpetweed: Glinus lotoides L. (Molluginaceae). Cassie: Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Leguminosae). Castor bean: Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae). Castor oil: Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae). Catchfly: Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae). Cat's tail: Typha L. (Typhaceae). Cattail family: Typhaceae A. Juss. Cedar of Lebanon: Cedrus libani A. Rich. (Pinaceae). Cedar: Cedrus Trew. (Pinaceae). Celery: Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Centaurea: Centaurea L. (Compositae). Chian turpentine tree:Pistacia therebinthus L. (Pistaciaceae). Chick-pea: Cicer arietinum L. (Leguminosae). 306 Chickweed family: Caryophyllaceae A. Juss. Chickweed: Cerastium L. (Caryophyllaceae). Christ's thorn: Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd. (Rhamnaceae). Chufa: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae). Cilician fir: Abies !cilicica. (Pinaceae). Cinquefoil: Potentilla L. (Rosaceae). Clover dodder: Cuscuta pedicellata Ledeb. (Cuscutaceae). Clover: Trifolium L. (Leguminosae). Coark oak: Quercus suber L. (Fagaceae). Cocklebur: Zygophyllum L. (Zygophyllaceae). Cockspur: Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) Pal. (Gramineae). Cockspur: Echinochloa Pal. (Gramineae). Coconut palm: Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae). Colocynth: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae). Columbine: Aquilegia! (Ranunculaceae). Common box: Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). Common cypress: Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae). Common pigweed: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). Common purslane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae). Common reed-mace: Typha domigensis Pers. (Typhaceae). Common spikerush: Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. Br. (Cyperaceae). Common vetch: Vicia sativa L. (Leguminosae). Comon reed: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Gramineae). Coral pea: Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). Cordia: Cordia L. (Ehretiaceae). Coreander: Coriandrum sativum L. (Umbellifereae). Codex Corn bedstraw: Galium tricorne Stoker ex. With. (Rubiaceae). Corn buttercup: Ranunculus !arvensis L. (Ranunculaceae) Corn Chamomille: Anthemis arvensis L. (Compositae). Corn gromwell: Buglossoides arvensis (L.) J.M. (Boraginaceae). Corn marigold: Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Compositae). Cotton grass: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (Gramineae). Cotton: Gossypium L. (Malvaceae). Crab's eye Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). Cream of tarte tree:Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae). Creeping bent:Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). Creeping buttercup: Ranunculus !repens (Ranunculaceae). Creeping panic grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae). Creeping water parsnep: Apium !nodiflorum (Umbelliferae). Cress: Lepidium sativum L. (Crucifereae). Crested hair-grass: Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl. (Gramineae). Crimson spot rockrose: Cistus ladaniferus L. (Cistaceae) Crown daisy: Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Compositae). Cucumber: Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae). Cumin: Cuminum cyminum L. (Umbelliferae). Curled dock: Rumex !crispus. (Polygonaceae). Curltop lady's-thumb: Polygonum ! lapathifolium. (Polygonaceae). Curly grass family: Schizaceae. Cutleaf geranium: Geranium !dissectum (Geraniaceae). Cyclamen: Cyclamen L. (Primulaceae). Cypress: Cupressus L. (Cupressaceae). Cyprus sumac:Pistacia lentiscus L. (Pistaciaceae). Danube grass: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Gramineae). Darnel: Lolium temulentum L. (Gramineae). Date palm: Phoenix dactylifera L. (Palmae). Deccan grass: Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. (Gramineae). Dented dock: Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae). Desert date: Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Balanitaceae). Desert grass: Panicum turgidum Forssk. (Poaceae) Devil's grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae). Devil's thorn: Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae). Dill: Anethum graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Dock: Rumex L. (Polygonaceae). Dodder: Cuscuta L. (Convolvulaceae). Dog tooth: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae). Dom palm: Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. (Palmae). Doringboom:Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Dune carrot: Pseudorlaya pumila L. (breviaculeata pumila?) (Umbelliferae/Apiaceae) Durum wheat: Triticum durum Desf. (Gramineae). Earth almond: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae). Edible galingale: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae). Eggplant: Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) Egyptian clover: Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Leguminosae). Egyptian mimosa: Acacia nilotica (L.) 307 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Egyptian plum: Cordia myxa. (Ehretiaceae). Egyptian plum: Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Balanitaceae). Egyptian privet: Lawonia inermis L. (Lythraceae). Egyptian sesbane: Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill. (Leguminosae). Egyptian sycamore: Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae). Egyptian thorn: Acacia! (Leguminosae). Egyptian thorn:Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Einkorn: Triticum monococcum L. (Gramineae). Elder: Sambucus L. (Caprifoliaceae). Elm family: Ulmaceae Mirbel. Elm: Ulmus !nitens (Ulmaceae). Elm: Ulmus L. (Ulmaceae). Elm: Ulmus procera Salisb. (Ulmaceae). Emmer: Triticum diccocum Schübl. (Gramineae). Endive: Cichorium endivia L. (Asteraceae) Ethiopian cumin:Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. (Umbelliferae). Euphorbia: Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). European box: Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). European chestnut: Castanea sativa Miller. (Fagaceae). European linden: Tilia europea L. (Tiliaceae). European oak: Quercus cerris L. (Fagaceae). European white birch: Betula pendula Roth. (Betulaceae). False carrot: Torilis arvensis (Huds). Link. (Umbelliferae). False saffron: Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae). False sowthistle: Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth 308 (Asteraceae) Fat-hen: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). Feather cockscomb: Celosia argentea L. (Amaranthaceae). Feather grass: Stipa L. (Gramineae). Fennel:Foeniculum vulgare (L.) Mill. (Umbelliferae). Fenugreek: Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Leguminosae). Fiddle dock: Rumex pulcher L. (Polygonaceae). Field bean: Vicia faba L. (Leguminosae). Field chamomile: Anthemis arvensis L. (Compositae). Field Mustard: Sinapis arvensis L. var. allionii. (Cruciferae). Fig (Common): Ficus carica L. (Moraceae). Fig: Ficus L. (Moraceae). Finger grass: Digitaria Heist ex Fabr. (Gramineae). Fiorin:Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). Fir: Abies Mill. (Pinaceae). Flax: Linum L. (Linaceae). Flax: Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae). Fleabane: Pulicaria Gaerth. (Compositae). Flowering maple: Abutilon Mill. (Malvaceae). Fluffweed: Filago! (Compositae). Foxtail millet: Setaria !italica. (Gramineae). Foxtail sedge: Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. (Cyperaceae). Frankenia: Frankenia pulverulenta L. (Frankeniaceae). French artichoke: Cynara !scolymus (Compositae). French leek: Allium porrum L. (Liliaceae). Fringed rue: Ruta !chalepensis L.(Rutaceae) Galingale: Cyperus longus L. (Cyperaceae). Garden pea: Pisum sativum L. Codex (Leguminosae). Garden radish: Raphanus sativus L. (Cruciferae). Garden sorrel: Rumex !acetosa. (Polygonaceae). Garlic: Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae). Geranium: Geranium L. (Geraniaceae). German chamomile: Matricaria recutita L. (Compositae). Giant fennel: Ferula !communis. (Umbelliferae). Giant reed: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Gramineae). Giant reed: Arundo donax L. (Graminae). Gingerbread tree: Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. (Palmae). Glorybend: Calystegia R.Br. (Convolvulaceae). Goat grass: Aegilops crassa Boiss. (Gramineae). Goosefoot: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). Goosefoot: Chenopodium L. (Chenopodiaceae). Gourd family: Cucurbitaceae). A. Juss. Grape hyacinth: Muscari Hill. (Liliaceae). Grape vine: Vitis vinifera L. (Vitidaceae). Grass family: Gramineae A.Juss. Grass pea: Lathyrus sativus L. (Leguminosae). Grass vetchling: Lathyrus nissolia L. (Leguminosae). Great Brome: Bromus diandrus Roth. (Gramineae). Great millet: Sorghum bicolor Moench. (Gramineae). Great water dock: Rumex hydrolapathum Huds . (Polygonaceae). Great willowherb: Epilobium hirsutum L. (Onagraceae). Greater ammi: Ammi !majus (Umbelliferae). Green purslane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae). Grewia: Grewia L. (Tiliaceae). Grewia: Grewia tenax (Forskk.) Fiori. (Tiliaceae). Groundsel ragwort: Senecio L. (Compositae). Gum acacia:Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Gum tragon: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae). Gum-Arabic tree:Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Gumgatto: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae). Gypsophila: Gypsophila L. (Caryophyllaceae). Hairy vetchling: Lathyrus hirsutus L. (Leguminosae). Halfa grass: Demostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. (Gramineae). Hardwheat: Triticum durum Desf. (Gramineae). Hare's-foot sedge: Lagurus L. (Gramineae). Hawk nut: Bunium! (Umbelliferae). Hazel: Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae). Heartseed: Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae). Heath family: Ericaceae A. Juss. Heglig: Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Balanitaceae). Heliotrope: Heliotropium L. (Boraginaceae). Hemp: Cannabis !sativa. (Cannabidaceae). Hemp: Cannabis L. (Cannabidaceae). Henna: Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae). Herb of the cross: Verbena !officinalis L. (Verbebenaceae) Hog bean: Hyoscyamus L. (Solanaceae). Holy oak: Quercus !ilex-coccifera (Fagaceae). Hooked Bristle grass : Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. (Gramineae). Horned rampion: Phyteuma! (Campanulaceae). Horse bean: Vicia faba L. (Leguminosae). 309 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Horsetail: Equisetum L. (Equisetaceae). Hyacinth: Bellevalia Lapeyr. (Liliaceae). India date: Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. (Palmae). Indian couch: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae). Indian Liquorice Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). Indigo: Indigofera! (Leguminosae). Israelian acacia: Acacia raddiana Savi. (Leguminosae). Italian cypress: Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae). Italian stone pine: Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae). Ivy: Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae). Japanese brome: Bromus japonicus Thunb. (Gramineae). Jersey cudweed: Gnaphalium luteo-album L. (Compositae). Jew's mallow: Corchorius olitorius L. (Tiliaceae). Joint fir: Ephedra L. (Ephedraceae). Judas tree: Cercis siliquastrum L. (Leguminosae). Juniper: Juniperus L. (Cupressaceae). Kapok bush: Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Schult. (Amaranthaceae) Kenya-acacia: Acacia albida Del. (Leguminosae). Knotgrass: Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae). Knotted hedgeparsley: Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. (Apiaceae) Knotweed: Polygonum L. (Polygonaceae). Kusso tree: Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. Gmelin. (Rosaceae). Lalang: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (Gramineae). Lalloba (fruit Hegelig): Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Balanitaceae). Lavender-like helichrysum: Helichrysum stoechas DC. (Compositae). Lemon: Citrus medica L. (Rutaceae). 310 Lentil: Lens culinaris L. (Leguminosae). Lesser canary grass: Phalaris minor Retz. (Gramineae). Lettuce: Lactuca sativa L. (Compositae). Levant cotton: Gossypium herbaceum L. (Malvaceae). Levant garlic: Alium ampeloprasum L. (Liliaceae). Lily family: Liliaceae A.Juss. Lime: Tilia L. (Tiliaceae). Little medic: Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. (Leguminosae). Locust bean: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae). Loosetrife: Lythrum L. (Lythraceae). Lotus tree: Nitraria L. (Nitrariaceae). Lupinus: Lupinus L. (Leguminosae). Macaroni wheat: Triticum durum Desf. (Gramineae). Madder family: Rubiaceae A. Juss. Madder: Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae). Madonna lily: Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae). Maerua: Maerua crassifolia Forskk. (Capparidaceae). Maidenhair: Adiantum L. (Adiantaceae). Malabar tree: Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae). Mallow: Malva L. (Malvaceae). Mandrake: Mandragora officinarum L. (Solanaceae). Mandrone: Arbutus L. (Ericaceae). Manna oak: Quercus cerris L. (Fagaceae). Maple: Acer L. (Aceraceae). Marigold: Calendula type. (Compositae). Marmal: Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae). Marsh bent grass:Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). Marsh horsetail: Equisetum palustre L. (Equisetaceae). Mastic:Pistacia lentiscus L. (Pistaciaceae). Mat sedge: Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb. (Cyperaceae). Codex Mayweed: Matricaria L. (Compositae). Mecca myrrh: Commiphora opobalsamum Engl. (Burseraceae). Medic: Medicago L. (Leguminosae). Melilotus: Melilotus Mill. (Leguminosae). Melon: Cucumis melo L. (Cucurbitaceae). Mignonette: Reseda L. (Resedaceae). Milkvetch: Astragalus L. (Leguminosae). Mint family: Labiatae A.Juss. (Labiatae). Moary pea: Tephrosia! (Leguminosae). Mock privet: Phillyrea L. (Oleaceae). Monkey Bread Tree:Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae). Morning-glory family: Convolvulaceae A. Juss. Mother-of-thyme: Thymus bovei Benth. (Labiatae). Mount Atlas pistachio: Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Pistaciaceae). Mozambique ebony: Dalbergia melanoxylon Guillemin (Leguminosae). Mugwort: Artemisia !vulgaris (Compositae). Mulberry fig: Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae). Mulberry tree: Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae). Mung bean: Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Fabaceae) Mustard: Sinapis L. (Cruciferae). Myrobalan family: Combretaceae R. Br. Myrrh tree: Commiphora myrrha Engl. (Burseraceae). Myrrh: Commiphora Jacq. (Burseraceae). Myrthe: Myrtus !communis. (Myrtaceae). Myrthe: Myrtus L. (Myrtaceae). Myrtle: Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae). Narrow-leaved flax: Linum angustifolium Mill. (Linaceae). Nettle: Urtica L. (Urticaceae). Nightshade: Solanum L. (Solanaceae). Nile acacia: Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Nubian dragon tree: Dracaena ombet (Dracaenaceae) Nut grass: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae). Nut grass: Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae). Nutmeg: Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae). Nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae). Nux-vomica poison nut: Strychnos nux vomica L. (Loganiaceae). Oak: Quercus Aesculus. (Fagaceae). Oak: Quercus L. (Fagaceae). Oat: Avena fatua. (Gramineae). Oat: Avena L. (Gramineae). Odorous oleander: Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae). Olive: Olea europea L. (Oleaceae). Olive: Olea L. (Oleaceae). Onion asphodel: Asphodelus fistulosus L. (Liliaceae). Onion: Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae). Opium poppy: Papaver somniferum! (Papaveraceae). Orange: Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae). Oriental plane: Platanus orientalis L. (Platanaceae). Oriental sesame: Sesamum orientale L. (Pedaliaceae). Oriental spruce: Picea orientalis Carr. (Pinaceae). Oriental suret gum: Liquidambar !orientalis (Hamamelidaceae). Oxtongue: Picris L. (Compositae). Palestine willow: Salix subserrata Willd. (Salicaceae). Palm tree: Phoenix dactylifera L. (Palmae). Palma-Christi: Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae). Panic grass: Panicum L. (Gramineae). Papyrus: Cyperus papyrus L. (Cyperaceae). Paradoxal canary grass: Phalaris paradoxa L. (Gramineae). 311 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Pea: Pisum L. (Leguminosae). Peabush: Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill. (Leguminosae). Peach: Persica vulgaris = Prunus persica L. (Rosaceae) Peach: Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. (Rosaceae). Pear: Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae). Pearl millet: Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R Br. (Poaceae) Pennisetum: Pennisetum L.C.Rich. (Gramineae). Penny cress: Thlaspi !arvense (Cruciferae). Pepermint: Mentha piperita L. (Labiatae). Perennial Ryegrass: Lolium perenne L. (Gramineae). Persian buttercup: Ranunculus asiaticus L. (Ranunculaceae). Persian clover: Trifolium resupinatum L. (Leguminosae). Persian reed: Arundo donax L. (Graminae). Phoenicean juniper: Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae). Pigeon pea: Cajanus flavus DC. (Leguminosae). Pimpernel: Anagallis L. (Primulaceae). Pin: Pinus L. (Pinaceae). Pine family: Pinaceae Lindley. Pistache: Pistacia L. (Pistaciaceae). Plane: Platanus L. (Platanaceae). Plantain family: Plantaginaceae A. Juss. Plantain: Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae). Plantain: Plantago L. (Plantaginaceae). Plowghman's spikenard: Conyza discoridis (L.) Desf. (Compositae). Plum juniper: Juniperus drupacea Labill. (Cupressaceae). Podocarp: Podocarpus L'Hérit. (Podocarpaceae). Polyanthus narcissus: Narcissus tazetta L. (Amarallidaceae). Polypody: Polypodium L. (Polypodiaceae). Pomegranate: Punica granatum L. 312 (Punicaceae). Pomegranate: Punica L. (Punicaceae). Ponderosa pine: Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae). Pondweed: Potamogeton L. (Potamogetonaceae). Poplar: Populus euphratica Oliver. (Salicaceae). Poplar: Populus L. (Salicaceae). Poppy: Papaver L. (Papaveraceae). Prichly Douch: Emex spinosus (L.) Campd. (Polygonaceae). Prickle grass: Crypsis Ait. emend. Hubbard (Graminae). Prune tree: Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae). Purple galingale: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae). Purple nutsedge: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae). Purslane: Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae). Queen Anne’s lace: Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae) Radish: Raphanus L. (Cruciferae). Ragweed: Ambrosia! (Compositae). Real pistachio: Pistacia vera L. (Pistaciaceae). Red poppy: Papaver rhoeas L. (Papaveraceae). Red thorn: Acacia gerrardii Benth. var. negevensis Zoh. (Leguminosae). Red top:Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). Red-berried juniper: Juniperus oxcycedrus L. (Cupressaceae). Redheart:Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Reed: Phragmites Adans. (Gramineae). Reed: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. ssp. stenophyllus (Boiss.) Bor. (Gramineae). Restharrow: Ononis! (Leguminosae). Rice: Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) Rice-cut grass: Leersia oryzoides Sw. Codex (Gramineae). River willow: Salix subserrata Willd. (Salicaceae). Rock jasmine: Androsaceae maxima L. (Primulaceae). Rosary pea: Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae). Rose of Jericho: Anastatica hierochunta L. (Cruciferae). Rosemary: Rosmarinus officinalis. (Labiatae). Rough cyperus: Cyperus longus L. (Cyperaceae). Rough pea vine: Lathyrus hirsutus L. (Leguminosae). Rough-poddes vetchling: Lathyrus hirsutus L. (Leguminosae). Royal cumin:Trachyspermum copticum (L.) Link. (Umbelliferae). Rush family: Juncaceae A. Juss. (Juncaceae). Rush: Juncus L. (Juncaceae). Ryegrass: Lolium L. (Gramineae). Sacred lotus: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner (Nelumbonaceae). Sacred lotus: Nymphaea lotus L. (Nymphaceae). Safflower: Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae). Salad Leak: Allium kurrat Sfth. et Krause. (Liliaceae). Saltbush: Atriplex L. (Chenopodiaceae). Sandbur: Cenchrus L. (Gramineae). Sandcouch: Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runem ssp. junceum Runem (Gramineae). Savine: Juniperus sabina L. (Cupressaceae). Saxaul: Haloxylon persicum Bunge. (Chenopodiaceae). Scammony glorybind: Convolvulus scammonia L. (Convolvulaceae). Scorpion's tail: Scorpiurus L. (Leguminosae). Scoth grass: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Gramineae). Sea club-rush:Scirpus tuberosus Desf. (Cyperaceae). Sea plantain: Plantago !crassifolia (Plantaginaceae). Sea rush: Juncus rigidus C.A. Mey. (Juncaceae). Sea-ambrosia: Ambrosia maritima L. (Compositae). Sedge family: Cyperaceae A.Juss. (Cyperaceae). Sedge: Carex L. (Cyperaceae). Seepweed: Suaeda Forssk. ex Scop. (Chenopodiaceae). Service tree: Sorbus domestica L. (Rosaceae). Sesame: Sesamum L. (Pedaliaceae). Sharp rush: Juncus acutus L. (Juncaceae). Shea: Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertner (Sapotaceae). Shepherd's purse: Capsella bursa-pastoris (L) Medicus. (Cruciferae). Shittim: Acacia seyal Del. (Leguminosae). Shona: Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. (Leguminosae). Siberian iris: Iris sibirica L. (Iridaceae). Sicilian sumac: Rhus !coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae) Sidder: Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Willd. (Rhamnaceae). Silver birch: Betula pendula Roth. (Betulaceae). Silver lime: Tilia tomentosa Moensch. (Tiliaceae). Sisymbrium: Sisymbrium L. (Cruciferae). Six-rowed barley: Hordeum sativum Pers. var. hexastichum. (Gramineae). Small mallow: Malva rotundifolia L. (Malvaceae). Small melilot: Melilotus indica (L.) All. (Leguminosae). Small-flowered mallow: Malva parviflora L. (Malvaceae). Smooth flatsedge: Cyperus laevigatus L. (Cyperaceae) Sorghum: Sorghum bicolor Moench. 313 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. bicolor. (Gramineae). Sorghum: Sorghum Moench. (Gramineae). Southern cockspur: Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link. (Gramineae). Sow thistle: Sonchus! (Compositae). Spanish reed: Arundo donax L. (Graminae). Spelt: Triticum spelta L. (Gramineae). Spider flower: Cleome (L.) D.C. (Cleomaceae). Spike rush: Eleocharis R. Br. (Cyperaceae). Spiked milfoil: Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragidaceae). Spotted lady's-thumb: Polygonum persicaria L. (Polygonaceae). Spruce: Picea A. Dietr. (Pinaceae). Spurt grass:Scirpus tuberosus Desf. (Cyperaceae). Spury: Spergula L. (Caryophyllaceae). St John's bread: Ceratonia siliqua L. (Leguminosae). Stickseed: Lapulla V.Wolf. (Boraginaceae). Stone pine: Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae). Styrax: Styrax L. (Styracaceae). Sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) Sun spurge: Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Suntwood:Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. (Leguminosae). Swamp pricklegrass: Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. (Poaceae) Sweet basil: Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae). Sweet calomel: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Sweet cyperus: Cyperus longus L. (Cyperaceae). Sweet flag: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Sweet marjoram: Origanum majorana L. (Labiatae). Sweet mignonette: Reseda odorata L. (Resedaceae). Sweet sedge: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Sycamore fig: Ficus sycomorus L. 314 (Moraceae). Sycomore: Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae). Syrian juniper: Juniperus drupacea Labill. (Cupressaceae). Tamaricacées: Tamaricaceae). S.F. Gray. (Tamarisk family Tamarind: Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae) Tamarisk: Tamarix L. (Tamaricaceae). Tansy: Tanacetum! (Compositae). Teff: Eragrostis aegyptiaca (Willd.) Del. (Gramineae). Terebinth: Pistachia !terebinthus. (Pistaciaceae). Thirsty thorn: Astragalus vogelii (Webb.) Bornm. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) Tigernut grass: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae). Toad rush: Juncus bufonius L. (Juncaceae). Toothed Medik: Medicago polymorpha L. Tragacanth milkvetch: Astragalus ! gummifer. (Leguminosae). Tree cotton: Gossypium arboreum L. (Malvaceae). True cardamom: Elletaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae) True laurel: Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae). Tufted vetch: Viccia cracca L. (Leguminosae). Turkey oak: Quercus cerris L. (Fagaceae). Two-rowed barley: Hordeum sativum Pers. var distichum . (Gramineae). Umbella thorn: Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne. (Leguminosae). Umbrella pine: Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae). Valonia oak: Quercus cerris L. (Fagaceae). Vegetable calomel: Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). Verbain: Verbena! (Verbenaceae). Vetch: Vicia L. (Leguminosae). Vetchling: Lathyrus L. (Leguminosae). Viburnum: Viburnum L. (Caprifoliaceae). Vine of Sodom: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae). Codex Viper's bugloss: Echium! (Boraginaceae). Wall goosefoot: Chenopodium murale L. (Chenopodiaceae). Wall rocket: Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. (Brassicaceae) Wall scorpion's tail: Scorpiurus muricatus L. (Leguminosae). Walnut: Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae). Water chestnut: Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae). Water lily: Nymphaea L. (Nymphaceae). Water melon: Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai. (Cucurbitaceae). Water milfoil: Myriophyllum L. (Haloragidaceae). Watercress: Lepidium sativum L. (Crucifereae). Webber’s milk-vetch: Astragalus vogelii (Webb.) Bornm. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) Western yellow pine: Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae). Wheat: Triticum L. (Gramineae). White bent grass:Agrostis stolonifera L. (Gramineae). White Egyptian lotus: Nymphaea lotus L. (Nymphaceae). White goosefoot: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). White lily: Lilium candidum L. (Liliaceae). White lotus: Nymphaea lotus L. (Nymphaceae). White lupine: Lupinus albus L. (Leguminosae). White mulberry: Morus alba L. (Moraceae) White mustard: Sinapis alba L. (Brassicaceae) White sandal: Santalum album L. (Santalaceae). White-flowered gourd: Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (Cucurbitaceae). Whitlow-grass: Draba L. (Cruciferae). Widgeon weed: Ruppia maritima L. (Ruppiaceae). Wild celery: Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae). Wild chamomile: Matricaria recutita L. (Compositae). Wild einkorn: Triticum boeoticum Boiss. (Gramineae). Wild gourd: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae). Wild radish: Raphanus Raphanistrum L. (Cruciferae). Wild spinach: Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae). Willow: Salix L. (Salicaceae). Wood fern: Dryopteris Adans. (Aspleniaceae). Woody nightshade: Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae). Wormwood of the Bible: Artemisia inculta Del. (Compositae). Wormwood: Artemisia L. (Compositae). Yarrow: Achillea L. (Compositae). Yellow vetch: Vicia lutea L. (Leguminosae). Yellow vetchlings: Lathyrus aphaca L. (Leguminosae). Yellow water grass: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae). Yew: Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae). Zigzag clover: Trifolium !medium. (Leguminosae). Zulu nut: Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae).  315 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. LÉXIQUE*. Barb: Arrête. Beam: Poutre. Before: Avant. Blossoms: Fleur. Bow: Arc. Branch: Branches. Bud: Bourgeon. Charcoal: Charbon. Child: Enfant. Collar: Collier/Guirlande. Cone: Cône. Culm: Chaume/tige. Diatom: Diatomée. Dowel: Cheville. Find: Trouvaille/découverte. Floret: Epillet. Flower: Fleur. Fruit: Fruit. Garland: Guirlande. Glum: Glumes. Grave: Tombeau. Head: Capitule. Incense: Encens. Inflorescence: Inflorescence. Kernel: Noyau. Leaf: Feuille. Leafless: Effeuillé. Leaves: Feuilles. Marbled: Marbré (adj.). Monastery: Monastère. Mummy: Momie. Peg: Chevillette. Petals: Pétales. Phytolith: Phytolite. Pod: Gousse. Pollen: Pollen. Rachis: Fourche. Resin: Résine. Rhizome: Rhizome. Roots: Racines. Sarcophagus: Sarcophage. Seed: Graine. Sepals: Sépales. Spikelet: Epi. Spine: Epine. Stem: Tige. Stone: Noyau. Tenon: Tenon. Thorns: Epines (ronces). Tomb: Tombe. Tree: Arbre. Trunk: Souche. Twig: Rameau* . Wood: Bois. Wooden: En bois (adj.). Ear: Epillet. Lemma: Lemma. Furniture: Mobilier/meuble. * Des termes anglais utilisés dans le Codex. 316 Codex RÉFÉRENCES par auteur (1997) _________________ REFERENCES by author (1997) Anonymous 1957, Appendix II. Examination of the plant remains found on top of sarcophagus. In: Goneim, Z. (ed.), Horus SekhemKhet. The Unfinished Step Pyramid, I: 37. 1417 Anthes, R. 1943, Die deutschen Grabungen auf der Westseite von Theben in den Jahren 1911 und 1913. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Instituts für Ägyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo 12: 10-14. Reichsverlagsamt, Berlin. 1287 Bakels, C. C. 1994, Flora. In Hendrickx, S. (ed.), El Kab V. The Nagada III Cemetery. 145-146. Publications du Comité des Fouilles Belges en Egypte, Bruxelles. 1750 Adams, W. Y. Alexander, A. and Allen, R. 1983, Qasr Ibrim 1980 and 1982. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 69: 43-60. 1556 Alexander, A. and Driskell, R. 1985, Qasr Ibrim 1984. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 71: 15. 1549 Anonymous 1885, Restes de végétaux des sépultures égyptiennes. 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Paris. 369 de Vartavan, C., Arakelyan, A. & Asensi Amorós, V. Front cover: One of the numerous seeds of Rock Jasmine (Androsace maxima L.) discovered among the plant remains stored in the tomb of Tutankhamun (eighteenth dynasty) by C. de Vartavan. First and unique identification of this little flower now absent from the Egyptian flora. Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M.) photograph by C. de Vartavan. Background: Photograph of nilotic vegetation in Upper Egypt (Photo C. de V.). B —————— Couverture: L'une des nombreuses graines d'Androselle (Androsace maxima L.) découverte par C. de Vartavan parmi les restes végétaux de la tombe de Toutankhamon (Dix huitième dynastie). Première et unique identification de cette petite fleur désormais disparue de la flore de l'Égypte. Photo au Microscope Electronique à Balayage (M.E.B.) de C. de Vartavan. Arrière plan: Végétation nilotique de Haute Égypte (Photo C. de V). Dos: Fragment de sciure découvert dans la cavité abdominale de la momie de St. Lazare à Venise (Italie) par V. Asensi Amorós. Vue radiale montrant les ponctuations à torus festonné typiques du cèdre (Cedrus sp.). Première identification scientifique d' une sciure de cèdre utilisée par les anciens égyptiens pour embaumer (Vingt-cinq à Vingt-septième dynastie; Photo V. A. A.). 370