GLOBAL GEOBOTANY
International Journal of Geobotanical Science
VOLUME 2 December 2012
VASCULAR PLANT COMMUNITIES IN PORTUGAL
(CONTINENTAL, THE AZORES AND MADEIRA)
by
J.C. Costa, C. Neto, C. Aguiar, J. Capelo, M.D. Espírito Santo, J. Honrado,
C. Pinto-Gomes, T. Monteiro-Henriques, M. Sequeira, M. Lousã
Global Geobotany, Vol. nº 2. December 2012. pp. 1-180
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and
Madeira)
José Carlos COSTA (1), Carlos NETO (2), Carlos AGUIAR (3), Jorge CAPELO (4), Maria Dalila ESPÍRITO SANTO (1), João HONRADO (5), Carlos PINTO-GOMES (6), Tiago MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES (1), Miguel SEQUEIRA (7), Mário LOUSÃ (1)
Other collaborators: M. Carmo Lopes (8) , P. Arsénio (1), R. Jardim (7), P. Alves (5), J. Castro Antunes (9), M. Dias Pereira
, V. Silva (1), S. Ribeiro (1), N. Gaspar† (10), H. Nepomuceno Alves (11), C. Meireles (6), R. Caraça (1), E. Portela Pereira
(2)
, M. Martins (2), P. Bingre (8), C. Vila-Viçosa (6), P. Mendes (6), R. Quinto Canas (6), R. Paiva Ferreira (6), A. Bellu (1), J.
Domingos de Almeida (12), A. Caperta (1), T. Vasconcelos (1), M. Geraldes (2), D. Almeida (2), F. Gutierres (2), J. Rosa Pinto
(13)
, S. Mesquita (14)
(6)
(1)
Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Centro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Tapada da Ajuda
1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
(2)
Instituto Geografia e Ordenamento do Território (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura,
Alameda da Universidade 1600-214, Lisboa, Portugal.
(3)
Escola Superior Agrária de Bragança, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, CIMO Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Campus
Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
(4)
Estação Florestal Nacional, INRB, Departamento de Ecologia, Centro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Quinta do Marquês,
2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
(5)
Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, CIBIO, R. Campo Alegre 1191, 4159-181 Porto, Portugal.
(6)
Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento / Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAUCTM),
Universidade de Évora.Rua Romão Ramalho, nº 59, P-7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
(7)
Dep. Biologia, Universidade da Madeira, Centro das Ciências da Vida, Alto da Penteada, 9000-300 Funchal, Portugal.
(8)
Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, 2340-316 Coimbra, Portugal.
(9)
R. Gonçalo Chaves 5, 7430-163 Crato, Portugal.
(10)
Escola Superior Agrária de Santarém, Quinta do Galinheiro, S. Pedro, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal.
(11)
Parque Biológico Municpal de Gaia, 4430 Avintes, Portugal.
(12)
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
(13)
Dep. Ciências Biológicas e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
(14)
Calçada da Tapada 174 2ºdt,1300-551 Lisboa, Portugal.
Abstract
In this paper we propose a syntaxonomic scheme, according to the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature for the vegetation of
Portugal: continental and the Azores and Madeira archipelagos. The scheme encompasses 827 associations (4 communities), 245
alliances, 116 orders, and 64 vegetation classes. The 58 suballiances, 2 suborders and 4 subclasses, are also mentioned, as auxiliary
ranks. For the higher syntaxa down to suballiance level, succinct ecological, physiognomic and chorological diagnosis has been
made, and the characteristic species are related. New syntaxa names and corrections are described and listed in Annex I. It is also
presented a floristic catalogue sheet with the syntaxonomic optimal for each taxon (Annex III). This list contains 2930 taxa.
Keywords: Sintaxonomy, Phytosociology, Portugal,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Correspondence: J.C. Costa. Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Univ. Técnica de Lisboa, Centro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura,
Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal. e-mail: jccosta@isa.utl.pt
ISSN: 2253-6426 (print)/ISSN: 2253-6523 (on line)
DOI: 10.5616/ gg 120001
2
J.C. Costa & al.
Introduction
The first and only representative list of syntaxa for continental Portugal was published in 1998 by Espírito
Santo et al. (1988). Since then, knowledge of the phytosociological groupings in the country has evolved and
made the document very out-dated and incomplete.
Thus, we now present a revised version of the text for
which we tried to gather all the syntaxa recognized in
mainland Portugal, the Azores, Madeira and also for
some neighbouring territories of Spain that have some
probability of occurrence in Portugal. As all checklists,
there are some risks and revision will be mandatory,
namely of over-counting by including association names
cited in older literature that are doubtful or had not been
observed ever Nevertheless, doubtful cases were excluded. We considered only the well-characterized communities in terms of stable floristic combinations observed
by ourselves, those with a wide distribution, clear ecological setting and, in the case of seral vegetation, those
representing metastable stages of succession. A brief
description of the upper syntaxa (class, subclass, order,
suborder, alliance and suballiance) are adduced.
We also attach a syntaxonomic annex where some syntaxa are proposed as new, as well as nomenclatural corrections. Finally the taxa mentioned in the document are
grouped alphabetically in a floristic checklist with its
phytosociological corresponding rank (rank where the
taxon is found optimally).
Material and Methods
The syntaxonomic list was based on several former Iberian lists elaborated by Rivas-Martínez et al. (1999,
2001, 2002, 2011). A thorough search and review of all
previous studies on vegetation in Portugal has also been
made. The nomenclature followed is in accordance with
the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber et al. 2000). Biogeographic and bioclimatic
typologies follow Costa et al. (1999), Rivas-Martínez
(2005, 2005a, 2007, 2011) and Rivas-Martínez et al.
(2011).
Results
I. FLOATING OR ROOTED SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION
Ia. FRESH-WATER VEGETATION
1. CHARETEA FRAGILIS Fukarek ex Krausch 1964
Macroalgal underwater pioneer communities (charophytes) of pools, lakes and of rivers of shallow to mediumdepth, with cosmopolitan distribution, that have not an
high nutrient content (including dystrophic). This vegetation tends to colonize newly created aquatic habitats by
man such as dams, channels, etc. that keep a clearly noneutrophic or non-hyper-eutrophic state. (unpolluted).
Typus: Charetalia hispidae Sauer ex Krausch 1964 (1a.).
Characteristic species: Chara fragilis, Chara vulgaris
var. contraria.
1a. CHARETALIA HISPIDAE Sauer ex Krausch 1964
Communities of fresh or brackish waters, alkaline
(ionically rich), mainly colonized by algae of the genus
Chara.
Typus: Charion fragilis Krausch 1964 (1.1.).
Characteristic species: Chara braunii.
1.1. Charion fragilis Krausch 1964 (1.1.1.)
Pioneer communities of macroalgae, not short-lived
submerged in shallow clear water, and rich in calcium
(mesotrophic).
Typus: Charetum asperae Corillion 1957. (1.1.1.)
Characteristic species: Chara aspera, Chara connivens, Chara hispida.
1.1.1. Charetum asperae Corillion 1957
1.1.2. Charetum conniventis Velayos, Carrasco & Cirujano 1989
1.1.3. Charetum fragilis Corillion 1957
1.1.4. Charetum hispidae Margalef 1947
1.2 Charion vulgaris Krause 1981 (1.2.1.)
Calcium-rich ephemeral submerged macroalgal pioneer communities that colonize from meso to bordering eutrophic waters.
Typus: Charetum vulgaris Corillion 1957 (1.2.1.)
Characteristic species: Chara imperfecta, Chara vulgaris var. vulgaris, Tolypella glomerata.
1.2.1. Charetum vulgaris Corillion 1957
1.2.2. Tolypelletum glomeratae Corillion 1957
1.3. Charion canescentis Krausche 1964
Submerged macroalgal communities that colonize
brackish or even saltwater.
Typus: Charetum canescentis Corillion 1957 (1.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Chara canescens, Lamprothamnium papulosum.
1.3.1. Charetum canescentis Corillion 1957
1.3.2. Lamprothamnetum papulosi Corillion 1957
1b. NITELLETALIA FLEXILIS Krause 1969
Submerged macroalgal communities, with mainly temperate distribution, rich in species of the genus Nitella.
Occurrence in acid to neutral freshwater.
Typus: Nitellion flexilis Dambska 1966 (1.4.).
Characteristic species: Nitella batrachosperma, Nitella
capillaris, Nitella mucronata, Nitella opaca, Nitella
translucens.
1.4. Nitellion flexilis Dambska 1966 (1.4.)
Submerged macroalgal communities of slightly acidic
freshwater, in oceanic bioclimate.
Typus: Nitelletum flexilis Corillion 1957 (1.4.1.).
Characteristic species: Nitella flexilis, Nitella gracilis,
Nitella hyalina.
1.4.1. Nitelletum flexilis Corillion 1957
1.5. Nitellion syncarpo-tenuissimae Krause 1969
Submerged macroalgal communities of neutral freshwaters, in semicontinental temperate bioclimate.
Typus: Nitelletum opacae Corillion 1957 (1.5.2.).
Characteristic species: Nitella syncarpa, Nitella tenuissima, Tolypella prolifera.
1.5.1. Tolypelletum proliferae Guerlesquin 1961
1.5.2. Nitelletum opacae Corillion 1957
2. LEMNETEA Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955
Communities of small pleustophytes, macroscopic, of
freshwater, dominated by not rooted plants, floating or
submerged, with cosmopolitan distribution.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Typus: Lemnetalia minoris Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955 (2a.).
2a. LEMNETALIA MINORIS Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans
1955
Order unique in Europe, with subcosmopolitan distribution.
Typus: Lemnion minoris Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955 (2.1.).
Characteristic species: Azolla filiculoides, Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza, Wolffia arrhiza.
2.1. Lemnion minoris Tüxen ex O. Bolòs & Masclans
1955
Macroscopic not rooted plant communities (lemnids),
who live floating (acropleustophytes) in eutrophic to
hypereutrophic water, rich in ions and often microbiologically contaminated.
Typus: Lemno gibbae-Azolletum filiculoidis Br.-Bl. in
Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 (2.1.3.).
Characteristic species: Lemna gibba.
2.1.1. Lemnetum gibbae Miyawaki &. J. Tüxen 1960
2.1.2. Lemnetum minoris Oberdorfer ex Müller & Görs
1960
2.1.3. Lemno gibbae-Azolletum filiculoidis Br.-Bl. in
Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952
2.1.4. Lemno-Spirodeletum polyrhizae Koch 1954
2.2. Lemnion trisulcae Den Hartog & Segal ex Tüxen
& Schwabe in Tüxen 1974
Communities of lemnids and of mesopleustophytes
(suspended between the bottom and the surface). Generally colonizing mesotrophic water (shallower than
the previous alliance).
Typus: Lemnetum trisulcae Knapp & Stoffers 1962
(2.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Lemna trisulca.
2.2.1. Lemnetum trisulcae Knapp & Stoffers 1962
3. POTAMETEA Klika in Klika & V. Novák 1941
Communities of rooted hydrophytes and large pleustophytes of freshwater or slightly saline water.
Typus: Potametalia pectinati Koch 1926 (3a.).
Characteristic species: Callitriche brutia, Callitriche
lusitanica, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogetum pectinatus.
3a. POTAMETALIA PECTINATI Koch 1926
Holarctic communities from nymphaeids, elodeids, myriophylids and batrachids rooted in freshwater or slightly saline water. They are characteristic of eutrophic
(exceptionally hypereutrophic) to mesotrophic waters,
from low kinetic energy (stagnant) to high-energy water (fast current).
Typus: Potamion pectinati (Koch 1926) Görs 1977 (3.1.).
Characteristic species: Elodea canadensis, Hippuris
vulgaris, Potamogeton lucens, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Zannichellia palustris, Zannichellia peltata.
3.1. Potamion lutescentis (Koch 1926) Rivas-Martínez 1973
[Potamion pectinati (Koch 1926) Görs 1977]
Associations dominated by elodeids (plants with undivided leaves submerged and floating leaves) and
some myriophylids, of oligo-haline freshwater, of
3
permanent level, moderately deep (0.5 to 5 m), mildly
exposed to the wind, waves and currents.
Typus: Potamo pectinati-Zannichellietum palustris
Koch 1926.
Characteristic species: Potamogeton gramineus, Potamogeton trichoides.
3.1.1. Myriophyllo alterniflori-Potametum crispi Rivas Goday 1964
3.1.2. Potametum lucentis Hueck 1931
3.1.3. Potametum pectinati Cartensen 1955
3.1.4. Potamo pectinati-Myriophylletum spicati Rivas
Goday 1964 corr. Conesa 1990
3.1.5. Potametum perfoliato-crispi Bellot 1951
3.2. Nymphaeion albae Oberdorfer 1957
Large rooted plant communities of freshwater, composed mainly by nymphaeids (plants with branched
stems and petioles with large floating leaves). It colonizes calm waters, stagnant or of weak current, mesotrophic to eutrophic, moderately deep (1-4 m deep)
and without ripple.
Typus: Nymphaeo albae-Nupharetum luteae Nowinski 1928 (3.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Myriophyllum verticillatum,
Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton natans.
3.2.1. Myriophyllo alterniflori-Potametum natantis
Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González, SánchezMata, Pizarro & Sardinero 2002
3.2.2. Nymphaeo albae-Nupharetum luteae Nowinski 1928 nom. mut. (fig.1, page 103)
[Nymphaeetum albae-luteae Nowinski 1928]
3.3. Ranunculion aquatilis Passarge 1964
Freshwater communities of small rooted plants, dominated by batrachids, occurring in stagnant shallow
waters or of weak current. They can withstand an
occasional emersion during the summer unlike what
happens with the former alliances. They colonize mesotrophic waters often overlaid with nutrient-rich sediments
Typus: Ranunculetum aquatilis Géhu 1961.
Characteristic species: Callitriche cribosa, Callitriche
stagnalis, Ranunculus peltatus, Ranunculus saniculifolius, Ranunculus trichophyllus, Ranunculus tripartitus.
3.3.1. Callitrichetum regis-jubae Galán in A.V. Pérez, Galán, P. Navas, D. Navas, Y. Gil & Cabezudo 1999
3.3.2. Callitricho brutiae-Ranunculetum peltati Pizarro & Rivas-Martínez 2002
3.3.3. Callitricho stagnalis-Ranunculetum saniculifolii Galán in A.V. Pérez, Galán, P. Navas, D.
Navas, Y. Gil & Cabezudo 1999
3.3.4. Ranunculetum tripartiti Galán in A.V. Pérez,
Galán, P. Navas, D. Navas, Y. Gil & Cabezudo 1999
3.4. Ranunculion fluitantis Neuhäusl 1959
Associations of small freshwater rooted plants, typical
of oligotrophic to eutrophic running waters, dominated by batrachids.
4
J.C. Costa & al.
Typus: Ranunculetum fluitantis Allorge 1922.
Characteristic species: Callitriche hamulata, Callitriche obtusangula, Groenlandia densa, Potamogeton
nodosus, Ranunculus penicillatus, Ranunculus
pseudofluitans.
3.4.1. Callitricho brutiae-Ranunculetum pseudofluitantis Pizarro, Melendo & Rivas-Martínez 2002
3.4.2. Callitricho lusitanicae-Ranunculetum penicillati Pizarro 2002
3.5. Zannichellion pedicellatae Schaminée, Lanjouw
& Schipper 1990 em. Pott 1992
Elodeids communities in brackish waters.
Typus: Zannichellietum pedicellatae Nordhagen 1954.
Characteristic species: Najas marina, Najas minor.
3.5.1. Najadetum marinae Fukarek 1961
3b. UTRICULARIETALIA Den Hartog & Segal 1964
Communities of large pleustophytes not rooted, floating
in the surface or submerged between the surface and
some depth, in oligotrophic to eutrophic waters.
Typus: Utricularion vulgaris Passarge 1964 (3.6.).
3.6. Utricularion vulgaris Passarge 1964
Communities of utricularids (with emerged flowers
and fruits) with leaf structures adapted to heterotrophy, allowing them to live in acidic oligo-mesotrophic
waters. They are found in shallow, stagnant or low current water, tolerating high temperatures in the summer.
Typus: Lemno minoris-Utricularietum vulgaris Soó ex
assarge 1964.
Characteristic species: Utricularia australis, Utricularia gibba subsp. exoleta.
3.1.1. Utricularietum exoleto-australis Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
3.7. Ceratophyllion demersi Den Hartog & Segal ex
Passarge 1996
Freshwater communities, composed of hydrophytes
with submerged flowers, leaves finely divided, and
without floating leaves, which grow freely between
the surface and bottom (mesopleustophytes). In spring
and summer the community is located in the superficial layers of water, and goes down to the bottom in
autumn when vegetative activity is lower. Large masses of plants formed by vegetative propagation can
completely fill the biotope from the surface to the
bottom. Their optimal growth is in small ponds or canals of eutrophic freshwater.
Typus: Potamo-Ceratophylletum demersi Hild & Rehnelt 1965 (3.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Ceratophyllum demersum.
3.2.1. Potamo-Ceratophylletum demersi Hild & Rehnelt 1965
Ib. MARINE AND SALT-WATER VEGETATION
4. HALODULO WRIGHTII-THALASSIETEA TESTUDINUM Den
Hartog ex Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Benthic infralittoral seagrass and macrothallophyte communities, on muddy or sandy substrata of calm shallow
coasts, lagoons, estuaries and reefs (can reach up to 15-20
m deep). Distribution is tropical and subtropical regions,
mainly in the infra to thermotropical belts, but reaching
the subtropical areas: infra to thermomediterranean and
infratemperate thermotypes (but not cold seas).
Typus: Thalassio testudinum-Syringodietalia filiformis
Borhidi, Muñiz & Del Risco in Borhidi 1996 (4a.).
Characteristic species: Cymodocea nodosa.
4a. THALASSIO TESTUDINUM-SYRINGODIETALIA FILIFORMIS Borhidi, Muñiz & Del Risco in Borhidi 1996
Single order.
Typus: Syringodio-Thalassion testudinum Borhidi 1996.
4.1. Cymodoceion nodosae Den Hartog 1976
Pioneer communities on non-cohesive marine substrates, from sea level to sublittoral waters, reaching
10-12m of depth on calm sandy coasts. Tropical, subtropical Atlantic and Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Cymodoceetum nodosae Feldmann 1937 (4.1.1.).
4.1.1. Cymodoceetum nodosae Feldmann 1937
5. RUPPIETEA J. Tüxen 1960
Species-poor halophytic vegetation of cormophytes and
bryophytes of Holarctic distribution. Found in flooded
areas, at least temporarily, in brackish and marine saltwater or in continental poly-haline water.
Typus: Ruppietalia maritimae J. Tüxen 1960 (5a.).
5a. RUPPIETALIA MARITIMAE J. Tüxen 1960
Single order in the Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Ruppion maritimae Br.-Bl. ex Westhoff in Bennema, Sissingh & Westhoff 1943 (5.1.).
5.1. Ruppion maritimae Br.-Bl. ex Westhoff in Bennema, Sissingh & Westhoff 1943
Filiform hydrophytic communities, found in areas of
brackish water with no opening to the sea (e.g. saltwater pools, lagoons, abandoned salt pans, blocked
inlets, drains, canals, dams, reservoirs) tolerating a
large amplitude of salinity variation, and occasionally,
drought in the summer. These communities can be
found in places with higher salinities than the sea. In
inland waters, where the salinity is nearly constant,
this alliance occurs only in habitats subjected to a
certain instability of the hydrographic conditions. Yet,
in areas subjected to tidal movements, can only develop in conditions of very small tide amplitudes.
Typus: Ruppietum maritimae Hocquette 1927.
Characteristic species: Ruppia cirrhosa, Ruppia maritima.
5.1.1. Enteromorpho intestinalidis-Ruppietum maritimae Westhoff ex Tüxen & Böckelmann 1957
6. ZOSTERETEA MARINAE Pignatti 1953
Vegetation of coasts or estuaries in shallow marine waters (0.3 to 4 m), consisting of submerged perennial
monocotyledons, which are rooted in a sandy loam or
mobile substrata. The communities that occupy the subcoastal areas, are submerged not more than 2-3 hours in
each tidal cycle. Holarctic distribution.
Typus: Zosteretalia Béguinot ex Pignatti 1953 (6a.).
Characteristic species: Zostera noltii, Zostera marina.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
6a. ZOSTERETALIA Béguinot ex Pignatti 1953
Single order.
Typus: Zosterion Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Pignatti 1953
(6.1.).
6.1. Zosterion Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Pignatti 1953
Single alliance.
Typus: Zosteretum marinae van Goor ex Pignatti 1953
(6.1.1.).
6.1.1. Zosteretum marinae van Goor ex Pignatti 1953
6.1.2. Zosteretum noltii Harmsen 1936
II. AMPHIBIOUS VEGETATION OF FRESH-WATER, SPRINGS
AND FENS
IIA. PIONEER EPHEMERAL VEGETATION
7. BIDENTETEA TRIPARTITAE Tüxen, Lohmeyer & Preising ex von Rochow 1951
Pioneer annuals on periodically flooded nutrient-rich
pools, lake margins and riparian nitrophilous habitats.
With Holarctic distribution, their phenological maximum
is mainly in the summer.
Typus: Bidentetalia tripartitae Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Klika
& Hadač 1944 (7a.).
Characteristic species: Pulicaria vulgaris.
7a. BIDENTETALIA TRIPARTITAE Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Klika & Hadač 1944
Single order.
Typus: Bidention tripartitae (Koch 1926) Nordhagen
1940 (7.1.).
Characteristic species: Bidens tripartita, Polygonum
hydropiper, Polygonum lapathifolium, Ranunculus
sceleratus, Rorippa palustris, Xanthium strumarium
subsp. italicum.
7.1. Bidention tripartitae (Koch 1926) Nordhagen 1940
Amphibious vegetation of clayey or muddy margins of
eutrophic water courses (standing water or slow current).
Typus: Bidentetum tripartitae Koch 1926
Characteristic species: Alopecurus aequalis, Bidens
aurea, Bidens frondosa, Polygonum minus.
7.1.1. Bidenti tripartitae-Polygonetum lapathifolii Rivas-Martínez, Belmonte, Fernández-González
& Sánchez-Mata in Sánchez-Mata 1989
7.1.2. Cypero micheliani-Ranunculetum trilobi Rivas
Goday 1964 corr. J.C. Costa, V. Silva & Neto
hoc loco
[Cypero micheliani-Ranunculetum sardoi Rivas Goday 1964]
7.1.3. Cypero eragrostis-Bidentetum frondosae Amigo in Lazaroa 27: 46, 2006
7.1.4. Filaginello uliginosae-Bidentetum tripartitae
Amigo in Lazaroa 27: 47, 2006
7.1.5. Xanthio italici-Polygonetum persicariae O.
Bolòs 1957
[Chenopodio ambrosioidis-Polygonetum lapathifolii Peinado, Bartolomé, Martínez-Parras & Andrade
1988]
7.2. Chenopodion rubri (Tüxen in Poli & J. Tüxen
1960) Hibig& Jage 1972
Pioneer vegetation of stream banks with coarse texture, that dry up in the summer.
5
Typus: Chenopodietum rubri Tímér 1950.
Characteristic species: Chenopodium chenopodioides,
Chenopodium glaucum, Chenopodium pumilum,
Corrigiola litoralis.
7.2.1. Amarantho-Chenopodietum botryoidis Martínez-Parras, Peinado, Bartolomé & Molero 1988
8. ISOETO-NANOJUNCETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Br.-Bl.,
Roussine & Nègre 1952
Holarctic vegetation of pioneer ephemeral isoetid communities dominated by annuals and dwarf perennials on
periodically flooded bare soils.
Typus: Isoetetalia Br.-Bl. 1936 (8a.).
Characteristic species: Cardamine parviflora, Centaurium pulchellum, Centunculus minimus, Damasonium
alisma, Damasonium bourgaei, Damasonium polyspermum, Elatine macropoda, Hypericum humifusum,
Juncus ambiguus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus sphaerocarpus, Juncus tenageia subsp. tenageia, Lythrum
hyssopifolia, Lythrum portula, Lythrum thymifolia,
Mentha pulegium, Ranunculus muricatus, Veronica
acinifolia, Veronica anagalloides.
8a. ISOETETALIA Br.-Bl. 1936
Pioneer, amphibious and hygrophilous communities,
flowering in spring or early summer. Mediterranean
and Western Europe distribution.
Typus: Isoetion Br.-Bl. 1936 (8.1.).
Characteristic species: Antinoria agrostidea var. annua,
Crassula vaillantii, Juncus capitatus, Juncus hybridus, Juncus pygmaeus, Ophioglossum lusitanicum.
8.1. Isoetion Br.-Bl. 1936
Mediterranean amphibious or fleeting vegetation, of
in small ponds or depressions temporarily flooded by
surface water, with a phenological maximum in latewinter or early spring.
Typus: Isoetetum durieui Br.-Bl. 1936 (8.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Centaurium maritimum, Isoetes duriaei, Isoetes histrix, Lotus angustissimus,
Lythrum borysthenicum, Myosotis retusifolia, Phymatoceros bulbiculosus, Pilularia minuta, Riccia
beyrichiana, Riccia bifurca, Riccia ciliifera, Solenopsis laurentia.
8.1.1. Isoetetum durieui Br.-Bl. 1936
8.1.2. Junco capitati-Isoetetum histricis Br.-Bl. 1936
8.1.3. Lythro thymifoliae-Crassuletum vaillantii Rivas Goday ex Ruiz & A. Valdés 1987
8.1.4. Solenopsio laurentiae-Juncetum hybridi Rivas
Goday & Borja in Rivas Goday 1968 corr. V.
Silva & Galán de Mera in V. Silva, Galán de
Mera & Sérgio in Silva Lusit. 16 (2): 269,
2008
[Laurentiae-Juncetum tingitanae Rivas Goday &
Borja in Rivas Goday 1968]
8.1.5. Solenopsio laurentiae-Juncetum pygmaei Rivas Goday ex V. Silva & Galán de Mera in V.
Silva, Galán de Mera & Sérgio in Silva Lusit.
16 (2): 269-270, 2008
6
J.C. Costa & al.
8.1.6. Solenopsio laurentiae-Phymatoceretum bulbiculosi Br.-Bl. 1936 nom. mut.
[Laurentiae-Anthocerotetum
1936]
dichotomi
Br.-Bl.
8.2. Menthion cervinae Br.-Bl. ex Moor 1937 nom.
mut.
[Preslion cervinae Br.-Bl. ex Moor 1937]
Associations of long tall therophytes and creeping perennials, flooded by relatively deep water over a long
period in spring and desiccating in the summer.
Typus: Preslietum cervinae Br.-Bl. ex Moor 1937.
Characteristic species: Eryngium corniculatum, Isoetes setaceum, Isoetes velatum subsp. velatum, Juncus tenageia subsp. perpusillus, Marsilea batardae,
Mentha cervina, Myosotis debilis, Ranunculus nodiflorus, Sisymbrella aspera.
8.2.1. Cypero badii-Preslietum cervinae Rivas Goday 1955
8.2.2. Eryngio corniculati-Isoetetum setacei (Rivas
Goday 1957) V. Silva, J.A. Molina, J.C.
Costa, P. Cruz & Espírito Santo in Acta Bot.
Malacitana 34: 237-239, 2009
[Isoeto setacei-Scirpetum maritime eryngietosum
corniculati Rivas Goday 1957 p.p., ass. prov. Peplis erecta et Juncus pygmaeus Rivas Goday 1964
p.p.]
8.2.3. Eryngio corniculati-Preslietum cervinae Rivas
Goday 1957
8.2.4. Juncetum perpusilli Rivas-Martínez 1964 nom.
mut.
[Juncetum nanae Rivas-Martínez 1964]
8.2.5. Junco pygmaei-Isoetetum velati Rivas Goday
in Rivas Goday et al. 1956
8.3. Agrostion pourretii Rivas Goday 1958 nom. mut.
[Agrostion salmanticae Rivas Goday 1958]
Graminoid ephemeral vegetation on wet depressions
flooded for a short period.
Typus: Pulicario paludosae-Agrostietum pourretii Rivas Goday 1955 nom. mut (8.3.2.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis pourretii, Allium scorzonerifolium, Carlina racemosa, Chaetopogon fasciculatus, Eryngium galioides, Lotus parviflorus,
Pulicaria paludosa.
8.3.1. Loto hispidi-Chaetopogonetum fasciculati Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez,
Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut.
[Loto subbiflori-Chaetopogonetum fasciculati Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa,
Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980]
8.3.2. Pulicario paludosae-Agrostietum pourretii Rivas Goday 1955 nom. mut.
[Pulicario uliginosae-Agrostietum salmanticae Rivas Goday 1955, Peplido erectae-Agrostietum salmanticae Rivas Goday 1955]
8.4. Cicendion (Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday & Borja
1961) Br.-Bl. 1967
Ephemeral fleeting communities, dominated by small
plants flowering in spring, in waterlogged biotopes
covered by surface or shallow water. Mediterranean
West Iberian, Cantabrian-Atlantic, Azorean and Madeiran distribution.
Typus: Hypno lindebergii-Cicendietum filiformis Allorge 1922.
Characteristic species: Cicendia filiformis, Erygium
viviparum, Exaculum pusillum, Illecebrum verticillatum, Isolepis pseudosetacea, Kickxia cirrhosa,
Radiola linoides, Ranunculus longipes, Sedum maireanum, Trifolium ornithopodioides.
8.4.1. Arenario conimbricensis-Sedetum maireani
Castro Antunes & J.C. Costa in Acta Bot.
Malacitana 36: 207-208, 2011
8.4.2. Anthemido nobilis-Menthetum pulegii Lüpnitz
1976
8.4.3. Holco gayani-Bryetum alpini Jansen in Jansen
& Sequeira 1999
8.4.4. Hyperico humifusi-Cicendietum filiformis Rivas Goday (1964) 1971
8.4.5. Illecebro verticillatae-Lotetum parviflorae J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Lousã, Espírito Santo & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit.
11(2): 255, 2003
8.4.6. Isoeto-Cicendietum Br.-Bl. 1967
8.4.7. Jonopsidio abulensis-Sedetum maireani Aguiar,
Monteiro-Henriques & Sánchez-Mata in Lazaroa 33: 2012
[Jonopsidio abulensis-Sedetum maireani Aguiar
2001 nom. inval. (art.1)]
8.4.8. Periballio laevis-Illecebretum verticillati Rivas Goday 1954
8b. NANOCYPERETALIA Klika 1935
Late summer and autumn flowering communities on
flooded biotopes.
Typus: Nanocyperion flavescentis Koch ex Libbert
1932 (8.5.).
Characteristic species: Cyperus flavescens (Pycreus flavescens), Cyperus michelianus, Elatine triandra, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Lythrum tribracteatum, Physcomitrium pyriforme, Pseudognaphalium luteo-album,
Riccia crystallina.
8.5. Nanocyperion flavescentis Koch ex Libbert 1932
Dwarf graminoid, acidophilous, freshwater communities.
Typus: Elatino alsinastri-Juncetum tenageiae Libbert
ex W. Fischer 1973.
Characteristic species: Centaurium chloodes, Cyperus
fuscus, Elatine alsinastrum, Isolepis cernua, Isolepis setacea, Ludwigia palustris.
8.5.1. Gnaphalio-Isolepidetum pseudosetacei Rivas
Goday 1970
8.5.2. Gnaphalio uliginosi-Spergularietum capillaceae L. Herrero, M.E. Garcia, T.E. Díaz, Penas & F. Salegui 2002
8.5.3. Ludwigio palustris-Cyperetum micheliani Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés
1980
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
8.6. Verbenion supinae Slavnic 1951
[Heleochloion schoenoidis Br.-Bl. ex Rivas Goday
1956 in Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 13: 366, typus
(lecto, hoc loco): Heleochloo schoenoidis-Fimbristyletum dichotomae Br.-Bl. & Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday
1956, lc., pag 367, tb. 11, vol 4]
Brackish to oligohaline water communities.
Typus: Heliotropio supini-Verbenetum supinae Slavnic 1951.
Characteristic species: Blackstonia imperfoliata, Crypsis aculeata, Crypsis alopecuroides, Crypsis schoenoides, Glinus lotoides, Fimbristylis bisumbellata,
Heliotropium supinum, Verbena supina.
8.6.1. Crypsio schoenoidis-Fimbristyletum bisumbellatae Br.-Bl. & Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday
1956 corr. Brullo & Minisale 1998 nom. mut.
[Heleochloo schoenoidis-Fimbristyletum bisumbellatae Br.-Bl. & Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday 1956
corr. Brullo & Minisale 1998, Heleochloo schoenoidis-Fimbristyletum dichotomae Br.-Bl. & Rivas
Goday in Rivas Goday 1956]
8.6.2. Cypero micheliani-Heleochloetum alopecuroidis Rivas Goday & E. Valdés in Rivas Goday 1970
8.6.3. Damasonio bourgaei-Crypsietum aculeatae Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 corr. V. Silva & J.C. Costa hoc loco
[Damasonio alismatis-Crypsietum aculeatae RivasMartínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980]
8.6.4. Glino lotoidis-Verbenetum supinae Rivas Goday 1964
8.6.5. Heliotropio supini-Crypsietum schoenoides Rivas Goday 1955
8.6.6. Verbeno supinae-Gnaphalietum Rivas Goday
1970
IIb. VEGETATION OF LAKES, SPRINGS, FENS AND BOGS
9. LITTORELLETEA UNIFLORAE Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex
Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946
[Isoeto-Littorelletea Br.-Bl. & Vlieger In Vlieger 1937
(art. 35)]
Holarctic vegetation of dwarf helophyte amphibious
oligotrophic communities, in shores of dystrophic lakes
and clearings of disturbed peat-bogs and fens, of nutrient-poor standing or slow-flowing waters.
Typus: Littorelletalia uniflorae Koch ex Tüxen 1937 (9a.).
9a. LITTORELLETALIA UNIFLORAE Koch ex Tüxen 1937
Single order in Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Littorellion uniflorae Koch ex Tüxen 1937 (9.1.).
Characteristic species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus bulbosus, Littorella uniflora, Marsilea quadrifolia, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Sparganium angustifolium, Veronica scutellata.
9.1. Littorellion uniflorae Koch ex Tüxen 1937
Amphibious vegetation of nutrient-poor deep standing
water. Distribution: Atlantic and Orocantabrian and
Mediterranean West Iberian high mountains.
7
Typus: Isoeto lacustris-Lobelietum dortmannae Tüxen
1937.
Characteristic species: Antinoria agrostidea var. natans, Isoetes azorica, Ranunculus ololeucos.
9.1.1. Isoetetum azoricae Lüpnitz 1976
9.1.2. Sparganio angustifolii-Isoetetum lereschi Rivas-Martínez 1964 corr. Rivas-Martínez &
Prada in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Izco & Sáenz
1982
9.2 Eleocharition multicaulis Vanden Berghen 1969
Atlantic and Mediterranean West Iberian communities
in river beds and banks of ponds, subjected to periodic
submersion by shallow meso-oligotrophic waters.
Typus: Eleocharitetum multicaulis Allorge 1922 ex
Tüxen 1937 (9.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Apium inundatum, Baldellia
alpestris, Baldellia ranunculoides, Eleocharis multicaulis, Eleogiton fluitans, Hypericum elodes, Juncus emmanuelis, Juncus heterophyllus, Myosotis lusitanica, Pilularia globulifera, Rhynchospora modesti-lucennoi.
9.2.1. Eleocharitetum multicaulis Allorge 1922 ex
Tüxen 1937
9.2.2. Fontinali antypireticae-Ranunculetum ololeuci Br.-Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952
nom. mut.
[Fontinali antypireticae-Ranunculetum lusitanici
Br.-Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952]
9.2.3. Hyperico elodis-Potametum oblongi (Allorge
1926) Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952
9.2.4. Hyperico elodis-Rhynchosporetum modestilucennoi Neto, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã in
Neto 1997 corr. Neto, Capelo, J.C. Costa &
Lousã hoc loco (fig. 2, page 103)
[Hyperico elodis-Rhynchosporetum rugosae Neto,
Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã in Neto 1997]
9.2.5. Hyperico elodis-Scirpetum fluitantis Rivas
Goday 1964
9.2.6. Junco emmanuelis-Eleocharitetum multicaulis
Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez,
Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
9.2.7. Ludwigio palustris-Potametum polygonifolii
Peinado & A. Velasco in Peinado, Moreno &
A. Velasco 1983
9.2.8. Scirpo fluitantis-Juncetum heterophylli RivasMartínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa,
Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
9.3. Eleocharition acicularis Pietsch ex Diersen 1975
Continental floating communities on loamy substrates.
Typus: Littorello uniflorae- Eleocharitetum acicularis
Chouard 1924.
Characteristic species: Elatine hexandra, Eleocharis
acicularis.
9.3.1. Community of Eleocharis acicularis
8
J.C. Costa & al.
10. MONTIO FONTANAE-CARDAMINETEA AMARAE Br.-Bl.
& Tüxen ex Br.-Bl. 1948
Holarctic cold-water mountain spring communities,
dominated by bryophytes and evergreen soft helophyte
phanerogams.
Typus: Montio fontanae-Cardaminetalia amarae Pawłowski in Pawłowski, Sokołowski & Wallisch 1928
(10a.).
10a. MONTIO FONTANAE-CARDAMINETALIA AMARAE Pawłowski in Pawłowski, Sokołowski & Wallisch
1928
Single order in Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Cardamino amarae-Montion fontanae Br.-Bl.
1926 (10.1.).
Characteristic species: Brachythecium rivulare, Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Epilobium anagallidifolium,
Epilobium obscurum, Hygrohypnum luridum, Marsupella emarginata, Montia fontana subsp. amporitana, Nardia compressa, Pellia epiphylla, Philonotis
fontana, Pohlia wahlenbergii, Scapania undulata,
Stellaria alsine, Trichocolea tomentella.
10.1. Cardamino amarae-Montion fontanae Br.-Bl.
1926
Oro to cryorotemperate cold springs vegetation of
base-poor water. Alpine-Pyrenean distribution with
Orocantabrian and Estrelensean disjunctions.
Typus: Montio fontanae-Bryetum schleicheri Büker &
Tüxen in Büker 1942.
Characteristic species: Bryum schleicheri, Caltha palustris subsp. minor, Philonotis seriata, Philonotis
tomentella.
10.1.1. Stellario alsines-Saxifragetum alpigenae Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
10.2. Caricion remotae Kästner 1941
Meso to supratemperate helophytic phanerogams
communities in oligotrophic cold soft running waters.
Typus: Caricetum remotae Kästner 1941.
Characteristic species: Cardamine flexuosa, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Sibthorpia europaea.
10.2.1. Cardamino flexuosae-Chrysosplenietum oppositifolii O. Bolòs 1979
10.2.2. Sagino procumbentis-Sibthorpietum europaeae Honrado, P. Alves & B. Caldas in Lazaroa 24: 34, 2003
10.2.3. Saxifragetum lepismigenae Rivas-Martínez,
T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
10.2.4. Stellario uliginosae-Montietum variabilis Foucault 1981
10.3. Myosotidion stoloniferae Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
Oroiberian, Carpetan-Leonese, Estrelensean and Western Orocantabrian oligotrophic sprigs communities.
Typus: Myosotidetum stoloniferae Br.-Bl., P. Silva,
Rozeira & Fontes 1952 (10.3.1.).
Characteristic
species:
Myosotis
stolonifera,
Veronica langei.
10.3.1. Myosotidetum stoloniferae Br.-Bl., P. Silva,
Rozeira & Fontes 1952
10.4. Ranunculion omiophyllo-hederacei Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González, Sánchez-Mata, Pizarro & Sardinero 2002
Muddy slow flowing cold springs communities, dominated by rooted stoloniferous helophyte ranunculids. Atlantic and Mediterranean West Iberian distribution.
Typus: Montio amporitanae-Ranunculetum hederacei
Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González, Sánchez-Mata, Pizarro & Sardinero 2002 (10.4.1.).
Characteristic species: Ranunculus hederaceus, Ranunculus omiophyllus.
10.4.1. Montio amporitanae-Ranunculetum hederacei
Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González, SánchezMata, Pizarro & Sardinero 2002
10.4.2. Myosotido stoloniferae-Ranunculetum omiophylli Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González,
Sánchez-Mata, Pizarro & Sardinero 2002
10.4.3. Ranunculetum omiophylli Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex
Pizarro 1995
11. MAGNOCARICI ELATAE-PHRAGMITETEA
Klika in Klika & Novák 1941 nom. inv.
AUSTRALIS
[Phragmito-Magnocaricetea Klika in Klika & Novák 1941]
Swampy, fenny, lacustrine and riparian helophyte vegetation, dominated by perennial graminoids, sedges, forbs
and herbs of fresh and brackish waters. Cosmopolitan
distribution.
Typus: Phragmitetalia australis Koch 1926 (11a.).
Characteristic species: Alisma plantago-aquatica, Butomus umbellatus, Carex pseudocyperus, Eleocharis
palustris subsp. vulgaris, Glyceria fluitans, Gratiola
linifolia, Lycopus europaeus, Lythrum salicaria, Oenanthe fistulosa, Phragmites australis, Rorippa amphibia, Schoenoplectus pungens, Sparganium erectum
subsp. erectum, Veronica anagallis-aquatica.
11a. PHRAGMITETALIA AUSTRALIS Koch 1926
Tall fresh water tall-graminoid or long-blade helophyte
communities. Distribution cosmopolitan.
Typus: Phragmition australis Koch 1926 (11.1.).
Characteristic species: Iris pseudacorus, Mentha aquatica, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Schoenoplectus lacustris,
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Typha domingensis.
11.1. Phragmition australis Koch 1926
Single alliance in Europe.
Typus: Schoenoplecto-Phragmitetum australis Koch
1926.
Characteristic species: Sparganium emersum, Typha
latifolia.
11.1a. Phragmitenion australis (Koch 1926) RivasMartínez in in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
Tall graminoid, long-blade communities sensitive to
long dry periods.
Typus: Schoenoplecto-Phragmitetum australis Koch
1926.
Characteristic species: Typha angustifolia.
11.1.1. Altheo officinalis-Butometum umbellati (Peinado & Esteves 1982) Rivas-Martínez & Peinado in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 183, 2011
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
11.1.2. Typho angustifoliae-Phragmitetum australis
(Tüxen & Preising 1942) Rivas-Martínez,
Báscones, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González &
Loidi 1991
11.1.3. Typho-Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani
Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958 nom. mut.
[Typho-Schoenoplectetum glauci Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958]
11.1b. Bolboschoenion maritimi Rivas-Martínez in
Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & ValdésBermejo 1980 nom. mut.
[Scirpenion maritimi Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980]
Medium to tall graminoid rush-like communities resistant to long desiccation periods.
Typus: Phragmito australis-Bolboschoenetum maritimi (Tüxen 1937) Rivas-Martínez in Itinera Geobot.
18(1): 183, 2011 (11.1.4.).
Characteristic species: Bolboschoenus maritimus var.
maritimus.
11.1.4. Phragmito australis-Bolboschoenetum maritimi (Tüxen 1937) Rivas-Martínez in Itinera
Geobot. 18(1): 183, 2011
[Scirpetum maritimi Christiansen ex Tüxen 1937
non Eggler 1931]
11b. NASTURTIO-GLYCERIETALIA Pignatti 1953
Pioneer short rhizomatous herbs and graminoids communities of fresh water streams and pools with variable
water level.
Typus: Glycerio fluitantis-Sparganion neglecti Br.-Bl.
& Sissingh in Boer 1942 (11.2.).
Characteristic species: Alisma lanceolatum.
11.2. Glycerio fluitantis-Sparganion neglecti Br.-Bl.
& Sissingh in Boer 1942
Helophyte associations of eutrophic environments,
occurring in low to medium kinetic energy water
(stagnant water or weak current). Related to deep water-level fluctuations, and generally emerged during
the summer period (although with strong soil moisture). European and North African distribution.
Typus: Glycerio fluitantis-Sparganietum neglecti Koch
1926.
Characteristic species: Antinoria agrostidea var. Agrostidea, Eleocharis palustris subsp. palustris, Myosotis
caespitosa, Oenanthe globulosa, Ranunculus ophioglossifolius, Sparganium erectum subsp. neglectum.
11.2a. Glycerio fluitantis-Sparganienion neglecti
(Br.-Bl. & Sissingh in Boer 1942) J.A. Molina
1996
Deep water level communities, with only occasional
desiccation.
Typus: Glycerio fluitantis-Sparganietum neglecti Koch
1926.
Characteristic species: Sparganium erectum subsp.
microcarpum.
11.2.1. Alismato plantaginis-aquaticae-Sparganietum
microcarpi J.A. Molina 1996
11.2.2. Rorippo microphyllae-Sparganietum erecti J.A.
Molina 1996
9
11.2b. Glycerienion fluitantis (Géhu & Géhu-Franck
1987) J.A. Molina 1996
Communities from pools and slow flowing shallow
waters with desiccation periods.
Typus: Glycerietum fluitantis Wizek 1935.
Characteristic species: Glyceria declinata, Glyceria
spicata.
11.2.3. Caro verticillati-Glycerietum fluitantis J.A.
Molina 1996
11.2.4. Glycerio declinatae-Eleocharitetum palustris
Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez,
Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
[Glycerio declinatae-Antinorietum agrostideae Rivas Goday 1964 corr. J.A. Molina 1996]
11.2c. Phalaridenion arundinaceae (Kopecki 1961)
J.A. Molina 1996
Communities of streams with long periods of runoff.
Typus: Phalaridetum arundinaceae Libbert 1931.
Characteristic species: Oenanthe crocata, Phalaris
arundinacea.
11.2.5. Glycerio declinatae-Oenanthetum crocatae
Rivas-Martínez, Belmonte, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata in Sánchez-Mata 1989
11.2.6. Oenantho crocatae-Phalaridetum arundinaceae J.A. Molina 1996
11.3. Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici Géhu & GéhuFranck 1987 nom. mut.
[Nasturtion officinalis Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1987]
Prostrate communities of nutrient-rich waters.
Typus: Helosciadietum nodiflori Maire 1924 (11.3.3.).
Characteristic species: Apium nodiflorum, Apium repens, Berula erecta, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum,
Veronica beccabunga, Veronica catenata.
11.3.1. Glycerio declinatae-Apietum nodiflori J.A.
Molina 1996
11.3.2. Glycerio declinatae-Apietum repentis J.A.
Molina 1996
11.3.3. Helosciadietum nodiflori Maire 1924
11.3.4. Rumicetum azoricae Lüpnitz 1976
11c. MAGNOCARICETALIA Pignatti 1954
Tall sedge (Cyperaceae) communities of freshwaters.
Typus: Magnocaricion elatae Koch 1926 (11.4.).
Characteristic species: Cladium mariscus, Galium
elongatum, Galium palustre.
11.4. Magnocaricion elatae Koch 1926
Swamp, lake and riverside communities on mesotrophic peaty soils. Eurosiberian and Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Caricetum elatae Koch 1926.
Characteristic species: Althea officinalis, Carex acuta,
Carex elata subsp. elata, Carex hispida, Carex riparia, Cyperus longus subsp. longus, Gratiola officinalis, Polygonum salicifolium.
11.4.1. Cladietum marisci Zobrist 1935
11.4.2. Irido-Polygonetum salicifolii O. Bolòs 1957
10
J.C. Costa & al.
11.5. Caricion reuterianae (Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata) J.A. Molina 1996
nom. mut.
[Caricion broterianae (Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata) J.A. Molina 1996]
Riverine Mediterranean West Iberian communities, on
meso-oligotrophic soils.
Typus: Galio broteriani-Caricetum reuterianae Rivas-Martínez ex V. Fuente 1986 nom. mut (11.5.2.).
Characteristic species: Carex paniculata subsp. lusitanica, Carex elata subsp. reuteriana, Carex elata
subsp. tartesiana, Galium broterianum, Holcus
reuteri.
11.5.1. Caricetum pseudocypero-lusitanicae RivasMartínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa,
Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 (fig.1, page 103)
11.5.2. Galio broteriani-Caricetum reuterianae Rivas-Martínez ex V. Fuente 1986 nom. mut.
[Galio broteriani-Caricetum broterianae RivasMartínez ex V. Fuente 1986]
11.5.3. Galio palustris-Caricetum lusitanicae RivasMartínez, Belmonte & Sánchez-Mata in Sánchez-Mata 1989
11.5.4. Irido pseudacori-Caricetum lusitanicae Bellot ex T.E. Díaz & F. Prieto 1994
11.6. Deschampsion argenteae Capelo, J.C. Costa,
Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Madeiran communities of waterfalls and walls with
slow dripping or laminar water.
Typus: Deschampsietum argenteae Sjögren ex Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez 2000 (11.6.1.).
Characteristic species: Asterella africana, Deschampsia argentea, Oenanthe divaricata, Peucedanum
lowei.
11.6.1. Deschampsietum argenteae Sjögren ex Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
11.6.2. Peucedano lowei-Oenanthetum divaricatae
Foucault 2000
11d. BOLBOSCHOENETALIA COMPACTI Dahl & Hadač
1941 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo &
E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut.
[Scirpetalia compacti Dahl & Hadač 1941 corr. RivasMartínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980]
Holarctic communities of sedges and graminoids in
brackish water.
Typus: Bolboschoenion compacti Dahl & Hadač 1941
corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés
1980 nom. mut. (11.7.).
Characteristic species: Bolboschoenus maritimus var.
compactus.
11.7. Bolboschoenion compacti Dahl & Hadač 1941
corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E.
Valdés 1980 nom. mut.
[Scirpion compacti Dahl & Hadač 1941 corr. RivasMartínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980]
Eurosiberian and Mediterranean saltwater communities.
Typus: Bolboschoenetum compacti Van Langendock
1931 corr. Bueno & F. Prieto in Bueno 1997 nom.
mut. (11.7.1.).
Characteristic species: Schoenoplectus litoralis.
11.7.1. Bolboschoenetum compacti Van Langendock
1931 corr. Bueno & F. Prieto in Bueno 1997
nom. mut. (fig. 3, page 103)
[Scirpetum compacti Van Langendock 1931 corr.
Bueno & F. Prieto in Bueno 1997]
11.7.2. Bolboschoeno compacti-Phragmitetum australis Bueno & F. Prieto in Bueno 1997 nom.
mut.
[Scirpo compacti-Phragmitetum australis Bueno &
F. Prieto in Bueno 1997]
11.7.3. Bolboschoeno compacti-Scirpetum litoralis
(Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952)
O. Bolòs 1962 nom. mut.
[Scirpetum compacto-litoralis (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.,
Roussine & Nègre 1952) O. Bolòs 1962 corr. RivasMartínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980]
11.7.4. Bolboschoeno compacti-Scirpetum tabernaemontani Bueno & F. Prieto in Bueno 1997
nom. mut.
[Scirpetum compacto-tabernaemontani Bueno &
F. Prieto in Bueno 1997]
11.7.5. Scirpetum pungentis (Corillion 1950) Vanden Berghen 1967
12. OXYCOCCO-SPHAGNETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946
Ombrogenous or aquatic communities of blanket bogs,
with peat dominated by Sphagnum spp. and heath, and a
water level higher in the centre than in the margins. Dominated by mosses, several small sedges and Ericaceae
forming dystrophic hydromorphic organic soils. Cosmopolitan distribution, except in warm tropical and Mediterranean areas.
Typus: Sphagnetalia magellanici Käster & Flössner 1933.
Characteristic species: Drosera rotundifolia, Sphagnum
centrale, Sphagnum papillosum.
12a. SPHAGNO PAPILLOSI-ERICETALIA TETRALICIS Schwickerath 1941 nom. inv.
[Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi Schwickerath
1941]
Communities of Atlantic raised and transitional bogs,
very acidic, hyperoceanic and euoceanic, mostly ombrotrophic, subject to annual fluctuations of flooding.
Distribution: Atlantic-European with subatlantic and
Mediterranean West Iberian disjunctions, in thermotemperate to lower orotemperate humid to hyperhumid
bioclimate.
Typus: Ericion tetralicis Schwickerath 1933 (12.1.).
Characteristic species: Aulacomnium palustris, Cephalozia connivens, Erica tetralix, Gymnocolea inflata,
Sphagnum angustifolium, Sphagnum capillifolium,
Sphagnum compactum, Sphagnum molle, Sphagnum
rubellum, Sphagnum russowii, Sphagnum subnitens,
Sphagnum subsecundum var. subsecundum, Sphagnum tenellum.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
12.1. Ericion tetralicis Schwickerath 1933
European-Atlantic and subatlantic oceanic communities in cold climate, subject to annual fluctuations in
flooding. Occurrence in wet heathlands where thick
peat leads to increased dryness, due to the remoteness
of the groundwater table, although may be covered by
water during the winter. This vegetation stands for
advanced stages of succession of Atlantic peatlands,
therefore being transitional to the hygrophyte heathlands.
Typus: Ericetum tetralicis Allorge ex Jonas 1932.
12.1a. Ericenion tetralicis
Transition acid bogs with thickets of Erica tetralix
and Calluna vulgaris installed in a moss layer of
Sphagnum spp. Distribution: European-Atlantic, subatlantic, Pyrenean and Mediterranean West Iberian, in
meso-supratemperate, humid to hyperhumid bioclimate.
Typus: Ericetum tetralicis Allorge ex Jonas 1932.
12.1.1. Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetum capillifolii Tourffet 1969 em. M. Herrera 1995
12.1.2. Tetralico-Narthecietum ossifragi Br.-Bl. 1967
12.1b. Trichophorenion germanici Rivas-Martínez,
T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
Bogs with continuous heath cover on fossil peats,
subjected to a drying season at least in the upper soil
horizons. Distribution Orocantabrian, Carpetan and
European-Atlantic, in meso-orotemperate hyperhumid
to ultrahyperhumid bioclimate.
Typus: Erico tetralicis-Trichophoretum germanici Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas
1984 (12.1.4.).
Characteristic species: Narthecium ossifragum, Trichophorum caespitosum subsp. germanicum.
12.1.3. Calluno vulgaris-Sphagnetum capillifolii F.
Prieto, M.C. Fernández & Collado 1987
12.1.4. Erico tetralicis-Trichophoretum germanici Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi &
Penas 1984
12.1.5. Junco squarrosi-Sphagnetum compacti Br.Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952
12.1.6. Narthecio ossifragi-Sphagnetum tenelli F.
Prieto, M.C. Fernández & Collado 1987
13. SCHEUCHZERIO PALUSTRIS-CARICETEA NIGRAE Tüxen
1937 nom. mut.
[Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae Tüxen 1937]
Mire, fen and bog communities of small sedges and
bryophytes of Holarctic cold territories. Communities
colonizing peaty or mineral oligotrophic to mesotrophic
soils.
Typus: Caricetalia nigrae Koch 1926 em. Br.-Bl. 1948
nom. mut.
Characteristic species: Carex lepidocarpa, Carex nigra,
Menyanthes trifoliata, Parnassia palustris, Pedicularis
palustris subsp. palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Salix
repens, Spiranthes aestivalis, Sphagnum inundatum,
Sphagnum platyphyllum, Warnstorfia exammulata.
11
13a. SCHEUCHZERIETALIA PALUSTRIS Nordhagen 1936
Pioneer moss communities in oligo-dystrophic peats,
which colonize ponds and soil depressions.
Typus: Scheuchzerion palustris Nordhagen ex Tüxen
1937.
13.1. Rhynchosporion albae Koch 1926
Single alliance in Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Rhynchosporetum albae Koch 1926.
Characteristic species: Drosera intermedia, Lycopodiella inundata, Rhynchospora alba, Sphagnum cuspidatum.
13.1.1. Eleocharito multicaulis-Rhynchosporetum albae C. Valle & F. Navarro ex Rivas-Martínez
2002
13b. CARICETALIA NIGRAE Koch 1926 em. Br.-Bl. 1948
nom. mut.
[Caricetalia fuscae Koch 1926]
Communities of Holarctic oligotrophic peats and mineral peaty soils.
Typus: Caricion nigrae Koch 1926 em. Klika 1934
nom. mut. (13.2.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis canina subsp. canina,
Carex echinata, Epilobium palustre, Eriophorum angustifolium, Sphagnum flexuosum, Viola palustris
subsp. palustris.
13.2. Caricion nigrae Koch 1926 em. Klika 1934
nom. mut.
[Caricion fuscae Koch 1926]
Mires of high mountains, boreal and alpine, above the
orotemperate belt, although they can occur sometimes
in the oro-submediterranean Iberian Central System.
Typus: Caricetum (goodenowii) nigrae Br.-Bl. 1915
nom. mut.
Characteristic species: Carex demissa, Viola palustris
subsp. juressi.
13.2.1. Caricetum echinato-nigrae (Rivas-Martínez
1964) 2002 (fig.4, page 103)
[Caricetum carpetanae Rivas-Martínez 1963]
13.3. Anagallido tenellae-Juncion bulbosi Br.-Bl. 1967
Atlantic pioneer communities of oligotrophic flat bogs
with poor drainage, in thermo-mesotemperate, oceanic
and rainy bioclimate. Cantabrian-Atlantic and Sadensean-Dividing Portuguese distribution.
Typus: Anagallido tenellae-Juncetum bulbosi Br.-Bl.
1967 (13.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis hesperica, Anagallis
tenella, Arnica montana subsp. atlantica, Carex trinervis, Carex viridula subsp. cedercreutzii, Pinguicula lusitanica, Scutellaria minor, Wahlenbergia
hederacea.
13.3.1. Anagallido tenellae-Juncetum bulbosi Br.-Bl.
1967
13.3.2. Arnicetum atlanticae Bellot 1968
13.3.3. Eleocharito multicaulis-Caricetum cedercreuttzii F. Prieto & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar &
Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 111. 2012
13.3.4. Sibthorpio europaea-Pinguiculetum lusitanicae Ladero & A. Velasco in A. Veslaco 1980
12
J.C. Costa & al.
14. UTRICULARIETEA INTERMEDIO-MINORIS Pietsch 1965
Holarctic dystrophic and oligotrophic floating Utricularia communities, growing in small boggy pools in mesoto orotemperate oceanic bioclimate.
Typus: Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris Pietsch 1965
(14a.).
14a. UTRICULARIETALIA INTERMEDIO-MINORIS Pietsch 1965
Single order in Portugal.
Typus: Sphagno-Utricularion Müller & Görs 1960 (14.1.).
14.1. Sphagno-Utricularion Müller & Görs 1960
Single alliance in Portugal.
Typus: Sphagno minoris-Utricularietum intermediae
Br.-Bl. 1937.
Characteristic species: Sphagnum auriculatum.
14.1.1. Utriculario exoletae-Sphagnetum auriculati
Neto, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã 1996 (fig. 5,
page 104)
III. COASTAL HALOPHILOUS AND SAND DUNE VEGETATION
IIIA. VEGETATION OF COASTAL DUNES
Mediterranean and Cantabrian distribution, reaching
the coasts of the Basque Country.
Typus: Loto cretici-Ammophiletum arundinaceae Rivas-Martínez 1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz,
Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas
2002 nom. mut. (15.1.1.)
Characteristic species: Ammophila arenaria subsp.
arundinacea.
15.1.1. Loto cretici-Ammophiletum arundinaceae Rivas-Martínez 1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi,
Lousã & Penas 2002 nom. mut. prop. (fig 6)
[Loto cretici-Ammophiletum australis Rivas-Martínez 1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002]
15.1.2. Otantho maritimi-Ammophiletum arundinaceae Géhu & Tüxen 1975 (fig. 7, page 104)
[Agropyro junceiformis-Otanthetum ammophiletosum arenariae Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva in J.
& G. Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva 1972]
15.2. Honckenyo peploidis-Elytrigion boreoatlanticae Tüxen in Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952 nom. invers.
et nom. mut.
15. EUPHORBIO PARALIAE-AMMOPHILETEA ARUNDINACEAE Géhu & Rivas-Martínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(1):
191-192, 2011 nom. mut.
[Agropyro-Minuartion peploidis Tüxen in Br.-Bl. &
Tüxen 1952 (art. 45); Agropyrion junceiformis Géhu,
Rivas-Martínez & Tüxen ex Loriente 1978 (art. 29a)]
[Ammophiletea arenariae sensu auct. non Br.-Bl. & Tüxen
ex Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946; Euphorbio paraliaeAmmophiletea australis Géhu & Rivas-Martínez in Itinera
Geobot. 18(1): 191-192, 2011]
Pioneer communities of the embryonic dunes of the
Atlantic and Mediterranean beaches (external flat
coastal dunes). Subject to the mechanical action of the
waves during high tides and storms, the constant mobility of sands and a high salinity of the substrate and
air.
Typus: Euphorbio paraliae-Elytrigietum boreoatlanticae Tüxen in Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952 nom. mut.
(15.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Elytrigia juncea subsp. juncea
(dif. al.).
15.2a. Honckenyo peploidis-Elytrigienion boreoatlanticae (Tüxen in Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952) RivasMartínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(2): 448, 2011
Pioneer perennial rhizomatous grass and chamaephyte
coastal dune vegetation of the Mediterranean and the
Atlantic coasts. Colonizes biotopes characterized by
constant wind action, moderate salinity of the soil and
air, mobility of sands and oligotrophic substrate.
Typus: Ammophiletalia arundinaceae Br.-Bl. 1933 (15a).
Characteristic species: Anthemis maritima, Cyperus
capitatus, Euphorbia paralias, Euphorbia portlandica,
Lotus creticus, Medicago marina, Pancratium maritimum, Polygonum maritimum.
15a. AMMOPHILETALIA ARUNDINACEAE Br.-Bl. 1933
Mobile fore-dune (withe dunes) vegetation (internal high
coastal dunes).
Typus: Ammophilion arundinaceae Br.-Bl. 1921 (15.1.).
Characteristic species: Calystegia soldanella, Eryngium
maritimum, Otanthus maritimus.
15.1. Ammophilion arundinaceae Br.-Bl. 1921
Communities of mobile dunes dominated by Ammophila arenaria subsp. arundinacea (sand-fixing species). Colonizers of western Atlantic coasts of Europe
and North Africa (to Cape Mogador, Morocco) and
Mediterranean.
Typus: Medicagini marinae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae Br.-Bl. 1921.
15.1a. Ammophilenion arundinaceae Rivas-Martínez,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002 num. mut. prop.
[Ammophilenion australis Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz,
Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas
2002]
[Agropyrenion junceiformis (Géhu, Rivas-Martínez
& Tüxen ex Loriente 1978) Rivas-Martínez, Costa
Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 (art. 5,8)]
Vegetation of the Atlantic beaches from the Baltic to
western coasts of northern Morocco.
Typus: Euphorbio paraliae-Elytrigietum boreoatlanticae Tüxen in Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952 nom. mut.
(15.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Elytrigia juncea subsp. boreoatlantica, Elytrigia juncea subsp. juncea (ter.), Honckenya peploides.
15.2.1. Euphorbio paraliae-Elytrigietum boreoatlanticae Tüxen in Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952 nom.
mut. (fig.7, page 104)
[Euphorbio paraliae-Agropyretum juncei Tüxen in
Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952; Eryngio maritimae-Honckenyetum peploidis Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva in
J. & G. Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva 1972 (syntax.
syn.), Agropyro junceiformis-Otanthetum agropyro-crucianelletosum Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva in
J. & G. Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva 1972]
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
15.2.2. Elytrigietum junceo-boreoatlanticae J.C. Costa, Neto, Lousã, Capelo & Rivas-Martínez in
Silva Lusit. 13 (1): 136-137, 2005 (fig. 6,
page 104)
15.3. Sporobolion arenarii (Géhu & Géhu-Franck ex
Géhu & Biondi 1994) Rivas-Martínez & Cantó
2002
Mediterranean communities dominated by Sporobolus
arenarius that develop in coastal dunes slightly mobile, and sometimes changed in dune depressions that
are inundated by salt water during spring tides and
storms.
Typus: Eryngio maritimae-Sporoboletum arenarii Rivas-Martínez & Cantó 2002.
Characteristic species: Centaurea sphaerocephala var.
polyacantha, Sporobolus arenarius.
15.3.1. Sporoboletum arenarii Rothmaler 1943 (fig. 8,
page 104)
15b. CRUCIANELLETALIA MARITIMAE Sissingh 1974
Coastal dune communities composed of by chamaephytes (grey hind-dunes). Distribution Mediterranean,
Galician-Portuguese, Cantabrian-Basque and Aquitanian.
Typus: Crucianellion maritimae Rivas Goday & RivasMartínez 1958.
Characteristic species: Aetheorhiza bulbosa subsp. bulbosa, Crucianella maritima, Leontodon taraxacoides
subsp. taraxacoides, Malcolmia littorea, Matthiola
sinuata, Ononis ramosissima, Scrophularia frutescens, Seseli tortuosum.
15.4. Helichrysion picardii (Rivas-Martínez, Costa &
Izco in Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990) ex RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
[Helichrysenion picardii Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Izco
in Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990; Linario-Vulpion alopecuroidis Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva in J. & G. Br.-Bl.,
Rozeira & P. Silva 1972 p.p. (art. 37)]
Cantabrian-Basque, Galician-Portuguese and Coastal
Lusitanian-Andalusian dune communities.
Typus: Artemisio crithmifoliae-Armerietum pungentis
Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1958 (15.4.2.).
Characteristic species: Armeria pungens, Armeria
welwitschii subsp. welwitschii, Artemisia crithmifolia, Coincya johnstonii, Euphorbia boetica, Helichrysum picardii, Iberis procumbens, Jasione lusitanica, Linaria lamarckii, Linaria polygalifolia,
Thymus carnosus.
15.4.1. Armerio welwitschii-Crucianelletum maritimae J. & G. Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva 1972
15.4.2. Artemisio crithmifoliae-Armerietum pungentis Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1958
(fig.9, page 104)
15.4.3. Iberidetum procumbentis Bellot 1996
16. CAKILETEA MARITIMAE Tüxen & Preising in Tüxen
1950
Pioneer halo-nitrophilous annual forb communities of
strandlines, beaches and coastal sand dunes. Often colonizers of the sandy beaches in the area of high accumulation of organic debris transported by sea. Distribution
Holarctic.
13
Typus: Cakiletalia integrifoliae Tüxen ex Oberdorfer
1950 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Loidi 1992 (16a.).
Characteristic species: Atriplex prostrata (dif.), Beta
maritima var. maritima, Cakile edentula, Chamaesyce
peplis, Glaucium flavum, Salsola kali subsp. kali.
16a. CAKILETALIA INTEGRIFOLIAE Tüxen ex Oberdorfer
1950 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Loidi 1992
Communities of nitrogen-rich environments on the
Baltic, European Atlantic and North African coasts.
Typus: Atriplicion littoralis Nordhagen 1940 (16.1.).
16.1. Atriplicion littoralis Nordhagen 1940
[Salsolo kali-Minuartion peploidis Tüxen 1950]
Communities of European Atlantic beaches, at north
of Cape Carvoeiro (Peniche).
Typus: Atriplicetum littoralis Feekes 1936 em. Westhoff & Beeftink 1950.
Characteristic species: Cakile maritima subsp. integrifolia.
16.1.1. Honckenyo-Euphorbietum peplis Tüxen ex
Géhu 1964
16.2. Cakilion maritimae Pignatti 1953
[Euphorbion peplis Tüxen 1950 (art. 8)]
Mediterranean communities that colonize the beaches
to the of Cape Carvoeiro.
Typus: Xanthio italici-Cakiletum maritimae.
Characteristic species: Cakile maritima subsp. maritima.
16.2.1. Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae Costa &
Mansanet 1981 nom. mut.
[Salsolo kali-Cakiletum aegyptiacae Costa & Mansanet 1981]
IIIb. COASTAL HALOPHILOUS VEGETATION
17. CRITHMO MARITIMI-LIMONIETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.,
Roussine & Nègre 1952 nom. mut.
[Crithmo-Staticetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre
1952]
Chasmophytic vegetation of sea-cliff’s leptosols, consisting of geophytes, hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes,
usually succulent, splashed by marine salt spray, subject
to strong edaphic dryness and a permanent influence of
sea winds laden with salt. Mediterranean and European
Atlantic distribution.
Typus: Crithmo maritimi-Limonietalia Molinier 1934
nom. mut. (17a.).
Characteristic species: Asteriscus maritimus, Crithmum
maritimum, Limonium virgatum, Plantago macrorhiza.
17a. CRITHMO MARITIMI-LIMONIETALIA Molinier 1934
nom. mut.
[Crithmo-Staticetalia Molinier 1934]
Communities of Mediterranean sea cliffs.
Typus: Crithmo maritimi-Limonion pseudominuti Molinier 1934 nom. mut.
17.1. Crithmo maritimi-Daucion halophili Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González &
J.C. Costa 1990
Thermomediterranean communities of Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian sea cliffs.
Typus: Limonietum emarginati Asensi 1984.
14
J.C. Costa & al.
Characteristic species: Armeria pseudarmeria, Armeria welwitschii subsp. cinerea, Armeria pungens
subsp. major, Carlina corymbosa var. major, Daucus halophilus, Dianthus cintranus, Dittrichia maritima, Helichrysum decumbens, Limonium laxiusculum, Limonium multiflorum, Limonium nydeggeri,
Limonium plurisquamatum, Plantago almogravensis, Plantago coronopus subsp. occidentalis, Silene
obtusifolia, Spergularia australis.
17.1.1. Dactylo marinae-Armerietum majoris Neto,
Capelo, Caraça & J.C. Costa 2001
17.1.2. Dactylo marinae-Limonietum plurisquamati
J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã & Espírito Santo
1998
17.1.3. Diantho cintrani-Daucetum halophili J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Lousã & Espírito Santo 1998
17.1.4. Dittrichietum maritimi J.C. Costa, Arsénio &
Neto in Neto, Arsénio & J.C. Costa in Quercetea 9: 88, 2009 (fig. 10, page 104)
17.1.5. Helianthemo stoechadifolii-Limonietum virgati J.C. Costa, Lousã & Capelo in Aguiar,
J.C. Costa, Capelo, Amado, Honrado, Espírito Santo & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 109,
2003
17.1.6. Limonietum multifloro-virgati J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã & Espírito Santo 1998 (fig. 11,
page 105)
17.1.7. Myriolimetum ferulacei Rothmaler 1943 nom.
mut.
[bas. Limonietum ferulacei Rothmaler 1943; Crithmo-Limonietum lanceolati Rivas-Martínez, Lousã,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990;
Crithmo maritimae-Limonietum ovalifolli RivasMartínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernánez-González &
J.C. Costa 1990 nom. mut. nom. inval. (art. 31)]
17.3. Frankenio-Astydamion latifoliae Santos 1976
Sea cliff communities of Canarias Islands that reach
the Selvagens Islands.
Typus: Frankenio-Astydamietum latifoliae Lohmeyer &
Trautmann 1970 (17.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Astydamia latifolia.
17.3.1. Frankenio-Astydamietum latifoliae Lohmeyer
& Trautmann 1970
17.4. Helichrysion obconico-devium Rivas-Martínez,
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim &
Sequeira 2002
Sea cliff communities of Madeira and Porto Santo.
Typus: Crithmo maritimi-Helichrysetum obconici Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira
& Rivas-Martínez 2000 (17.4.1.).
Characteristic species: Frankenia laevis var. hebecaulon, Helichrysum devium, Helichrysum obconicum, Limonium lowei, Lotus loweanus, Sinapidendron frutescens.
17.4.1. Crithmo maritimi-Helichrysetum obconici Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
17.4.2. Lotetum loweani Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo,
Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã in
Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 118, 2003
17.4.3. Limonietum lowei Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo,
Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã
corr. Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira
hoc loco
[Limonietum pyramidati Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo,
Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã in
Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 118, 2003 nom. inval. (art.31)]
Rocky and feebly aerohaline coastal communities,
thermomediterranean semi-arid to dry of Catalan-Provençal and Vincentine Promontory distribution.
Typus: Senecioni cinereae-Astragaletum tragacanthae
O. Bolòs & Vigo 1984 nom. mut.
Characteristic species: Astragalus tragacantha subsp.
vicentinus, Silene rothmaleri.
17.2.1. Dauco halophili-Astragaletum vicentini (Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález & J.C. Costa 1990) Rivas-Martínez,
Fernández-González & Loidi 2002 (fig. 12,
page 105)
17b. CRITHMO-ARMERIETALIA Géhu 1968
Atlantic chasmophytic aerohaline pioneer communities
of sea cliffs.
Typus: Crithmo maritimi-Armerion maritimae Géhu
1968 (17.5.).
17.5. Crithmo maritimi-Armerion maritimae ex Géhu & Géhu &Géhu -Frank 1984
British and Cantabrian-Atlantic associations, reaching
Portugal in the Berlengas archipelago.
Typus: Crithmo maritimi-Spergularietum rupicolae
(Roux & Lahondère 1960) Géhu 1964.
Characteristic species: Angelica pachycarpa, Anthyllis
vulneraria subsp. iberica, Armeria berlengensis,
Armeria maritima subsp. miscella, Armeria pubigera, Dactylis marina, Daucus gummifer, Silene uniflora, Spergularia rupicola, Sesamoides suffruticosa
subsp. latifolia, Trifolium occidentale.
17.5.1. Armerio miscellae-Festucetum littoralis Rivas-Martínez 1978
17.5.2. Crithmo maritimi-Armerietum pubigerae Rivas-Martínez 1978
17.5.3. Dauco gummiferi-Festucetum pruinosae Rivas-Martínez 1978
[Astragaletum vicentini Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990 nom
inval. (art. 31, 39); Astragaletum vicentinum Rothmaler 1943 p.p. nom. inval. (art. 37)]
[sin. Armerio pubigerae-Festucetum pruinosae
Honrado & Nepomuceno in Honrado, P. Alves,
Nepomuceno & B. Caldas in Silva Lusit. 10(2):
255-257, 2002]
17.1.8. Spergulario rupicolae-Limonietum virgatae
Neto, J.C. Costa, Capelo, Caraça & M.D. Pereira in Silva Lusit. 13 (1): 134, 2005
17.1.9. Community of Plantago almogravensis
17.2. Astragalion tragacanthae (Folch ex Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999) RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 2002
[Crithmo-Helichrysion Rothmaler 1943 nom. inval.
(art. 3f); Astragalenion massiliensis Folch ex RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999]
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
15
17.5.4. Spergulario rupicolae-Armerietum berlengensis Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã in J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Lousã & Espírito Santo 1998
18.1.2. Polygono equisetiformis-Juncetum maritimi
J.C. Costa in J.C. Costa, Lousã & Espírito
Santo 1997 (fig.14, page 105)
17.6. Euphorbio azoricae-Festucion petraeae Lüpnitz
1976
Communities of the Azores sea cliffs.
Typus: Festucetum petraeae Lüpnitz 1976 (17.6.2.).
Characteristic species: Azorina vidali, Daucus azoricus, Euphorbia azorica, Festuca petraea, Myosotis
maritima, Solidago sempervirens subsp. azorica,
Spergularia azorica.
17.6.1. Azorinetum vidalii Lüpnitz 1976 nom. mut.
(fig.. 13, page 105
18b. GLAUCO-PUCCINELLIETALIA Beeftink & Westhoff
in Beeftink 1962
Grass and rush halophilic or subhalophilic meadows,
temperate, continental or coastal, Cantabrian-Atlantic
and Central European distribution.
Typus: Puccinellion maritimae Christiansen in Führer
1927 nom. mut.
Characteristic species: Armeria maritima, Limonium
binervosum, Limonium vulgare, Puccinellia distans,
Puccinellia maritima.
18.2. Armerion maritimae Br.-Bl. & De Leew 1936
[Campanuletum vidalii Lüpnitz 1976]
17.6.2. Festucetum petraeae Lüpnitz 1976
17.6.3. Festuco petraeae-Juncetum acuti F. Prieto &
Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J.
Geobot. Res. 2: 112. 2012
17.6.4. Spergularietum azoricae Lüpnitz 1976
18. JUNCETEA MARITIMI Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine &
Nègre 1952
Halophilic vegetation mostly consisting of grasses and
rushes of sandy coasts, in estuaries and continental depressions on wet or inundated saltmarshes. Usually with
lower tolerance to salinity then Sarcocornietea fruticosae. Atlantic and Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Juncetalia maritimi Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine
& Nègre 1952 (18a.).
Characteristic species: Apium graveolens, Aster tripolium subsp. pannonicus, Carex extensa, Festuca pruinosa, Glaux maritima, Juncus maritimus, Limonium
auriculatae-ursifolium, Plantago maritima, Puccinellia rupestris, Spergularia salina, Triglochin maritima.
18a. JUNCETALIA MARITIMI Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine
& Nègre 1952
Halophilic or subhalophilic grass and rush communities, in continental or Mediterranean coastal areas.
Typus: Juncion maritimi Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine &
Nègre 1952 (18.1.).
Characteristic species: Elytrigia elongata, Juncus acutus, Melilotus siculus, Puccinellia tenuifolia, Sonchus
maritimus subsp. maritimus, Spartina versicolor.
18.1. Juncion maritimi Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine &
Nègre 1952
Rushes of halophilic or subhalophilic coastal meadows, with continental Western Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Junco gerardii-Triglochinetum maritimi Br.Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952.
Characteristic species: Centaurium tenuiflorum, Juncus subulatus.
18.1a. Juncenion maritimi (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952) Rivas-Martínez 1984
Coastal rush euoceanic meadows.
Typus: Junco gerardii-Triglochinetum maritimi Br.Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952.
Characteristic species: Frankenia boissieri, Trifolium
squamosum.
18.1.1. Cotulo coronopifoliae-Triglochinetum barrelieri J.C. Costa, Neto, Arsénio & Capelo in
Bot. Helv. 119: 56-57, 2009 (fig. 37 , page 110)
[Glauco maritimae-Juncion maritimi Géhu & GéhuFranck 1984]
Rushes coastal meadows, estuarine or sub-halophiles,
Atlantic-European.
Typus: Festuco litoralis-Armerietum maritimae Br.Bl. & De Leew 1936.
Characteristic species: Carex punctata, Festuca rubra
subsp. litoralis.
18.2.1. Agrostio stoloniferae-Juncetum maritimi Izco,
P. Guitián & J.M. Sánchez 1993
18.2.2. Junco maritimi-Phragmitetum australis Izco
& J.M. Sánchez 1997
18.2.3. Limonio-Juncetum maritimi Teles ex Izco, P.
Guitián & J. Mánchez 1993
18.2.4. Puccinellio maritimae-Juncetum maritimi
Bueno & F. Prieto in Bueno 1997
18.3. Limonio ovalifolii-Frankenion laevis Arbesú,
Bueno & F. Prieto 2002
Cantabrian-Atlantic halophilic communities, with rosulate and prostrate chamaephytes, that colonize the
upper zone of salt marshes reached by sea water only
during the highest tides.
Typus: Crithmo maritimi-Frankenietum laevis Arbesú, Bueno & F. Prieto 2002.
Characteristic species: Frankenia laevis, Limonium
dodartii, Limonium ovalifolium.
18.3.1. Limonio binervosi-Frankenietum laevis Izco
& J.M. Sánchez 1997
18.3.2. Puccinellio tenuifoliae-Limonietum plurisquamati J.C. Costa, Neto & Portela-Pereira in
J.C. Costa, Arsénio, Monteiro-Henriques, Portela-Pereira, T. Almeida & Izco 2009 corr. J.C.
Costa & Caperta hoc loco (fig. 15, page 104)
[Puccinellio tenuifoliae-Limonietum daveaui J.C.
Costa, Neto & Portela-Pereira in J.C. Costa, Arsénio, Monteiro-Henriques, Portela-Pereira, T. Almeida & Izco in J. of Coastal Res. SI 56: 1343,
2009]
19. SAGINETEA MARITIMAE Westhoff, Van Leeuwen &
Adriani 1962
Annual halo-nitrophilous, pioneer and ephemeral vegetation, which supports flood over a period of time and in
some places is subjected to strong sea salt-rich winds.
Holarctic distribution.
Typus: Saginetalia maritimae Westhoff, Van Leeuwen &
Adriani 1962 (19a.).
16
J.C. Costa & al.
Characteristic species: Bupleurum tenuissimum, Catapodium marinum, Centaurium spicatum, Parapholis incurva, Parapholis strigosa, Sagina maritima, Spergularia bocconei, Spergularia marina.
19a. SAGINETALIA MARITIMAE Westhoff, Van Leeuwen
& Adriani 1962
Atlantic, halophytic and weakly nitrophilous vegetation,
in which are prevalent small biomass therophytes, that
develop during the spring, in temporarily waterlogged or
wet salty soils, or at least influenced by salt spray.
Typus: Saginion maritimae Westhoff, Van Leeuwen &
Adriani 1962 (19.1.).
19.1. Saginion maritimae Westhoff, Van Leeuwen &
Adriani 1962
The sole order found in Portugal.
Typus: Sagino maritimae-Cochlearietum danicae Tüxen & Gillner in Tüxen, Bockelmann, Rivas-Martínez & Wildpret 1957 (19.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Cochlearia danica, Sagina nodosa.
19.1.1. Sagino maritimae-Cochlearietum danicae Tüxen & Gillner in Tüxen, Bockelmann, RivasMartínez & Wildpret 1957
19b. FRANKENIETALIA PULVERULENTAE Rivas-Martínez
ex Castroviejo & Porta 1976
Mediterranean littoral and inland halo-nitrophilous
communities.
Typus: Frankenion pulverulentae Rivas-Martínez ex
Castroviejo & Porta 1976 (19.2.).
Characteristic species: Frankenia pulverulenta, Parapholis filiformis.
19.2. Frankenion pulverulentae Rivas-Martínez ex
Castroviejo & Porta 1976
Mediterranean associations formed by ephemeral therophytes and other small biomass plants that thrive in
disturbed, coastal and inland biotopes, subjected to a
long submersion period in salty water.
Typus: Parapholido incurvae-Frankenietum pulverulentae Rivas-Martínez ex Castroviejo & Porta 1976
(19.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Catapodium rigidum subsp. spicatum, Hymenolobus procumbens, Sphenopus divaricatus.
19.2.1. Parapholido incurvae-Catapodietum marini
Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990
19.2.2. Parapholido incurvae-Frankenietum pulverulentae Rivas-Martínez ex Castroviejo & Porta
1976
19.3. Hordeion marini Ladero, F. Navarro, C.J. Valle,
Marcos, Ruiz Téllez & M.T. Santos 1984
Graminoid vernal communities, submerged by salt
water during a short period of time. These biotopes
are nitrophilous as a result of human activity or grazing. Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Polypogono maritimi-Hordeetum marini Cirujano 1981 (19.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis nebulosa, Hainardia
cylindrica, Hordeum marinum, Polypogon maritimus.
19.3.1. Polypogono maritimi-Hordeetum marini Cirujano 1981
20. SARCOCORNIETEA FRUTICOSAE Br.-Bl.& Tüxen ex
A. & O. Bolòs 1950 nom. mut.
[Salicornietea fruticosae Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex A. & O.
Bolòs 1950]
Coastal and inland Mediterranean and Cantabrian-Atlantic perennial salt marsh and salt pan communities. Usually occurring in moistly soils, strongly rich in sodium
salts, and subject to flooding by salt or brackish waters.
It can be found either in marine or continental areas.
Typus: Sarcocornietalia fruticosae Br.-Bl. 1933 nom.
mut. (20a.).
Characteristic species: Artemisia gallica subsp. gallica,
Inula crithmoides.
20a. SARCOCORNIETALIA FRUTICOSAE Br.-Bl. 1933 nom.
mut.
[Salicornietalia fruticosae Br.-Bl. 1933]
Vegetation formed by small succulent shrubs, in moistly saline soils at least temporarily subject to flooding
by salt or brackish water.
Typus: Sarcocornion fruticosae Br.-Bl. 1933 nom. mut.
(20.1.)
Characteristic species: Cistanche phelypaea, Halimione
portulacoides, Triglochin bulbosa subsp. barrelieri.
20.1. Sarcocornion fruticosae Br.-Bl. 1933 nom. mut.
[Salicornion fruticosae Br.-Bl. 1933]
Mediterranean and Cantabrian-Atlantic (to the South
of England) associations of salt marshes, flooded during the tides, dominated by small succulent shrubs of
the genus Sarcocornia.
Typus: Limonio bellidifolii-Sarcocornietum fruticosae
Br.-Bl. 1933 nom. mut.
Characteristic species: Sarcocornia fruticosa.
20.1a. Sarcocornienion fruticosae Rivas-Martínez &
Costa in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 204, 2011
[Arthrocnemenion fruticosae Rivas-Martínez & Costa
1984 [art.5]]
Communities in wet soils flooded by salty waters,
where Sarcocornia fruticosa is dominant; Mediterranean and Cantabrian-Atlantic distribution, reaching
the southern British Isles.
Typus: Limonio bellidifolii-Sarcocornietum fruticosae
Br.-Bl. 1933 nom. mut.
20.1.1. Cistancho phelypaeae-Sarcocornietum fruticosae Géhu ex Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1977
nom. mut. (fig. 16, , page 105; fig. 20, page 106)
[Cistancho phelypaeae-Arthrocnemetum fruticosae
Géhu ex Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1977]
20.1.2. Puccinellio maritimae-Sarcocornietum fruticosae Géhu 1976 nom. mut.
[Puccinellio maritimae-Salicornietum fruticosae
Géhu 1976]
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
20.1b. Sarcocornienion perennis Rivas-Martínez in
Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & Valdés
1980 nom. mut.
[Arthrocnemenion perennis Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & Valdés 1980]
Communities of estuaries and coastal marshes subjected to the daily flow of tides, in which dominates
the rhizomatous scrub Sarcocornia perennis subsp.
perennis. They occupy the lower saltmarsh and therefore have a prolonged submersion period. The distribution is Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and Cantabrian-Atlantic: from the South West of England to
Morocco.
Typus: Puccinellio maritimae-Sarcocornietum perennis (Arènes 1933) Géhu 1976 num. mut. (20.1.5.).
Characteristic species: Limonium vulgare (dif. suball.), Puccinellia iberica, Sarcocornia perennis.
20.1.3. Halimionetum portulacoidis Kuhnoltz-Lodat
1926
20.1.4. Puccinellio ibericae-Sarcocornietum perennis J.C. Costa in J.C. Costa, Lousã & Espírito
Santo 1997 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz,
Fernádez-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002 & nom. invers fig. 16, , page 105; fig.
20, page 106)
[Sarcocornio perennis-Puccinellietum convolutae
J.C. Costa in J.C. Costa, Lousã & Espírito Santo
1997]
20.1.5. Puccinellio maritimae-Sarcocornietum perennis (Arènes 1933) Géhu 1976 nom. mut.
[Puccinellio maritimae-Arthrocnemetum perennis
(Arènes 1933) Géhu 1976]
20.2. Arthrocnemion macrostachyi Rivas-Martínez &
Costa 1984 nom. mut.
[Arthrocnemion glauci Rivas-Martínez & Costa 1984]
Mediterranean and Galician-Portuguese communities,
occurring in soils only occasionally flooded, which
are highly saline due to the capillarity phenomena
associated to a large dry periods. The alliance occupies a higher position than the previous ones, and is
under the smallest time of submergence.
Typus: Sphenopo divaricati-Arthrocnemetum macrostachyi Br.-Bl. 1933 num. mut.
Characteristic species: Arthrocnemum macrostachyum,
Limonium algarvense, Myriolimon ferulaceum.
20.2a. Arthrocnemenion macrostachyi Rivas-Martínez & Costa (1984) in Itinera Geobot. 18(1):
205, 2011
Mediterranean communities, with their northern limit
in the Tagus estuary.
Typus: Sphenopo divaricati-Arthrocnemetum macrostachyi Br.-Bl. 1933 num. mut.
20.2.1. Inulo crithmoidis-Arthrocnemetum macrostachyi Fontes ex Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1977
(fig. 17, page 106)
20.2.2. Limonio vulgaris-Juncetum subulati J.C. Costa, Neto, T. Almeida & Lousã in J.C. Costa,
Arsénio, Monteiro-Henriques, E. Pereira, T.
Almeida & Izco in J. of Coastal Res. SI 56:
1343, 2009
17
20.2b. Sarcocornienion alpini Rivas-Martínez, Lousã,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa
1990
Communities dominated by Sarcocornia alpini, mainly of Mediterranean range, reaching the GalicianPortuguese sector. Only occasionally occurring in
areas directly flooded by tidal waters.
Typus: Halimiono portulacoidis-Sarcocornietum alpini Rivas-Martínez & Costa 1984 (20.2.3.).
Characteristic species: Sarcocornia alpini.
20.2.3. Halimiono portulacoidis-Sarcocornietum alpini Rivas-Martínez & Costa 1984 (fig. 16,
page 105)
20.2.4. Triglochino maritimae-Sarcocornietum alpini J.C. Costa, Neto & Izco in J.C. Costa,
Arsénio, Monteiro-Henriques, E. Pereira, T.
Almeida & Izco in J. of Coastal Res. SI 56:
1343, 2009 (fig.18, page 106)
20.3. Suaedion verae (Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990)
Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi
1999
Associations of nitrogen-rich biotopes occupying the
highest position of the coastal salt-influenced zone,
which is only briefly inundated by salt water and
where tidal organic debris is found. It may still be observed in cliffs splashed by salt water, slopes, walls of
salt pans and disturbed salty soils.
Typus: Cistancho phelypaeae-Suaedetum verae Géhu
& Géhu-Franck 1977 (20.3.1.)
Characteristic species: Suaeda vera subsp. vera.
20.3.1. Cistancho phelypaeae-Suaedetum verae Géhu
& Géhu-Franck 1977 (fig. 17, page 106)
20.3.2. Scrophulario sublyratae-Suaedetum verae
J.C. Costa, Capelo & Lousã 1997
20b. LIMONIETALIA Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958
Littoral and inland communities temporary wet Mediterranean high saline Limonium and perennial grasses.
Typus: Limonion confusi (Br.-Bl. 1933) Rivas-Martínez
& Costa 1984.
20.4. Limoniastrion monopetali Pignatti 1953
Coastal thermomediterranean communities from welldrained sandy substrata dominated by Limoniastrum
monopetalum.
Typus: Limonio densissimi-Limoniastretum monopetali Br.-Bl. ex Pignatti 1953.
Characteristic species: Limoniastrum monopetalum.
20.4.1. Polygono equisetiformis-Limoniastretum monopetali Rivas-Martínez & Costa in RivasMartínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés
1980
20.5. Limonion algarvensi-lanceolati J.C. Costa,
Neto, Monteiro-Henriques, Arsénio, Portela-Pereira, Caperta & Izco all. nova hoc loco
Halophilous thermomediterranean Coastal LusitanianAndalusian communities, with rosulate and prostrate
chamaephytes that colonize the upper tideland of salt
marshes reached by the sea water only during the highest tides.
18
J.C. Costa & al.
Typus: Limonietum lanceolati Arsénio, J.C. Costa &
Neto in Neto, Arsénio & J.C. Costa in Quercetea 9:
96, 2009 (20.5.2.).
Characteristic species: Limonium algarvense, Limonium daveaui, Limonium lanceolatum, Myriolimon
diffusum.
20.5.1. Inulo crithmoidis-Myriolimetum ferulacei Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut.
prop.
[Inulo crithmoidis-Limonietum ferulacei Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980]
20.5.2. Limonietum daveaui J.C. Costa, Caperta &
Neto ass. nova hoc loco
20.5.3. Limonietum lanceolati Arsénio, J.C. Costa &
Neto in Neto, Arsénio & J.C. Costa in Quercetea 9: 96, 2009 (fig. 19, page 106)
20.5.4. Myriolimo diffusi-Limonietum algarvensis J.C.
Costa, Neto & Caperta ass. nova hoc loco
21. SPARTINETEA MARITIMAE Tüxen in Beeftink 1952
Vegetation of perennial halophytic grasses, which occupy the low-energy environments, protected from direct
waves in estuaries and coastal lowlands. These are pioneer communities over marine or river/sea sediments
more or less fine, subject to daily tidal influence, occupying the lower areas of the marsh in muddy platforms
(slick). The immersion time is, in general, larger than in
the remaining marsh ecosystems. Distribution in Atlantic
coast: Europe, northwest Africa and Atlantic American.
Typus: Spartinetalia alterniflorae Conard 1935 (21a).
Characteristic species: Spartina densiflora.
21a. SPARTINETALIA ALTERNIFLORAE Conard 1935
[Spartinetalia maritimae sensu auct. europ. non Conrad]
Pioneer halophytic communities of the intertidal zone
in Europe, Africa and North America.
Typus: Spartinion alterniflorae Conard 1935.
21.1. Spartinion maritimae Conard ex Beeftink &
Géhu 1973
European Atlantic and North African communities.
Typus: Spartinetum maritimae Béguinot ex Corillion
1953 (21.1.2.).
Characteristic species: Spartina maritima.
21.1.1. Spartinetum densiflorae Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
21.1.2. Spartinetum maritimae Béguinot ex Corillion
1953 (fig. 20, page 106)
22. THERO-SALICORNIETEA Tüxen in Tüxen & Oberdorfer ex Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1984 nom. conserv.
[Thero-Suaedetea Rivas-Martínez 1972]
Halophytic pioneer vegetation, dominated by succulent
therophytes that prosper in saline soils, in coastal and
continental temporarily flooded marshes. Holarctic distribution.
Typus: Thero-Salicornietalia Tüxen in Tüxen & Oberdorfer ex Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1984 (22b.).
Characteristic species: Suaeda albescens.
22a. THERO-SUAEDETALIA Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958
Coastal or inland communities of halo-nitrophilous,
fleshy annual plants, of summer or autumn physiognmic
maxima, that usually develops in marshes or saline soils.
Typus: Thero-Suaedion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine &
Nègre 1952 (22.1.).
Characteristic species: Cressa villosae, Salsola soda,
Suaeda splendens.
22.1. Thero-Suaedion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine &
Nègre 1952
Single alliance.
Typus: Suaedo splendentis-Salsoletum sodae Br.-Bl.
ex Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 (22.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Salsola soda, Suaeda albescens, Suaeda spicata, Suaeda splendens.
22.1.1. Suaedo splendentis-Salsoletum sodae Br.-Bl.
ex Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952
22.1.2. Cressetum villosae Rothmaler 1943 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
[Cressetum creticae Rothmaler 1943]
22b. THERO-SALICORNIETALIA Tüxen in Tüxen & Oberdorfer ex Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1984
Succulent therophytic pioneer vegetation (Salicornia
spp.), in temporarily flooded soils of marshes or it´s
clearings, in the flat sandy or muddy shores. It occurs at
the lowest levels of the marsh or in the inner parts of
salt pans. Holarctic distribution.
Typus: Salicornion dolichostachyo-fragilis Géhu & Rivas-Martínez in Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1984 (22.2.).
Characteristic species: Halopeplis amplexicaulis.
22.2. Salicornion dolichostachyo-fragilis Géhu & Rivas-Martínez in Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1984
Communities of the Atlantic coast of Europe, generally composed by tetraploid species. They occupy the
lowest positions of the marshes and are daily submerged during the high tides.
Typus: Salicornietum fragilis Géhu & Géhu-Franck
1984 (22.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Salicornia fragilis.
22.2.1. Salicornietum fragilis Géhu & Géhu-Franck
1984
22.3. Salicornion europaeo-ramosissimae Géhu &
Géhu-Franck 1984
Atlantic communities dominated by diploid species of
the genus Salicornia, typical of medium and high levels of salt marshes, both coastal and inland.
Typus: Salicornietum disarticulato-ramosissimae Géhu
& Géhu-Franck 1984.
Characteristic species: Salicornia ramosissima.
22.3.1. Halimiono portulacoidis-Salicornietum ramosissimae J.C. Costa in J.C. Costa, Lousã &
Espírito Santo 1996 corr. J.C. Costa in Silva
Lusit. 12 (1): 125, 2004
[Halimiono portulacoidis-Salicornietum patulae
J.C. Costa in J.C. Costa, Lousã & Espírito Santo
1996]
22.3.2. Sarcocornio perennis-Salicornietum ramosissimae (Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1979) RivasMartínez 1990
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
22.4. Salicornion patulae Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1984
Mediterranean communities composed of diploid and
tetraploid species at the highest positions of salt marshes, extending to the mouth of the North Sea. These
biotopes are inundated by rainwater in the winter, but
are also subjected to strong summer drying.
Typus: Suaedo splendentis-Salicornietum patulae Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
corr. Rivas-Martínez 1990 (22.4.1.).
Characteristic species: Salicornia patula.
22.4.1. Suaedo splendentis-Salicornietum patulae Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés
1980 corr. Rivas-Martínez 1990
IV. CHASMOPHYTIC, EPIPHYTIC AND SCREE VEGETATION
IVa. ROCK CREVICE CHASMOPHYTIC VEGETATION
23. ADIANTETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre
1952
Chasmophytic fern, seed plant and plentiful bryophytic
communities, growing in water-flushed or water splashed rock crevices rich in calcium carbonate in thermo,
meso-supramediterranean or temperate submediterranean
bioclimate places.
Typus: Adiantetalia capilli-veneris Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic
1939 (23a.).
23a. ADIANTETALIA CAPILLI-VENERIS Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic
1939
Single order.
Typus: Adiantion capilli-veneris Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic
1934 (23.1.).
Characteristic species: Adiantum capillus-veneris, Didymodon tophaceus, Eucladium verticillatum, Gymnostomum calcareum, Pellia endiviifolia, Southbya
tophacea.
23.1. Adiantion capilli-veneris Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic 1934
Bryo-pteridophytic communities of calcareous tufa
and rock crevices with water flow.
Typus: Eucladio-Adiantetum capilli-veneris Br.-Bl. ex
Horvatic 1934 (23.1.3.).
Characteristic species: Didymodon spadiceus, Eurhynchium speciosum, Homalia lusitanica, Hymenostylium recurvirostrum, Pteris vittata, Thamnobryum
alopecurum.
23.1.1. Dicrano scottiani-Adiantetum capilli-veneris
(Lüpnitz ex Deil 1996) J.C. Costa, Aguiar,
Fernández-Prieto, Neto, Capelo & C. Sérgio
in Neto, Capelo, C. Sérgio & J.C. Costa in
Phytocoenologia 37 (2): 228-229, 2007
[Conocephalo-Woodwardietum radicantis Brullo
1986 dicranetosum scottiani Lüpnitz ex Deil 1996]
23.1.2. Didymodon spadicei-Adiantetum capilli-veneris Neto, Capelo, C. Sérgio & J.C. Costa in
Phytocoenologia 37 (2): 227, 2007 (fig. 21,
page 106)
23.1.3. Eucladio-Adiantetum capilli-veneris Br.-Bl.
ex Horvatic 1934
23.1.4. Trachelio caerulei-Adiantetum capilli-veneris O. Bolòs 1957
19
24. ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS (Br.-Bl. in Meier &
Br.-Bl. 1934) Oberdorfer 1977
Communities of hemicryptophytes, geophytes and chamaephytes occupying dry fissures of cliffs or walls
(chasmophytes). Holarctic distribution.
Typus: Potentilletalia caulescentis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. Jenny
1926.
Characteristic species: Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii,
Asplenium ruta-muraria, Chaenorhinum origanifolium
subsp. origanifolium, Cystopteris fragilis, Hieracium
amplexicaule, Pritzelago alpina subsp. auerswaldii,
Sanguisorba rupicola.
24a. ANDROSACETALIA VANDELLII Br.-Bl. in Meier &
Br.-Bl. 1934
Chasmophytic vegetation of fissures of siliceous rocks
Mediterranean and Eurosiberian distribution.
Typus: Androsacion vandellii Br.-Bl. 1926.
Characteristic species: Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, Asplenium billotii, Asplenium septentrionale, Asplenium
trichomanes subsp. trichomanes, Cheilanthes tinaei,
Cystopteris dickieana, Hieracium schmidtii.
24.1 Cheilanthion hispanicae Rivas Goday 1955
Rupicolous communities of quartzites and schists,
meso-supramediterranean and submediterranean, West
Iberian.
Typus: Bufonio willkommianae-Cheilanthetum hispanicae Rivas Goday 1955.
Characteristic species: Bufonia willkommiana, Cheilanthes hispanica, Jasione mariana.
24.1.1. Asplenio billotii-Cheilanthetum hispanicae Rivas-Goday in Sáenz & Rivas-Martínez 1979
24.1.2. Asplenio billotii-Cheilanthetum tinaei RivasMartínez & Costa 1973 corr. Sáenz & RivasMartínez 1979 nom. mut.
[Asplenio billotii-Cheilanthetum duriensis RivasMartínez & Costa 1973 corr. Sáenz & Rivas-Martínez 1979]
24.1.3. Mucizonio hispidae-Cheilanthetum tinaei Deil,
Galán & Vicente in Feddes Report. 119 (5-6):
571, 2008
24.2. Saxifragion willkommianae Rivas-Martínez
1964
Supra-orotemperate and submediterranean communities, Carpetan-Leonese and Orocantabrian.
Typus: Saxifragetum willkommianae Rivas-Martínez
1964.
Characteristic species: Alchemilla transiens, Murbeckiella boryi subsp. herminii, Silene acutifolia.
24.2.1. Murbeckiello sousae-Silenetum acutifoliae
Honrado & P. Alves ass. nova hoc loco
24.2.2. Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Silenetum acutifoliae Honrado, Pulgar, P. Alves & Ortiz
ass. nova hoc loco
24.2.3. Saxifrago spathularis-Murbeckielletum herminii Br.-Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes
1952 corr. Rivas-Martínez 1981
24.2.4. Sileno acutifoliae-Holcetum gayanae Bellot
1968
20
J.C. Costa & al.
24b. ASPLENIETALIA PETRARCHAE Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. &
Meier 1934 nom. mut.
[Asplenietalia glandulosi Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Meier 1934]
Order of rupicolous and heliophytic vegetation on limestone. Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Asplenion petrarchae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Meier
1934 nom. mut (24.3.).
Characteristic species: Asplenium petrarchae, Cheilanthes acrostica, Cosentinia vellea, Melica minuta subsp.
minuta, Phagnalon rupestre, Sanguisorba ancistroides.
24.3. Asplenion petrarchae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Meier
1934 nom. mut.
[Asplenion glandulosi Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Meier 1934]
Rupicolous communities on limestone, thermomediterranean to mesomediterranean dry to subhumid.
Western Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Phagnalo sordidi-Asplenietum petrarchae Br.Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Meier 1934 nom. mut.
Characteristic species: Narcissus calcicola.
24.3.1. Asplenio ceterach-Cheilanthetum acrosticae
M.T. Santos 1987
24.3.2. Narcisso calcicolae-Asplenietum rutae-murariae Espírito Santo, Ladero & Lousã 1995
24.3.3. Narcisso calcicolae-gaditanae Pinto-Gomes,
E. Cano, J.A. Torres, P. Ferreira & Rosa Pinto in Pinto-Gomes & P. Ferreira in Flora e
Vegetação do Barrocal Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão: 175, 2005
24c. NOTHOLAENO MARANTAE-CHEILANTHETALIA MADERENSIS Sáenz & Rivas-Martínez 1979 nom. mut.
[Cheilanthetalia maranto-maderensis Sáenz & RivasMartínez 1979]
Vegetation of siliceous rocks rich in metals and serpentinites.
Typus: Cheilanthion pulchellae Sáenz & Rivas-Martínez 1979 (24.5.).
Characteristic species: Cheilanthes guanchica, Cheilanthes maderensis, Notholaena marantae subsp. marantae.
24.4. Phagnalo saxatilis-Cheilanthion maderensis
Loisel 1970 corr. F.J. Pérez, T.E. Díaz, P. Fernández & Salvo 1989
Iberian rupicolous communities.
Typus: Cheilantho maderensis-Notholaenetum marantae O. Bolòs 1956 corr. F.J. Pérez, T.E. Díaz, P. Fernández & Salvo 1989.
Characteristic species: Asplenium obovatum.
24.4.1. Notholaenetum marantae (P. Silva 1970) Capelo, Aguiar & Gomes Pedro 1996
24.4.2. Umbilico violacei-Asplenietum corunnensis P.
Silva 1970 corr. Rivas-Martínez & Izco 2002
[Umbilico-Asplenietum cuneifolii P. Silva 1970]
24.5. Cheilanthion pulchellae Sáenz & Rivas-Martínez 1979
Rupicolous communities of Madeira and Canaries archipelagos.
Typus: Adianto pusilli-Cheilanthetum pulchellae Sáenz
& Rivas-Martínez 1979.
Characteristic species: Adiantum reniforme subsp. reniforme, Adiantum reniforme subsp. pusillum, Asplenium aethiopicum Asplenium monanthes, Asplenium trichomanes subsp. maderense, Notholaena
marantae subsp. subcordata.
24.5.1. Adiantetum reniformis Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez in Silva
Lusit. 11(2): 260, 2003 (fig. 22, page 107)
24.5.2. Notholaenetum subcordatae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 259, 2003
Rivas-Martínez in Rivas
Goday 1964
Nitrophilous, rupicolous, sometimes epiphytic vegetation, consisting in chasmophytes or chomophytes demanding nitrates and ammonium salts. Cosmopolite
distribution in urban and rural areas.
Typus: Parietarietalia judaicae (Rivas-Martínez 1960)
Rivas Goday 1964 (25a.).
25a. PARIETARIETALIA JUDAICAE (Rivas-Martínez 1960)
Rivas Goday 1964
Single order.
Typus: Parietario judaicae-Centranthion rubri RivasMartínez 1960 (25.1.).
Characteristic species: Antirrhinum majus subsp. majus, Cheiranthus cheiri, Chelidonium majus, Cymbalaria muralis, Cyrtomium falcatum, Erigeron karwinskianus, Ficus carica, Hyoscyamus albus, Lavatera maritima, Matthiola incana, Parietaria judaica,
Piptatherum coerulescens, Sonchus tenerrimus, Umbilicus gaditanus, Umbilicus heylandianus, Umbilicus rupestris.
25.1. Parietario judaicae-Centranthion rubri RivasMartínez 1960
25.
PARIETARIETEA JUDAICAE
[Parietario-Galion muralis Rivas-Martínez ex Rivas
Goday 1964]
Thermophilous, nitrophilous and seminitrophilous
communities, walled urban refuges and animals (especially birds) on rocky surfaces. Mediterranean optimal distribution but can penetrate the Eurosiberian
thermophilous more exposed positions to direct sunlight.
Typus: Parietarietum judaicae Arènes ex Br.-Bl. in
Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 (25.1.4.).
Characteristic species: Antirrhinum meonanthum
subsp. meonanthum, Centranthus ruber, Hypericum
x inodorum, Micromeria juliana, Tolpis succulent
(ter.).
25.1.1. Antirrhino linkiani-Parietarietum judaicae Ortíz 1989
[Centrantho rubri-Antirrhinetum linkiani Mouga,
J.C. Costa & Espírito Santo 1995]
25.1.2. Centranthetum rubri Oberdorfer 1969
25.1.3. Parietarietum judaicae Arènes ex Br.-Bl. in
Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952
25.1.4. Parietario judaicae-Chelidonietum majoris
O. Bolòs & Masalles 1983
25.1.5. Tolpido succulentae-Parietarietum judaicae
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
25.2. Cymbalario-Asplenion Segal 1969
Community of wet, dark and old walls. With an Eurosiberian optimal distribution, can penetrate the Mediterranean (in the darkest positions exposed to the
north).
Typus: Adianto capilli-veneris-Parietarietum judaicae
Segal 1969 (25.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Asplenium azoricum, Asplenium ceterach, Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens, Ceterach lolegnamense, Trachelium caeruleum.
25.2.1. Adianto capilli-veneris-Parietarietum judaicae Segal 1969
[Cymbalario muralis-Adiantetum capilli-veneris
Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodríguez, Pérez de Paz, García Gallo, Acebes, T.E.
Díaz & Fernández-González 1993 (syntax. syn.)]
25.2.2. Asplenio azoricae-Cymbalarietum muralis
Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa,
Díaz & Aguiar 2002
25.2.3. Cymbalarietum muralis Görs 1966
25.2.4. Cymbalario-Trachelietum caerulei RivasMartínez 1969
25.2.5. Sileno acutifoliae-Umbilicetum rupestris Honrado, P. Alves & B. Caldas ass. nova hoc loco
25.3. Asplenion marini Rivas-Martínez & Izco 2002
Chasmophytic sub-halophyte communities dominated
by ferns on coastal rocks subjected to salt- laden
winds.
Typus: Asplenietum marini Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952
(25.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Asplenium marinum.
25.3.1. Asplenietum marini Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952
25.3.2. Soncho maderensis-Asplenietum marini Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & RivasMartínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 260, 2003
25.3.3. Umbilico gaditani-Asplenietum marini RivasMartínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias
& Aguiar 2002
IVB. CHASMOCHOMOPHYTIC,
EPIPHYTIC AND SCREE VE-
GETATION
26. ANOMODONTO VITICULOSAE-POLYPODIETEA CAMBRICI
Rivas-Martínez 1975
Pterido-bryophytic epiphytic vegetation, typical of wet
rocks and shady slopes or in compact ground and deep
fissures of rocks with a thin layer of soil that retains
moisture. The ecological optimum is in forest environment, and can be found in rainy areas of temperate and
Mediterranean oceanic and hyperoceanic bioclimate.
Typus: Anomodonto viticulosae-Polypodietalia cambrici
O.Bolòs & Vives in O. Bolòs 1957 (26a.).
26a. ANOMODONTO VITICULOSAE-POLYPODIETALIA CAMBRICI O. Bolòs & Vives in O. Bolòs 1957
Single order.
Typus: Polypodion cambrici Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 nom. mut. (26.1.)
Characteristic species: Anomodon viticulosus, Davallia
canariensis, Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia, Frullania
tamarisci, Homalothecium sericeum, Isothecium
21
myosuroides, Plagiochila spinulosa, Polypodium interjectum, Polypodium macaronesicum, Porella platyphylla, Selaginella denticulata, Thuidium tamariscinum.
26.1. Polypodion cambrici Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 nom. mut.
[Polypodion serrati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine &
Nègre 1952]
Epiphytic or leptosols communities in shady forests;
Mediterranean and Atlantic Europe, characterized by
Polypodium cambricum.
Typus: Polypodietum cambrici Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.,
Roussine & Nègre 1952 nom. mut. (26.1.1.)
Characteristic species: Ctenidium molluscum, Encalypta streptocarpa, Neckera crispa, Neckera pumila, Polypodium cambricum, Porella obtusata, Tortella tortuosa.
26.1a. Polypodienion cambrici (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.,
Roussine & Nègre 1952) Rivas-Martínez 2002
Communities on a bed of soil rich in carbonates.
Typus: Polypodietum cambrici Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 nom. mut. (26.1.1.)
26.1.1. Polypodietum cambrici Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.,
Roussine & Nègre 1952 nom. mut.
[Polypodietum serrati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine
& Nègre 1952]
26.1b. Bartramio strictae-Polypodienion cambrici
(O. Bolòs & Vives in O. Bolòs 1952) RivasMartínez 2002
[Bartramio-Polypodion serrati O. Bolòs & Vives in
O. Bolòs 1957]
Communities on carbonate-poor soil.
Typus: Sedo cepaeae-Polypodietum cambrici O.
Bolòs & Vives in O. Bolòs 1952.
Characteristic species: Asplenium hemionitis, Bartramia stricta, Exormotheca pustulosa, Pterogonium
gracile, Reboulia hemisphaerica, Targionia hypophylla.
26.1.2. Anogrammo leptophyllae-Umbilicetum rupestris Amor, Ladero & C. Valle 1993
26.1.3. Anogrammo leptophyllae-Davallietum canariensis Bellot & Casaseca in Casaseca 1959
nom. mut.
[Gymnogrammo leptophyllae-Davallietum canariensis Bellot & Casaseca in Casaseca 1959]
26.1.4. Anomogrammo leptophyllae-Umbilicetum rupestris Amor, Ladero & C. Valle 1993
26.1.5. Davallio canariensis-Polypodietum macaronesici Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco,
O. Rodríguez, Pérez de Paz, García Gallo,
Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González ex
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
26.1.6. Davallio canariensis-Saxifragetum portosanctanae Jardim, Capelo, Sequeira & Aguiar in
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 262, 2003
26.1.7. Neckero pumilae-Polypodietum interjecti Honrado, Hespanhol, Vieira, Séneca & B. Caldas
in in Honrado, P. Alves, Nepomuceno &
B.Caldas in Silva Lusit. 10(2): 253, 2002
22
J.C. Costa & al.
26.2. Hymenophyllion tunbrigensis Tüxen in Tüxen
& Oberdorfer 1958
Epiphytic and shadowy communities with Hymenophyllum ssp., hyperoceanic humid to hyperhumid,
Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian, Cantabrian-Atlantic,
Azorean, Madeiran and Canarian.
Typus: Hymenophylletum tunbrigensis Br.-Bl. in Br.Bl. & Tüxen 1952.
Characteristic species: Asplenium anceps, Elaphoglossum semicylindricum, Hymenophyllum maderense,
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Polypodium azoricum, Saccogyna viticulosa,
Vandenboschia speciosa.
26.2.1. Elaphoglosso semicylindrici-Polypodietum
azoricae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto,
J.C. Costa, Dias & Aguiar 2002
26.2.2. Hymenophylletum tunbrigensis-maderensis
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 262, 2003
26.3. Selaginello denticulatae-Anogrammion leptophyllae Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González &
Loidi 1999
Chasmophytic bryo-pteridophytic ephemeral communities, found in herbaceous edges of woods, slopes
and walls, rich in organic matter, Mediterranean.
Typus: Selaginello denticulatae-Anogrammetum leptophyllae Molinier 1937 (26.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Anogramma leptophylla, Selaginella kraussiana.
26.3.1. Selaginello denticulatae-Anogrammetum leptophyllae Molinier 1937
26.3.2. Selaginello denticulatae-Cystopteridetum virudulae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2):
261, 2003
26.4. Thelypterido pozoi-Woodwardion radicantis F.
Prieto & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in
Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 112. 2012
Chomophytic communities of rocky or earthy slopes
dominated by medium to large sized ferns, present on
rainy temperate and Mediterranean hyperoceanic territories, in the Madeiran and Atlantic European provinces.
Typus: Diplazio caudati-Woodwardietum radicantis
F. Prieto & Aguiar in Fernández-Prieto, Aguiar &
Dias 2012 (26.4.2.).
Characteristic species: Cystopteris diaphana, Diplazium caudatum (dif.), Selaginella azorica, Thelypteris pozoi, Woodwardia radicans.
26.4.1. Carici lowei-Woodwardietum radicantis J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Jardim & Sequeira ass. nova
hoc loco (fig. 23, page 107)
[Community of Woodwardia radicans J.C. Costa
et al. 2004]
26.4.2. Diplazio caudati-Woodwardietum radicantis
F. Prieto & Aguiar in Fernández-Prieto,
Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 112.
2012
26.4.3. Selaginello azoricae-Stegnogrammetum pozoi F. Prieto & Aguiar in Fernández-Prieto,
Aguiar & Dias Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2:
112. 2012
27. GREENOVIO-AEONIETEA Santos 1976
Chomophytic and chasmochomophytic perennial communities mostly composed by succulent semi-deciduous
Crassulaceae species, with a great number of endemic
chamaephytes (Aeonium, Aichryson, Greenovia, Sedum),
growing on rock surfaces, crevices and walls, in the
Canaries and Madeira archipelagos.
Typus: Soncho acaulis-Aeonietalia Rivas Goday & Esteve ex Sunding 1972 nom. mut. (27a.)
Characteristic species: Andryala varia, Arabis caucasica.
27a. SONCHO ACAULIS-AEONIETALIA Rivas Goday &
Esteve ex Sunding 1972 nom. mut.
[Soncho-Sempervivetalia Rivas Goday & Esteve ex
Sunding 1972]
Single order.
Typus: Soncho acaulis-Aeonion Sunding 1972.
27.1. Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Madeiran chasmochomophytic communities.
Typus: Sedo nudi-Aeonietum glutinosi Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & RivasMartínez 2000 (27.2.3.).
Characteristic species: Aeonium glandulosum, Aeonium glutinosum, Aeonium x meyerheymii, Andryala crithmifolia, Crepis andryaloides, Galium
productum, Matthiola maderensis, Micromeria thymoides subsp. thymoides var. cacuminicolae, Monizia edulis, Musschia aurea, Plantago leiopetala,
Saxifraga maderensis var. maderensis, Saxifraga
maderensis var. pickeringii, Sedum brissemoretii,
Sedum farinosum, Sedum fusiforme, Sedum nudum,
Sinapidendron angustifolium, Sinapidendron frutescens, Sinapidendron gymnocalyx, Sinapidendron
rupestre, Sonchus ustulatus subsp. maderensis, Sonchus ustulatus subsp. ustulatus, Tolpis macrorhiza.
27.2.1. Aichrysetum divaricato-villosi Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez 2000
27.2.2. Musschiaetum aureae Capelo, J.C. Costa,
Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & RivasMartínez 2000 (fig. 24, page 107)
27.2.3. Sedo nudi-Aeonietum glutinosi Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez 2000 (fig. 25, page 107)
27.2.4. Sinapidendro frutescentis-Aeonietum glandulosi Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha,
Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
(fig. 26, page 107)
27.2.5. Sinapidendro gymnocalycis-Sedetum brissemoretii Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha,
Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
27.2.6. Community of Monizia edulis
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
27.2. Aichryso laxi-Monanthion laxiflorae Santos &
Reyes Betncort in Publ. Estud. Canarios, Monografia 78: 175, 2009
Chasmophytic communities of small succulent perennials (Aichryson, Monanthes) on volcanic rock.
Typus: Davallio canariensis-Aichrysetum laxi Wildpret, Garcia Galo & Carqué in Rivas-Martínez,
Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodríguez, Pérez de Paz,
García Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González 1993.
Characteristic species: Aichryson divaricatum, Aichryson dumosum, Aichryson villosum, Monanthes
loweias.
27.1.1. Aichrysetum dumosi J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim & Sequeira ass. nova hoc loco
27.1.2. Monanthetum lowei Pérez de Paz & Acebes
1985
28. PHAGNALO-RUMICETEA INDURATI (Rivas Goday &
Esteve 1972) Rivas-Martínez, Izco & Costa 1973
Dwarf perennial chasmochomophytic communities developed on siliceous and dolomite, in earthy broad crevices, walls and loose shifting stones in thermo to oromediterranean and temperate submediterranean bioclimate
of the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghrebi North Africa.
Typus: Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati Rivas
Goday & Esteve 1972 (28a.).
28a. PHAGNALO SAXATILIS-RUMICETALIA INDURATI Rivas
Goday & Esteve 1972
Single order.
Typus: Andryalion ramosissimae Rivas Goday & Esteve 1972.
Characteristic species: Anarrhinum bellidifolium, Anarrhinum duriminium, Dianthus broteri subsp. broteri,
Rumex induratus, Saxifraga granulata, Sedum hirsutum subsp. hirsutum, Sedum mucizonia.
28.1. Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani Rivas-Martínez, Izco & Costa ex V. Fuente 1986
Heliophilous and xerophilous communities, colonizing large fissures of siliceous rocks, meso to oromediterranean, Mediterranean Western Iberian and Oroiberian.
Typus: Crepido oporinoidis-Rumicetum indurati Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986.
Characteristic species: Antirrhinum graniticum, Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. pseudoerucastrum,
Conopodium majus subsp. marizianum, Dianthus
crassipes subsp. crassipes, Dianthus lusitanus, Digitalis purpurea subsp. heywoodii, Digitalis purpurea subsp. mariana, Digitalis purpurea subsp. amandiana, Digitalis thapsi, Erysimum lagascae, Erysimum linifolium, Narcissus rupicola, Scrophularia
schousboei subsp. schousboei, Scrophularia valdesii,
Silene marizii, Silene x montistellensis.
28.1.1. Centaureo geresensis-Rumicetum indurati P.
Alves & Honrado ass. nova hoc loco
28.1.2. Digitali thapsi-Dianthetum lusitani RivasMartínez ex V. Fuente 1986
23
28.1.3. Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetum indurati Rivas-Martínez ex F. Navarro & C.J. Valle
1984
28.1.4. Sileno acutifoliae-Dianthetum lusitani Vicente & Galán in Acta Bot. Malacitana 33: 175,
2008
28.1.5. Sileno montistellensis-Dianthetum lusitani Rivas-Martínez 1981 corr. Ladero, Rivas-Martínez, Amor, M. T. Santos & Alonso 1999
28.2. Saxifragion fragosoi Rivas-Martínez in RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata
1986 nom. mut.
[Saxifragion continentalis Rivas-Martínez in RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986]
Chasmochomophytic communities in somewhat shadowy terrigenous rocky walls, supramediterranean
and supratemperate submediterranean, subhumid to
hyperhumid, Carpetan Leonese and Orocantabrian.
Typus: Sedo hirsuti-Saxifragetum fragosoi RivasMartínez 1964 nom. mut. (28.2.2.)
Characteristic species: Antirrhinum meonanthum subsp.
ambiguum, Saxifraga fragosoi.
28.2.1. Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Saxifragetum fragosoi Ortiz & Izco ex Pérez Carro, T.E. Díaz,
Fernández Areces & Salvo 1989 nom. mut.
(fig.27, page 108)
[Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Saxifragetum continentalis Ortiz & Izco ex Pérez Carro, T.E. Díaz,
Fernández Areces & Salvo 1989]
28.2.2. Sedo hirsuti-Saxifragetum fragosoi RivasMartínez 1964 nom. mut.
[Sedo hirsuti-Saxifragetum continentalis Rivas-Martínez 1964]
28.3. Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion linkiani Ladero, C. Valle, M.T. Santos, Amor, Espírito
Santo, Lousã & J.C. Costa 1991
Chasmochomophytic communities on limestone, sometimes dolomites, in the thermo mesomediterranean
belts, in the Dividing Portuguese Sector and Arrábida
range.
Typus: Sileno longiciliae-Antirrhinetum linkiani Ladero, C. Valle, M.T. Santos, Amor, Espírito Santo,
Lousã & J.C. Costa 1991 (28.3.2.).
Characteristic species: Antirrhinum linkianum, Arabis
sadina, Avenula lodunensis subsp. occidentalis,
Biscutella lusitanica, Calendula suffruticosa subsp.
lusitanica, Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. cintrana, Dianthus cintranus subsp. barbatus, Rumex
intermedius subsp. lusitanicus, Saxifraga cintrana,
Silene longicilia.
28.3.1. Phagnalo saxatilis-Dianthetum barbati C. Lopes, Pinto-Gomes, Lousã & Ladero ass. nova
hoc loco
[Phagnalo saxatilis-Dianthetum barbati C. Lopes
2001 nom. inval. (art. 1)]
28.3.2. Sileno longiciliae-Antirrhinetum linkiani Ladero, C. Valle, M.T. Santos, Amor, Espírito
Santo, Lousã & J.C. Costa 1991
24
J.C. Costa & al.
28.4. Sesamoidion suffruticosae Ortiz & Pulgar 2000
Siliceous communities, temperate submediterranean
and mesomediterranean, with austral Galician-Portuguese distribution.
Typus: Sesamoido suffruticosae-Anarrhinetum bellidifolii Ortiz & Pulgar 2000 (28.4.2.).
Characteristic species: Anarrhinum longipedicellatum,
Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. puberula, Reseda
media, Sesamoides suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa.
28.4.1. Anarrhinetum longipedicellati Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa & Aguiar ass. nova hoc
loco
28.4.2. Sesamoido suffruticosae-Anarrhinetum bellidifolii Ortiz & Pulgar 2000
28.4.3. Sesamoido suffruticosae-Anarrhinetum durimini Ortiz & J. Rodríguez 1993
29. THLASPIETEA ROTUNDIFOLII Br.-Bl. 1948
Communities of mobile gravel, rich in endemic species,
formed by hemicryptophytes and rhizomatous geophytes.
Colonizers of slopes, moraines, riverine gravel deposits,
cracks caused by ice in the Eurasian high mountains, in
boreal, temperate and Mediterranean bioclimate. Holarctic distribution.
Typus: Thlaspietalia rotundifoliae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. &
Jenny 1926 (29a.).
Characteristic species: Biscutella valentina subsp. valentina, Linaria supina.
29a. ANDROSACETALIA ALPINAE Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Jenny
1926
Communities of mobile gravel, that colonize siliceous
soils poor in bases, in the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean high mountains.
Typus: Androsacion alpinae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Jenny
1926.
Characteristic species: Epilobium lanceolatum, Paronychia polygonifolia.
29.1. Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani RivasMartínez 1964
Orophilous communities, supra to cryotemperate, Carpetan-Leonese, Oroiberian, Orocantabrian.
Typus: Digitali carpetanae-Senecionetum carpetani
Rivas-Martínez 1964.
Characteristic species: Arrhenatherum carpetanum,
Coincya nevadensis subsp. orophila, Digitalis purpurea subsp. carpetana, Leontodon hispidus subsp.
bourgaeanus, Linaria saxatilis subsp. glabrescens,
Reseda gredensis, Rumex suffruticosus, Senecio pyrenaicus subsp. caespitosus, Silene foetida, Solidago virgaurea subsp. fallit-tirones, Trisetum hispidum, Viola langeana.
29.1.1. Digitali carpetanae-Leontodontetum bourgaeni Jansen 1998
29.1.2. Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Rumicetum suffruticosi Rivas-Martínez 1981
29.1.3. Violetum langeanae Ortiz & Samaniego 1989
29b. POLYSTICHETALIA LONCHITIDIS Rivas-Martínez,
T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
Saxicolous communities with abundant caespitose rhizomatous ferns, growing on cracks of semi-fixed morainic blocks, karstic crevices and block deposits resulting from freeze-thaw, in boreal, temperate and Mediterranean high mountains.
Typus: Dryopteridion oreadis Rivas-Martínez 1977
corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi &
Penas 1984 (29.2.).
Characteristic species: Phegopteris connectilis.
29.2. Dryopteridion oreadis Rivas-Martínez 1977
corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi
& Penas 1984
Communities of high mountains, dominated by ferns,
growing between large stabilized blocks or in periglacial morainic sediments. Holarctic and Eurasian distribution.
Typus: Cryptogrammo-Dryopteridetum oreadis Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez & Costa 1970 corr.
Rivas-Martínez, Báscones, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález & Loidi 1991 (29.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Cryptogramma crispa, Dryopteris expansa, Dryopteris oreades.
29.2.1. Cryptogrammo-Dryopteridetum oreadis Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez & Costa
1970 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Báscones, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández-González & Loidi 1991
29c. ANDRYALETALIA RAGUSINAE Rivas Goday ex Rivas
Goday & Esteve 1972
Plant communities developing on gravel, pebbles, and
boulders accumulations, thermo to oromediterranean,
dry subhumid. Western Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Andryalion ragusinae Rivas Goday & Esteve
1972.
Characteristic species: Andryala ragusina, Lactuca
chondrilliflora, Lactuca viminea, Scrophularia canina subsp. canina, Silene inaperta.
29.3. Glaucion flavi Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948
Mediterranean communities of riverine gravel deposits.
Typus: Glaucio flavi-Scrophularietum caninae Br.-Bl.
ex Tchou 1948.
29.3.1. Lactuco chondrilliflorae-Andryaletum ragusinae Penas, T.E. Díaz, López Pacheco &
M.E. García 1987
V. SYNANTHROPIC,
FRINGE AND MEGAFORBIC VEGE-
TATION
Va. SYNANTHROPIC VEGETATION
30. ARTEMISIETEA VULGARIS Lohmeyer, Preising &
Tüxen in Tüxen 1950 ex von Rochow 1951
Pioneer and ruderal sunny vegetation composed by perennial and tall biennial forbs, grasses and thistles. These
communities prosper in deep soils enriched in nitrogen
(due to man or cattle action). In Mediterranean pluviseasonal and temperate bioclimate. Holarctic distribution,
and neophytes in all cold tropical areas.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Typus: Artemisietalia vulgaris Lohmeyer in Tüxen 1947
(30a).
Characteristic species: Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia
vulgaris, Cirsium vulgare, Daucus carota, Dipsacus
comosus, Echium vulgare, Lactuca serriola, Marrubium vulgare, Reseda lutea subsp. lutea, Salvia verbenaca subsp. verbenaca.
30A. ARTEMISIENEA VULGARIS (Lohmeyer, Preising &
Tüxen in Tüxen 1950 ex von Rochow 1951) Rivas
Goday & Borja 1961
Perennial ruderal forbs and pioneer nitrophilous communities, in temperate bioclimate.
Typus: Artemisietalia vulgaris Lohmeyer in Tüxen 1947
(30a).
Characteristic species: Picris echioides, Tanacetum parthenium.
30a. ARTEMISIETALIA VULGARIS Lohmeyer in Tüxen 1947
Ruderal forbs of temperate sunny communities.
Typus: Arction lappae Tüxen 1937 (30.1.).
Characteristic species: Artemisia verlotiorum, Foeniculum vulgare subsp. vulgare, Salvia aethiopis, Tanacetum vulgare.
30.1. Arction lappae Tüxen 1937
Hemicryptophytic communities of ruderal-nitrophilous plants, which develop in the suburbs of urban
areas and in rural environments, on deep soils. In
meso orotemperate bioclimate, with Eurasian distribution.
Typus: Urtico urentis-Chenopodietum boni-henrici
Tüxen 1937.
Characteristic species: Arctium minus, Geranium pyrenaicum subsp. lusitanicum, Geranium pyrenaicum
subsp. pyrenaicum, Nepeta latifolia, Scrophularia
herminii.
30.1.1. Balloto foetidae-Arctietum minoris O. Bolòs
1959
30.1.2. Geranio lusitanici-Scrophularietum herminii
Honrado, P. Alves, Lomba, Rocha, J. Torres,
S. Ortiz & B. Caldas in Acta Bot. Gallica
151(4): 396, 2004
30.2. Dauco-Melilotion Görs 1966
Ruderal communities dominated by large biennial
pioneer nitrophilous herbs in rural altered or disturbed
soils, and other urban nitrophilous soils.
Typus: Dauco carotae-Picridetum hieracioides Görs
1966.
Characteristic species: Echium lusitanicum subsp. lusitanicum, Echium rosulatum, Melilotus albus, Melilotus officinalis.
30.2.1. Echio rosulati-Picridetum echioidis P. Alves
& Honrado in Honrado, P. Alves, Nepomuceno & B.Caldas in Silva Lusit. 10(2): 255,
2002
30b. ELYTRIGIETALIA INTERMEDIO-REPENTIS Oberdorfer,
Müller & Görs in Oberdorfer, Görs, Korneck,
Lohmeyer, Müller, Philippi & Seibert 1967 nom.
mut.
[Agropyretalia repentis Oberdorfer, Müller & Görs in
Oberdorfer, Görs, Korneck, Lohmeyer, Müller, Philippi
& Seibert 1967]
25
Temperate, nitrophilous perennial and pioneer grasslands dominated by Elytrigia spp., with Eurosiberian
distribution and Mediterranean humid disjunctions.
Typus: Convolvulo arvensis-Elytrigion repentis Görs
1966 num. mut.
Characteristic species: Aster squamatus, Convolvulus
arvensis, Elytrigia repens, Equisetum arvense, Oenothera affinis, Oenothera biennis, Oenothera glazioviana, Poa angustifolia.
30.3. Elytrigion athericae Géhu 1968 nom. mut.
[Agropyrion pungentis Géhu 1968]
Dense sub-halophiles pioneer grasslands, dominated
by Elytrigia atherica, which occupy nitrophilous biotopes strongly enriched in organic matter left by the
sea, especially on the banks of estuaries. Atlantic distribution on sandy substrates.
Typus: Elytrigietum athericae Géhu 1968 nom. mut.
Characteristic species: Agrostis stolonifera var. pseudopungens, Elytrigia atherica, Tripleurospermum
perforatum.
30.3.1. Inulo crithmoidis-Elytrigietum athericae Géhu
ex Izco, Guitián & J.M. Sánchez 1993 nom.
mut.
[Inulo crithmoidis-Elymetum pycnanthi Géhu ex
Izco, Guitián & J.M. Sánchez 1993]
30c. BRASSICO OLERACEAE-LAVATERETALIA ARBOREAE
Rivas-Martínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(2): 437, 2011
Communities composed by hemicryptophytes, chamaephytes nanophanerophytes growing in nitrophilous environments submitted to sea salt spray (coastal rocky
cliffs) and microsoils enriched by the droppings of seabirds. Distribution: Cantabrian-Atlantic, Franc-British,
Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and circum-Mediterranean.
Typus: Brassicion oleraceae Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999 (30.4.).
Characteristic species: Lavatera arborea.
30.4. Brassicion oleraceae Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Communities of sea rocks, caps and islets CantabrianAtlantic, Franc-British and Coastal Lusitan-Andalusian.
Typus: Crithmo maritimi-Brassicetum oleraceae F.
Prieto & Honera 1993.
Characteristic species: Calendula algarbiensis, Calendula incana, Matricaria maritima, Scrophularia
sublyrata.
30.4.1. Calendulo algarbiensis-Parietarietum judaicae J. & P. Guitián ex Izco & Amigo 2001
30.4.2. Scrophulario sublyratae-Lavateretum arboreae J.C. Costa, Capelo, Neto, Arsénio &
Lousã ass nova hoc loco
30B. ONOPORDENEA ACANTHII Rivas-Martínez, Báscones,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & Loidi 2002
Nitrophilous or sub-nitrophilous communities dominated
by large thistles and other biennial or perennial plants, on
disturbed soils, edges of roads or paths and resting places
for animals. With a Mediterranean optimal distribution
and Eurosiberian disjunctions.
26
J.C. Costa & al.
Typus: Onopordetalia acanthii Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Klika
& Hadač 1944 (30d.).
Characteristic species: Allium ampeloprasum, Carduus
pycnocephalus, Carduus tenuiflorus, Carlina corymbosa subsp. hispanica, Centaurea calcitrapa, Chondrilla juncea, Cichorium intybus, Eryngium campestre,
Hyoscyamus niger, Onopordum acanthium subsp.
acanthium, Reseda luteola, Verbascum pulverulentum,
Verbascum virgatum.
30d. ONOPORDETALIA ACANTHII Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex
Klika & Hadač 1944
Pioneer communities of perennial thistles and mullein
in abandoned agricultural fields, amended soil, slopes,
meso-orotemperate supra-oromediterranean.
Typus: Onopordion acanthii Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajweski, Wraber & Wallas 1936.
Characteristic species: Cichorium endivia subsp. pumilum, Lactuca virosa, Onopordum illyricum, Verbascum thapsus subsp. montanum.
30.5. Carduo carpetani-Cirsion odontolepidis RivasMartínez, Penas & T.E. Díaz 1986
Nitrophilous ruderal communities of thistles and mullein, which colonize amended deep soils, supra-oromediterranean and supra-orotemperate, in the IberianMediterranean mountains.
Typus: Carduo carpetani-Onopordetum acanthii Rivas-Martínez, Penas & T.E. Díaz 1986 (30.5.1.).
Characteristic species: Carduus carpetanus, Carduus
gayanus, Carduus platypus.
30.5.1. Carduo carpetani-Onopordetum acanthii Rivas-Martínez, Penas & T.E. Díaz 1986
Typus: Onopordetum castellani Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs
1958 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002.
Characteristic species: Carduus broteroi, Carthamus
lanatus subsp. baeticus, Cynara humilis, Cynara
tournefortii, Daucus maximus, Echinops strigosus,
Echium boissieri, Echium creticum subsp. algarbiensis, Notobasis syriaca, Onopordum macrocanthum, Onopordum nervosum subsp. nervosum,
Scolymus maculatus.
30.6.1. Carlino hispanicae-Carthametum lanati Ladero, F. Navarro & C. J. Valle 1983 corr. RivasMartínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González,
Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
30e. CARTHAMETALIA LANATI Brullo in Brullo & Marceno 1985
Nitrophilous ruderal communities composed by perennial to biennial plants in abandoned farmland soils very
altered by human activities, with infra-mesomediterranean semiarid-humid bioclimate and Mediterranean
distribution.
Typus: Onopordion illyrici Oberdorfer 1954.
Characteristic species: Atractylis gummifera, Carduncellus caeruleus, Carduus bourgeanus, Carlina corymbosa subsp. corymbosa, Carthamus lanatus
subsp. lanatus, Centaurea aspera, Centaurea collina,
Cynoglossum cheirifolium, Cynoglossum clandestinum, Cynoglossum creticum, Echium creticum subsp.
coincyanum, Echium tuberculatum, Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum, Reseda barrelieri subsp. barrelieri, Salvia argentea, Scolymus hispanicus, Verbascum sinuatum, Verbascum thapsus subsp. thapsus.
30.6. Onopordion castellani Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958
corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
Ruderal nitrophilous communities that grows in early
spring, formed by large thistles, typical of deep, well
aerated and perturbed soils, indifferently to the chemical nature of the substrate, although requiring some
moisture in the soil. Mediterranean, Madeiran and
Canarian distribution.
Typus: Urtico piluliferae-Silybetum mariani Br.-Bl. in
Br.-Bl., Gajweski, Wraber & Wallas 1936.
Characteristic species: Cynara cardunculus, Oxalis
articulata, Silybum marianum.
30.7.1. Carduo bourgeani-Silybetum mariani RivasMartínez ex Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Loidi
1992
30.7.2. Scolymo maculati-Cynaretum ferocissimae
Wildpret, Del Arco & García Gallo 1989
[Onopordion nervosi Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958 corr.
Rivas-Martínez 1975]
Ruderal indifferent edaphic thistles communities, in
abandoned fields and crops on amended deep soils,
with shortage of time hydromorphy. In infra-supramediterranean bioclimate, with Mediterranean West
Iberian, Baetic and Maghrebi distribution.
[Carlino corymbosae-Carthametum lanati Ladero,
F. Navarro & C. J. Valle 1983]
30.6.2. Carthamo lanati-Onopordetum macracanthi
Ladero, M.T. Santos, J.L. Pérez & Amor in
M.T. Santos & Ladero 1989
30.6.3. Galactito tomentosae-Cynaretum humilis Rivas Goday 1964 nom. inv.
[Bourgaeo humilis-Galactitetum tomentosae Rivas
Goday 1964]
30.6.4. Notobasio syriacae-Scolymetum maculati Rivas Goday ex Ladero, Socorro, Molero, M.
López, Zafra, Marín, Hurtado & Pérez-Raya
1981
30.7. Urtico piluliferae-Silybion mariani Sissingh ex
Br.-Bl. & 1958 nom invers.
[Silybo-Urticion Sissingh ex Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs
1958]
30.8. Bromo madritensis-Piptatherion miliacei O.
Bolòs 1970 nom. mut.
[Bromo-Oryzopsion miliaceae O. Bolòs 1970; Hyperico perforati-Ferulion communis Vicente & Galán in
Acta Bot. Malacitana 33: 179, 2008 (syintax. syn.)]
Subnitrophilous communities occupying roadsides,
debris, sand dunes and abandoned farmland, rich in
chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes. Infra-mesomediterranean, with Mediterranean, Madeiran and Canarian distribution.
Typus: Dittrichio viscosae-Piptatheretum miliacei A.
& O. Bolòs ex O. Bolòs 1957 nom. mut (30.8.3.).
Characteristic species: Centaurea aspera subsp. stenophylla, Dittrichia viscosa subsp. revoluta, Dittri-
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
chia viscosa subsp. viscosa, Piptatherum miliaceum
subsp. miliaceum, Piptatherum miliaceum subsp.
thomasii, Scabiosa atropurpureae, Verbascum litigiosum.
30.8.1. Feruletum communis Vicente & Galán in Acta Bot. Malacitana 33: 177, 2008
30.8.2. Dittrichietum revolutae O. Bolòs ex RivasMartínez 2002 nom mut.
[Inuletum revolutae O. Bolòs ex Rivas-Martínez
2002]
30.8.3. Dittrichio viscosae-Piptatheretum miliacei A.
& O. Bolòs ex O. Bolòs 1957 nom. mut.
[Inulo viscosae-Oryzopsietum miliacei O. Bolòs
1957]
30.8.4. Piptathero miliacei-Foeniculetum vulgaris Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodriguez, Pérez de Paz, Garcia Gallo, Acebes,
T.E Díaz & Fernandez-González 1993
30.8.5. Verbasco litigiosi-Ononidetum ramosissimae
Galán, I. Sánchez & Vicente 1997
31. EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII Tüxen & Preising ex
von Rochow 1951
Perennial herbaceous vegetation, formed by hemicryptophytes, often tall herbs, on rich soils in nitrogen compounds due to the rapid decomposition of organic matter,
usually from forestry. These communities develop in
nitrophilous amended fringes, in woodland glades where
the forest has been destroyed or cleared, in scrubland,
and in burned forests. Usually they are transitory formations which represent the beginning of secondary succession (regeneration) after a severe disturbance that originated the clearings in the forest ecosystem. Holarctic
distribution.
Typus: Atropetalia belladonae Vlieger 1937 (31a.).
Characteristic species: Asphodelus arrondeaui, Epilobium angustifolium, Fragaria vesca, Myosotis sylvatica, Verbascum thapsus subsp. thapsus.
31a. ATROPETALIA BELLADONAE Vlieger 1937
Single order in Europe.
Typus: Atropion belladonae Br.-Bl. ex Aichinger 1933.
31.1. Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii Tüxen
ex von Rochow 1951
Tall herb communities, on fresh acidic soils rich in
organic matter, in fringes of evergreen or deciduous
forests and roadsides more or less shadowy. Eurosiberian distribution.
Typus: Epilobio angustifolii-Senecionetum sylvaticae
Tüxen 1950.
Characteristic species: Asphodelus lusitanicus var. ovoideus, Bromus ramosus, Digitalis purpurea subsp.
purpurea, Iris boissieri, Senecio sylvaticus.
31.1.1. Asphodelo arrondeaui-Epilobietum angustifolii Izco, J. Guitián & Amigo 1986 corr. Izco
& Amigo 2001
31.1.2. Simethido mattiazi-Asphodeletum ovoidei Bellot ex Izco & Amigo 2001
27
32. ORYZETEA SATIVAE Miyawaki 1960
Weed communities of rice fields, with predominance of
therophytes and hemicryptophytes, in tropical, Mediterranean and temperate bioclimate with hot summers.
Cosmopolitan distribution.
Typus: Cypero difformis-Echinochloetalia oryzoides O.
Bolòs & Masclans 1955 (32a.).
Characteristic species: Schoenoplectus supinus.
32a. CYPERO DIFFORMIS-ECHINOCHLOETALIA ORYZOIDES
O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955
Mediterranean communities.
Typus: Oryzo sativae-Echinochloion oryzoidis O. Bolòs
& Masclans 1955 (32.1.).
32.1. Oryzo sativae-Echinochloion oryzoidis O. Bolòs
& Masclans 1955
Single order.
Typus Oryzo sativae-Echinochloetum crus-galli Soó
ex Ubrizsy 1948 (32.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Ammannia coccinea, Cyperus
difformis, Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. hispidula,
Echinochloa oryzoides subsp. oryzicola, Echinochloa oryzoides subsp. oryzoides, Rotala indica,
Schoenoplectus mucronatus.
32.1.1. Oryzo sativae-Echinochloetum crus-galli Soó
ex Ubrizsy 1948
[Cypero difformis-Ammannietum coccineae O. Bolòs & Masclans 1955]
33. PEGANO-SALSOLETEA Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958
Nitrophilous or halo-nitrophilous dwarf scrubs communities, formed by succulent chamaephytes and nanophanerophytes, including tropical alien shrubs. Distribution
Mediterranean, Irano-Turanic and Saharo-Northern Arabic, in infra-oromediterranean belt, Mediterranean desertic, xeric and pluviseasonal bioclimate.
Typus: Salsolo vermiculatae-Peganetalia harmalae Br.Bl. & O. Bolòs 1954 (33a.).
Characteristic species: Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa, Ballota hirsuta, Fagonia cretica, Lycium barbarum, Launaea arborescens, Lycium europaeum, Lycium intricatum, Ruta angustifolia.
33a. SALSOLO VERMICULATAE-PEGANETALIA HARMALAE
Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1954
Shrub nitrophilous and halo-nitrophilous communities,
infra-supramediterranean, arid dry, Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Salsolo vermiculatae-Peganion harmalae Br.Bl. & O. Bolòs 1954.
Characteristic species: Artemisia arborescens, Atriplex
halimus, Lavatera arborea, Mercurialis tomentosa,
Plumbago europaea, Salsola vermiculata subsp. vermiculata, Solanum linnaeanum, Withania frutescens.
33.1. Salsolo oppositifoliae-Suaedion pruinosae Rigual 1972
[Carthamo arborescentis-Salsolion oppositifoliae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1963 nom inval. (art.8)]
Halo-nitrophilous or aero-halines communities growing in deep soils, occasionally with shallow groundwater. They present a thermomediterranean arid to
semiarid bioclimate and a Murcian-Almeriensian and
Gaditan-Algarvian distribution.
28
J.C. Costa & al.
Typus: Atriplex glaucae-Suaedetum pruinosae Rigual
1972.
Characteristic species: Cynomorium coccineum.
33.1.1. Cynomorio coccinei-Lycietum intricati RivasMartínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa (1990) 2002
[Salsolo vermiculatae-Lycietum intricati RivasMartínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González
& J.C. Costa 1990 non Llorens & Guijarro 1982]
33.1.2. Frankenio laevis-Salsoletum vermiculatae J.C.
Costa in J.C. Costa, Lousã & Espírito Santo
1997
33b. HELICHRYSO STOECHADIS-SANTOLINETALIA SQUARROSAE Peinado & Martínez-Parras 1984
Shrub communities rich in nitrophilous species of
Santolina and Helichrysum in abandoned agricultural
fields, slopes, edges of paths and greatly grazed soils.
Western Mediterranean distribution in thermo-oromediterranean dry to wet bioclimate.
Typus: Artemisio glutinosae-Santolinion rosmarinifoliae Costa 1975 (33.2).
Characteristic species: Helichrysum italicum subsp.
serotinum, Helichrysum stoechas subsp. stoechas,
Plantago sempervirens, Ruta montana, Sideritis hirsuta subsp. hirsuta, Thymus mastichina.
33.2. Artemisio glutinosae-Santolinion rosmarinifoliae Costa 1975
Communities on siliceous deep sandy soils or sandyloamy.
Typus: Artemisio glutinosae-Santolinetum rosmarinifoliae Costa 1975.
Characteristic species: Alyssum serpyllifolium subsp.
lusitanicum, Euphorbia matritensis, Santolina impressa, Santolina rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia, Santolina rosmarinifolia subsp. semidentata.
33.2.1. Alysso lusitanici-Santolinetum semidentatae
Aguiar, Penas & Lousã in J.C. Costa, Capelo,
Aguiar, Neto, Lousã & Espírito Santo 1997
33.2.2. Santolinetum impressae Rivas-Martínez ex
Neto, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã 1997 (fig.
28, page 108)
33c. FORSSKAOLEO ANGUSTIFOLIAE-RUMICETALIA LUNARIAE Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, Rodriguez, Pérez de Paz, Garcia-Gallo, Acebes, T.E.
Díaz & Fernández-González 1993
Nitrophilous shrub communities, infra mesomediterranean, arid to semiarid, Canarian and Madeiran.
Typus: Artemisio thusculae-Rumicion lunariae RivasMartínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, Rodriguez, Pérez de
Paz, Garcia-Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & FernándezGonzález 1993.
Characteristic species: Atriplex glauca subsp. ifniensis
(ter.), Chenoleoides tomentosa (ter.), Lavandula pinnata, Schizogyne sericea.
33.3. Argyranthemo suculenti-Calendulion maderensis Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Madeiran communities.
Typus: Calendulo maderensis-Suaedetum verae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez 2000 (33.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Argyranthemum pinnatifidum
subsp. succulentum, Calendula maderensis.
33.3.1. Calendulo maderensis-Suaedetum verae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
33d. NICOTIANO GLAUCAE-RICINETALIA COMMUNIS Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Sub-nitrophilous, nitrophilous and thermophile shrub
communities, consisting of rapid growth neophytes
with tropical origin, in infra-thermomediterranean, arid
to dry bioclimate and Mediterranean and Canarian-Madeiran distribution.
Typus: Nicotiano glauci-Ricinion communis RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999 (33.4.).
33.4. Nicotiano glauci-Ricinion communis RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Single order in Portugal.
Typus: Tropaeolo majoris-Ricinetum communis Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, del Arco, Rodriguez, Pérez
de Paz, Garcia-Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González 1993 (33.4.1.).
Characteristic species: Nicotiana glauca, Ricinus communis, Salpichroa origanifolia, Tropaeolum majus.
33.4.1. Tropaeolo majoris-Ricinetum communis Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, del Arco, Rodriguez,
Pérez de Paz, Garcia-Gallo, Acebes, T.E.
Díaz & Fernández-González 1993
34. POLYGONO-POETEA ANNUAE Rivas-Martínez 1975
Pioneer communities of nitrophilous therophytes, with
creeping perennials, adapted to compacted soils due to
trampling, mainly in paths of urban and rural areas, cosmopolitan distribution.
Typus: Polygono arenastri-Poetalia annuae Tüxen in
Géhu, Richard & Tüxen 1972 corr. Rivas-Martínez,
Báscones, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & Loidi
1991 (34a.).
Characteristic species: Coronopus didymus, Cotula australis, Gymnostyles stolonifera, Polycarpon tetraphyllum.
34a. POLYGONO ARENASTRI-POETALIA ANNUAE Tüxen in
Géhu, Richard & Tüxen 1972 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Báscones, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González &
Loidi 1991
Holarctic nitrophilous communities, colonizing paths,
roads or places subject to soil compaction due to trampling.
Typus: Saginion procumbentis Tüxen & Ohba in Géhu,
Richard & Tüxen 1972 (34.1.).
Characteristic species: Bryum argenteum, Plantago coronopus subsp. coronopus, Poa annua, Poa infirma,
Polygonum arenastrum, Polygonum aviculare, Sagina apetala, Spergularia rubra var. rubra.
34.1. Saginion procumbentis Tüxen & Ohba in Géhu,
Richard & Tüxen 1972
Communities of creeping perennial plants in temperate humid biotopes and Mediterranean areas, in semishady and wet soils. Displays optimum Eurosiberian
but can penetrate the Mediterranean in biotopes with
some humidity.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Typus: Bryo argentei-Saginetum procumbentis Diemont, Sissingh & Westhoff 1940 nom. inv. (34.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Sagina procumbens.
34.1.1. Bryo argentei-Saginetum procumbentis Diemont, Sissingh & Westhoff 1940 nom. inv.
[Sagino-Bryetum argentei Diemont, Sissingh &
Westhoff 1940]
34.2. Matricario-Polygonion arenastri Rivas-Martínez 1975 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Báscones, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández-González & Loidi 1991
Aestival plant communities in temperate bioclimate,
in areas subject to heavy trampling, in sandy and
loamy soils.
Typus: Polygono arenastri-Matricarietum discoideae
Müller ex Oberdorfer 1971 corr. Passarge 1996 nom.
inv. (34.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Eragrostis minor, Eragrostis
pilosa, Lepidium ruderale, Matricaria discoidea.
34.2.1. Polygono arenastri-Matricarietum discoideae
Müller ex Oberdorfer 1971 corr. Passarge
1996 nom. inv.
[Matricario-Polygonetum arenastri Müller ex Oberdorfer 1971 corr. Passarge 1996]
34.3. Sclerochloo durae-Coronopodion squamati Rivas-Martínez 1975
Communities of temperate and Mediterranean clay
soils, rich in limestone, very compressed and poorly
aired.
Typus: Coronopodo squamati-Sclerochloetum durae
Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajweski, Wraber & Walas 1936
num. mut.
Characteristic species: Coronopus squamatus.
34.3.1. Polycarpo tetraphylli-Coronopodetum squamati Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, O.
Rodríguez, Pérez de Paz, García Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González 1993
34.4. Polycarpion tetraphylli Rivas-Martínez 1975
Communities of trampled soils, growing in West Mediterranean, that develop in spring and summer in
areas with mild to warm winters, and not clayey soils.
Typus: Solivetum stoloniferae Rivas-Martínez 1975
(34.4.3.).
Characteristic species: Matricaria aurea, Crassula tillaea, Crepis pusilla, Spergularia purpurea.
34.4.1. Crassulo tillaeae-Saginetum apetalae RivasMartínez 1975
34.4.2. Polycarpo tetraphylli-Cotuletum australis
Wildpret, Pérez de Paz, del Arco & García
Gallo 1988
34.4.3. Solivetum stoloniferae Rivas-Martínez 1975
34.3.4. Spergulario rubrae-Matricarietum aureae
(Rivas Goday 1955) Rivas-Martínez 1975
34.5. Chamaesycion prostratae Rivas-Martínez 1976
nom. mut.
[Euphorbion prostratae Rivas-Martínez 1976]
Communities with tropical and subtropical neophytes
growing in summer in hot Holarctic areas.
Typus: Euphorbietum chamaesyco-prostratae RivasMartínez 1976 (34.5.1.).
29
Characteristic species: Alternanthera caracasana, Chamaesyce canescens, Chamaesyce maculata, Chamaesyce prostrata, Chamaesyce serpens, Eleusine
indica, Eleusine tristachya.
34.5.1. Euphorbietum chamaesyco-prostratae RivasMartínez 1976
34.5.2. Polycarpo-Alternantheretum Oberdorfer ex
Lohmeyer & Trautmann 1970
35. STELLARIETEA MEDIAE Tüxen, Lohmeyer & Preising
ex von Rochow 1951
Nitrophilous or semi-nitrophilous vegetation, consisting
on annual ephemeral plants that inhabit in nitrogenous
rich matter substrate. Too often occupy disturbed soil in
urban and agricultural areas, including fringe of paths
and roads, crops, etc. Cosmopolitan distribution except
warm tropical territories.
Typus: Chenopodietalia muralis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936 em. Rivas-Martínez
1977 (35d.).
Characteristic species: Ajuga chamaepitys, Althea hirsuta, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ammi majus, Anthemis
cotula, Atriplex patula, Bromus hordeaceus, Bromus
sterilis, Bromus tectorum, Calendula arvensis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsella rubella, Cardaria draba,
Cerastium glomeratum, Chenopodium album, Crepis
pulchra, Delphinium gracile, Delphinium halteratum
subsp. halteratum, Delphinium halteratum subsp. verdunense, Erodium malacoides, Eruca vesicaria subsp.
sativa, Filago pyramidata, Holosteum umbellatum
subsp. umbellatum, Matricaria recutita, Melilotus segetalis subsp. segetalis, Mercurialis ambigua, Mercurialis annua, Muscari comosum, Oxalis corniculata,
Polygonum bellardii, Senecio vulgaris, Sinapis arvensis, Solanum nigrum, Sonchus asper subsp. asper,
Sonchus oleraceus, Stachys ocymastrum, Stellaria media, Thlaspi perfoliatum, Valerianella locusta, Veronica arvensis, Viola arvensis subsp. arvensis.
35a. SECALINO-STELLARIENEA MEDIAE Rivas Goday 1964
Cultivated field weeds vegetation.
Typus: Centaureetalia cyani Tüxen ex von Rochow 1951
(35a.).
Characteristic species: Anagallis arvensis, Anagallis
foemina, Arabidopsis thaliana, Camelina microcarpa,
Coleostephus myconis, Fallopia convolvulus, Fumaria
muralis, Galeopsis tetrahit, Glaucium corniculatum,
Lamium amplexicaule, Lamium purpureum, Lathyrus
aphaca, Lathyrus cicera, Papaver hybridum, Papaver
somniferum subsp. setigerum, Raphanus raphanistrum,
Vicia angustifolia, Vicia sativa, Vicia villosa.
35a. CENTAUREETALIA CYANI Tüxen ex von Rochow
1951
Weed communities of winter-spring crops, especially
cereal, in soils rich in bases (neutral-alkaline), thermomesomediterranean.
Typus: Caucalidion platycarpae Tüxen ex Von Rochow 1951 num. mut.
Characteristic species: Agrostemma githago, Alopecurus myosuroides, Asperula arvensis, Avena fatua,
Buglossoides arvensis subsp. arvensis, Centaurea
cyanus, Galium tricornutum, Hypecoum imberbe,
Kickxia elatine, Kickxia spuria subsp. integrifolia,
30
J.C. Costa & al.
Legousia hybrida, Neslia apiculata, Nigella damascena, Nigella gallica, Papaver dubium, Papaver
rhoeas, Ranunculus arvensis, Rapistrum rugosum
subsp. linnaeanum, Rapistrum rugosum subsp. rugosum, Scandix pecten-veneris, Sherardia arvensis, Silene muscipula, Silene nocturna, Silene rubella, Turgenia latifolia, Vaccaria hispanica, Valerianella coronata, Vicia hirsuta.
35.1. Roemerion hybridae Br.-Bl. ex Rivas-Martínez,
Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Communities of spring weed of crops, which thrive in
clay soils rich in limestone or bases, thermo-mesomediterranean, semi-arid to sub-humid, typical of Tingitanan Province (North Africa), Iberian Peninsula and
south-eastern France.
Typus: Caucalido platycarpae-Scandicetum pectenveneris Libbert ex Tüxen 1937.
Characteristic species: Adonis microcarpa, Anchusa
italica, Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana, Bifora
testiculata, Biscutella auriculata, Coronilla scorpioides, Delphinium pentagynum, Galium verrucosum, Hypecoum procumbens, Lathyrus ochrus, Linaria hirta, Nigella atlantica, Papaver pinnatifidum, Sisymbrium crassifolium, Valerianella echinata, Valerianella pumila.
35.1.1. Linario hirtae-Galietum tricornuti Rivas Goday 1964
35.1.2. Valerianello discoideae-Bupleuretum lancifolii Rivas Goday 1964
35.2. Ridolfion segeti Nègre ex El Antri in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Arable spring communities characteristic of vertisols,
in thermo-mesomediterranean lower dry sub-humid
bioclimate and with a southern Iberian Peninsula to
Mauritania distribution.
Typus: Ridolfio segeti-Capnophylletum peregrini
Guinochet 1978 (35.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Adonis annua, Bupleurum lancifolium, Capnophyllum peregrinum, Nigella papillosa, Phalaris paradoxa, Ridolfia segetum, Silene
stricta.
35.2.1. Bupleuro lancifolii-Ridolfietum segeti Peinado, Martínez-Parras & Alcaraz 1989
35.2.2. Ridolfio segeti-Capnophylletum peregrini Guinochet 1978
35b. APERETALIA SPICAE-VENTI J. Tüxen & Tüxen in
Malato-Beliz, J. Tüxen & Tüxen 1960
Winter and spring crops communities, on sandy and
sandy-loamy soils poor in bases, with Eurosiberian and
Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Scleranthion annui (Kruseman & Vlieger 1939)
Sissingh in Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946 (35.3.).
35.3. Scleranthion annui (Kruseman & Vlieger 1939)
Sissingh in Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946
Eurosiberian and Mediterranean weed communities
on poor soils in bases.
Typus: Aphanes arvensis-Matricarietum chamomillae
Tüxen 1937 num. mut.
Characteristic species: Anthemis arvensis, Aphanes
arvensis, Arnoseris minima, Avena strigosa, Bromus secalinus, Chamaemelum mixtum, Odontites
verna, Papaver argemone, Scleranthus annuus,
Spergula arvensis, Spergularia segetalis, Veronica
triphyllos.
35.3a. Scleranthenion annui Kruseman & Vlieger
1939
[Aperenion spicae-venti Oberdorfer 1983]
Weed associations on acid soils Eurosiberian northern
Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Aphanes arvensis-Matricarietum chamomillae
Tüxen 1937 num. mut.
Characteristic species: Linaria amethystea.
35.3.1. Chrysanthemo segeti-Raphanetum microcarpi Bellot 1951
35.3.2. Miboro minimae-Arabidopsietum thalianae
Rivas-Martínez & C. Rivas-Martínez 1970
35.3b. Arnoseridenion minimae (Malato-Beliz, J.
Tüxen & Tüxen 1960) Oberdorfer 1983
Weed associations on very oligotrophic sandy soils of
the central, western and northern Iberia Peninsula.
Typus: Sclerantho annui-Arnoseridetum minimae Tüxen 1937.
Characteristic species: Linaria ricardoi, Myosotis discolor subsp. discolor.
35.3.3. Catapodietum patentis Br.-Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952
35.3.4. Linario elegantis-Anthoxanthetum aristati
Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958
35.3.5. Rumici bucephalophori-Arnoseridetum minimae Malato-Beliz ex A.Valdés 1985
35.3c. Spergulo pentandrae-Arabidopsienion thalianae Rivas Goday 1964
Communities on siliceous sandy-loamy mesotrophic
soils, in the centre, west and south of the Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Chrysanthemo myconis-Anthemidetum fuscatae Rivas Goday 1964 (35.3.6.).
Characteristic species: Chamaemelum fuscatum, Mibora minima, Spergula pentandra.
35.3.6. Chrysanthemo myconis-Anthemidetum fuscatae Rivas Goday 1964
35.3.7. Linario amethysteae-Calenduletum arvensis
Izco 1982
35.3.8. Raphano raphanistri-Diplotaxietum catholicae Vicente & Galán in Acta Bot. Malacitana
33: 179, 2008
35c. SOLANO NIGRI-POLYGONETALIA CONVOLVULI (Sissingh in Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946) O.
Bolòs 1962
Eurosiberian and Mediterranean weed communities of
summer crops.
Typus: Polygono convolvuli-Chenopodion polyspermi
Koch 1926 em. Oberdofer 1957 (35.4.).
Characteristic species: Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus
cruentus, Amaranthus hybridus, Ammi visnaga,
Chrysanthemum segetum, Diplotaxis erucoides, Era-
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
grostis barrelieri, Fumaria bastardii, Fumaria densiflora, Misopates orontium, Myosotis arvensis, Polygonum persicaria, Reseda phyteuma, Setaria verticillata, Setaria viridis, Stachys arvensis, Veronica
persica, Veronica polita, Xanthium strumarium.
35.4. Polygono convolvuli-Chenopodion polyspermi
Koch 1926
Summer-autumn crops communities, with AtlanticCentral European and Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Panico crus-galli-Chenopodietum polyspermi
Kruseman & Vlieger 1939.
Characteristic species: Anchusa arvensis, Chenopodium polyspermum, Digitaria ischaemum, Digitaria
sanguinalis, Euphorbia helioscopia, Euphorbia peplus, Fumaria officinalis, Fumaria vaillantii, Galinsoga ciliata, Galinsoga parviflora, Galinsoga quadriradiata, Lamium hybridum, Oxalis latifolia, Setaria pumila, Veronica agrestis, Veronica hederifolia.
35.4a. Eu-Polygono-Chenopodienion polyspermi
Oberdorfer 1957
Weed communities on rich soil.
Typus: Panico crus-galli-Chenopodietum polyspermi
Kruseman & Vlieger 1939.
35.4.1. Fumario capreolatae-Veronicetum persicae
Aedo, Herrera, F. Prieto & T.E. Díaz 1988
35.4.2. Galinsogo quadriradiatae-Fumarietum lowei
Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira
in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 242, 2003
35.4.3. Holosteo umbellati-Veronicetum persicae Penas, T.E. Díaz, C. Pérez, Puente, M.E. García
& Terrón 1988
35.4b. Digitario ischaemi-Setarienion viridis (Sissingh in Westhoff, Dijk & Passchier 1946)
Oberdorfer 1957
Summer crops weed communities on poor sandy soils.
Typus: Setario viridis-Galinsogetum parviflorae Tüxen
& Becker 1942.
Characteristic species: Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. crus-galli, Leersia oryzoides.
35.4.4. Digitario-Galinsogetum parviflorae Tüxen &
Becker 1942
35.4.5. Setario glaucae-Echinochloetum colonae O.
Bolòs 1955
35.4.6. Setario verticillatae-Echinochloetum crurisgalli Peinado, Bartolomé & Martínez-Parras
1985
35.5. Diplotaxion erucoidis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936
Weed communities of crops (not cereal) and fallow
lands, flowering in summer/autumn and with a Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Amarantho delilei-Diplotaxietum erucoidis
Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936.
Characteristic species: Chrozophora tinctoria, Cyperus rotundus, Diplotaxis muralis, Dittrichia graveolens, Euphorbia segetalis, Heliotropium europaeum, Kickxia lanigera, Mollugo cervina, Platycapnos spicata subsp. spicata, Solanum luteum,
31
Solanum villosum, Tanacetum annuum, Tanacetum
microphyllum, Teucrium spinosum.
35.5.1. Chrozophoro-Heliotropietum europaei Rivas
Goday 1964
35.5.2. Chrozophoro tinctoriae-Teucrietum spinosi
Galán de Mera 1996
35.5.3. Fedio cornucopiae-Diplotaxietum erucoidis
Rivas Goday 1964
35.5.4. Heliotropio europaei-Amaranthetum albi Rivas Goday 1964
35.5.5. Kickxio lanigerae-Tanacetum annui Galán de
Mera 1996
35.6. Fumarion wirtgenii-agrariae Brullo in Brullo
& Marceno 1985
Thermomediterranean weed associations with springtime flowering.
Typus: Fumario densiflorae-Veronicetum hederifoliae
Brull & Marcenó 1985.
Characteristic species: Fumaria agraria, Fumaria
parviflora, Fumaria wirtgenii, Oxalis pes-caprae.
35.6.1. Apio leptophyllae-Oxalidetum pes-caprae Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira in
Silva Lusit. 11(2): 243, 2003
35.6.2. Citro-Oxalidetum pedis-caprae O. Bolòs 1975
35B. CHENOPODIO-STELLARIENEA Rivas Goday 1955
Nitrophilous and semi-nitrophilous ruderal and roadside
vegetation. With a Mediterranean ecological optimum
and cosmopolitan irradiation. Holarctic distribution.
Typus: Chenopodietalia muralis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936 em. Rivas-Martínez
1977 (35d.).
Characteristic species: Bidens pilosa, Borago officinalis,
Crepis foetida, Erodium moschatum, Patellifolia patellaris (Beta patellaris), Rhagadiolus stellatus subsp.
stellatus, Senecio lividus.
35d. CHENOPODIETALIA MURALIS Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936 em. Rivas-Martínez
1977
Nitrophilous plant communities, markedly rich in annual cosmopolitan species, common in Mediterranean
region, reaching temperate or cold tropical areas, mostly dry to semi-arid, and thermo-supramediterranean.
Typus: Chenopodion muralis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936 (35.7.).
Characteristic species: Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthus deflexus, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus
hypochondriacus, Atriplex prostrata, Atriplex rosea,
Chenopodium ambrosioides, Conyza canadensis, Ecballium elaterium, Emex spinosa, Lamarckia aurea,
Sisymbrium irio, Sisymbrium orientale, Urtica urens.
35.7. Chenopodion muralis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936
Urban and rural high nitrophilous vegetation, with
Mediterranean optimal and Eurosiberian irradiation.
Typus Chenopodietum muralis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.,
Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936 (35.7.1.).
Characteristic species: Amaranthus muricatus, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium opulifolium, Chenopodium urbicum, Cheno-
32
J.C. Costa & al.
podium vulvaria, Cnicus benedictus, Conyza albida,
Conyza bonariensis, Conyza sumatrensis, Datura
stramonium, Malva nicaeensis, Portulaca oleracea,
Tribulus terrestris, Xanthium spinosum.
35.7a. Chenopodienion muralis
Thermo-supramediterranean and submediterranean
associations with summer flowering.
Typus: Chenopodietum muralis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.,
Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936 (35.7.1.).
35.7.1. Chenopodietum muralis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.,
Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936
35.7b. Malvenion parviflorae Rivas-Martínez 1978
Thermo-mesomediterranean, semiarid to subhumid
associations, that appear after the first autumn or
winter rains.
Typus: Sisymbrio irionis-Malvetum parviflorae RivasMartínez 1978 (35.7.6.).
Characteristic species: Lavatera cretica, Lavatera mauritanica subsp. davaei, Malva parviflora, Sisymbrium
erysimoides, Sisymbrium runcinatum, Urtica portosanctana.
35.7.2. Chenopodio muralis-Malvetum parviflorae
Lohmeyer & Trautmann 1970
35.7.3. Emici spinosae-Malvetum parviflorae RivasMartínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
35.7.4. Hyosciamo albi-Malvetum parviflorae (Rivas
Goday 1964) Rivas-Martínez 1978
35.7.5. Malvo parviflorae-Urticetum portosanctanae
Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira
in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 244, 2003
35.7.6. Sisymbrio irionis-Malvetum parviflorae Rivas-Martínez 1978
35.7.7. Sisymbrio irionis-Lavateretum creticae (Mateo & M.B. Crespo 1988) Carretero & Aguilella 1995
35.8. Mesembryanthemion crystallini Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodríguez, Pérez de
Paz, García-Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González 1993
That grow in rocky places and stirred or altered soils,
generally quite ruderal and sometimes enriched in
soluble salts, in arid to dry bioclimate, and in Mediterranean, Canarian--Madeiran and Saharo-Arabian
areas. In the wettest areas only occurring in coastal
stations.
Typus: Gasouletum crystallino-nodiflori O. Bolòs 1957.
Characteristic species: Aizoon canariense, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Mesembryanthemum
nodiflorum, Patellifolia procumbens, Senecio incrassatus, Spergularia fallax.
35.8.1. Mesembryanthemetum crystallini Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodríguez, Pérez
de Paz, García-Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz &
Fernández-González 1993
35.8.2. Senecio incrassati-Mesembryanthemetum
crystallini Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar,
J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã in Silva
Lusit. 11 (1): 116, 2003
35.8.3. Spergulario bocconei-Mesembryanthemetum
nodiflori J.C. Costa in J.C. Costa, Lousã &
Espírito Santo 1996
35e. THERO-BROMETALIA (Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez ex Esteve 1973) O. Bolòs 1975
[Brometalia rubenti-tectorum Rivas-Martínez & Izco
1977]
Semi-nitrophilous annual spring communities, preferentially located in abandoned agricultural fields, in
Western Mediterranean territories.
Typus: Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae RivasMartínez & Izco 1977 (35.11.).
Characteristic species: Althea longiflora, Astragalus
hamosus, Avena barbata subsp. barbata, Avena barbata subsp. lusitanica, Avena sterilis subsp. sterilis,
Bellardia trixago, Bromus diandrus, Bromus lanceolatus, Bromus madritensis, Bromus rigidus, Bromus rubens, Bromus squarrosus, Catapodium rigidum subsp. rigidum, Centaurea melitensis, Centaurea pullata, Cullen americanum, Gastridium phleoides, Hedypnois cretica, Leontodon salzmannii, Lolium rigidum, Lotus edulis, Lotus ornithopodioides,
Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus luteus, Malva hispanica, Matthiola parviflora, Medicago orbicularis,
Medicago rigidula, Medicago truncatula, Melilotus
spicatus, Melilotus sulcatus, Nonea vesicaria, Phalaris
brachystachys, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor,
Plantago afra, Reichardia picroides, Scorzonera
laciniata, Senecio gallicus, Silene gallica, Thesium
humile, Trifolium angustifolium, Trifolium cherleri,
Trifolium hirtum, Trigonella foenum-graecum,
Trigonella monspeliaca, Trigonella polyceratia, Trisetum paniceum, Urospermum picroides, Vulpia ciliata.
35.9. Echio plantaginei-Galactition tomentosae O.
Bolòs & Molinier 1969
Semi-nitrophilous communities with plenty biomass,
typical of fallow land and abandoned farmland, on
rich mesotrophic soils. Their ecological optimal is in
euoceanic thermo-mesomediterranean, mostly subhumid and with rainy winters areas in Western Mediterranean and Canarian-Madeiran.
Typus: Galactito tomentosae-Vulpietum membranaceae O. Bolòs & Molinier 1969 corr. O. Bolòs, Molinier & P. Montserrat 1970.
Characteristic species: Echium plantagineum, Galactites tomentosa, Gastridium ventricosum, Medicago
ciliaris, Medicago murex, Melilotus elegans, Melilotus italicus, Reichardia intermedia, Silene fuscata,
Silene scabriflora subsp. tuberculata, Vulpia geniculata.
35.9.1. Achyrantho siculae-Bidentetum pilosae Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira in
Silva Lusit. 11(2): 245, 2003
35.9.2. Coleostepho myconis-Galactitetum tomentosae Izco & Collado 1985
35.9.3. Galactito tomentosae-Brachypodietum distachyi Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, O.
Rodríguez, Pérez de Paz, García Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González 1993
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
35.9.4. Rumici angiocarpi-Coleostephetum myconis
Vicente & Galán in Acta Bot. Malacitana 33:
179, 2008
[sensu auct. lus. Galactito tomentosae-Vulpietum
membranaceae non O. Bolòs & Molinier 1969
corr. O. Bolòs, Molinier & P. Montserrat 1970]
35.9.5. Vicio costei-Echietum plantaginei Jardim, Sequeira, Espírito Santo, Capelo, Aguiar, Lousã
& J.C. Costa in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 122, 2003
35.10. Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion alopecuroris
Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva in Br.-Bl., G. Br.Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva 1972
[Linario viscosae-Vulpion alopecuroris Rivas-Martínez & Izco in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo
& E. Valdés 1980 (syntax. syn.)]
Littoral subnitrophilous and psammophilous communities, thermomediterranean and thermotemperate
submediterranean. Cantabrian-Atlantic, Coastal Lusitan-Andalusian, Baetic, Murcian-Almeriensian and
Tingitanan distribution.
Typus: Scrophulario frutescentis-Vulpietum alopecuroris Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva in Br.-Bl., G. Br.Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva 1972 (35.10.3.).
Characteristic species: Avena longiglumis, Brassica
oxyrrhina, Carduus meonanthus, Lagurus ovatus,
Linaria bipunctata subsp. glutinosa, Linaria viscosa, Ononis pinnata, Reichardia gaditana, Silene
longicaulis, Vulpia alopecuros.
35.10.1. Chamaemelo mixti-Vulpietum alopecuroris
Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa,
Castroviejo & Valdés ex J.C. Costa, Lousã,
Capelo, Espírito Santo, Izco & Arsénio
2000
35.10.2. Linario viscosae-Carduetum meonanthi Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
35.10.3. Scrophulario frutescentis-Vulpietum alopecuroris Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva in Br.Bl., G. Br.-Bl., Rozeira & P. Silva 1972
35.11. Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae RivasMartínez & Izco 1977
Seminitrophilous communities, indifferent to the
chemical nature of the substrate and to the degree of
trophy. Predominantly composed by small grasses
with early summer flowering, in thermo-supramediterranean bioclimate and Western Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Trifolio cherleri-Taeniatheretum capitis-medusae Rivas-Martínez & Izco 1977 (35.11.6.).
Characteristic species: Aegilops geniculata, Aegilops
neglecta, Aegilops triuncialis, Stipa capensis, Taeniatherum caput-medusae.
35.11.1. Aegilopo neglectae-Stipetum capensis M.T.
Santos ex Cano, A. García, Torres & Salazar 1998
[Aegilopo neglectae-Stipetum capensis M.T. Santos, Ladero & Amor 1989, Atractylo cancellataeStipetum capensis A. García & Cano 1996]
33
35.11.2. Bromo tectorum-Stipetum capensis RivasMartínez & Izco 1977
35.11.3. Gastridio ventricosi-Trifolietum scabri Rivas Goday 1964
35.11.4. Lino stricti-Stipetum capensis Jardim, Sequeira, Espírito Santo, Capelo, Aguiar, Lousã & J.C. Costa in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 120,
2003
35.11.5. Medicagini rigidulae-Aegilopetum geniculatae Rivas-Martínez & Izco 1977
35.11.6. Trifolio cherleri-Taeniatheretum capitismedusae Rivas-Martínez & Izco 1977
35.12. Alysso granatensis-Brassicion barrelieri Rivas-Martínez & Izco 1977
Mostly semicontinental communities colonizing poor
sandy soils in meso-supramediterranean bioclimate
and Mediterranean Iberian-Atlantic distribution.
Typus: Coincyo hispidae-Brassicetum barrelieri Rivas-Martínez & Izco 1977 num. mut. (35.12.2.).
Characteristic species: Alyssum granatense, Andryala
arenaria, Brassica barrelieri, Coincya hispida,
Coincya hispida subsp. transtagana, Sisymbrium
contortum.
35.12.1. Chamaemeletum mixti Ruiz & A. Valdés
1987
35.12.2. Coincyo setigerae-Brassicetum barrelieri
Rivas-Martínez, Ladero, Belmonte & Sánchez-Mata in Sánchez-Mata 1989
35.12.3. Coincyo transtaganae-Brassicetum barrelieri Cano, N. Sánchez & F. Valle 1996
35.13. Cerintho majoris-Fedion cornucopiae RivasMartínez & Izco ex Peinado, Martínez-Parras
& Bartolomé 1986
Vertisols communities in thermomediterranean pluviseasonal areas, in the South of the Iberian Peninsula
and Maghreb.
Typus: Fedio cornucopiae-Sinapietum mairei Peinado, Martínez-Parras & Bartolomé 1986 corr. RivasMartínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco,
Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002 (35.13.2.).
Characteristic species: Catananche lutea, Cerinthe
major, Convolvulus meonanthus, Convolvulus tricolor, Fedia cornucopia, Fedia scorpioides, Glossopappus macrotus, Hedysarum coronarium, Hedysarum glomeratum, Lavatera trimestris, Malope
trifida, Salvia viridis.
35.13.1. Convolvulo meonanthi-Hedysaretum coronarii Peinado, Martínez-Parras & Bartolomé
1986
35.13.2. Fedio cornucopiae-Sinapietum mairei Peinado, Martínez-Parras & Bartolomé 1986
corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
[Fedio cornucopiae-Sinapietum albae Peinado,
Martínez-Parras & Bartolomé 1986]
35f. SISYMBRIETALIA OFFICINALIS J. Tüxen in Lohmeyer
& al. 1962 em. Rivas-Martínez, Báscones, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández-González & Loidi 1991
34
J.C. Costa & al.
Order with a wide geographical distribution, formed by
semi-nitrophilous communities with spring flowering,
that begin to develop after the autumn rains in anthropic areas, such as fringe of paths and roads. The ecological optimal is in the Mediterranean Region, but can
also be found in Eurosiberian.
Typus: Sisymbrion officinalis Tüxen, Lohmeyer & Preising in Tüxen 1950 (35.15.).
Characteristic species: Arctotheca calendula, Convolvulus siculus, Crepis taraxacifolia, Geranium molle,
Lamarckia aurea, Malva sylvestris, Medicago polymorpha, Rumex pulcher subsp. pulcher, Sisymbrium
officinale.
35.14. Hordeion leporini Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski,
Wraber & Walas 1936 corr. O. Bolòs 1962
Mediterranean roadside vegetation.
Typus: Hordeetum leporini Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936.
Characteristic species: Anacyclus clavatus, Anacyclus
radiatus, Asphodelus fistulosus, Bromus scoparius,
Chrysanthemum coronarium var. coronarium, Chrysanthemum coronarium var. discolor, Daucus muricatus, Diplotaxis virgata, Erodium chium, Hirschfeldia incana, Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum,
Lepidium graminifolium, Plantago lagopus, Reseda
alba subsp. alba, Rostraria cristata, Rumex pulcher
subsp. woodsii.
35.14.1. Anacyclo radiatae-Chrysanthemetum coronarii (O. Bolòs & Rivas-Martínez in RivasMartínez 1978) Cano-Ortiz, Pinto-Gomes,
Estebán, Rodriguez-Torres, Goñi, de la Haza,
Cano in Acta Bot. Gallica 155 (1): 35, 2009
35.14.2. Anacyclo radiatae-Hordeetum leporini O.
Bolòs & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez
1978
35.14.3. Anacyclo radiatae-Papaveretum rhoeadis
Cano-Ortiz, Pinto-Gomes, Estebán, Rodriguez-Torres, Goñi, de la Haza, Cano in Acta
Bot. Gallica 155 (1): 35, 2009
35.14.4. Avenulo lusitanicae-Hordeetum leporini Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira
in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 247, 2003
35.14.5. Bromo scoparii-Hordeetum leporini RivasMartínez 1978
35.14.6. Hordeo leporini-Glossopappetum macroti
Peinado, Martínez-Parras & Bartolomé 1986
Vb. FRINGE AND MEGAFORBIC VEGETATION
36. GALIO-URTICETEA Passarge ex Kopecký 1969
Perennial hemicryptophytes and climbing and tall herbs
of nitrified wood fringes and other semi-shaded anthropic biotopes communities. Occur in mesic sites with
humid nutrient-rich soils, on the river banks and in
swamp areas not subjected to desiccation. Displays
Holarctic distribution in temperate, Mediterranean and
rainy thermoboreal bioclimate.
Typus: Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae Görs &
Müller 1969 (36a.).
Characteristic species: Allium victorialis, Galium aparine, Lamium maculatum, Stellaria neglecta, Urtica
dioica.
36a. GALIO APARINES-ALLIARIETALIA PETIOLATAE Görs &
Müller 1969
Nitrophilous perennial vegetation in semi-shadowy
fringes of anthropic biotopes on deep soils.
Typus: Galio-Alliarion petiolatae Oberdorfer & Lohmeyer in Oberdorfer, Görs, Korneck, Lohmeyer,
Müller, Philippi & Seibert 1967 (36.1.).
Characteristic species: Alliaria petiolata, Anthriscus
sylvestris, Arabis glabra, Conium maculatum, Cruciata laevipes, Geum urbanum, Glechoma hederacea,
Lapsana communis.
36.1. Galio-Alliarion petiolatae Oberdorfer & Lohmeyer in Oberdorfer, Görs, Korneck, Lohmeyer,
Müller, Philippi & Seibert 1967
[Alliarion petiolatae Oberdorfer in Hejný in Holub,
Moravec & Neuhäusl 1967]
Eurosiberian roadside vegetation.
Typus: Hordeetum murini Libbert 1933.
Characteristic species: Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum, Malva neglecta.
35.15.1. Sisymbrio officinalis-Hordeetum murini Br.Bl. 1967
35.15.2. Hyoscyamo nigri-Malvetum neglectae Aichinger 1933
Hemicryptophytic humicolous communities of tall
herbs living in wood fringes and on the shadow walls,
in thermomediterranean pluviseasonal and thermomesotemperate submediterranean, subhumid to humid
bioclimate.
Typus: Alliario petiolatae-Chaerophylletum temuli
Lohmeyer 1949.
Characteristic species: Geranium robertianum, Geranium rubescens, Myrrhoides nodosa, Silene dioica,
Smyrnium perfoliatum, Torilis japonica.
36.1a. Alliarienion petiolatae Rivas Goday ex RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Nitrophilous shadowy communities of deciduous forests, meso-supratemperate and supramediterranean
with warm summers, Eurosiberian and Mediterranean
distribution.
Typus: Alliario petiolatae-Chaerophylletum temuli
Lohmeyer 1949.
Characteristic species: Chaerophyllum temulum, Pentaglottis sempervirens.
36.1.1. Geranio robertiani-Caryolophetum sempervirentis Izco, Guitián & Amigo 1986
36.1.2. Myrrhoidi nodosae-Alliarietum petiolatae Rivas-Martínez & Mayor ex Fuente 1986
36.1.3. Pentaglottido sempervirentis-Scrophularietum
reuteri Rivas-Martínez 1981 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata
1986
[Urtico urentis-Malvetum neglectae (Knapp 1945)
Lohmeyer in Tüxen 1950]
[Pentaglottido sempervirentis-Scrophularietum herminii Rivas-Martínez 1981]
35.15. Sisymbrion officinalis Tüxen, Lohmeyer & Preising in Tüxen 1950
[inc. Malvenion neglectae Gutte 1966]
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
36.1b. Smyrnienion olusatri Rivas Goday ex RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Tall herb communities in shadowy fringes of forests,
slopes and shadowy rocks, thermo-mesomediterranean and thermo-mesotemperate submediterranean,
Mediterranean and Cantabrian-Atlantic distribution.
Typus: Chelidonio majoris-Smyrnietum olusatri Amigo & Romero 1997 (36.1.5.).
Characteristic species: Allium triquetrum Kundmannia
sicula, Scrophularia grandiflora, Scrophularia peregrina, Smyrnium olusatrum, Tradescantia fluminensis, Urtica membranacea.
36.1.4. Allio triquetri-Urticetum membranaceae P.
Alves, Honrado & B. Caldas in Studia Bot.
22: 19, 2003
36.1.5. Chelidonio majoris-Smyrnietum olusatri Amigo & Romero 1997
36.1.6. Smyrnio olusatri-Scrophularietum grandiflorae C. Lopes, Pinto-Gomes, Lousã, Ladero &
J.C. Costa ass. nova hoc loco
[Scrophulario grandiflorae-Smyrnietum olusatri
C. Lopes 2001 nom. inval. (art. 1)]
36.1.7. Urtico membranaceae-Smyrnietum olusatri
A. & O. Bolòs in O. Bolòs & Molinier 1958
36.2. Balloto-Conion maculati Brullo in Brullo &
Marcenó 1985
[Sambucion ebuli (O. Bolòs & Vigo ex Rivas-Martínez, Báscones, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González &
Loidi 1991) Rivas-Martínez & Costa 1998]
Tall herbs of forest fringes in wet semi-shadowy anthropic biotopes on deep soils. Mediterranean and
submediterranean distribution.
Typus: Urtico dioicae-Sambucetum ebuli (Br.-Bl. in
Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936) Br.-Bl. in
Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 (36.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Asphodelus lusitanicus var. lusitanicus, Ballota nigra subsp. foetida, Dipsacus fullonum, Magydaris panacifolia, Sambucus ebulus.
36.2.1. Galio aparines-Conietum maculati RivasMartínez ex G. López 1978
36.2.2. Urtico dioicae-Sambucetum ebuli (Br.-Bl. in
Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936)
Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952
36b. CALYSTEGIETALIA SEPIUM Tüxen 1950 nom. mut.
[Convolvuletalia sepium Tüxen 1950]
Nitrophilous perennial vegetation of tall herbs, on hydromorphic soils, usually wetted (margins of stagnant
waters or slow streams), with predominance of hemicryptophytes helophytes and scandent plants. Ecological optimal in the Eurosiberian Region, still reaching
some rivers in the Mediterranean Region.
Typus: Calystegion sepium Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1957
(36.3.).
Characteristic species: Anthoxanthum amarum, Cucubalus baccifer, Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium parviflorum, Pulicaria dysenterica var. dysenterica,
Scrophularia auriculata.
35
36.3. Calystegion sepium Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1957
[Convolvulion sepium Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1957, Senecionion fluviatilis Tüxen 1950 (art.8)]
Communities rich in tall herbs and perennial climber,
that colonize riparian environments, and moist disturbed soils. Holarctic distribution.
Typus: Cuscuto europaea-Convolvuletum sepium Tüxen 1950.
Characteristic species: Arundo donax, Calystegia sepium, Calystegia sylvatica, Cynanchum acutum,
Myosoton aquaticum.
36.3.1. Arundini donacis-Convolvuletum sepium Tüxen & Oberdorfer ex O. Bolòs 1962
36.3.2. Scrophulario auriculatae-Epilobietum hirsutae Rios & Alcaraz in Rios 1996 corr. RivasMartínez et al. 2002
36.4. Filipendulion ulmariae Segal 1966
Plant communities dominated by hygrophilous and subnitrophilous tall grass plants (large-sized) growing on
riverbanks with meso-eutrophic waters rich in nutrients.
Mediterranean and Eurosiberian distribution.
Typus: Euphorbio hirsutae-Filipendulum ulmariae
Sougnez 1957.
Characteristic species: Angelica major, Angelica sylvestris, Filipendula ulmaria, Lysimachia vulgaris,
Stachys palustris.
36.4.1. Allio scorzonerifolii-Angelicetum laevis P.
Alves, Lomba, S. Ortiz, B. Caldas, Honrado
in Silva Lusit. 14 (2): 276, 2006
36.4.2. Angelico sylvestris-Filipendulum ulmariae
Sánchez-Mata & Férnandez-González in Sánchez-Mata 1989
36.5. Bromo ramosi-Eupatorion cannabini O. Bolòs
& Masalles in O. Bolòs 1983
Sub-nitrophilous hygrophilic tall herb raised almost
no creepers communities, in riverbanks, wet meadows
and forests. Eurosiberian and Northern Mediterranean
distribution in meso-supratemperate, thermoboreal
and supramediterranean bioclimate.
Typus: Sileno albae-Eupatorietum cannabini O. Bolòs
1962.
Characteristic species: Eupatorium cannabinum, Paradisea lusitanica, Scrophularia balbisii subsp. balbisii.
36.5.1. Cirsio palustris-Paradiseetum lusitanicae P.
Alves, Lomba, S. Ortiz, B. Caldas, Honrado
in Silva Lusit. 14 (2): 276, 2007
36.5.2. Picrido hieracioidis-Eupatorietum cannabini
Loidi & C. Navarro 1988
36.6. Ageratino adenophorae-Ipomaeion acuminatae
Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira
2004 nom. invers.
[Ipomaeo acuminatae-Argeratinion adenophorae Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira in Silva
Lusit. 11 (2): 248, 2004]
Semi-nitrophilous perennial communities, formed by
large-leafed shrubs and tropical scandent neophytes.
Madeiran and Canarian distribution.
Typus: Rubo ulmifolii-Ageratinetum adenophorae Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, Rodriguez, Pérez
36
J.C. Costa & al.
de Paz, Garcia-Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González ex Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa, Jardim
& Sequeira in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 249, 2004
(36.6.1.).
Characteristic species: Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Anredera cordifolia, Asparagus asparagoides, Cardiospermum grandiflorum, Crocosmia
x crocosmiflora, Ipomaea acuminata, Lantana camara, Solanum mauritianum.
36.6.1. Rubo ulmifolii-Ageratinetum adenophorae Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, Rodriguez,
Pérez de Paz, Garcia-Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz
& Fernández-González ex Espírito Santo,
J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira in Silva Lusit.
11(2): 249, 2004
[Bidenti pilosi-Ageratinetum adenophorae RivasMartínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, Rodriguez, Pérez de
Paz, Garcia-Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González 1993 nom. inval. (art. 3b)]
36.6.2. Solano mauritiani-Ipomaeetum acuminatae
J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 13 (1): 132, 2005
[Community of Solanum mauritianum]
37. CARDAMINETEA HIRSUTAE Géhu 1999
[Geranio purpurei-Cardaminetea hirsutae Rivas-Martínez,
Fernández González & Loidi (1999) 2002]
Ephemeral annual shadowy nitrophilous communities
that develops in spring and summer inside and on the
fringes of forests and thickets on slightly nitrified and
semi-shady habitats, on rich organic soils. Holarctic distribution in South Europe and Maghrebi, in Mediterranean, submediterranean and temperate oceanic bioclimate.
Typus: Geranio purpurei-Cardaminetalia hirsutae Brullo
in Brullo & Marceno 1985 (37a.).
Characteristic species: Anthriscus caucalis, Cardamine
hirsuta, Centranthus calcitrapae, Draba muralis, Fumaria capreolata, Galium spurium, Geranium dissectum, Geranium purpureum, Geranium rotundifolium,
Ranunculus parviflorus, Torilis arvensis subsp. neglecta, Torilis leptophylla, Torilis nodosa, Veronica
cymbalaria.
37a. GERANIO PURPUREI-CARDAMINETALIA HIRSUTAE Brullo in Brullo & Marceno 1985
Single order.
Typus: Geranio purpurei-Torilidion neglectae Lohmeyer & Trautmann 1970 corr. Lohmeyer 1975 (37.1.).
Characteristic species: Rhagadiolus edulis.
37.1. Geranio purpurei-Torilidion neglectae Lohmeyer & Trautmann 1970 corr. Lohmeyer 1975
Slightly nitrified semi-shaded fringe associations of
forest or walls and rocks occasionally visited by man
or animals, infra-thermomediterranean in the Canary
and Madeira islands.
Typus: Galio aparines-Torilidetum neglectae Lohmeyer & Trautmann 1970 (37.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Drusa glandulosa, Myosotis
discolor subsp. canariensis, Parietaria debilis.
37.1.1. Galio aparines-Torilidetum neglectae Lohmeyer & Trautmann 1970
37.2. Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis RivasMartínez 1978
Small therophytes communities consistency tender,
fleeting and spring phenology. They grow in the shadowy habitats inside forest, thickets or near walls with
residues accumulation. Meso-supramediterranean and
infra to mesotemperate. Cantabrian-Atlantic, Western
Mediterranean, Canarian and Madeiran distribution.
Typus: Galio aparinellae-Anthriscetum caucalidis Rivas-Martínez 1978 (37.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Galium murale, Geranium columbinum, Geranium lucidum, Geranium pusillum,
Myosotis ramosissima subsp. ramosissima, Odontites holliana, Torilis elongata, Valantia muralis, Vicia capreolata.
37.2.1. Cardamino hirsutae-Myosotidetum ramosissimae C. Lopes, Pinto-Gomes, Lousã & Ladero ass. nova hoc loco
[Cardamino hirsutae-Myosotidetum ramosissimae
C. Lopes 2001 nom. inval. (art.1)]
37.2.2. Galio aparinellae-Anthriscetum caucalidis
Rivas-Martínez 1978
37.2.3. Lamio bifidi-Anthriscetum caucalidis Ladero,
Fuertes & J.L. Pérez 1980
37.2.4. Urtico membranaceae-Anthriscetum caucalidis Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
nom. mut.
[Urtico dubiae-Anthriscetum caucalidis RivasMartínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980]
37.2.5. Vicio capreolatae-Odontitetum hollianae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & RivasMartínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 259, 2003
37.3. Parietarion lusitanico-mauritanicae RivasMartínez & Cantó 2002
Slightly nitrified semi-shaded fringe communities,
thermo-mesomediterranean, in the Western Mediterranean.
Typus: Anogrammo leptophyllae-Parietarietum lusitanicae Rivas-Martínez & Ladero in Rivas-Martínez
1978 (37.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Ceratocapnos heterocarpa,
Galium minutulum, Mercurialis elliptica, Parietaria
lusitanica, Parietaria mauritanica, Theligonum cynocrambe.
37.3.1. Anogrammo leptophyllae-Parietarietum lusitanicae Rivas-Martínez & Ladero in RivasMartínez 1978
37.3.2. Geranio purpurei-Galietum minutuli RivasMartínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés
1980
37.3.3. Geranio rotundifolii-Theligonetum cynocrambes Rivas-Martínez & Malato-Beliz in RivasMartínez 1978 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã
& Penas 2002
[Geranio pusilli-Theligonetum cynocrambes Rivas-Martínez & Malato-Beliz in Rivas-Martínez
1978]
37.3.4. Torilido nodosae-Parietarietum mauritanicae
Rivas-Martínez 1978
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
38. TRIFOLIO MEDII-GERANIETEA SANGUINEI Müller
1962
Semi-shaded humicolous herbaceous perennial communities of external fringe of woodlands and their pre-forestry mantles, in thermo to supratemperate and thermo
to supramediterranean pluviseasonal bioclimate of the
Eurosiberian and the Mediterranean regions.
Typus: Origanetalia vulgaris Müller 1962 (38a.).
Characteristic species: Agrimonia eupatoria, Allium
oleraceum, Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. dichroa, Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. hispanica, Astragalus glycyphyllos,
Calamintha nepeta subsp. nepeta, Campanula rapunculus, Carex muricata subsp. lamprocarpa, Clinopodium vulgare subsp. vulgare, Cruciata glabra, Dactylorhiza insularis, Dianthus armeria, Inula conyza,
Inula salicina, Lathyrus latifolius, Lathyrus sylvestris,
Melampyrum pratense, Lithospermum officinale, Melampyrum pratense, Origanum vulgare, Silene latifolia, Silene nutans, Tanacetum corymbosum, Thalictrum
minus subsp. majus, Trifolium medium, Trifolium
ochroleucon, Vicia cracca, Vicia orobus, Vicia sepium,
Vicia tenuifolia.
38a. ORIGANETALIA VULGARIS Müller 1962
[Melampyro-Holcetalia Passarge 1979]
Single order in Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Trifolion medii Müller 1962.
Characteristic species: Agrimonia procera, Carex divulsa subsp. divulsa, Carex divulsa subsp. leersii,
Geranium sanguineum, Veronica chamaedrys.
38.1. Linarion triornithophorae Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
Silicicolous communities, thermo to supratemperate
and meso-supramediterranean, Cantabrian-Atlantic
and southern Atlantic-European.
Typus: Omphalodo nitidae-Linarietum triornithophorae Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F.
Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984 (38.1.3.).
Characteristic species: Arabis juressi, Conopodium
subcarneum, Erysimum merxmuelleri, Hieracium
virescens, Hieracium vulgatum, Leucanthemum sylvaticum, Linaria triornithophora, Malva colmeiroi,
Nepeta coerulea subsp. sanabrensis Omphalodes
nitida, Picris hieracioides subsp. longifolia, Prunella grandiflora subsp. pyrenaica, Silene coutinhoi.
38.1.1. Carduo platypi-Festucetum durandii Ladero,
F. Navarro, C. Valle, J.L. Pérez, M.T. Santos,
Ruiz, M.I. Fernández, A. Valdés & F.J. González 1985
38.1.2. Hieracio laevigati-Linarietum triornithophorae Ladero, F. Navarro, C. Valle, J.L. Pérez,
M.T. Santos, Ruiz, M.I. Fernández, A. Valdés
& F.J. González 1985
38.1.3. Omphalodo nitidae-Linarietum triornithophorae Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
38.2. Origanion virentis Rivas-Martínez & O. Bolòs
in Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi &
Penas 1984
Semi-shaded humicolous woodland fringe communities, thermo to supramediterranean, dry to humid,
Mediterranean West Iberian, Azorean and Maghrebi.
37
Typus: Clinopodio villosae-Origanetum virentis Rivas-Martínez & O. Bolòs in Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984(38.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Clinopodium vulgare subsp.
arundanum, Origanum virens var. macrostachyum,
Origanum virens var. virens, Ranunculus ollissiponensis subsp. ollissiponensis, Silene mellifera subsp.
mellifera.
38.2a. Origanenion virentis Capelo 1996
Silicicolous acidophilous to neutrophilous communities.
Typus: Clinopodio villosae-Origanetum virentis Rivas-Martínez & O. Bolòs in Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984 (38.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Arabis stenocarpa, Conopodium marianum.
38.2.1. Cardaminetum caldeirari Lüpnitz 1976
38.2.2. Clinopodio villosae-Origanetum virentis Rivas-Martínez & O. Bolòs in Rivas-Martínez,
T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
38.2.3. Pimpinello villosae-Origanetum virentis Ladero, F. Navarro, C. Valle, J.L. Pérez, M.T.
Santos, Ruiz, M.I. Fernández, A. Valdés &
F.J. González 1985
38.2.4. Vincetoxico nigri-Origanetum virentis Ladero, F. Navarro, C. Valle, J.L. Pérez, M.T.
Santos, T. Ruiz, M. Fernández, A. Valdés &
F.J. González 1985
38.2b. Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion sempervirentis Capelo 1996
Calcicolous (calco-dolomitic) and neutrophilous communities, Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian.
Typus: Leucanthemo sylvatici-Cheirolophetum sempervirentis J.C. Costa, Ladero, T.E. Díaz, Lousã,
Espírito Santo, Vasconcellos, Monteiro & Amor
1993 (38.2.6.).
Characteristic species: Arabis lusitanica, Cheirolophus sempervirens, Cynara algarbiensis, Picris algarbiensis, Picris spinifera, Prunella x intermedia,
Stachys germanica subsp. lusitanica, Stachys officinalis subsp. algeriensis.
38.2.5. Bartsio asperae-Origanetum virentis C. Lopes, Lousã & Ladero ass. nova hoc loco
38.2.6. Leucanthemo sylvatici-Cheirolophetum sempervirentis J.C. Costa, Ladero, T.E. Díaz,
Lousã, Espírito Santo, Vasconcellos, Monteiro & Amor 1993
38.2.7. Origano virentis-Leucanthemetum sylvatici
M. Pereira in Guineana 15: 215, 2009
38.2.8. Picrido algarbiensis-Cheirolophetum sempervirentis Pinto-Gomes & P. Ferreira in Flora e
Vegetação do Barrocal Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão: 212, 2005
38.2.9. Senecio lopezii-Cheirolophetum sempervirentis Capelo 1996
38.2.10. Stachyo lusitanicae-Origanetum virentis
(Capelo 1996) Capelo & J.C. Costa in J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã in
Silva Lusit. 10 (1): 125, 2002
[Clinopodio villosae-Origanetum virentis RivasMartínez & O. Bolòs in Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984 helleboretosum foetidi Capelo 1996]
38
J.C. Costa & al.
38.3. Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranion canariensis
Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodríguez, Pérez de Paz, García Gallo, Acebes, T.E.
Díaz & Fernández-González 1993
Canarian and Madeiran communities.
Typus: Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranietum canariensis Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodríguez, Pérez de Paz, García Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz
& Fernández-González 1993.
Characteristic species: Dactylorhiza foliosa, Geranium palmatum, Pericallis aurita, Ranunculus cortusifolius subsp. major, Rumex maderensis, Teucrium francoi, Viola paradoxa.
38.3.1. Pericallido auritae-Geranietum palmatae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (fig. 29, page
108)
38.3.2. Teucrio francoi-Origanetum virentis J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Lousã &
Rivas-Martínez ass. nova hoc loco
[Teucrio francoi-Origanetum virentis J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Espírito Santo, Lousã,
Fontinha, Aguiar & Rivas-Martínez in Quercetea
6: 121-122, 2004 nom. inval. (art. 2l, 5)]
VI. SUPRATIMBERLINE CLIMACTIC ZONAL VEGETATION
ON CRYOPHILOUS GELITURBATED SOILS
VIa.
WEST MEDITERRANEAN OROPHILOUS SILICEOUS VEGETATION
39. FESTUCETEA INDIGESTAE Rivas Goday & RivasMartínez 1971
Silicicolous and geliturbate communities dominated by
gramineous and dwarf-chamaephytes in the supra to
cryomediterranean and submediterranean bioclimate that
are zonal in supratimberline and secondary at lower
altitudes. They colonize umbrisols or cambisols, without
histic or gleyic proprieties, in the Mediterranean West
Iberian Peninsula and the North African Rif mountains.
Typus: Festucetalia curvifoliae Rivas Goday & RivasMartínez ex Rivas-Martínez 1964 corr. Izco & Pulgar
2009 (39a.).
Characteristic species: Jurinea humilis, Koeleria caudata
subsp. crassipes, Plantago radicata subsp. radicata.
39a. FESTUCETALIA CURVIFOLIAE Rivas Goday & RivasMartínez ex Rivas-Martínez 1964 corr. Izco &
Pulgar 2009
[Festucetalia indigestae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez
in Rivas-Martínez 1964]
Iberian silicicolous communities oro-cryotemperate
submediterranean and oro-cryomediterranean dominated by dwarf-chamaephytes that often cover completely
the ground. They are subject to geliturbate and gelifluction phenomena.
Typus: Minuartio bigerrensis-Festucion curvifoliae Rivas-Martínez 1964 corr. Rivas-Martínez, FernándezGonzález & Loidi 1999.
Characteristic species: Dianthus langeanus, Hieracium
myriadenum, Hieracium vahlii, Jasione crispa subsp.
centralis, Leucanthemopsis flaveola subsp. flaveola,
Minuartia recurva subsp. juressi, Silene ciliata subsp.
elegans.
39.1. Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion caespitosae Rivas-Martínez 1987
Orocantabrian, Bercian-Sanabriensean and Estrelensean associations, orotemperate (submediterranean)
hyperhumid.
Typus: Teesdaliopsio confertae-Festucetum eskiae F.
Prieto 1983.
Characteristic species: Armeria duriaei, Armeria sampaioi, Leontodon pyrenaicus subsp. cantabricus,
Leontodon pyrenaicus subsp. herminicus, Leucanthemopsis flaveola subsp. alpestre, Luzula cespitosa, Teesdaliopsis conferta.
39.1.1. Jasiono centralis-Minuartietum juressi Rivas-Martínez 1981 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
[Jasiono centralis-Minuartietum bigerrensis Rivas-Martínez 1981]
39b. JASIONO SESSILIFLORAE-KOELERIETALIA CRASSIPEDIS
Rivas-Martínez & Cantó 1987
Perennials secondary communities, dwarf-chamaephyte
grassland-like on siliceous and geliturbate shallow
soils, supra to lower oromediterranean dry to subhumid,
in west central and south Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae Rivas-Martínez & Cantó 1987 (39.3.).
Characteristic species: Festuca summilusitana subsp.
summilusitana, Helianthemum apenninum subsp.
rothmaleri, Herniaria scabrida var. scabrida, Hieracium castellanum, Jasione sessiliflora subsp. sessiliflora, Ornithogalum concinnum, Petrorhagia saxifraga, Sesamoides purpurascens.
39.2. Armerion eriophyllae P. Silva 1965
Meso-supramediterranean silicon-basophilic communities growing in rich metals and serpentinites habitats. Bercian-Sanabriensean and Lusitanian Duriensean distribution.
Typus: Armerietum eriophyllae P. Silva 1965 (39.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Arenaria querioides subsp.
fontiqueri, Armeria eriophylla, Armeria langei
subsp. daveaui, Armeria langei subsp. marizii, Astragalus incanus subsp. nummularioides, Dianthus
laricifolius subsp. marizii, Festuca brigantina, Jasione sessiliflora subsp. serpentinicola, Seseli peixoteanum.
39.2.1. Arenario fontqueri-Armerietum marizii Aguiar,
Penas & Lousã 1998 corr. Aguiar, MonteiroHenriques & Sánchez-Mata hoc loco
[Arenario fontqueri-Armerietum langei Aguiar,
Penas & Lousã 1998]
39.2.2. Armerietum eriophyllae P. Silva 1965
39.3. Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae Rivas-Martínez & Cantó 1987
Dwarf-chamaephyte grassland-like communities on
siliceous undeveloped soils (leptosols), meso to oromediterranean. Mediterranean West Iberian and Orocantabrian distribution.
Typus: Thymo zygidis-Plantaginetum radicatae RivasMartínez & Cantó 1987 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González, Sánchez-Mata & Pizarro 1990.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Characteristic species: Agrostis truncatula subsp.
truncatula, Anthemis alpestris, Arenaria querioides
subsp. querioides, Armeria humilis subsp. humilis,
Armeria transmontana, Bufonia macropetala, Centaurea herminii subsp. herminii, Corynephorus canescens var. canescens (terr.), Dianthus laricifolius
subsp. laricifolius, Leucanthemopsis pulverulenta,
Ortegia hispanica, Plantago radicata subsp. acanthophylla, Plantago radicata subsp. monticola, Reseda virgata, Scrophularia schousboei subsp. montana, Silene legionensis.
39.3.1. Arenario querioidis-Sedetum brevifolii Honrado, P. Alves, Hespanhol, Vieira & B. Caldas ass. nova hoc loco
39.3.2. Armerio transmontanae-Plantaginetum radicatae Aguiar 2002
39.3.3. Diantho langeani-Festucetum summilusitanae Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, Aguiar,
Honrado & A. Bellu ass. nova hoc loco
39.3.4. Minuartio juressi-Festucetum summilusitanae C. Meireles, Pinto-Gomes & J.C. Costa
ass. nova hoc loco
[Arenario querioidis-Festucetum summilusitanae
sensu auct. lus. non Rivas-Martínez, Sánchez-Mata
& V. Fuente in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986]
39.3.5. Minuartio recurvae-Silenetum acutifoliae Pulgar, Ortiz & Oubiña 1996
39.3.6. Ortegio hispanicae-Agrostietum truncatulae
C. Antunes, Aguiar & J.C. Costa ined. [in
Quercetea 11]
39.3.76. Plantagini radicatae-Armerietum odoratae
Pulgar, Ortiz & J. Rodríguez Lazaroa 24: 26,
2003
39.3.8. Polytricho-Agrostietum truncatulae Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva & Rozeira in Agronomia Lusit. 18
(3): 196, 1955 (fig. 30, page 108)
39.4. Festucion duriotaganae Capelo, Aguiar, Penas,
J.C. Costa & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 6(1): 117,
1998
Silicicolous thermomediterranean communities, growing on wide crevices and outcrops of torrential rivers
with incipient soils in Western Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Centaureo ornatae-Festucetum duriotaganae
Capelo, Aguiar, Penas, J.C. Costa & Lousã 1998
(39.4.3.).
Characteristic species: Centaurea ornata subsp. interrupta, Centaurea ornata subsp. ornata, Daucus
setifolius, Dianthus laricifolius subsp. caespitosifolius, Dianthus laricifolius subsp. laricifolius, Festuca duriotagana, Narcissus jonquilla var. henriquesii.
39.4.1. Centaureo ornatae-Festucetum duriotaganae
Capelo, Aguiar, Penas, J.C. Costa & Lousã
1998 (fig. 31, page 108)
39.4.2. Diantho caespitosifolii-Festucetum duriotaganae Honrado, P. Alves, H. Nepomuceno &
B. Caldas in Silva Lusit. 10(2): 254, 2002
39.4.3. Diantho laricifolii-Petrorhagietum saxifragae
Capelo, Aguiar, Penas, J.C. Costa & Lousã
1998
39
VII. GRASSLAND AND MEADOW VEGETATION
VIIa. THEROPHYTIC GRASSLANDS
40. TUBERARIETEA GUTTATAE (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952) Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez
1963 em. Rivas-Martínez 1978 nom. mut.
[Helianthemetea guttati (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine &
Nègre 1952) Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1963 em. Rivas-Martínez 1978]
Therophytic vegetation growing on spring and early
summer formed by ephemeral xerophilic pioneer plants
with a small size, indifferent to the chemical composition
of the substrate. They occupy no nitrophilous biotopes
without hydromorphy and colonizing soils in an early
development stage. Usually, these communities, occupies biotopes poor in no humified organic matter. They
are distributed through Mediterranean Region in the
thermo to lower oromediterranean xeric and pluviseasonal bioclimate and in the Eurosiberian Region, submediterranean or steppic territories.
Typus: Tuberarietalia guttati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier
& Wagner 1940 em. Rivas-Martínez 1978 num. mut.
(40a.).
Characteristic species: Alyssum minutum, Alyssum simplex, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. lusitanica, Arenaria
conimbricensis, Arenaria leptoclados, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Asterolinon linum-stellatum, Brachypodium
distachyon, Briza maxima, Cerastium brachypetalum
subsp. brachypetalum, Cerastium pumilum, Cerastium
semidecandrum, Crucianella angustifolia, Crupina
vulgaris, Erophila verna, Evax pygmaea, Galium parisiense, Helianthemum ledifolium, Helianthemum salicifolium, Herniaria cinerea, Hippocrepis ciliata, Hippocrepis multisiliquosa, Jonopsidium acaule, Lathyrus
setifolius, Leontodon taraxacoides subsp. longirostris,
Medicago littoralis, Medicago minima, Minuartia hybrida subsp. hybrida, Mibora minima, Petrorhagia
nanteuilii, Scleranthus polycarpos, Scleranthus verticillatus, Scorpiurus muricatus, Sedum rubens, Silene
colorata, Silene conica, Trifolium campestre, Trifolium
stellatum, Valerianella dentata, Vicia disperma, Vicia
lathyroides.
40a. TUBERARIETALIA GUTTATI Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier & Wagner 1940 em. Rivas-Martínez 1978
num. mut.
[Helianthemetalia guttati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier &
Wagner 1940 em. Rivas-Martínez 1978]
Plant communities dominated by siliceous and pioneer
therophytes, that develop on oligotrophic soils often
shallow and sometimes weakly acidic with a gravel surface, sandy or loamy texture gravel, and some consolidation.
Typus: Tuberarion guttatae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier
& Wagner 1940 nom. mut. (40.1.)
Characteristic species: Aira caryophyllea subsp. caryophyllea, Aira cupaniana, Andryala integrifolia var.
corymbosa, Anthoxanthum aristatum, Aphanes cornucopioides, Aphanes australis, Briza minor, Campanula lusitanica subsp. lusitanica, Eryngium tenue,
Filago lutescens, Helianthemum aegyptiacum, Hymenocarpos lotoides, Jasione montana subsp. graci-
40
J.C. Costa & al.
lis, Lathyrus sphaericus, Linaria saxatilis subsp.
saxatilis, Linaria spartea, Logfia gallica, Logfia minima, Lotus conimbricensis, Micropyrum tenellum,
Moenchia erecta, Molineriella laevis, Ornithopus
compressus, Ornithopus perpusillus, Psilurus incurvus, Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. bucephalophorus, Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. gallicus, Silene
portensis, Silene psammitis subsp. psammitis, Silene
scabriflora subsp. scabriflora, Teesdalia nudicaulis,
Tolpis barbata, Trifolium arvense, Trifolium striatum, Trifolium strictum, Trifolium sylvaticum, Tuberaria guttata, Vulpia bromoides, Vulpia myuros.
40.1. Tuberarion guttatae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier
& Wagner 1940 nom. mut.
40.1b. Evacenion carpetanae Pérez Prieto & X. Font
in Acta Bot. Malacitana 30: 149, 2005
Mesomediterranean Lusitanian-Extremadurean and
Carpetan-Leonese communities.
Typus: Periballio minutae-Airopsietum tenellae Rivas
Goday 1958 (40.1.13.).
Characteristic species: Airopsis tenella, Evax carpetana.
40.1.8. Airo praecocis-Radioletum linoidis Rivas Goday 1958
40.1.9. Anthoxantho aristati-Micropyretum patentis
Belmonte & Sánchez-Mata in Sánchez-Mata
1989
[Helianthemion guttati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier &
Wagner 1940]
40.1.10. Holco annui-Micropyretum tenellae S. Ribeiro, Ladero & Espírito Santo in Plant Biosyst. 146(3): 538, 2012
40.1.11. Micropyro tenelli-Anthoxanthetum aristati
S. Ribeiro, Ladero & Espírito Santo in Plant
Biosyst. 146(3): 538, 2012
40.1.12. Paronychio cymosae-Pterocephaletum diandri Rivas Goday 1958 corr. Rivas-Martínez
1978
40.1.13. Periballio minutae-Airopsietum tenellae Rivas Goday 1958
40.2. Thero-Airion Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1957
Supramediterranean and meso-supratemperate, Eurosiberian, Catalan-Valencian and Madeiran communities.
Typus: Filagini-Vulpietum myuri Oberdorfer 1938.
Characteristic species: Aira caryophyllea subsp. multiculmis, Aira praecox, Cerastium diffusum, Spergula morisonii.
40.2.1. Galio-Logfietum minimae Izco & Ortiz 1985
40.2.2. Leontodonto longirostris-Ornithopodetum perpusilli Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha,
Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
40.3. Molineriellion laevis Br.-Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira
& Fontes 1952 nom. mut.
Spring communities on siliceous sandy-loamy soil,
thermo to lower supramediterranean and Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Tuberarietum guttatae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier & Wagner 1940 nom. mut.
Characteristic species: Cleome violacea, Coronilla
dura, Galium divaricatum, Helianthemum sanguineum, Hymenocarpos cornicina, Hypochaeris glabra, Jasione montana subsp. montana, Lathyrus angulatus, Linum trigynum, Molineriella minuta
subsp. australis, Molineriella minuta subsp. minuta,
Ononis cintrana, Ornithopus pinnatus, Paronychia
cymosa, Paronychia echinulata, Plantago bellardii,
Pterocephalus diandrus, Rumex bucephalophorus
subsp. canariensis, Scleranthus delortii, Senecio
minutus, Teesdalia coronopifolia, Tolpis umbellata,
Vulpia muralis, Wahlenbergia lobelioides subsp.
lobelioides.
40.1a. Tuberarienion guttatae num. mut.
[Helianthemenion guttati]
Thermomediterranean and lower mesomediterranean
communities in sandy-loamy soils.
Typus: Tuberarietum guttatae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier & Wagner 1940 nom. mut.
40.1.1. Anthyllido lusitanicae-Tuberarietum guttatae
Aguiar & Penas 2002
40.1.2. Anthoxantho aristati-Holcetum setiglumis Rivas Goday 1958 nom. inv.
[Holco setiglumis-Anthoxanthetum aristati Rivas
Goday 1958]
40.1.3. Campanulo erini-Wahlenbergietum lobelioidis Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 259,
2003
40.1.4. Holco annui-Brachypodietum distachyi S.
Ribeiro, Ladero & Espírito Santo in Plant
Biosyst. 146(3): 538, 2012
40.1.5. Leontodonto longirostris-Vulpietum bromoidis S. Ribeiro, Ladero & Espírito Santo in
Plant Biosyst. 146(3): 538, 2012
40.1.6. Lupino rothmaleri-Ornithopetum isthmocarpae Rivas Goday 1958
40.1.7. Trifolio cherleri-Plantaginetum bellardii Rivas Goday 1958
[Molinerion laevis Br.-Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes
1952]
Oromediterranean Mediterranean West Iberian communities, that can occasionally occur on poor soils in
Mediterranean Central Iberian.
Typus: Arenario-Cerastietum ramosissimi Br.-Bl., P.
Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952 (40.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Cerastium ramosissimum, Ctenopsis delicatula, Hispidella hispanica, Holcus annuus subsp. duriensis, Holcus gayanus, Linaria elegans, Micropyrum patens, Periballia involucrata,
Trifolium phleoides subsp. willkommii, Trisetum
ovatum.
40.3.1. Arenario-Cerastietum ramosissimi Br.-Bl., P.
Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952
40.3.2. Ctenopsietum delicatulae Sardinero, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 2002
40.3.3. Hispidello hispanicae-Tuberarietum guttatae
Rivas-Martínez & Fernández-González, Sánchez-Mata & J. M. Pizarro 1990
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
40.4. Sedion caespitosi (Rivas-Martínez 1978) Pérez
Prieto & X. Font in Acta Bot. Malacitana 30:
148-149, 2005
[Sedenion caespitosi Rivas-Martínez 1978]
Thermo-mesomediterranean communities dominated
by small size succulent therophytes, colonizing very
slender soils.
Typus: Sedo caespitosi-Tillaeetum muscosae Rivas
Goday 1957 (40.4.1.).
Characteristic species: Sedum caespitosum.
40.4.1. Sedo caespitosi-Tillaeetum muscosae Rivas
Goday 1957
40.5. Sedion pedicellato-andegavensis (Rivas-Martínez 1978) Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González
& Sánchez-Mata 1986
Communities constituted by ephemeral succulent therophytes, on incipient soils derived from siliceous
rocks, meso to lower oromediterranean, with Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Polytricho piliferi-Sedetum pedicellati RivasMartínez in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González &
Sánchez-Mata 1986.
Characteristic species: Sedum andegavense, Sedum arenarium, Sedum pedicellatum, Sedum willkommianum.
40.5.1. Agrostio truncatulae-Sedetum lusitanici Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986
40.5.2. Airo praecocis-Sedetum arenarii Izco, Guitián & Amigo 1986
40.5.3. Chamaemelo fuscati-Sedetum andegavensis
Rivas Goday ex Rivas-Martínez, FernándezGonzález & Sánchez-Mata 1986
40.5.4. Polycarpo diphylli-Evacietum ramosissimae
Ortiz, Pulgar & Rodriguez-Oubiña 2001
40.5.5. Sedetum caespitoso-arenarii Rivas-Martínez
ex Fuente 1986
40.6. Ornithopo pinnatae-Gaudinion coarctatae F.
Prieto & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in
Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 112. 2012
Pioneer, oligotrophic, spring and early summer ephemeral plant communities from the thermomediterranean and thermotemperate vegetation belts of the
Azorean Islands
Typus: Ornithopo pinnatae-Gaudinietum crocatae
Fernández-Prieto, Aguiar & Dias 2012 (40.6.1.)
Characteristic species: Aichryson villosum (ter.), Gaudinia coarctata, Lolium aristatum, Rostraria azorica.
40.6.1. Ornithopo pinnatae-Gaudinietum coarctatae
F. Prieto & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar &
Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 112. 2012
40b. MALCOLMIETALIA Rivas Goday 1958
Pioneer therophytic communities, with spring flowering, on deep unconsolidated sandy soils and paleodunes.
Typus: Corynephoro articulatae-Malcolmion patulae
Rivas Goday 1958 (40.6.).
41
Characteristic species: Agrostis tenerrima, Anthoxanthum ovatum, Avellinia michelii, Coronilla repanda,
Erodium bipinnatum, Evax lusitanica, Hymenocarpos
hamosus, Leucojum trichophyllum, Lotus castellanus,
Lotus hispidus, Ononis diffusa, Ornithopus isthmocarpus, Ornithopus sativus, Pimpinella villosa, Romulea ramiflora subsp. gaditana, Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. hispanicus, Rumex roseus, Silene micropetala, Silene sclerocarpa, Vulpia membranacea.
40.6. Corynephoro articulatae-Malcolmion patulae
Rivas Goday 1958
Semicontinental mesomediterranean lower supramediterranean communities in sandy soils with Mediterranean West Iberian distribution.
Typus: Loeflingio hispanicae-Malcolmietum patulae
Rivas Goday 1958 (40.6.2.).
Characteristic species: Loeflingia hispanica, Malcolmia triloba subsp. patula.
40.6.1. Anthyllido hamosae-Malcolmietum patulae
Rivas Goday 1958
40.6.2. Loeflingio hispanicae-Malcolmietum patulae
Rivas Goday 1958
40.6.3. Loeflingio micranthae-Erodietum aethiopici
Rivas Goday 1958
40.7. Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae Rivas Goday 1958 em. Rivas-Martínez 1978 nom.
mut. (fig. 32, page 109)
[Anthyllido hamosae-Malcolmion lacerae Rivas Goday 1958 em. Rivas-Martínez 1978]
Sandy coastal communities, not subjected the influence of salt spray, thermomediterranean to lower mesomediterranean euoceanic and Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian distribution.
Typus: Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmietum trilobae
Rivas Goday 1958 num. mut. & nom. inv.
Characteristic species: Arenaria algarbiensis, Arenaria emarginata, Corynephorus fasciculatus, Corynephorus macrantherus, Linaria algarviana, Loeflingia baetica var. baetica, Loeflingia baetica var.
micrantha, Loeflingia baetica var. tavaresiana, Lotus arenarius, Malcolmia triloba subsp. gracilima,
Malcolmia triloba subsp. triloba, Ononis baetica,
Ononis broteroana, Ononis dentata, Ononis hackelii, Scilla odorata, Silene gracilis, Tuberaria bupleurifolia, Trisetum dufourei, Vulpia fontquerana.
40.7.1. Cerastio diffusi-Vulpietum fontqueranae J.C.
Costa, Neto, Capelo & Lousã in Plant Biosyst. 145 Supplement: 102, 2011
40.7.2. Corynephoro macrantheri-Arenarietum algar
biensis P. Silva & Teles ex Rivas-Martínez &
Izco 2002
[Anachorto-Arenarietum algarbiensis P. Silva in
P. Silva & Teles 1972 nom. inval. (art.1)]
40.7.3. Omphalodo kuzinskyanae-Evacietum ramosissimae Neto, Monjardino, E. Pereira, Lousã
& J.C. Costa in J.C. Costa, Neto, Capelo &
Lousã in Plant Biosyst. 145 Supplement: 102103, 2011
40.7.4. Tolpido barbatae-Tuberarietum bupleurifoliae J.C. Costa in J.C. Costa, Lousã & Espírito Santo 1997
42
J.C. Costa & al.
40c. BRACHYPODIETALIA DISTACHYI Rivas-Martínez 1978
[Trachynietalia distachyae Rivas-Martínez 1978]
Alkaline therophytic communities, with spring phenology, that develop on rich soils (limestone, clay, gypsum, dolomite, serpentinites, mafic), slightly eutrophic
and becoming dry during the summer. Mediterranean
and southern Eurosiberian distribution.
Typus: Brachypodion distachyi Rivas-Martínez 1978
nom. mut. (40.8.).
Characteristic species: Ajuga iva, Alyssum alyssoides,
Ammoides pusilla, Atractylis cancellata, Brachypodium distachyon, Bupleurum gerardi, Bupleurum semicompositum, Echinaria capitata, Euphorbia exigua, Euphorbia falcata, Hippocrepis biflora, Limonium echioides, Linum strictum var. strictum, Linum
strictum var. spicatum, Micropus supinus, Neatostema apulum, Ononis pubescens, Ononis reclinata,
Ononis viscosa subsp. breviflora, Polygala monspeliaca, Saxifraga tridactylites, Scabiosa stellata subsp.
stellata, Scandix australis, Sideritis romana, Valantia
hispida, Valerianella discoidea, Valerianella eriocarpa, Valerianella microcarpa, Xeranthemum cylindraceum.
40.8. Brachypodion distachyi Rivas-Martínez 1978
nom. mut.
[Trachynion distachyae Rivas-Martínez 1978]
Basophilic therophytic communities, thermo to supramediterranean pluviseasonal or thermo-mesotemperate submediterranean, on calcareous and loamy
substratum.
Typus: Saxifrago tridactylitae-Hornungietum petraeae
Izco 1974 (40.8.5.).
Characteristic species: Blackstonia acuminata subsp.
aestiva, Campanula erinus, Chaenorhinum minimus,
Cleonia lusitanica, Crupina vulgaris, Daucus durieua, Euphorbia sulcata, Hornungia petraea, Jasione blepharodon, Linaria haenseleri, Linaria micrantha, Linaria simplex, Omphalodes linifolia,
Scabiosa stellata subsp. simplex, Thymelaea passerina, Trisetum scabriusculum, Velezia rigida.
40.8.1. Anthyllido lusitanicae-Brachypodietum distachyi Espírito Santo & Capelo in J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2002 corr.
Espírito Santo, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Aguiar
in Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Capelo, Amado, Honrado, Espírito Santo & Lousã in Silva Lusit.
11 (1): 109, 2003
[Anthyllido gandogeri-Brachypodietum distachyi
Espírito Santo & Capelo in J.C. Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 10 (1): 125126, 2002]
40.8.2. Euphorbietum acuminato-merinoi Aguiar &
Penas 2002
40.8.3. Hornungio petraeae-Linarietum haenseleri
Pinto-Gomes & P. Ferreira in Flora e Vegetação do Barrocal Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão:
213-214, 2005
40.8.4. Minuartio hybridae-Saxifragetum tridactylitae T.E. Díaz & Penas 1984
40.8.5. Saxifrago tridactylitae-Hornungietum petraeae
Izco 1974
40.8.6. Velezio rigidae-Asteriscetum aquaticae Rivas
Goday 1964
40d. CUTANDIETALIA MARITIMAE Rivas-Martínez, Díez
Garretas & Asensi 2002
Communities of coastal dunes, subject to salt spray.
Mediterranean and Galician-Portuguese distribution.
Typus: Linarion pedunculatae Díez Garretas, Asensi &
Esteve in Díez Garretas 1984 (40.9).
Characteristic species: Cutandia maritima, Erodium laciniatum, Malcolmia ramosissima, Ononis variegata,
Phleum arenarium, Polycarpon alsinifolium, Polycarpon diphyllum, Pseudorlaya pumila, Silene nicaeensis, Silene ramosissima, Triplachne nitens, Vulpia fasciculata.
40.9. Linarion pedunculatae Díez Garretas, Asensi &
Esteve in Díez Garretas 1984 (fig. 32, page 109)
Coastal dunes communities. Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian, Galician-Portuguese, Murcian-Almerian and
Tingitanan distribution.
Typus: Ononido variegatae-Linarietum pedunculatae
Díez Garretas, Asensi & Esteve ex Izco, P. & J.
Guitián 1988 (40.9.2.).
Characteristic species: Chaenorhinum serpyllifolium
subsp. lusitanicum, Hedypnois arenaria, Herniaria
algarvica, Hypecoum littorale, Linaria ficalhoana,
Linaria munbyana subsp. pygmaea, Linaria pedunculata, Ononis cossoniana, Pseudorlaya minuscula,
Silene littorea subsp. littorea.
40.9.1. Herniario algarvicae-Linarietum ficalhoanae
Díez Garretas 1984 (fig. 33, page 109)
40.9.2. Ononido variegatae-Linarietum pedunculatae Díez Garretas, Asensi & Esteve ex Izco,
P. & J. Guitián 1988
40.9.3. Pseudorlayo minusculae-Polycarpetum alsinifolii J.C. Costa, Neto, Capelo & Lousã in
Plant Biosyst. 145 Supplement: 92, 2011
40.9.4. Violo henriquesii-Silenetum littoreae Izco &
Guitián 1988
40. 10. Corynephorion maritimi J.C. Costa, Pinto-Gomes, Neto & Rivas-Martínez all. nova hoc loco
Inland dunes and paleodunes associations, characterized by Corynephorus canescens subsp. maritimus, in
Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic thermomediterranean to lower mesomediterranean dry to subhumid,
euhyperoceanic to barely hyperoceanic bioclimate,
Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and Galician-Portuguese distribution.
Typus: Herniario maritimae-Corynephoretum maritimi Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Cano & S. Mendes in
Acta Bot. Gallica 153(3): 344, 2006 (40.10.2.).
Characteristic species: Anagallis monelli var. linifolia,
Anagallis monelli var. microphylla, Corynephorus
canescens var. maritimus, Carex arenaria (dif.),
Echium gaditanum, Herniaria ciliolata subsp. robusta, Herniaria maritima, Herniaria scabrida var.
unamunoana, Sesamoides spathulifolia.
40.10.1. Echio gaditanae-Corynephoretum maritimi
J.C. Costa, Neto, Pinto-Gomes & Lousã ass.
nova hoc loco
40.10.2. Herniario maritimae-Corynephoretum maritimi Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Cano & S.
Mendes in Acta Bot. Gallica 153(3): 344,
2006
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
40.10.3. Herniario robustae-Corynephoretum maritimi Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Cano & S.
Mendes in Acta Bot. Gallica 153(3): 345,
2006
[sin. Sedo sediformis-Corynephoretum maritimi
Honrado, P. Alves, Lomba, J. Vicente, G. Silva
& Nepomucemo in Silva Lusit. 14 (2): 270, 2007
(syntax. syn.)]
40.10.4. Herniario unamunoanae-Corynephoretum
maritimi Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Cano &
S. Mendes in Acta Bot. Gallica 153(3): 348,
2006
40.10.5. Linario polygaliphyllae-Corynephoretum
maritimi J. Rodriguez, Ortiz & Pulgar 1988
corr. J.C. Costa, Neto, Pinto-Gomes & Lousã corr. hoc loco.
[Linario polygaliphyllae-Corynephoretum canescentis J. Rodriguez, Ortiz & Pulgar 1988]
VIIb. PERENNIAL XEROPHYTIC AND MESOPHYTIC GRASSLANDS
41. FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Klika &
Hadăc 1944
Anthropic grazed perennial grasslands, mesophytic or
xerophytic, on deep soils (basophil, neutral or slightly
acid) rich in nutrients and without temporal hydromorphy, in thermo to supratemperate subhumid to hyperhumid oceanic and thermo to supramediterranean dry to
humid oceanic to subcontinental bioclimate. Eurosiberian and Western Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Brometalia erecti Br.-Bl. 1936 (41a.).
Characteristic species: Aceras anthropophorum, Anacamptis pyramidalis, Carex caryophyllea, Centaurium
erythraea subsp. erythraea, Centaurium erythraea
subsp. grandiflorum, Centaurium erythraea subsp.
majus, Erigeron acer, Filipendula vulgaris, Gagea
pratensis, Galium verum var. verum, Inula montana,
Linum catharticum, Leontodon hispidus subsp. hispidus, Ophrys apifera, Orchis mascula subsp. mascula,
Orobanche gracilis, Phleum phleoides, Prunella laciniata, Sanguisorba minor subsp. minor, Sanguisorba
minor subsp. multiculmis, Scabiosa columbaria subsp.
columbaria, Spiranthes spiralis, Teucrium chamaedrys
subsp. chamaedrys, Thymus pulegioides.
41a. BROMETALIA ERECTI Br.-Bl. 1936
Atlantic-Central European, Alpine-Pyrenean and
Apennine-Balkan seral mesophytic and subxerophytic
grasslands, on neutral base-rich deep soils without temporal hydromorphy, in thermo to supratemperate (sometimes submediterranean) subhumid to hyperhumid
barely hyperoceanic to semicontinental bioclimate.
Typus: Bromion erecti Koch ex Br.-Bl. 1936
Characteristic species: Luzula campestris subsp. campestris, Onobrychis viciifolia, Ononis spinosa subsp.
spinosa, Orchis morio subsp. morio, Potentilla neumanniana, Prunella grandiflora, Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. bulbifer.
41.1. Potentillo montanae-Brachypodion rupestris
Br.-Bl. 1967 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T:E. Díaz,
Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
43
Mesophytic baso-neutrophilous calcicolous grasslands, in thermo to supratemperate subhumid to hyperhumid bioclimate, with southern CantabrianAtlantic, Orocantabrian, Pyrenean and Oroiberian
distribution.
Typus: Seseli cantabrici-Brachypodietum rupestris Br.Bl. 1967
Characteristic species: Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. sampaioana, Brachypodium rupestre, Potentilla montana.
41.1.a. Potentillo montanae-Brachypodienion rupestris J. Guitián, Izco & Amigo 1989
Mesophytic baso-neutrophilous calcicolous communities, with southern Cantabrian-Atlantic, Orocantabrian distribution.
Typus: Seseli cantabrici-Brachypodietum rupestris Br.Bl. 1967
Characteristic species: Avenula lusitanica.
41.1.1. Seseli peixotoani-Avenuletum lusitanicae
Aguiar, Monteiro-Henriques & Sánchez-Mata
in Lazaroa 33: 2012
41.1.2. Community of Brachypodium rupestre
41b. BRACHYPODIETALIA PHOENICOIDIS Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934
Perennial seral xerophytic prairies and grasslands, on
deep soils rich in limestone bases with loam or clayey
texture. Distribution southwestern Europe, in oceanic to
subcontinental, meso-supratemperate and thermo to
supramediterranean dry to subhumid bioclimate.
Typus: Brachypodion phoenicoidis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier
1934 (41.2.).
Characteristic species: Allium paniculatum, Allium roseum, Allium vineale, Althaea cannabina, Aster sedifolius, Brachypodium phoenicoides, Cachrys sicula, Ferula communis, Galium lucidum, Gladiolus
illyricus, Hypericum perfoliatum, Hypericum perforatum, Mantisalca salmantica, Medicago subsp. sativa, Melica ciliata subsp. magnolii, Nepeta tuberosa
subsp. tuberosa, Ophrys fusca, Ophrys scolopax,
Ophrys speculum, Orchis conica, Orchis italica,
Stipa bromoides, Scorzonera angustifolia, Tragopogon crocifolius.
41.2. Brachypodion phoenicoidis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier
1934
Sub-xerophytic and calcicolous grasslands with medium size herbs, thermo to supramediterranean dry to
subhumid with West Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Brachypodietum phoenicoidis Br.-Bl. 1924.
Characteristic species: Armeria linkiana, Asphodelus
ramosus var. distalis, Centaurea bethurica, Galium
concatenatum, Hieracium peleteranum, Narcissus
bulbocodium subsp. obesus, Orchis coriophora
subsp. fragrans, Salvia sclareoides, Tragopogon
dubius.
41.1.2. Phlomido lychnitidis-Brachypodietum phoenicoidis Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955
41.1.3. Galio concatenati-Brachypodietum phoenicoidis Pinto-Gomes & P. Ferreira in Flora e
Vegetação do Barrocal Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão: 218, 2005
44
J.C. Costa & al.
42. POETEA BULBOSAE Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez
in Rivas-Martínez 1978
Dwarf caespitose perennial pastures, with small prostrate
chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes as Poa bulbosa and
clovers, submitted and maintained by intensive sheep
grazing on dry soils, rarely affected by hydromorphy.
Their distribution has a very close link with the traditional grazing areas and livestock transhumance routes.
Such anthropic meadows dry in early summer, but with
the first autumn rains, sprout and grow rapidly, remaining green and fertile during the winter. In springtime
the clearings in the manured green carpet constitute a
favourable habitat to the development of therophytic
plants. Western Mediterranean distribution, in oceanic
thermo to supramediterranean upper semiarid to humid
bioclimate.
Typus: Poetalia bulbosae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas Goday & Ladero 1970 (42a.).
Characteristic species: Bellis annua subsp. annua, Bellis
sylvestris var. pappulosa, Bellis sylvestris var. sylvestris, Gynandriris sisyrinchium, Leontodon tuberosus,
Leucojum autumnale, Ornithogalum orthophyllum
subsp. baeticum, Romulea bulbocodium subsp. bulbocodium, Scilla autumnalis.
42a. POETALIA BULBOSAE Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas Goday & Ladero 1970
Single order.
Typus: Periballio-Trifolion subterranei Rivas Goday
1964 nom. inv. (42.1.)
Characteristic species: Erodium botrys, Gagea lusitanica, Herniaria glabra, Narcissus serotinus, Parentucellia latifolia, Paronychia argentea, Poa bulbosa
var. bulbosa, Poa bulbosa var. vivipara, Ranunculus
bullatus, Ranunculus paludosus, Romulea ramiflora
subsp. ramiflora, Scorpiurus vermiculatus, Taraxacum obovatum, Trifolium nigrescens, Trifolium subterraneum subsp. oxaloides, Trifolium suffocatum,
Trifolium tomentosum.
42.1. Periballio-Trifolion subterranei Rivas Goday
1964 nom. inv.
42.1.4. Trifolio subterranei-Poetum bulbosae Rivas
Goday 1964 nom. inv.
[Poo bulbosae-Trifolietum subterranei Rivas Goday 1964]
42.2. Plantaginion serrariae Galán, Morales & Vicente
2000
Communities developed on loamy or clayey soils
slightly decarbonated, rich in Plantago serraria, Trifolium subterraneum and poor in Poa bulbosa, in
thermo to mesomediterranean subhumid to humid
bioclimate and Baetic, Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian
and Maghrebi distribution.
Typus: Trifolio subterranei-Plantaginetum serrariae
Martín Osorio & Galán in Galán, Morales & Vicente 2000 (43.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Erodium primulaceum, Merendera filifolia, Plantago serraria.
43.2.1. Trifolio subterranei-Plantaginetum serrariae
Martín Osorio & Galán in Galán, Morales &
Vicente 2000
42.3. Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae Rivas Goday
& Ladero 1970 nom. invers.
[Poo bulbosae-Astragalion sesamei Rivas Goday &
Ladero 1970]
Neutral and basophils pastures that develop on calcareous and marly substratum, in thermo to supramediterranean semiarid to subhumid bioclimate.
Typus: Astragalo sesamei-Poetum bulbosae Rivas
Goday & Ladero 1970 nom. inv. (42.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Astragalus echinatus, Astragalus epiglottis, Astragalus sesameus, Astragalus
stella, Convolvulus lineatus, Lupinus micranthus,
Medicago intertexta, Plantago albicans, Plantago
loeflingii, Trifolium scabrum.
42.3.1. Astragalo sesamei-Poetum bulbosae Rivas
Goday & Ladero 1970 nom. inv.
[Poo bulbosae-Astragaletum sesamei Rivas Goday
& Ladero 1970]
[Trifolio subterranei-Periballion Rivas Goday 1964]
Siliceous and slightly acidophilous pastures, thermo to
oromediterranean dry to humid and supra-orotemperate sub-humid to humid of the Mediterranean West
Iberian and with Oroiberian, Galician-Portuguese,
Maghrebi and Sardinian disjunctions.
Typus: Trifolio subterranei-Poetum bulbosae Rivas
Goday 1964 nom. inv. (42.1.4.)
Characteristic species: Astragalus cymbaecarpos, Biserrula pelecinus, Onobrychis humilis, Trifolium
bocconei, Trifolium gemellum, Trifolium glomeratum, Trifolium subterraneum subsp. subterraneum.
42.1.1. Brizo minoris-Trifolietum subterranei Amor,
Ladero & C.J. Valle 1993
42.1.2. Festuco amplae-Poetum bulbosae Rivas-Martínez & Fernández González in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández González & Sánchez Mata
1986
42.1.3. Poo bulbosae-Onobrychidetum humilis Rivas
Goday, Ladero & C. Rivas in Rivas Goday &
Ladero 1970 nom. mut.
[Poo bulbosae-Onobrychidetum eriophorae Rivas
Goday, Ladero & C. Rivas in Rivas Goday & Ladero 1970]
43. SEDO ALBI-SCLERANTHETEA BIENNIS Br.-Bl. 1955
Xerophytic saxicolous perennial vegetation formed by
small succulent chamaephytes and geophytes accompanied by therophytes, on leptosols and rocky surfaces,
with an Eurosiberian and Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Sedo albi-Scleranthetalia biennis Br.-Bl. 1955
(43).
Characteristic species: Potentilla rupestris, Rumex acetosella, Scleranthus perennis, Sedum acre, Sedum album,
Sedum amplexicaule, Sedum brevifolium, Sedum tenuifolium.
43a. SEDO ALBI-SCLERANTHETALIA BIENNIS Br.-Bl. 1955
Single order.
Typus: Sedo albi-Scleranthion biennis Br.-Bl. 1955.
43.1. Sedion anglici Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952
Siliceous and acid communities that are primocolonizers of leptosols, in hyperoceanic euoceanic thermo to
supratemperate humid to hyperhumid bioclimate and
with a Cantabrian-Atlantic and Galician-Portuguese
distribution.
Typus: Airo praecocis-Sedetum anglici Br.-Bl. in Tüxen 1952 (43.1.1.).
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Characteristic species: Armeria humilis subsp. odorata,
Ornithogalum broteroi, Sedum anglicum subsp. anglicum, Sedum pruinatum, Thymus caespititius.
43.1.1. Airo praecocis-Sedetum anglici Br.-Bl. in Tüxen 1952
43.1.2. Leucojo autumnalis-Thymetum caespititii Honrado, P. Alves & Nepomuceno in Honrado, P.
Alves, Nepomuceno & B.Caldas in Silva Lusit. 10(2): 252, 2002
43.1.3. Ornithogalo broteroi-Armerietum odoratae
Pulgar, Honrado, Ortiz & J. Rodriguez in Ortiz, Pulgar & J. Rodriguez in Lazaroa 17: 132,
2003
43.1.4. Sedo anglici-Thymetum caespititii Oubiña, Ortiz & Pulgar 1996
43.1.5. Sedo pruinati-Thymetum caespititii Ortiz, Pulgar & J. Rodriguez 1999
43.2. Sedion pyrenaici Tüxen ex Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas in T.E. Díaz & F.
Prieto 1994
Pioneer communities of siliceous leptosols, sometimes rich in bases in the euoceanic and moderate continental supra-orotemperate, sub-humid to hyperhumid bioclimate and with a Pyrenean, Orocantabrian
and Mediterranean West Iberian distribution.
Typus: Sileno rupestris-Sedetum pyrenaici Tüxen in
Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958.
Characteristic species: Agrostis durieui, Agrostis
truncatula subsp. commista, Sedum anglicum subsp.
pyrenaicum.
43.2.1. Sedetum brevifolio-pyrenaici Rivas-Martínez
& Sánchez-Mata in Sánchez-Mata 1989
43.3. Thymion micans J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 13
(1): 132, 2005
Supratemperate submediterranean communities in Madeira Island.
Typus: Thymetum micans J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim,
Sequeira, Espírito Santo, Lousã, Fontinha, Aguiar &
Rivas-Martínez in Quercetea 6: 107-108, 2004
(43.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Thymus micans.
43.3.1. Thymetum micans J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Espírito Santo, Lousã, Fontinha, Aguiar & Rivas-Martínez in Quercetea
6: 107-108, 2004
43.4. Sedion micrantho-sediformis Rivas-Martínez, P.
Sánchez & Alcaraz ex P. Sánchez & Alcaraz
1993
[Sedion micranthi (O. Bolòs 1981) de la Torre, Alcaraz & Vicedo 1996]
Succulent pioneer communities, dominated by Sedum
species colonizing limestone earthy terraces and rocky
crevices with gravel and coarse sand, Mediterranean,
thermo to supramediterranean semi-arid to humid.
Typus: Sedetum micrantho-sediformis O. Bolòs &
Masalles in O. Bolòs 1981 (43.4.1.).
Characteristic species: Sedum sediforme.
43.4.1. Sedetum micrantho-sediformis O. Bolòs &
Masalles in O. Bolòs 1981
45
44. LYGEO-STIPETEA Rivas-Martínez 1978 nom. conserv.
[Thero-Brachypodietea Br.-Bl. ex A. & O. Bolòs 1959]
Herbaceous dense Mediterranean vegetation, consisting
of perennial large size grasses with stiff leaves, and deeply rooted, with xerophilic nature and colonizing soils
rich in bases, without hidromorphy or salinity. Ecologically, these formations represent an early seral stage of
the xeric forests and shrublands belonging to Quercetea
ilicis.
Typus: Lygeo-Stipetalia Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958 nom.
conserv. (44a).
Characteristic species: Allium pallens, Allium sphaerocephalon, Arrhenatherum album var. album, Bituminaria bituminosa, Brachypodium retusum, Convolvulus
althaeoides, Dactylis hispanica, Dipcadi serotinum,
Gladiolus italicus, Lavandula multifida, Ophrys vernixia, Phagnalon saxatile subsp. saxatile.
44a. LYGEO-STIPETALIA Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958 nom.
conserv.
[Thero-Brachypodietalia Br.-Bl. ex Bharucha 1933 nom.
amb. propos.]
Perennial xerophytic grasslands, on deep calcareous
soils, well structured, colonizing slightly altered biotopes, in the Mediterranean Region, in thermo to supramediterranean arid to sub-humid bioclimate.
Typus: Agropyro pectinati-Lygeion sparti Br.-Bl. & O.
Bolòs 1958 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002.
Characteristic species: Avenula bromoides subsp. bromoides, Linum narbonense, Ophrys drys, Ophrys lutea, Ornithogalum narbonense, Stipa offneri, Thapsia
dissecta, Tulipa sylvestris subsp. australis.
44.1. Teucrio pseudochamaepityos-Brachypodion retusi Br.-Bl. 1925 ex Rivas-Martínez in Itinera
Geobot. 18(1): 286, 2011
[Thero-Brachypodion ramosi Br.-Bl. 1925]
Small sized perennial communities dominated by
Brachypodium retusum, in which are abundant hemicryptophytes and geophytes. Occurring in calcareous
marly biotopes, often with a stony surface layer caused by an interstitial erosion of the thin mineralized
deposit, in thermo to supramediterranean, semi-arid
sub-humid areas. They represent, in succession, one
step more degraded than the meadows of tall grasses.
Typus: Irido chamaeirido-Brachypodietum retusi (Br.Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952) Rivas-Martínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 287, 2011.
Characteristic species: Biarum dispar, Eryngium dilatatum, Iris subbiflora, Ophrys bombyliflora,
Ophrys tenthredinifera, Phlomis lychnitis, Teucrium
pseudochamaepitys.
44.1.1. Iberido microcarpae-Stipetum offneri RivasMartínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990
44.2. Stipion tenacissimae Rivas-Martínez 1978
Grassland dominated by the tall grass Stipa tenacissima, on calcareous clay soils, thermo to mesomediterranean semi-arid to dry.
Typus: Lapiedro martinezii-Stipetum tenacissimae Rivas-Martínez & Alcaraz in Alcaraz 1984.
46
J.C. Costa & al.
Characteristic species: Avenula gervaisii subsp. gervaisii, Bellevalia hackelii, Stipa tenacissima.
44.2.1. Bellevalio hackelii-Stipetum tenacissimae
Pinto-Gomes & P. Ferreira in Flora e Vegetação do Barrocal Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão:
225, 2005
44b. HYPARRHENIETALIA HIRTAE Rivas-Martínez 1978
Grassland rich in perennial and tall grasses, on deep
soils of rocky or clayey cliffs, and abandoned crop
fields with some nitrification, in infra to mesomediterranean semiarid to subhumid bioclimate and Mediterranean distribution.
Typus: Hyparrhenion sinaicae Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955 corr. J.C. Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo &
Lousã 2001 (44.3.).
44.3. Hyparrhenion sinaicae Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955 corr. J.C. Costa, Capelo, Espírito
Santo & Lousã 2001
[Hyparrhenion hirtae Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira
1955 (art.43)]
Single order in Portugal.
Typus: Carici depressae-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae
Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955 corr. J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2001 (44.3.2.).
Characteristic species: Allium subvillosum, Andropogon distachyos, Andryala integrifolia var. integrifolia, Andryala laxiflora, Aristida adscensionis,
Cenchrus ciliaris, Dactylis smithii subsp. hylodes,
Daucus crinitus, Hyparrhenia hirta, Hyparrhenia
sinaica, Lathyrus clymenum, Pennisetum setaceum,
Pseudarrhenatherum pallens.
44.3.1. Andryalo laxiflorae-Hyparrhenietum hirtae
Peinado, Martínez-Parras & Alcaraz ex Díez
Garretas & Asensi 2002
44.3.2. Carici depressae-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae
Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955 corr. J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2001
[Carici depressae-Hyparrhenietum hirtae Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva & Rozeira 1955]
44.3.3. Cenchro ciliaris-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae
Wildpret & O. Rodríguez in Rivas-Martínez,
Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodríguez, Pérez de
Paz, García Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González 1993 corr. Díez-Garretas &
Asensi 1999
44.3.4. Dactylido hylodis-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
44.3.5. Dauco criniti-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, FernándezGonzález & Sánchez-Mata 1986 corr. Díez
Garretas & Asensi 1999
45. STIPO GIGANTEAE-AGROSTIETEA CASTELLANAE RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Siliceous acidophilic perennial vegetation of grasses and
other perennial herbs accompanied by some annual
plants, rich in endemic species, on cambisols, planosols,
luvisols and arenosols, dystric or umbric attributes. Represent seral stages of Quercion broteroi and Quercion
pyrenaicae. Western Mediterranean distribution with
Cantabrian-Atlantic and Madeiran disjunctions.
Typus: Agrostietalia castellanae Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & Valdés-Bermejo
1980 (45a.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis castellana, Dactylis
glomerata subsp. lusitanica, Festuca paniculata subsp.
multispiculata, Gaudinia fragilis var. fragilis, Linum
bienne, Malva tournefortiana, Sanguisorba verrucosa.
45a. AGROSTIETALIA CASTELLANAE Rivas-Martínez in
Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & ValdésBermejo 1980
Meadows and perennials grasslands rich in therophytes,
on deep soils poor in bases, in rainy areas of Mediterranean West Iberian and Orocantrabrian, locally reaching
North Africa.
Typus: Agrostion castellanae Rivas Goday 1957 corr.
Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1963 (45.1.).
Characteristic species: Allium guttatum subsp. sardoum, Armeria segoviensis, Carex divisa var. chaetophylla, Festuca durandoi subsp. livida, Ranunculus
gramineus, Rumex angiocarpus, Rumex papillaris,
Serapias lingua, Serapias parviflora, Thapsia villosa.
45.1. Agrostion castellanae Rivas Goday 1957 corr.
Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1963
Grazed grasslands often in sandy or loamy acid siliceous soils with a possible slight flooding time, in
thermo to supramediterranean dry to humid bioclimate, and Mediterranean West Iberian distribution.
Typus: Asphodelo aestivi-Armerietum gaditanae Allier
& Bresset 1977 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
(45.1.2.).
Characteristic species: Armeria gaditana, Asphodelus
aestivus, Asphodelus bento-rainhae subsp. bentorainhae, Avenula lodunensis subsp. cintrana, Avenula lodunensis subsp. gaditana, Festuca ampla
subsp. ampla, Holcus annuus subsp. annuus, Narcissus willkommii, Thapsia minor, Trifolium cernuum, Trifolium retusum.
45.1.1. Armerio daveaui-Agrostietum castellanae
Aguiar, Monteiro-Henriques & Sánchez-Mata
in Lazaroa 33, 2012
45.1.2. Asphodelo aestivi-Armerietum gaditanae Allier
& Bresset 1977 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz,
Fernández González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã &
Penas 2002
[Asphodelo cerasiferi-Armerietum gaditanae Allier
& Bresset 1977]
45.1.3. Centaureo coutinhoi-Agrostietum castellanae
Antunes, Aguiar & J.C. Costa ined. [in Quercetea 11:]
45.1.4. Centaureo exilis-Agrostietum castellanae Antunes, Aguiar & J.C. Costa ined. [in Quercetea
11:]
45.1.5. Festuco amplae-Agrostietum castellanae Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez & Belmonte
1986
45.1.6. Gaudinio fragilis-Agrostietum castellanae
Rivas-Martínez & Belmonte 1985
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
45.1.7. Narcisso willkommii-Festucetum amplae Rosa
Pinto, Pinto-Gomes & P. Ferreira in PintoGomes & P. Ferreira in Flora e Vegetação do
Barrocal Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão: 232, 2005
45.1.8. Sedo forsterani-Agrostietum castellanae
Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958 nom. mut.
[Sedo elegantis-Agrostietum castellanae Tüxen &
Oberdorfer 1958]
45.1.9. Violo rivinianae-Agrostietum castellanae J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, & RivasMartínez ass. nova hoc loco
[Hypochaerido glabrae-Agrostietum castellanae
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 nom. inval. (art.3b);
Violo rivinianae-Agrostietum castellanae J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Espírito Santo, Lousã, Fontinha, Aguiar & Rivas-Martínez in Quercetea 6: 109, 2004 nom. inval. (art. 3b)]
45.2. Festucion merinoi Rivas-Martínez & SánchezMata in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González &
Sánchez-Mata 1986 corr. Rivas-Martínez &
Sánchez-Mata 2002
[Festucion elegantis Rivas-Martínez & Sánchez-Mata
in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & SánchezMata 1986]
Grasslands on sandy or sandy-loamy acids soils that
do not support temporal hydromorphy, in supramediterranean subhumid-humid and supratemperate (rarely
upper mesotemperate) submediterranean humid to ultrahyperhumid bioclimate and a Mediterranean West
Iberian and Orocatabrian distribution.
Typus: Leucanthemopsio pallidae-Festucetum merinoi
Rivas-Martínez & Sánchez-Mata in Rivas-Martínez,
Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986 corr.
Rivas-Martínez & Sánchez-Mata in Itinera Geobot.
18(1): 291, 2011.
Characteristic species: Armeria beirana, Festuca elegans subsp. merinoi, Phalacrocarpon hoffmannseggii, Phalacrocarpon oppositifolium, Ranunculus nigrescens.
45.2.1. Arrhenathero bulbosi-Armerietum beiranae
Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu &
Aguiar ass. nova hoc loco
45.2.2. Centaureo lusitanae-Pseudarrhenatheretum
longifolii Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa,
Aguiar, Honrado ass. nova hoc loco
45.2.3. Centaureo rothmaleranae-Celticetum giganteae Meireles & Pinto-Gomes in Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira & Meireles in Lazaroa 31:
61, 2010
45.2.4. Festuco multispiculatae-Agrostietum curtisii
Vicente & Galán in Acta Bot. Malacitana 33:
185-186, 2008
45.2.5. Phalacrocarpo hoffmannseggii-Festucetum
merinoi hoffmannseggii-Festucetum Aguiar
ass. nova hoc loco
[Phalacrocarpo hoffmannseggii-Festucetum elegantis Aguiar 2001 nom. inval. (art.1)]
47
45.2.5. Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Festucetum merinoi Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto,
Loidi & Penas in E. Puente 1988 corr. RivasMartínez & Sánchez-Mata 2011
[Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Festucetum elegantis
Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas in E. Puente 1988]
45.3. Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae Rivas
Goday ex Rivas-Martínez & Fernández-González 1991 nom. mut.
[Agrostio castellanae-Stipion giganteae Rivas Goday
ex Rivas-Martínez & Fernández-González 1991]
Communities dominated by perennial grasses on deep
arenosols and cambisols, without temporary hydromorphy, thermo to supramediterranean dry to subhumid. Mediterranean West Iberian and Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian distribution.
Typus: Arrhenathero baetici-Celticetum giganteae
Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986 nom. mut. (45.3.3.).
Characteristic species: Armerio x francoi, Arrhenatherum album var. erianthum, Arrhenatherum baeticum, Celtica gigantea subsp. gigantea, Celtica gigantea subsp. sterilis, Centaurea aristata subsp.
langeana, Elaeoselinum gummiferum, Euphorbia
oxyphylla, Helictotrichon hackelii subsp. hackelii,
Helictotrichon hackelii subsp. stenophylla, Stipa lagascae.
45.3.1. Armerio francoi-Arrhenatheretum sardoi Vicente & Gálan in Acta Bot. Malacitana 33:
185, 2008
45.3.2. Armerio macrophyllae-Celticetum giganteae
P. Ferreira, Pinto-Gomes & R. Pinto in PintoGomes, P. Ferreira & Meireles in Lazaroa 31:
61, 2010
45.3.3. Arrhenathero baetici-Celticetum giganteae
Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986 nom.
mut.
[Arrhenathero baetici-Stipetum giganteae RivasMartínez in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González
& Sánchez-Mata 1986]
45.3.4. Arrhenathero erianthi-Celticetum giganteae
Antunes, Aguiar & J.C. Costa ined. [in Quercetea 11:]
45.3.5. Avenulo hackelii-Celticetum sterilis PintoGomes & P. Ferreira in Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira & Meireles in Lazaroa 28: 67, 2007
45.3.6. Avenulo occidentalis-Celticetum giganteae P.
Ferreira in Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira & Meireles in Lazaroa 28: 67, 2007
45.3.7. Avenulo lodunensis-Celticetum giganteae
J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã & Espírito Santo
2002 nom. mut. prop.
[Avenulo sulcatae-Stipetum giganteae J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Lousã & Espírito Santo in Quercetea 3:
86, 2002]
45.3.8. Centaureo coutinhoi-Dactyletum lusitanici
Meireles & Pinto-Gomes in Pinto-Gomes, P.
Ferreira & Meireles in Lazaroa 31: 61, 2010
48
J.C. Costa & al.
45.3.9. Euphorbio transtaganae-Celticetum giganteae Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Mendes &
Cano in Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira & Meireles
in Lazaroa 28: 67, 2007 (fig. 34, page 109)
45.3.10. Melico magnolii-Celticetum giganteae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez ex Peinado &
Martínez-Parras 1985 nom. mut.
[Melico magnolii-Stipetum giganteae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez ex Peinado & MartínezParras 1985]
45.3.11. Pseudarrhenathero longifolii-Celticetum giganteae Honrado & P. Alves ass. nova hoc
loco
45.3.12. Serratulo flavescentis-Celticetum giganteae
Pinto-Gomes & P. Ferreira in Pinto-Gomes,
P. Ferreira & Meireles in Lazaroa 31: 59,
2010
45b. PARAFESTUCETALIA ALBIDAE Rivas-Martínez, Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim & Sequeira
2002
Siliceous perennial grasslands on shallow soils, in supratemperate submediterranean hyperhumid to ultrahyperhumid summit zone of Madeira.
Typus: Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (45.4.).
45.4. Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Single alliance.
Typus: Armerio maderensis-Parafestucetum albidae
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (45.4.1.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis obtusissima, Anthoxanthum maderensis, Anthyllis lemanniana, Armeria
maderensis, Deschampsia maderensis, Festuca jubata, Orchis scopulorum, Parafestuca albida, Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. fruticescens.
45.4.1. Armerio maderensis-Parafestucetum albidae
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
VIIc. MEADOW
AND CHIONOPHILOUS GRASSLAND VEGE-
TATION
46. MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA Tüxen 1937
Dense vegetation of meadows and reeds that grows in
deep wet soils, but rarely is submerged. Composed by
perennial species, mostly hemicryptophytes that sometimes are exploited by man. Normally, constitutes a step
substitution of the anthropic riparian deciduous forests of
Salici-Populetea nigrae, in Eurosiberian and Mediterranean territories.
Typus: Arrhenatheretalia elatioris Tüxen 1931 (46b).
Characteristic species: Agrostis capillaris, Agrostis x fouilladei, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum,
Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. bulbosum, Cardamine
pratensis, Carex distans, Carex flacca, Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare, Crepis capillaris, Dactylis glomerata, Dactylorhiza elata subsp. sesquipedalis, Holcus
lanatus, Knautia arvensis, Lathyrus pratensis, Linum
angustifolium, Lotus corniculatus subsp. corniculatus,
Oenanthe lachenalii, Orchis coriophora subsp. coriophora, Orchis coriophora subsp. martrinii, Orchis laxiflora, Phleum pratense subsp. bertolonii, Plantago lanceolata, Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis subsp. trivialis,
Prunella vulgaris, Rhinanthus minor, Rumex acetosa
subsp. acetosa, Schoenus nigricans, Senecio jacobea,
Trifolium pratense, Trifolium resupinatum.
46a. MOLINIETALIA CAERULEAE Koch 1926
Temperate hygrophilous meadows, colonizing moist
oligotrophic or mesotrophic soils with gley, little or not
fertilized, and when late harvested once a year. Atlantic-Central European, Alpine-Caucasian, Mediterranean
West Iberian distribution and Maghrebi disjunctions.
Typus: Molinion caeruleae Koch 1926.
Characteristic species: Carex panicea, Centaurea nigra
subsp. rivularis, Cirsium palustre, Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. maculata, Deschampsia caespitosa
subsp. caespitosa, Equisetum palustre, Festuca trichophylla, Gymnadenia conopsea, Juncus acutiflorus
subsp. acutiflorus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus effusus, Juncus fontanesii, Juncus
subnodulosus, Lobelia urens, Lotus pedunculatus,
Lychnis flos-cuculi, Molinia caerulea subsp. caerulea, Poa trivialis subsp. sylvicola, Ranunculus flammula, Senecio aquaticus, Succisa pratensis, Valeriana dioica.
46.1. Calthion palustris Tüxen 1937
Temperate hygrophilous meadows, colonizing moistly
oligotrophic or mesotrophic soils with gley, slightly or
not fertilized and when, late harvested once a year.
Atlantic-Central European, Alpine-Caucasian, Mediterranean West Iberian distribution and Maghrebi
disjunctions.
Typus: Angelico sylvestris-Cirsietum oleracei Tüxen
1937.
Characteristic species: Bromus racemosus, Caltha
palustris subsp. palustris, Polygonum bistorta.
46.1.1. Loto pedunculati-Juncetum conglomerati Herrera & F. Prieto in T.E. Díaz & F. Prieto 1994
46.2. Juncion acutiflori Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Tüxen
1952
Hygrophytic meadows and rushes that can support a
mild summer dryness on acid oligo-mesotrophic soils.
Atlantic European Mediterranean, West Iberian, Tingitanan and Madeiran distribution, in thermo to supratemperate and thermo to oromediterranean subhumid to ultrahyperhumid hyperoceanic to semicontinental bioclimate.
Typus: Senecioni aquatici-Juncetum acutiflori Br.-Bl.
& Tüxen 1952 (46.2.11.).
Characteristic species: Carex binervis, Carex viridula
subsp. cedercreutzii (dif.), Carum verticillatum, Deschampsia gallaecica, Galium rivulare, Hypericum
undulatum, Juncus acutiflorus subsp. rugosus, Juncus valvatus, Scorzonera fistulosa, Scutellaria minor, Serapias cordigera, Silene laeta.
46.2.1. Carici cedercreutzii-Juncetum effusi J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Lousã, Espírito
Santo & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2):
251, 2003
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
46.2.2. Cirsio palustris-Juncetum rugosi Neto, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã 1996
46.2.3. Deschampsio gallaecicae-Juncetum effusi
Honrado & Aguiar in Honrado, P. Alves, Nepomuceno & B. Caldas in Quercetea 5: 35,
2004
46.2.4. Deschampsio hispanicae-Juncetum effusi Rivas-Martínez ex Garcia Cachán in Llamas
1985
46.2.5. Hyperico undulati-Juncetum acutiflori Teles
1970
46.2.6. Hyperico undulati-Juncetum conglomerati
J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Lousã,
Espírito Santo & Rivas-Martínez in Silva
Lusit. 11(2): 252, 2003
46.2.7. Juncetum acutifloro-valvati Espírito Santo &
Capelo 1996
46.2.8. Juncetum rugoso-effusi Rivas-Martínez &
Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo
& E. Valdés 1980
46.2.9. Peucedano lancifolii-Juncetum acutiflori Teles 1970
46.2.10. Selino broteri-Molinietum caeruleae P. Alves, Aguiar & Honrado ass. nova hoc loco
46.2.11. Senecioni aquatici-Juncetum acutiflori Br.Bl. & Tüxen 1952
46b. ARRHENATHERETALIA ELATIORIS Tüxen 1931
Hygrophilous cut and grazed meadows, very productive, eutrophic to mesotrophic, fertilized,, under temperate bioclimate in well-drained fertile soils, mainly Eurosiberian.
Typus: Arrhenatherion elatioris Koch 1926 (46.3.).
Characteristic species: Achillea millefolium, Avenula
pubescens, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium dubium,
Trisetum flavescens.
46.3. Arrhenatherion elatioris Koch 1926
Meadows that are submitted to cutting at least twice a
year, on mesotrophic soils without permanent hydromorphy (only a slight temporal hydromorphy). Presents Atlantic-Central European and Alpine-Caucasian distribution, in meso to supratemperate subhumid
to hyperhumid hyperoceanic to moderate continental
bioclimate.
Typus: Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. 1915.
Characteristic species: Arrhenatherum elatius subsp.
elatius, Galium album, Heracleum sphondylium
subsp. sphondylium.
46.1. Agrostio castellanae-Arrhenatheretum bulbosi
Teles 1970 (fig. 35, page 110)
46.4. Cynosurion cristati Tüxen 1947
Mesophilous pastures developed by intensive grazing
of cattle, on moistly mesotrophic and eutrophic soils,
slightly acid to neutral. Atlantic-Central European and
Alpine-Caucasian distribution, in thermo to orotemperate subhumid to hyperhumid bioclimate.
49
Typus: Lolio perennis-Cynosuretum cristati Br.-Bl. &
De Leeuw 1936.
Characteristic species: Bellis perennis, Cynosurus
cristatus, Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. caramulensis, Leontodon autumnalis, Phleum pratense subsp.
pratense, Trifolium repens subsp. repens, Veronica
serpyllifolia subsp. serpyllifolia.
46.4.1. Agrostio-Cynosuretum cristati Teles 1957
46.4.2. Anthemido nobilis-Cynosuretum cristati Teles 1970 (fig.36, page 111)
46.4.3. Caro verticillati-Cynosuretum cristati Tüxen
in Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958
46c. HOLOSCHOENETALIA VULGARIS Br.-Bl. ex Tchou
1948
Mediterranean meadows and rushes growing on moist
and deep soils.
Typus: Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris
Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948 (46.5.).
Characteristic species: Achillea ageratum, Blackstonia
perfoliata, Cirsium pyrenaicum, Cyperus eragrostis,
Festuca arundinacea subsp. mediterranea, Hypericum pubescens, Jasonia tuberosa, Melilotus indicus,
Oenanthe pimpinelloides, Phalaris aquatica, Pulicaria dysenterica var. ramosissima, Scirpoides holoschoenus subsp. holoschoenus, Trifolium lappaceum.
46.5. Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris
Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948
Hygrophytic meadows and rushes on moist permeable
soils, that maintain the water table very close to the
surface. Mediterranean distribution in thermo to supramediterranean semiarid to humid bioclimate.
Typus: Cirsio monspessulani-Holoschoenetum vulgaris Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948.
Characteristic species: Cochlearia glastifolia, Dorycnium rectum, Erica erigena, Euphorbia hirsuta,
Festuca arundinacea subsp. fenas, Hypericum tomentosum, Linum tenue, Lysimachia ephemerum,
Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea, Ranunculus
bulbosus subsp. aleae, Ranunculus macrophyllus,
Sonchus aquatilis, Thalictrum speciosissimum.
46.5a. Brizo minoris-Holoschoenenion vulgaris (Rivas Goday 1964) Rivas-Martínez in RivasMartínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
Neutral and slightly acidic thermo to supramediterranean communities. Mediterranean West Iberian, Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian, Madeiran and Canarian
distribution.
Typus: Trifolio resupinati-Holoschoenetum vulgaris Rivas Goday 1964 (46.5.6.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis reuteri, Galium debile,
Scirpoides holoschoenus subsp. australis, Serapias vomeracea.
46.5.1. Festuco amplae-Brachypodietum phoenicoidis S. Ribeiro, Ladero & Espírito-Santo ined.
[Plant Biosystem]
46.5.2. Galio palustris-Juncetum maritimi Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
50
J.C. Costa & al.
46.5.3. Holoschoeno-Juncetum acuti Rivas-Martínez
& Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
46.5.5. Phalarido coerulescentis-Juncetum acuti J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Lousã, Espírito Santo & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit.
11(2): 252, 2003
46.5.6. Trifolio resupinati-Holoschoenetum vulgaris
Rivas Goday 1964
46.5b. Ericenion terminali-erigenae Rivas-Martínez,
Salazar, A. Garcia & F. Valle in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 298, 2011
Shrub and rush communities and peaty sites with metals, thermo to supramediterranean, subhumid to
humid, in the Southwest Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Hyperico caprifolii-Ericetum erigenae Salazar,
A. García F. Valle & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 298, 2011.
Characteristic species: Erica andevalensis.
46.5.7. Junco rugosi-Ericetum andevalensis Cabezudo, Nieto & A.V. Pérez 1989
46.6. Gaudinio verticolae-Hordeion bulbosae Galán,
Deil, Haug & Vicente 1997 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco,
Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
Communities in wet vertisols, thermo to mesomediterranean dry sub-humid, Tingitanan, Baetic, Lusitanian-Extremadurean and Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian.
Typus: Hedysaro coronarii-Phalaridetum coerulescentis Galán, Deil, Haug & Vicente 1997.
Characteristic species: Gaudinia fragilis var. verticola,
Hordeum bulbosum, Phalaris coerulescens subsp.
coerulescens, Phalaris coerulescens subsp. lusitanica.
46.6.1. Arabido lusitanicae-Hordeetum bulbosae Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa & P. Arsénio in J.C.
Costa, Espírito Santo & P. Arsénio in Quercetea 10: 40, 2010
46.6.2. Bituminario bituminosae-Phalaridetum coerulescentis J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim & Sequeira ass. nova hoc loco
46.6.3. Senecio foliosae-Phalaridetum coerulescentis Cano-Ortiz, Pinto-Gomes & Cano in Acta
Bot. Gallica 155 (1): 22, 2009
46.6.4. Trifolio pratensis-Phalaridetum lusitanicae
J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & P. Arsénio in
Quercetea 10: 40, 2010
46d. PLANTAGINETALIA
Tüxen 1950
MAJORIS
Tüxen & Preising in
[Paspalo-Heleochloetalia Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine &
Nègre 1952; Crypsio-Paspaletalia distichi Br.-Bl. in
Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952 nom. mut]
Meadows and perennial grasslands, grazed and trampled, in high humidity, often temporarily flooded, soils,
enriched in nitrogen (organic and mineral) and phosphorus, in Mediterranean and temperate areas.
Typus: Potentillion anserinae Tüxen 1947 (46.12.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis stolonifera var. scabriglumis, Agrostis stolonifera var. stolonifera, Carex
hirta, Epilobium tetragonum subsp. tournefortii, Hypochaeris radicata subsp. radicata, Juncus compressus, Lepidium latifolium, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium
perenne, Lotus glaber, Plantago major subsp. major,
Potentilla anserina, Potentilla reptans, Ranunculus
repens, Rumex conglomeratus, Rumex crispus, Rumex obtusifolius, Sporobolus indicus, Verbena officinalis.
46.7. Paspalo-Polypogonion viridis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl.,
Roussine & Nègre 1952 nom. mut.
[Paspalo-Agrostion verticillati Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Nègre 1952]
Grasslands dominated by decumbent grasses growing
on very moistly soils, along rivers with rich waters in
nitrogen and phosphorus. Northern Mediterranean and
Cantabrian-Atlantic distribution, in thermo-mesomediterranean bioclimate.
Typus: Paspalo distichi-Polypogonetum viridis Br.-Bl.
in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936 nom.
mut. (46.7.2.).
Characteristic species: Lythrum junceum.
46.7a. Paspalo distichi-Polypogonenion viridis Rivas-Martínez, Fernández González & Loidi in
Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 300, 2011.
[Paspalo-Polypogonenion semiverticillati RivasMartínez, Fernández González & Loidi 1999 nom.
inval.]
Freshwater meadows.
Typus: Paspalo distichi-Polypogonetum viridis Br.Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936
nom. mut. (46.7.2.).
Characteristic species: Paspalum dilatatum, Paspalum
distichum, Polypogon viridis.
46.7.1. Paspaletum dilatato-distichi Herrera & F.
Prieto in T.E. Díaz & F. Prieto 1994
46.7.2. Paspalo distichi-Polypogonetum viridis Br.Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas
1936 nom. mut.
[Paspalo distichi-Agrostietum verticillatae Br.-Bl.
in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936]
46.7.3. Ranunculo scelerati-Paspaletum paspalodis
Rivas Goday 1964 corr. Peinado, Bartolomé,
Martínez-Parras & Ollala 1988
[ass. Paspalum vaginatum et Ranunculus sceleratus Rivas Goday 1964, Heliotropio supini-Paspaletum paspalodis Martínez-Parras, Peinado, Bartolomé & Molero 1988, Ranunculo scelerati Paspaletum distichi Rivas Goday 1964 corr. Peinado,
Bartolomé, Martínez-Parras & Ollala 1988 nom.
mut]
46.7b. Spergulario marinae-Paspalenion vaginati
Bueno & F. Prieto in Bueno 1997
Meadows flooded by salt or brackish waters.
Typus: Agrostio pseudopungentis-Paspaletum vaginati Bueno & F. Prieto in Bueno 1997 (46.7.4.).
Characteristic species: Cotula coronopifolia, Paspalum vaginatum.
46.7.4. Agrostio pseudopungentis-Paspaletum vaginati Bueno & F. Prieto in Bueno 1997
46.7.5. Triglochino striatae-Cotuletum coronopifoliae
P. Alves in Quercetea 4: 152, 2004 (fig. 37,
page 110)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
46.8. Lolio-Plantaginion majoris Sissingh 1969
Hygrophytic meadows on moist compacted soils and
trampled pastures enriched in nitrogen. They present
an Eurosiberian optimum in thermo to orotemperate
bioclimate.
Typus: Lolio perennis-Plantaginetum majoris Beger
1930.
Characteristic species: Chamaemelum nobile, Juncus
tenuis.
46.8.1. Juncetum tenuis Diemont, Sissingh & Westhoff ex Tüxen 1950 nom. mut.
[Juncetum macri Diemont, Sissingh & Westhoff
ex Tüxen 1950]
46.8.2. Lolietum perennis Gams 1927
[Lolio perennis-Plantaginetum majoris Beger 1930]
46.8.3. Loto pedunculati-Plantaginetum majoris J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Lousã, Espírito Santo & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit.
11(2): 252, 2003
46.9. Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion dactyli Br.-Bl. &
O Bolòs 1958
Clovers and Cynodon dactylon meadows on mesotrophic to eutrophic soils rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, evolved from intensive grazing by cattle rushes. West Mediterranean.
Typus: Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontetum dactyli Br.-Bl.
& O Bolòs 1958 (46.9.1.).
Characteristic species: Carex divisa subsp. divisa, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus laevigatus subsp. distachyos, Hyacinthoides vicentina subsp. transtagana,
Lactuca saligna, Medicago arabica, Trifolium fragiferum.
46.9.1. Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontetum dactyli Br.Bl. & O Bolòs 1958
46.9.2. Trifolio resupinati-Caricetum chaetophyllae
Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez,
Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
46.10. Agrostion stoloniferae Görs 1966
Perennial grass meadows on fluvisols of temporarily
flooded river beds with deposition of inorganic compounds (nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, ammonia, etc.)
that fertilize the soil. Atlantic-Central European distribution, in thermo to supratemperate sub-humid to
humid bioclimate.
Typus: Rorippo sylvestris-Agrostietum stoloniferae
Oberdorfer & Müller 1961.
Characteristic species: Alopecurus geniculatus, Carex
viridula subsp. viridula, Festuca arundinacea subsp.
arundinacea, Rorippa sylvestris.
46.10.1. Gaudinio fragilis-Agrostietum stoloniferae
Rivas-Martínez, Izco, Amigo & Pulgar in
Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 301, 2011
46.10.2. Plantagini coronopodi-Trifolietum fragiferi
Tüxen ex T.E. Díaz 1975
46.11. Poion supinae Rivas-Martínez & Géhu 1978
Perennial trampled or grazed grasslands near the places where the cattle drinks, supra to orotemperate and
oromediterranean.
Typus: Plantagini majoris-Poetum supinae Rivas-Martínez & Géhu 1978.
51
Characteristic species: Poa supina, Spergularia capillacea, Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. humifusa.
46.11.1. Spergulario capillaceae-Poetum supinae Rivas-Martínez 1981
46.12. Potentillion anserinae Tüxen 1947
[Mentho-Juncion inflexi Müller & Görs 1969]
Meadows and rushes, in hydrophilic soils often soggy
and strongly nitrophilous.
Typus: Ranunculo repentis-Alopecuretum geniculati
Tüxen 1937.
Characteristic species: Carex cuprina, Cyperus longus
subsp. badius, Epilobium tetragonum subsp. tetragonum, Juncus inflexus, Mentha longifolia, Mentha
suaveolens.
46.12.1. Cypero badii-Menthetum suaveolentis S. Ribeiro, Ladero & Espírito-Santo ined. [Plant
Biosystem]
46.12.2. Mentho pulegii-Cyperetum badii S. Ribeiro,
Ladero & Espírito-Santo ined. [Plant Biosystem]
46.12.3. Mentho suaveolentis-Holcetum lanati S. Ribeiro, Ladero & Espírito-Santo ined. [Plant
Biosystem]
46.12.4. Mentho suaveolentis-Juncetum inflexi Rivas-Martínez in Sánchez-Mata 1989
46.12.5. Rumici obtusifolii-Oenanthetum crocatae Ortiz & J. Rodriguez 1987
47. NARDETEA Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday & RivasMartínez 1963
Anthropic dense acidic grasslands, intensively grazed,
and in climatophilous swards of high mountains in the
upper timberline zone with a long period of snow on the
ground. They present a vernal development in deep
moistly soils, turfophilous, mineralized and strongly
acidified by organic matter. In Western Eurosiberian and
Western Mediterranean territories, in thermo to criotemperate and supra-oromediterranean, subhumid to hyperhumid, moderate hyperoceanic to moderate continental
bioclimate.
Typus: Nardetalia strictae Oberdorfer ex Preising 1949
(47a.).
Characteristic species: Gagea soleirolii (Gagea nevadensis), Ophioglossum azoricum, Scilla verna.
47a. NARDETALIA STRICTAE Oberdorfer ex Preising 1949
Single order in Europe with a disjunction distribution in
Atlas mountains (North Africa).
Typus: Nardo strictae-Galion saxatilis Preising 1949.
Characteristic species: Ajuga pyramidalis subsp. meonantha, Ajuga pyramidalis subsp. pyramidalis, Carex
leporina, Carex pallescens, Carex pilulifera subsp.
pilulifera, Danthonia decumbens, Euphrasia hirtella,
Festuca nigrescens subsp. microphylla, Festuca rivularis, Galium saxatile subsp. saxatile, Galium
saxatile subsp. vivianum, Gentiana pneumonanthe
subsp. pneumonanthe, Juncus squarrosus, Luzula
multiflora subsp. multiflora, Nardus stricta, Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. sylvatica, Potentilla erecta var.
erecta, Stellaria graminea.
52
J.C. Costa & al.
47aa. NARDENALIA STRICTAE
Western Eurosiberian communities.
Typus: Nardo strictae-Galion saxatilis Preising 1949.
Characteristic species: Erythronium dens-canis.
47.1 Violion caninae Schwickerath 1944
Grazed meso-hygrophilous and acidophilous communities, seral of Quercetalia roboris and Fagetalia sylvatica, with an Atlantic-Central European distribution
and thermo to supratemperate subhumid to hyperhumid bioclimate.
Typus: Festuco rubrae-Genistetum sagittalis Issler 1927.
Characteristic species: Luzula multiflora subsp. congesta, Polygala vulgaris, Polygala serpyllifolia, Serratula tinctoria var. seoanei, Viola canina.
47.1.1. Agrostio hespericae-Nardetum strictae Aguiar
& Honrado in Honrado, P. Alves, Nepomuceno & B. Caldas in Quercetea 5: 36, 2004
47ab. CAMPANULO HERMINII-NARDENALIA STRICTAE Rivas-Martínez, Fernandez-González & SánchezMata 1986
Western Mediterranean communities.
Typus: Plantaginion nivalis Quézel 1953.
Characteristic species: Campanula herminii, Carex
furva, Festuca iberica, Hieracium pilosella subsp.
tricholepium, Trifolium repens subsp. nevadensis.
47.3. Campanulo herminii-Nardion strictae RivasMartínez 1963
Grazed grassland from high mountains, dominated by
Nardus stricta, that in areas close to perpetual snow
may represent meso-hygrophytes permanent communities. Distributed through Mediterranean West Iberian and Cantabrian-Atlantic territories and with a supra-oromediterranean and supra-orotemperate, subhumid to hyperhumid bioclimate.
Typus: Campanulo herminii-Festucetum ibericae Rivas-Martínez 1964.
Characteristic species: Crocus carpetanus, Festuca
henriquesii, Festuca rothmaleri, Gentiana lutea
subsp. aurantiaca, Jasione laevis subsp. carpetana,
Leontodon carpetanus subsp. carpetanus, Luzula
campestris subsp. carpetana, Narcissus bulbocodium subsp. nivalis, Narcissus pseudonarcissus
subsp. confusus, Ranunculus abnormis, Ranunculus
bulbosus subsp. cacuminalis.
47.3.1. Campanulo herminii-Festucetum henriquesii
Rivas-Martínez 1981
47.3.2. Campanulo herminii-Festucetum rivularis Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González, SánchezMata & Sardiñero 2002
47.3.3. Galio saxatilis-Nardetum Br.-Bl., P. Silva,
Rozeira & Fontes 1952
47.3.4. Genisto anglicae-Nardetum strictae RivasMartínez & Sánchez-Mata in Rivas-Martínez,
Fernández-González, Sánchez-Mata 1986 (fig.
38, page 111)
48. TOLPIDO AZORICAE-HOLCETEA RIGIDI F. Prieto &
Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot.
Res. 2: 112. 2012
Non grazed perennial vascular plant communities of
rocky and earthy scarps, slope deposits and natural forests fringes, dominated by endemic graminoids, hemicryptophytes and dwarf chamaephytic herbs. It is endemic of the thermomediterranean and thermo- to supratemperate belts of the Azorean biogeographic Province.
Typus: Tolpido azoricae-Holcetalia rigidi F. Prieto &
Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias 2012 (48a.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis azorica, Brachypodium
gaditanum, Carex guthnickiana, Carex vulcani, Centaurium scilloides, Holcus rigidus, Luzula purpureosplendens, Lysimachia azorica, Scabiosa nitens, Tolpis
azorica.
48a. TOLPIDO AZORICAE-HOLCETALIA RIGIDI F. Prieto &
Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 113. 2012
Single order.
Typus: Festucion francoi Lüpnitz 1976 corr. Fernández-Prieto, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Lousã & Rivas-Martínez 2012 (48.1.).
48.1. Festucion francoi Lüpnitz 1976 corr. Fernández-Prieto, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Lousã & RivasMartínez corr. F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J.
Geobot. Res. 2: 113. 2012
[Festucion jubatae Lüpnitz 1976]
Meso-supratemperate, oligotrophic graminoid associations with scattered megaforbs in a matrix of endemic grasses, linked with habitats disturbed by soil
mass flows or sweeping winds.
Typus: Potentillo-Agrostietum azoricae Lüpnitz 1976
corr. Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa,
Dias & Aguiar 2002 (48.1.4.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis congestiflora subsp.
oreophila, Agrostis reuteri subsp. botelhoi, Deschampsia foliosa, Carex punctata, Euphrasia azorica, Euphrasia grandiflora, Festuca francoi, Leontodon filii, Leontodon rigens, Myosotis azorica, Veronica dabneyi.
48.1.1. Centaurio scilloides-Deschampsietum foliosae F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot.
Res. 2: 113. 2012
48.1.2. Festucetum francoi Lüpnitz 1976 corr. Fernández-Prieto, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Lousã &
Rivas-Martínez corr. F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias
in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 113. 2012
[Festucetum jubatae Lüpnitz 1976]
48.1.3. Lysimachio azoricae-Holcetum rigidi F.
Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res.
2: 113. 2012
48.1.4. Potentillo-Agrostietum azoricae Lüpnitz 1976
corr. Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C.
Costa, Dias & Aguiar 2002
[Potentillo rectae-Agrostietum castellanae Lüpnitz
1976]
48.1.5. Tolpidetum azoricae Lüpnitz 1976
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
53
48.2. Tolpido succulentae-Agrostion congestiflorae
Aguiar & F. Prieto in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias
in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 114. 2012
Thermomediterranean, occasionally thermotemperate,
perennial graminoid communities of cliffs and landslide scarps.
Typus: Festuco petraeae-Agrostietum congestiflorae
F. Prieto & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias 2012
(48.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis congestiflora, Agrostis
gracililaxa, Festuca petraea (ter.), Euphorbia azorica
(ter.), otus azoricus, Tolpis succulenta (ter.).
48.2.1. Festuco petraeae-Agrostietum congestiflorae
Aguiar & F. Prieto in F. Prieto, Aguiar &
Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 114. 2012
48.2.2. Holco rigidi-Brachypodietum gaditanae Aguiar
& F. Prieto in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J.
Geobot. Res. 2: 114. 2012
Pyrenean, Mediterranean West Iberian, Oroiberian,
Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and Tingitanan.
Typus: Calluno-Ulicetalia minoris Quantin ex Tüxen
1937 (49a.).
Characteristic species: Agrostis curtisii, Allium ericetorum, Avenula lodunensis subsp. lodunensis, Calluna
vulgaris, Erica cinerea, Erica scoparia, Halimium
alyssoides, Halimium umbellatum, Lithodora prostrata, Scorzonera humilis, Simethis mattiazii, Tuberaria
lignosa, Ulex europaeus subsp. latebracteatus Ulex
minor, Viola lactea.
49a. CALLUNO-ULICETALIA MINORIS Quantin ex Tüxen
1937
48.3. Pericallion malvifoliae F. Prieto, Dias & Aguiar
in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res.
2: 114. 2012
Perennial herbs communities of semi-shaded well
drained external fringes, of Azores endemic woodlands. Present in the thermomediterranean, meso- to
supratemperate vegetation belts of the Azorean Province.
Typus: Festuco petraeae-Pericallietum malvifoliae F.
Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias
2012 (48.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Ammi seubertianum, A. trifoliatum, Angelica lignescens, Chaerophyllum azoricum, Lactuca watsoniana, Pericallis malvifolia,
Ranunculus cortusifolius (ter.)
48.3.1. Festuco petraeae-Pericallietum malvifoliae
F. Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in Int. J. Geobot.
Res. 2: 114. 2012
48.3.2. Lactuco watsonianae-Tolpidetum azoricae
(Lüpnitz 1976) F. Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in F.
Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res.
2: 114. 2012
[Halimio-Ulicion Rothmaler 1954; Cistion hirsuti Br.Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1964]
[Tolpidetum azoricae subassoziation von Lactuca
watsoniana Lüpnitz 1976]
48.3.3. Agrostio azoricae-Angelicetum lignescentis
F. Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar
& Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 114. 2012
VIII. HEATHLAND, DWARF SCRUB AND SCRUB VEGETATION
VIIIa. HEATHLAND AND DWARF SCRUB VEGETATION
49. CALLUNO VULGARIS-ULICETEA MINORIS Br.-Bl. &
Tüxen ex Klika & Hadač 1944
Heathland and moorland with dwarf shrubs, which constitute seral communities originated by firing, grazing or
wood-cutting of acidic, deciduous or sclerophyllous
meso-macroforests. Prosper on siliceous poor soils, eroded (dystrics cambisols or ferric podzols), rich in acid
humus, and occasionally showing gleyic properties. In
thermo to orotemperante and thermo to supramediterranean subhumid to ultrahyperhumid hyperoceanic-oceanic
bioclimate. Distribution: Atlantic European, Cévennean-
[Ulicetalia minoris Quantin 1935 nom. inval. (art.1);
Ulicetalia minoris Br.-Bl. ex Rothmaler 1954]
Single order in Portugal.
Typus: Ulicion minoris Malcuit 1929.
49.1. Ericion umbellatae Br.-Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira &
Fontes 1952 em. Rivas-Martínez 1979
Heathland and moorland dwarf scrub, thermo to supratemperate and thermo to supramediterranean subhumid to hyperhumid in Galician-Portuguese, Mediterranean West Iberian, Oroiberian and Sadensean-Dividing Portuguese territories.
Typus: Junipero nanae-Ericetum aragonensis Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952 (49.1.1).
Characteristic species: Cistus psilosepalus, Erica
australis subsp. australis, Erica umbellata, Genista
triacanthos, Halimium ocymoides, Lavandula viridis, Polygala microphylla, Pterospartum lasianthum, Thymelaea broteriana, Thymelaea procumbens, Tuberaria globularifolia.
49.1a. Ericenion aragonensis Rivas-Martínez 1979
Supramediterranean and supratemperate submediterranean humid-hyperhumid euoceanic-semicontinental
communities in Cantabrian-Leonese, Oroiberian and
Oretanean areas.
Typus: Junipero nanae-Ericetum aragonensis Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952 (49.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Erica australis subsp. aragonensis, Luzula lactea.
49.1.1. Junipero nanae-Ericetum aragonensis Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1952 (fig. 39, page
111)
49.1.2. Pterosparto lasianthi-Ericetum aragonensis
Rothmaler 1954 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã
& Penas 2002
49.1.3. Thymelaeo broterianae-Juniperetum alpinae
Honrado, P. Alves & B. Caldas ass. nova hoc
loco
49.1b. Ericenion umbellatae Rivas-Martínez 1979
Thermo-mesomediterranean and thermo-supratemperate submediterranean, subhumid to hyperhumid hyperoceanic-euoceanic communities in Galician-Portuguese, Lower Beirensean, Lusitanian-Extremadurean
and Sadensean-Dividing Portuguese territories.
Typus: Halimio ocymoidis-Cistetum psilosepali Br.Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1965 nom. mut. (49.1.11.).
54
J.C. Costa & al.
Characteristic species: Pterospartum tridentatum, Ranunculus bupleuroides subsp. bupleuroides, Thymelaea villosa, Thymus lusitanicus, Thymus villosus,
Ulex jussiaei subsp. jussiaei, Ulex micranthus.
49.1.4. Cisto-Ulicetum minoris Br.-Bl., P. Silva &
Rozeira 1965
49.1.5. Carici piluliferae-Genistetum triacanthi Honrado, P. Alves, B. Caldas in Silva Lusit. 13 (1):
127, 2005
49.1.6. Erico australis-Cistetum populifolii Rivas-Goday 1955
49.1.7. Erico umbellatae-Pterospartetum tridentati
(Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1965) J.C. Costa,
Honrado, Monteiro-Henriques & Aguiar in
Silva Lusit. 16(1): 125, 2008 (fig. 40, page 111)
[Ulici minoris-Ericetum umbellatae pterospartetosum tridentatae Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1964
em. Rivas-Martínez 1979 p.p; Ulici minoris-Ericetum umbellatae tuberarietosum lignosae Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1964 em. Rivas-Martínez 1979]
49.1.8. Erico umbellatae-Ulicetum welwitschiani Capelo, J.C. Costa, Neto & Lousã in J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Neto, Espírito Santo & Lousã 1997
(fig. 41, page 111)
49.1.9. Halimio calycini-Ericetum australis Deil, Galán & Vicente in Feddes Report. 119 (5-6):
577, 2008
49.1.10. Halimio lasianthi-Ulicetum minoris Capelo,
J.C. Costa & M. Lousã 1994
49.1.11. Halimio ocymoidis-Cistetum psilosepali Br.Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1965 nom. mut.
[Halimio ocymoidis-Cistetum hirsuti Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1964]
49.1.12. Halimio ocymoidis-Ericetum umbellatae Rivas-Goday 1964
49.1.13. Halimio umbellati-Ulicetum minoris Antunes 1996
49.1.14. Festuco-Corematetum albidi M.A. Giménez
& J.M. Losa in J.M. Losa 1975
[Ulici latebracteati- Corematetum albi J. & P.
Guitián ex Izco & Amigo 2001]
49.1.15. Lavandulo luisieri-Ulicetum jussiaei J.C.
Costa, Ladero, T.E. Díaz, M. Lousã, Espírito Santo, Vasconcelos, Monteiro & A.
Amor 1993
49.1.16. Polygalo microphyllae-Cistetum populifolii
Rivas Goday 1964
49.1.17. Pterosparto lasianthi-Ericetum cinereae
Rothmaler 1954 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández González, Izco, Loidi,
Lousã & Penas 2002
49.1.18. Thymo villosi-Ulicetum airensis J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã in J.C. Costa, Capelo, Neto, Espírito Santo & Lousã
1997
49.1.19. Thymo villosi-Ulicetum latebracteati (J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2002)
J.C. Costa & Arsénio st. nov. hoc loco
[basion. Ulicetum latebracteato-minoris (Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva & Rozeira 1965) Rivas-Martínez 1979
thymetosum villosi J.C. Costa, Capelo, Espírito
Santo & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 10 (1): 123, 2002]
49.1.20. Ulici eriocladi-Ericetum andevalensis (A.V.
Pérez, Nieto & Cabezudo 1993) Cabezudo
& A.V. Pérez 1999
49.1.21. Ulici eriocladi-Ericetum umbellatae RivasMartínez 1979
49.1.22. Ulici micranthi-Pterospartetum (Rothmaler
1954) Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958
49.2. Dactylo maritimae-Ulicion maritimi Géhu 1975
Communities which colonizes very exposed coastal
cliffs submitted to strong sea winds with moderate saline spray. They are distributed throughout Cantabrian-Atlantic and Dividing Portuguese territories
with a thermo-mesotemperate and mesomediterranean
subhumid-humid bioclimate.
Typus: Ulici maritime-Ericetum cinereae Géhu & GéhuFrank 1975.
Characteristic species: Anthyllis vulneraria subsp.
iberica (dif. al.), Angelica pachycarpa (dif. al.),
Dactylis marina (dif. al.), Daphne gnidium var. maritima, Ulex europaeus subsp. latebracteatus f.
humilis, Ulex jussiaei subsp. congestus.
49.2.1. Cisto salviifolii-Ulicetum humilis Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1965
49.2.2. Daphno maritimi-Ulicetum congesti RivasMartínez, T.E. Díaz & J.C. Costa ex J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo, Capelo & Lousã in J.C.
Costa, Lousã, Capelo, Espírito Santo, Izco &
Arsénio 2000
49.3. Daboecion cantabricae (P. Dupont ex RivasMartínez 1979) Rivas-Martínez, FernándezGonzález & Loidi 1999
Atlantic communities forming ferric-humic podzols,
in thermo to lower orotemperate humid to ultrahyperhumid hyperoceanic to euoceanic bioclimate, in Cantabrian-Atlantic, Orocantabrian and South of Great
Britain territories.
Typus: Daboecio cantabricae-Ulicetum europaei Br.Bl. 1967.
Characteristic species: Carex asturica, Centaurium
portensis, Cirsium filipendulum, Daboecia cantabrica, Erica ciliaris, Laserpitium prutenicum subsp.
doufourianum, Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium,
Pterospartum cantabricum.
49.3.1. Carici asturicae-Ericetum aragonensis Honrado, Aguiar, Pulgar & Ortiz in Honrado, P.
Alves, Nepomuceno & B. Caldas in Quercetea 5: 33-34, 2004
49.3.2. Cirsio filipenduli-Ericetum ciliaris Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1965 ampl. Rivas-Martínez
1979
49.3.3. Ulicetum latebracteato-minoris (Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1965) Rivas-Martínez 1979
49.3.4. Ulici minoris-Ericetum aragonensis (Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva & Rozeira 1965) Rivas-Martínez in
Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 310, 2011
[Pterosparto tridentati-Ericetum australis Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva & Rozeira 1964]
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
49.3.5. Ulici minoris-Ericetum umbellatae (Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva & Rozeira 1965) Rivas-Martínez
1979
[Halimio alyssoidis-Pterospartetum cantabrici (Br.Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1965) F. Prieto in T.E.
Díaz 1990 corr. Honrado in J.C. Costa, Honrado,
Monteiro-Henriques & Aguiar in Silva Lusit.
16(1): 123, 2008, Halimio alyssoidis-Pterospartetum tridentatae (Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1965)
F. Prieto in T.E. Díaz 1990, Halimio alyssoidisPterospartetum cantabrici (Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1965) F. Prieto in T.E. Díaz 1990 corr. Honrado 2001 nom. inval. (art.1), Ulici minoris-Ericetum umbellatae pterospartetosum tridentatae
Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1965 em. Rivas-Martínez 1979 p.p.]
49.4. Stauracanthion boivinii (Rivas-Martínez 1979)
Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi
1999
Stauracanthus boivinii communities on "orstein" with
seasonal water resurgences, in thermo to mesomediterranean, dry to hyperhumid bioclimate, with GaditanAlgarvian, Aljibic and Tingitanan distribution.
Typus: Genisto tridentis-Stauracanthetum boivinii Rivas-Martínez 1979.
Characteristic species: Avenula sulcata subsp. albinervis, Cistus palhinhae, Drosophyllum lusitanicum, Halimium lasianthum, Pedicularis sylvatica
subsp. lusitanica, Stauracanthus boivinii, Stauracanthus spectabilis subsp. vicentinus, Thymus lotocephalus (dif. al.), Tuberaria major.
49.4.1. Genisto triacanthi-Cistetum palhinhae RivasMartínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990 (fig. 42, page 111)
49.1.2. Genisto triacanthi-Stauracanthetum vicentini
Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález & J.C. Costa 1990 (fig. 43, page 112)
49.4.3. Querco lusitanicae-Stauracanthetum boivinii
Rothmaler 1954 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Lousã,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa
1990
49.4.4. Tuberario majoris-Stauracanthetum boivinii
Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira in Rivas-Martínez
1979
[Nepetum boivinii sensu Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1964]
49.5. Daboecion azoricae Lüpniz 1975
Azorean pioneer communities of leptosols, hyperoceanic thermo to supratemperate.
Typus: Daboecietum azoricae Lüpniz 1975 (49.5.1.).
Characteristic species: Daboecia azorica, Diphasiastrum maderense, Huperzia dentata, Huperzia suberecta, Palhinhaea cernua.
49.5.1. Daboecietum azoricae Lüpniz 1975
49.5.2. Huperzio dentatae-Callunetum vulgaris F.
Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar &
Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 115. 2012
48.6. Genistion micrantho-anglicae Rivas-Martínez
1979
Heathlands where the soil has gleyic or stagnic proprieties, in bioclimate thermo to supramediterranean
and thermo to lower orotemperate, and with Coastal
Lusitanian-Andalusian, Tingitanan, Mediterranean
55
Central, West Iberian and Cantabrian-Atlantic distribution.
Typus: Thymelaeo dendrobryi-Genistetum carpetanae
Rivas-Martínez 1979.
Characteristic species: Cheirolophus uliginosus, Cirsium welwitschii, Erica lusitanica, Euphorbia uliginosa, Genista ancistrocarpa, Genista anglica, Genista berberidea, Genista micrantha, Leuzea longifolia, Potentilla erecta var. herminii, Thymelaea coridifolia subsp. dendrobryum, Ulex minor var. lusitanicus.
49.6.1. Agrostio hespericae-Ulicetum minoris J. Honrado & Ortiz in Honrado, P. Alves, Nepomuceno & B. Caldas in Quercetea 5: 33, 2004
49.6.2. Cirsio welwitschii-Ericetum ciliaris Neto,
Capelo, J.C. Costa & Espírito Santo in Neto,
Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã 1996
49.6.3. Cisto psilosepali-Ericetum lusitanici Ladero
ex Rivas-Martínez 1979
49.6.4. Drosero intermediae-Ericetum ciliaris Antunes 1994
49.6.5. Erico ciliaris-Ulicetum lusitanicae RivasMartínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa,
Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
49.6.6. Genisto anglicae-Ericetum tetralicis RivasMartínez 1979 (fig. 44, page 112)
49.6.7. Genisto berberideae-Ericetum tetralicis Bellot & Casaseca in Casaseca 1959
49.6.8. Gentiano pneumonanthes-Genistetum ancistrocarpae Honrado & P. Alves in Honrado, P.
Alves, Nepomuceno & B. Caldas in Silva Lusit. 10(2): 252, 2002
49.6.9. Lavandulo viridis-Ericetum lusitanici VilaViçosa, Quinto-Canas, Mendes, Cano-Ortiz,
Rosa-Pinto, Pinto-Gomes in Acta Bot. Gallica
159(2): 278, 2012
48.6.10. Potentillo herminii-Callunetum Rivas-Martínez 1981
50. CISTO-LAVANDULETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Molinier &
Wagner 1940
Secondary Mediterranean scrub communities with xerophytic plants, especially of the genus Cistus, Lavandula
and Halimium, on predominantly siliceous substrates and
eroded or immature acidic soils. Distributed through the
Western Mediterranean and North Africa in thermo to
supramediterranean semiarid to subhumid bioclimate.
They constitute advanced stages of degradation of the
meso-oligotrophic forests undemanding in precipitation.
Typus: Lavanduletalia stoechadis Br.-Bl. 1940 em. Rivas-Martínez 1968 (50a.).
Characteristic species: Cistus salviifolius, Cytinus hypocistis subsp. macranthus, Halimium viscosum, Orchis
mascula subsp. olbiensis, Orchis morio subsp. champagneuxii, Orchis morio subsp. picta.
50a. LAVANDULETALIA STOECHADIS Br.-Bl. 1940 em.
Rivas-Martínez 1968
Scrub communities on siliceous cohesive soils, with a
loamy, sandy or coarse texture, Western Mediterranean
distribution.
56
J.C. Costa & al.
Typus: Cistion laurifolii Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday,
Borja, Monasterio, Galiano & Rivas-Martínez 1960
(50.1.).
Characteristic species: Cistus crispus, Cistus ladanifer,
Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus populifolius, Cytinus hypocistis subsp. hypocistis, Narcissus triandrus subsp.
pallidulus.
50.1. Cistion laurifolii Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday,
Borja, Monasterio, Galiano & Rivas-Martínez
1960
Mesomediterranean to supramediterranean dry subhumid sub-continental communities, in Mediterranean
West Iberian and Central-Iberian territories.
Typus: Santolino rosmarinifoliae-Cistetum laurifolii
Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday, Borja, Monasterio,
Galiano & Rivas-Martínez 1960.
Characteristic species: Aster aragonensis, Cistus laurifolius, Lavandula pedunculata, Lotus corniculatus
subsp. carpetanus.
50.1.1. Lavandulo pedunculatae-Genistetum hystricis Rivas-Martínez 1968
[Querco-Cistetum laurifolii P. Silva 1970]
50.2. Ulici argentei-Cistion ladaniferi Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1964
Thermo to mesomediterranean dry to sub-humid hyperoceanic to euoceanic associations, in Mediterranean West Iberian and Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian
areas.
Typus: Cisto ladaniferi-Ulicetum argentei Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1964 (50.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Astragalus lusitanicus, Genista
hirsuta subsp. hirsuta, Lavandula luisieri, Lavandula sampaioana subsp. sampaioana, Lithodora lusitanica, Ulex argenteus, Ulex eriocladus.
50.2a. Ulici argentei-Cistenion ladaniferi
Communities on eroded acid soils.
Typus: Cisto ladaniferi-Ulicetum argentei Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1964 (50.2.2.).
50.2.1. Cisto ladaniferi-Genistetum hystricis P. Silva
ex P. Silva 1970
50.2.2. Cisto ladaniferi-Ulicetum argentei Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1964 (fig. 45, page 112)
50.2.3. Euphorbio oxyphyllae-Cistetum ladanifer
Aguiar, J.C. Costa & Penas in Aguiar, J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Amado, Honrado, Espírito Santo & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 103, 2003
50.2.4. Genisto hirsutae-Cistetum ladaniferi Rivas
Goday 1955
50.2.5. Lavandulo sampaioanae-Cistetum populifolii
T.E. Díaz, Penas, Lopez-Pacheco, Perez-Morales & F. Llamas 1989
50.2.6. Lavandulo sampaioanae-Stauracanthetum
lusitanicae Castro Antunes & J.C. Costa in
Acta Bot. Malacitana 36: 202-203, 2011
50.2.7. Ulici eriocladi-Cistetum ladaniferi Rivas-Martínez 1979
50.2b. Lavandulo luisieri-Cistenion albidi J.C. Costa, Pinto-Gomes, Lopes, Neto, Monteiro-Henriques, V. Silva, Arsénio, Lousã & Rivas Martinez ined
Chamaephytic and nanophanerophytic communities
on eroded and decarbonated limestone derived soils
(chromic luvisols and cambisols), in thermo-mesomediterranean dry to lower hyperhumid, in Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and Lusitanian-Extremadurean
territories.
Typus: Ulici airensis-Ericetum scopariae Espírito
Santo, Capelo, Lousã & J.C. Costa in Espírito Santo, Lousã, J.C. Costa & Capelo 2000 (50.2.13.).
Characteristic species: Cistus albidus (dif. subal.),
Cistus pulverulentus (C. crispus x C. albidus), Erica
scoparia (dif. subal.), Rosmarinus officinalis (dif.
subal.), Thymus camphoratus subsp. congestus, Ulex
airensis.
50.2.8. Anthyllido maurae-Ulicetum jussiaei C. Lopes, J.C. Costa, Pinto-Gomes, Lousã & Ladero ined
50.2.9. Lavandulo sampaioanae-Cistetum albidi M.T.
Santos in Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz,
Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990
50.1.10. Phlomido purpureae-Cistetum albidi RivasMartínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález & J.C. Costa 1990 (fig. 46, page
112)
50.2.11. Sedo albi-Cistetum crispi J.C. Costa, Neto,
Pinto-Gomes, Lopes, Monteiro-Henriques,
Arsénio, V. Silva, Lousã & Rivas-Martinez
ined
50.2.12. Thymetum congesti J.C. Costa, P. Arsénio,
C. Neto, Loidi & Pinto-Gomes ined.
50.2.13. Ulici airensis-Ericetum scopariae Espírito
Santo, Capelo, Lousã & J.C. Costa in Espírito Santo, Lousã, J.C. Costa & Capelo
2000
50b. STAURACANTHO GENISTOIDIS-HALIMIETALIA COMMUTATI Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález & J.C. Costa 1990
Thermo to mesomediterranean dry to subhumid hyperoceanic communities, rich in endemic species, characteristic of paleodunes and sandy soils, in Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and Moroccan Atlantic areas.
Typus: Stauracantho genistoidis-Halimion halimifolii
Rivas-Martínez 1979.
50.3. Coremation albi Rothmaler 1943
[Stauracantho genistoidis-Halimion halimifolii RivasMartínez 1979]
Single alliance in the Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Cistetum libanotidis Rothmaler 1954 (50.3.2.).
Characteristic species: Armeria macrophylla, Armeria
pinifolia, Armeria rouyana, Armeria velutina, Cistus libanotis, Dianthus broteri subsp. hinoxianus,
Fritillaria lusitanica subsp. stenophylla, Halimium
calycinum, Halimium halimifolium subsp. halimifolium, Halimium halimifolium subsp. multiflorum,
Halimium verticillatum, Iberis welwitschii, Lavandula sampaioana subsp. lusitanica, Stauracanthus
genistoides, Stauracanthus spectabilis subsp. spectabilis, Thymus albicans subsp. albicans, Thymus albicans subsp. donyanae, Thymus camphoratus subsp.
camphoratus, Thymus capitellatus, Ulex australis
subsp. australis, Ulex australis subsp. Welwitschianus, Ulex subsericeus.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
50.3.1. Celtico giganteae-Stauracanthetum vicentini
(Rothmaler 1954) Rivas-Martínez, Lousã,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa
ex J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 1994
nom mut. hoc loco (fig. 47, page 112)
[Stipo giganteae-Stauracanthetum vicentini (Rothmaler 1954) Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz,
Fernández-González & J.C. Costa ex J.C. Costa,
Espírito Santo & Lousã 1994; Coremetum vicentini Rothmaler 1954 nom. illeg. p.p.]
50.3.2. Cistetum libanotidis Rothmaler 1954 nom. mut.
[Cistetum bourgaeani Rothmaler 1954, Cistetum
bourgaeani Rothmaler 1954 em. Br.-Bl., P. Silva
& Rozeira 1964, Ulici subsericei-Cistetum bourgeani (Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1964) RivasMartínez 1979]
50.3.3. Halimio halimifolii-Stauracanthetum genistoidis Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo &
Valdés 1980
50.3.4. Halimio verticillati-Stauracanthetum genistoidis Pinto-Gomes, S. Mendes, Vásquez, Cano
& Torres in Quercetea 4: 72, 2004
50.3.5. Stauracantho genistoidis-Corematetum albi
Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1964
50.3.6. Thymo camphorati-Stauracanthetum spectabilis (Rothmaler 1954) Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz & Fernández-González 1990 (fig. 48,
page 112)
[Coremetum vicentini Rothmaler 1954 nom. illeg.
p.p.]
50.3.7. Thymo capitellati-Stauracanthetum genistoidis (Rothmaler 1954) Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz & Fernández-González 1990 (fig. .49,
page 113)
[Coremetum taganum Rothmaler 1954 nom. illeg.
p.p]
51. ROSMARINETEA OFFICINALIS Rivas-Martínez, T.E.
Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 2002
Communities dominated by chamaephytes and nanophanerophytes, rich in species, that grow on alkaline,
incipient or very eroded soils (limestones, dolomites,
gypsum), often rocky They result from the effect of fire
and farming on scrublands and other potential natural
vegetation. Mediterranean distribution, in infra to oromediterranean arid to humid bioclimate.
Typus: Rosmarinetalia officinalis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier
1934 (51a.).
Characteristic species: Acinos alpinus subsp. meridionalis, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maura, Aphyllanthes
monspeliensis, Argyrolobium zanonii, Cistus albidus,
Coronilla minima subsp. minima, Dorycnium pentaphyllum subsp. pentaphyllum, Elaeoselinum tenuifolium, Fumana ericifolia, Fumana procumbens subsp.
procumbens, Fumana thymifolia, Globularia alypum,
Helianthemum violaceum, Koeleria vallesiana, Rosmarinus officinalis, Staehelina dubia, Thesium divaricatum, Thymelaea ruizii, Valeriana tuberosa.
51a. ROSMARINETALIA OFFICINALIS Br.-Bl. ex Molinier
1934
Communities of incipient or eroded soils, derived from
limestone or marl rich in calcium carbonate. They represent highly degraded stages of the climax forests
57
from Quercetea ilicis, in infra to supramediterranean
semiarid to humid, Western Mediterranean and North
African territories.
Typus: Rosmarinion officinalis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier
1934 (syn. Rosmarino officinalis-Ericion multiflorae
Br.-Bl in Br.-Bl., Font Quer, G. Braun-Blanquet,
Frey, Jansen & Moor 1935).
Characteristic species: Aristolochia pistolochia, Astragalus glaux, Catananche caerulea, Cytinus ruber,
Euphorbia nicaeensis var. nicaeensis, Fumana laevipes, Globularia vulgaris, Helianthemum apenninum
subsp. apenninum, Helianthemum cinereum subsp.
rotundifolium, Helianthemum croceum subsp. stoechadifolium, Helianthemum marifolium, Lavandula
latifolia, Leuzea conifera, Ononis pusilla, Orobanche
latisquama, Rosmarinus palaui, Ruta chalepensis,
Scorzonera hispanica subsp. crispatula, Serratula
flavescens subsp. leucantha, Serratula pinnatifida,
Teucrium capitatum, Teucrium haenseleri, Viola arborescens.
51.1. Saturejo micranthae-Thymbrion capitatae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1969 nom. mut. et
conserv.
[Micromerio-Coridothymion Rivas Goday & RivasMartínez 1969 (art.3f), Saturejo-Coridothymion capitati Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1969, EryngioUlicion erinacei Rothmaler 1943]
Thermo-mesomediterranean dry-subhumid communities on eroded calcareous soils or leptosols, Southern
Baetic, Hispalensean, Algarvian and Aracean-Pancean.
Typus: Teucrio lusitanici-Thymbretum capitatae Rivas
Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1969.
Characteristic species: Asperula hirsuta, Genista hirsuta subsp. algarbiensis, Helianthemum hirtum
subsp. bethuricum, Helianthemum origanifolium,
Satureja graeca subsp. micrantha, Serratula baetica
subsp. lusitanica, Sideritis algarviensis subsp. lusitanica, Teucrium algarbiensis, Teucrim lusitanicum,
Thymbra capitata, Thymus lotocephalus.
51.1a. Eryngio-Ulicenion erinacei (Rothmaler 1943)
Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, T.E Díaz,
Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
Hyperoceanic communities, Vincentian Promontory.
Typus: Ulicetum erinacei Rothmaler 1943 (51.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Biscutella vincentina, Hyacinthoides vicentina subsp. vicentina, Sideritis algarviensis subsp. algarviensis, Teucrium vicentinum,
Ulex erinaceus.
51.1.1. Ulicetum erinacei Rothmaler 1943 (fig. 50,
page 113)
51.1b. Saturejo micranthae-Thymbrenion capitatae
(Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1969) RivasMartínez, Fernández González & Loidi 1999
nom. mut.
[Saturejo-Coridothymenion (Rivas Goday & RivasMartínez 1969) Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999]
Southern Baetic, Hispalensean, Algarvian and AraceanPancean communities.
Typus: Teucrio lusitanici-Thymbretum capitatae Rivas
Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1969.
58
J.C. Costa & al.
51.1.2. Siderito lusitanicae-Genistetum algarbiensis
Pinto-Gomes & P. Ferreira in Flora e Vegetação do Barrocal Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão: 242, 2005)
51.1.3. Thymo lotocephali-Coridothymetum capitati
Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990
51.2. Ulici densi-Thymion sylvestris (Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 1993) J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Lousã, Neto & Rivas-Martínez in Silva
Lusit. 17(2) 247, 2009
[Serratulo estremadurensis-Thymenion sylvestris Capelo, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 1993; Klaseo
lusitanicae-Thymion sylvestris (Capelo, J.C. Costa,
Espírito Santo & Lousã 1993) Rivas-Martínez, Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã & Espírito Santo 2011 (art.
22)]
Chamaephytic communities on eroded soils, derived
from Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones and dolomitic marly (luvisols chromic), thermo-mesomediterranean, subhumid-humid, Sadensean-Divinding Portuguese territories.
Typus: Salvio sclareoidis-Ulicetum densi Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C.
Costa 1990 ex Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã & Neto
1992 (51.2.1).
Characteristic species: Bartsia aspera, Iberis microcarpa, Serratula estremadurensis, Sideritis hirsuta
subsp. hirtula, Thymus sylvestris, Ulex densus.
51.2.1. Salvio sclareoidis-Ulicetum densi Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González
& J.C. Costa 1990 ex Capelo, J.C. Costa,
Lousã & Neto 1992
51.2.2. Teucrio capitati-Thymetum sylvestris Espírito
Santo & Capelo in Capelo, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 1993
51.2.3. Thymo sylvestris-Ulicetum densi (Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã & Neto 1993) J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Lousã, Neto & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 17(2) 247, 2009 (fig. 51 , page 113)
[Salvio sclareoidis-Ulicetum densi Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C.
Costa 1990 ex Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã & Neto
1992 thymetosum sylvestris Capelo, J.C. Costa,
Lousã & Neto 1992; Thymo sylvestris-Ulicetum
densi Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990 nom. inval. (art.
3b)]
51.3. Sideritido incanae-Salvion lavandulifoliae (Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1969) Izco & A.
Molina 1989
Calcicolous communities, meso to supramediterranean, mostly subcontinental, in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Lino differentis-Salvietum lavandulifoliae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1969.
Characteristic species: Sideritis bubanii.
51.3a. Xero-Aphyllanthenion Rivas Goday & RivasMartínez 1969 em. Izco & A. Molina 1989
Calcicolous associations, meso to supramediterranean
dry subhumid, Castilian reaching the Lusitanian-Duriensean territories.
Typus: Lino differentis-Salvietum lavandulifoliae Rivas Goday & Rivas-Martínez 1969.
Characteristic species: Silene boryi subsp. duriensis.
51.3.1. Sileno duriensis-Aphyllanthetum monspeliensis Amado, Honrado & Aguiar in Aguiar, J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Amado, Honrado, Espírito
Santo & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 108,
2003
VIIIB. SERAL AND MANTLE SHRUBLANDS
52. CYTISETEA SCOPARIO-STRIATI Rivas-Martínez 1974
Shrubby communities dominated by Leguminosae of the
tribe Genisteae (brooms). Usually the mantle or the replacement stage of meso-oligotrophic forests that grow
in deep siliceous soils with type “mull” humus and without temporary hydromorphy. Sometimes represent
edaphoxerophilous permanent communities. their ecologic optimum is in Iberian Peninsula, they can reach the
Atlantic Europe, the Tyrrhenian and the Maghrebi territories, in infra to oromediterranean semiarid to humid
and thermo to lower orotemperate dry to hyperhumid
bioclimate.
Typus: Cytisetalia scopario-striati Rivas-Martínez 1974
(52a.).
Characteristic species: Adenocarpus complicatus, Adenocarpus telonensis, Cytisus baeticus, Pteridium aquilinum var. aquilinum, Retama sphaerocarpa.
52a. CYTISETALIA SCOPARIO-STRIATI Rivas-Martínez
1974
Seral large-sized plant communities, thermo to lower
orotemperate subhumid to hyperhumid and thermo to
supramediterranean dry to hyperhumid, with Mediterranean West Iberian, Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian,
Atlantic European and Cévennean distribution.
Typus: Genistion floridae Rivas-Martínez 1974 (52.1.).
Characteristic species: Adenocarpus lainzii, Cytisus
grandiflorus subsp. grandiflorus, Cytisus multiflorus,
Cytisus oromediterraneus, Cytisus scoparius subsp.
scoparius, Genista hystrix, Orobanche rapum-genistae.
52.1. Genistion floridae Rivas-Martínez 1974
Siliceous shrub communities, upper mesomediterranean to supramediterranean and supratemperate submediterranean, which constitute the forest mantle or
the first replacement step of Quercenion pyrenaicae,
Ilici-Fagion and Paeonio broteri-Quercenion rotundifoliae in central and western Iberian Peninsula.
Typus: Genistetum polygaliphyllae-Adenocarpetum
hispanicae Rivas-Martínez 1974.
Characteristic species: Adenocarpus argyrophyllus,
Adenocarpus hispanicus subsp. gredensis, Cytisus
striatus subsp. eriocarpus, Genista cinerascens,
Genista florida subsp. florida.
52.1.1. Cytisetum multifloro-eriocarpi Rivas Goday
1964 nom. mut..
[Cytiso multiflori-Sarothamnetum eriocarpi Rivas
Goday 1964]
52.1.2. Cytiso oromediterranei-Genistetum cinerascentis Rivas-Martínez 1970 corr. Rivas-Martínez & Cantó 1987
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
52.2. Retamion sphaerocarpae Rivas-Martínez 1981
Siliceous communities, thermo to lower supramediterranean upper semiarid to lower subhumid, in Lusitanian-Extremadurean and Salmanticensian areas. They
form the forest mantles or replacement stages Paeonio
broteri-Quercenion rotundifoliae.
Typus: Lavandulo-Adenocarpetum aurei Rivas-Martínez 1968.
Characteristic species: Adenocarpus aureus subsp.
aureus, Cytisus scoparius subsp. bourgaei, Genista
polyanthos.
52.2.1. Cytiso multiflori-Retametum sphaerocarpae
Rivas-Martínez ex F. Navarro, Sánchez-Anta,
González-Zapatero, Gallego, Elena & C. Valle 1987
52.2.2. Genistetum polyanthi Rivas-Martínez & Belmonte ex Capelo, Lousã & J.C. Costa 1996
(fig. 52, page 113)
52.2.3. Retamo sphaerocarpae-Cytisetum bourgaei
Rivas-Martínez & Belmonte ex Capelo 1996
52.3. Cytision multiflori Rivas-Martínez 1974
[Genistion polygaliphyllae Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz,
F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984]
Siliceous shrub communities, supra-orotemperate supramediterranean, subhumid to hyperhumid, with Orocantabrian, Juresian, Ourensan-Sanabriensean, Leonese, and Salmantine Estrelensean distribution. Permanent communities, forest mantles or replacement stages of Quercion pyrenaicae and Betulion fontqueriiceltibericae.
Typus: Echinospartetum iberici Rivas-Martínez 1974
corr. Rivas-Martínez & Sánchez-Mata 2002 (52.3.2).
Characteristic species: Genista florida subsp. polygaliphylla.
52.3a. Cytisenion multiflori Rivas-Martínez ex Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
Supramediterranean and supratemperate subhumid to
hyperhumid communities, in Western Carpetan, Salmanticensean, Bercian-Sanabriensean and Estrelensean territories.
Typus: Echinospartetum iberici Rivas-Martínez 1974
corr. Rivas-Martínez & Sánchez-Mata 2002 (52.3.2.).
Characteristic species: Echinospartum ibericum subsp.
ibericum, Teucrium salviastrum.
52.3.1. Cytiso striati-Genistetum polygaliphyllae Rivas-Martínez 1974
52.3.2. Echinospartetum iberici Rivas-Martínez 1974
corr. Rivas-Martínez & Sánchez-Mata 2002
(fig. 53, page 113)
52.3.3. Genisto hystricis-Cytisetum multiflori RivasMartínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas
1984
52.3.4. Genisto hystricis-Echinospartetum iberici F.
Navarro & C. Valle 1983 corr. Rivas-Martínez 2011
52.3b. Genistenion polygaliphyllae Rivas-Martínez,
T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
59
Supra to lower orotemperate subhumid to hyperhumid
communities, with Orocantabrian, Orobercian, Juresian, Leonese and Cantabrian-Basque distribution.
Typus: Cytiso cantabricae-Genistetum obtusirameae
Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas
1984.
52.3.5. Cytiso scopario-Genistetum polygaliphyllae
Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Prieto, Loidi &
Penas 1984
52.3.6. Genisto falcatae-Ericetum arboreae Ortiz,
Amigo & Izco 1991
52.4. Ulici europaei-Cytision striati Rivas-Martínez,
Báscones, Díaz, Fernandez-González & Loidi
1991
Siliceous communities formed by large-sized plants,
forming forest mantles or seral stages of Quercion pyrenaicae and Quercion broteroi, thermo-mesotemperate submediterranean and mesomediterranean subhumid to hyperhumid with oceanic trend, in Cantabrian-Atlantic, Mediterranean West Iberian and Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian territories.
Typus: Ulici europaei-Cytisetum ingramii Rivas-Martínez 1878.
Characteristic species: Adenocarpus anisochilus, Cytisus striatus subsp. striatus, Cytisus scoparius var.
oxyphyllus, Ulex europaeus subsp. europaeus, Ulex
europaeus subsp. latebracteatus.
52.4.1. Adenocarpo anisochili-Cytisetum scoparii J.C.
Costa, Capelo & Lousã in J.C. Costa, Capelo,
Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero 2000
corr. Pinto-Gomes, Cano-Ortiz, Quinto-Canas,
Vila-Viçosa & Martínez-Lombardo Acta Bot.
Gallica 159 (2): 260, 2012
[Adenocarpo anisochili-Cytisetum striati J.C. Costa, Capelo & Lousã in J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã,
Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero 2000]
52.4.2. Adenocarpo anisochili-Ulicetum latebracteati (J.C. Costa, Capelo & Lousã in J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar, Izco
& Ladero 2000) J.C. Costa, Neto & T. Vasconcelos st. nov. hoc loco
[basion.: Adenocarpo anisochili-Cytisetum striati
J.C. Costa, Capelo & Lousã in J.C. Costa, Capelo,
Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero 2000 ulicetosum latebracteati J.C. Costa, Capelo & Lousã
2000] [Ulici latebracteati-Cytisetum striati sensu
Pinto-Gomes, Cano-Ortiz, Quinto-Canas, Vila-Viçosa & Martínez-Lombardo 2012 (nom inval., art.
3b) non Rivas-Martínez ex J.C. Costa, Izco, Lousã,
Aguiar & Capelo in J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã,
Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero 2000]
52.4.3. Erico scopariae-Cytisetum grandiflori J.C.
Costa, Lousã, Ladero & Capelo in Costa, Capelo, Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero
2000
52.4.4. Genisto falcatae-Adenocarpetum lainzii Antunes, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã in J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar, Izco
& Ladero 2000 corr. Antunes, Capelo, PintoGomes & J.C. Costa corr. hoc loco
[Genisto falcatae-Adenocarpetum anisochili Castro Antunes, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã in Costa,
Capelo, Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero
2000]
60
J.C. Costa & al.
52.4.5. Lavandulo sampaioanae-Cytisetum multiflori
Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1964 (fig.54, page
114)
52.4.6. Lavandulo viridis-Cytisetum striati Pinto-Gomes, Cano-Ortiz, Quinto-Canas, Vila-Viçosa
& Martínez-Lombardo Acta Bot. Gallica 159
(2): 260, 2012
52.4.7. Ulici latebracteati-Cytisetum striati RivasMartínez ex J.C. Costa, Izco, Lousã, Aguiar
& Capelo in J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero 2000
52.5. Retamion monospermae Rivas-Martínez &
Cantó 2002
Permanent communities, forest mantles or seral stages
of Quercion broteroi and Juniperion turbinatae, on
paleodunes and sandy soils, thermomediterranean dry
to subhumid, in Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and
northern Maghreb areas.
Typus: Pycnocomono rutifolii-Retametum monospermae Pérez-Chicano 1983 (52.5.1.).
Characteristic species: Cytisus grandiflorus subsp.
cabezudoi, Retama monosperma.
52.5.1. Pycnocomono rutifolii-Retametum monospermae Pérez-Chicano 1983
[Centaureo sphaerocephalae-Retametum monospermae auct. lus. non Tregublov 1963]
52.5.2. Cytisetum cabezudoi J.C. Costa, Lousã, Capelo & Ladero in J.C. Costa, Aguiar, Capelo,
Lousã, Castro Antunes, Honrado, Izco & Ladero in Quercetea 4: 53, 2004
53. RHAMNO CATHARTICAE-PRUNETEA SPINOSAE Rivas Goday & Borja ex Tüxen 1962
Deciduous shrubby mesophytic and xerophytic communities that constitute the mantle and seral stages of the
Querco-Fagetea and Salici-Populetea nigrae forests.
This vegetation class is dominated by nanophanerophytes and microphanerophytes, mainly thorny and spikey
scrambling shrubs, which developed in rich nutrient
humic soils at forest edges, towards field’s grasslands, or
in river-banks; also includes permanent communities of
shallow stony soils in cliffs, gravel beds, steep slopes or
mountain gullies and snow cones, in both Eurosiberian
and Mediterranean Regions.
Typus: Prunetalia spinosae Tüxen 1952 (53a.).
Characteristic species: Amelanchier ovalis, Clematis vitalba, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus
insititia, Prunus spinosa subsp. spinosa, Rosa canina,
Rubus caesius, Sambucus nigra, Tamus communis.
53a. PRUNETALIA SPINOSAE Tüxen 1952
Hardwood shrubs and related thorn and prickle scrub
communities, that constitute the edges or seral mantle
of deciduous forests. Infratemperate to lower orotemperate dry to hyperhumid and thermo to oromediterranean
subhumid to humid in Eurosiberian and Mediterranean
areas.
Typus: Rhamno alpini-Berberidion vulgaris Br.-Bl. ex
Rivas-Martínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 333, 2011
(Berberidion vulgaris Br.-Bl. 1950 (art.8)).
Characteristic species: Euonymus europaeus, Ligustrum
vulgare, Prunus mahaleb, Rhamnus catharticus, Rosa
agrestis, Rosa corymbifera, Rosa nitidula, Rosa squa-
rrosa, Rosa stylosa, Rosa tomentosa, Rosa vosagiaca,
Rosa villosa, Rubus canescens, Rubus lainzii, Rubus
radula, Rubus vigoi, Viburnum lantana, Viburnum
opulus.
53.1. Pruno spinosae-Rubion ulmifolii O. Bolòs 1954
Thermomediterranean to lower supramediterranean
and thermotemperate to lower supratemperate dry to
humid communities, in Western Mediterranean and
Southwestern Eurosiberian areas. They constitute the
forest mantle, or the first replacement stage of the hygrophytes mesophytic deciduous or persistent forests,
on oligo-mesotrophic slightly acidic to basic soils.
Typus: Coriarietum myrtifoliae O. Bolòs 1954.
Characteristic species: Lonicera periclymenum subsp.
hispanica, Rosa andegavensis, Rosa pouzinii, Rosa
micrantha, Rubus ulmifolius.
53.1a. Lonicero periclymeni-Rubenion ulmifolii Géhu, De Foucaud & Delelis in Itinera Geobot.
18(1): 335, 2011
Cantabrian-Atlantic and Aquitanian-Armoricanean,
thermo-mesotemperate subhumid to humid communities, seral of Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris.
Typus: Tamo communis-Rubetum ulmifolii Tüxen in
Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958 num. inv. (53.1.1.)
Characteristic species: Rubus brigantinus, Rubus henriquesii subsp. henriquesii.
53.1.1. Tamo communis-Rubetum ulmifolii Tüxen in
Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958 nom. inv.
53.1b. Rosenion carioti-pouzinii Arnáiz ex Loidi
1989
Communities of deep moistly soils, that fringe or replace the deciduous or marcescent forests, thermo to
supramediterranean, euoceanic to continental, in Mediterranean West Iberian, Mediterranean Central Iberian and Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian territories.
Typus: Rubo ulmifolii-Rosetum corymbiferae RivasMartínez & Arnáiz in Arnáiz 1979 (53.1.6.).
Characteristic species: Prunus spinosa subsp. insititioides, Rosa deseglisei, Rubus castellarnaui, Rubus
henriquesii subsp. cintranus.
53.1.2. Clematido campaniflorae-Rubetum ulmifolii
Peinado & A. Velasco in Peinado, G. Moreno
& A. Velasco 1983
53.1.3. Lonicero hispanicae-Rubetum ulmifolii RivasMartínez, Costa, Castroviejo & Valdés 1980
53.1.4. Rubetum ulmifolio-vigoi Vicente & Galán in
Acta Bot. Malacitana 33: 191, 2008
53.1.5. Rubo ulmifolii-Prunetum insititioides (Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã 1996) J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 10 (1): 122-123, 2002
53.1.6. Rubo ulmifolii-Rosetum corymbiferae RivasMartínez & Arnáiz in Arnáiz 1979
53.1.7. Rubo vigoi-Sambucetum nigrae V. Silva &
Pinto-Cruz in V. Silva, Portela-Pereira, J.C.
Costa, Arsénio, Monteiro-Henriques, Neto &
Pinto-Cruz in Acta Bot. Malacitana 37: 2012
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
53.2. Frangulo alni-Pyrion cordatae M. Herrera, F.
Prieto & Loidi 1991
Siliceous shrubs, thorny edges, or deciduous forests of
Quercenion robori-pyrenaica and Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris, on acid soils (cambisols and
luvisols), thermo-mesotemperate, subhumid to hyperhumid oceanic, Cantabrian-Atlantic.
Typus: Frangulo alni-Pyretum cordatae Herrera, F.
Prieto & Loidi 1991 (53.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Pyrus cordata, Rubus sampaioanus.
53.2.1. Frangulo alni-Pyretum cordatae Herrera, F.
Prieto & Loidi 1991
53b. SALICETALIA ARENARIAE Preising & Webber in
Webber 1977
Communities of Salix arenaria in sandy Atlantic coasts
(South Scandinavia to North France), with a relict disjunction in central and northern Portugal.
Typus: Salicion arenariae Tüxen ex Passarge in Scamoni 1963.
Characteristic species: Salix repens subsp. arenaria.
53.3. Holoschoeno australis-Salicion arenariae Neto,
J.C. Costa, Capelo & Honrado in Silva Lusit. 12
(1): 130, 2004
Communities of Salix arenaria in sandy soils with
temporary moisture, mesomediterranean subhumid
barely hyperoceanic, in the Dividing Portuguese coast
and in South Minho areas.
Typus: Holoschoeno australis-Salicetum arenariae
M.J. Martins & Penas ex J.C. Costa, Neto, Capelo
& Lousã in J.C. Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo &
Lousã in Silva Lusit. 10 (1): 123, 2002 (53.3.1.).
53.3.1. Holoschoeno australis-Salicetum arenariae
M.J. Martins & Penas ex J.C. Costa, Neto,
Capelo & Lousã in J.C. Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 10 (1): 123,
2002
[Salicetum atrocinereo-arenariae M.J. Martins &
Penas in Martins 1999 nom. inv. (art.1)]
XI. FOREST,
WOODLANDS, SEMIDESERT AND DESERT
POTENTIAL VEGETATION
XIA. MARSH, CHIONOPHILOUS, PIONEER AND CLIMATIC
RIPARIAN SHRUBLANDS AND WOODLANDS
54. ALNETEA GLUTINOSAE Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Westhoff,
Dijk & Passchier 1946
Woodlands of alders and willows of swamps an fens.
Inhabit river-swamp, peaty or muddy soils and mesotrophic to dystrophic lentic waters. They present subhyperoceanic, oceanic and subcontinental bioclimate, and
Atlantic Central European and Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian relict distribution.
Typus: Alnetalia glutinosae Tüxen 1937 (54a.).
Characteristic species: Carex laevigata, Myrica gale,
Scutellaria galericulata, Sphagnum denticulatum,
Sphagnum squarrosum, Thelypteris palustris.
54a. ALNETALIA GLUTINOSAE Tüxen 1937
Alder swamp woods, thermo to supratemperate and
thermo to mesomediterranean, Atlantic Central European and relicts Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian.
Typus: Alnion glutinosae Malcuit 1929 (54.1.)
61
54.1. Alnion glutinosae Malcuit 1929
Alliance formed by alder woods and Salix atrocinerea
fluvial-marshes, dystrophic and lentic, thermo-supratemperate and thermo-mesomediterranean, in Atlantic
Central European and Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian
relict distribution.
Typus (lectotypus art. 19): Alnetum glutinosae Malcuit
1929 non Issler 1926 (syn. Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae Koch 1926).
54.1a. Salici atrocinereae-Alnenion glutinosae Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz & F. Prieto in Itinera
Geobot. 18(2): 466, 2011
Alder and Salix atrocinerea swamp woods, thermotemperate and thermo-mesomediterranean hyperoceanic and semihyperoceanic, in Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian, Cantabrian-Atlantic and Aquitanian territories.
Typus: Carici lusitanicae-Alnetum glutinosae T.E.
Díaz & F. Prieto 1994 (54.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Carex durieui, Peucedanum
lancifolium.
54.1.1. Carici lusitanicae-Alnetum glutinosae T.E.
Díaz & F. Prieto 1994
54.1.2. Carici lusitanicae-Salicetum atrocinereae
Neto, Capelo, J.C. Costa & M. Lousã 1996
54.1.3. Viti sylvestris-Salicetum atrocinereae RivasMartínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa,
Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980 corr. RivasMartínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 338, 2011
(fig. 55, page 114)
55. NERIO-TAMARICETEA Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958
Riparian vegetation, formed by microphanerophytes,
nanophanerophytes and tall grasses. Colonizer of rivers
and streams with temporary severe drought and salty
lagoons margin, in infra to supramediterranean arid to
dry bioclimate, in the Mediterranean, Shaaro-Northarabian and Iranic-Turaniaen Regions.
Typus: Tamaricetalia africanae Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958
em. Izco, Fernández-González & Molina 1984 (55a.)
Characteristic species: Imperata cylindrica, Nerium oleander, Panicum repens, Polygonum equisetiforme, Tamarix canariensis, Tamarix africana var. africana, Tamarix mascatensis.
55a. TAMARICETALIA AFRICANAE Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958
em. Izco, Fernández-González & Molina 1984
Single order in the Mediterranean Region.
Typus: Tamaricion africanae Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958
(55.1.).
55.1. Tamaricion africanae Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958
Freshwater or subhalophilic communities dominated
by species of Tamarix ssp., submitted to severe
drought and high water fluctuations, undergoing periods of high aridity and high temperatures, infra to
supramediterranean in the Mediterranean Region.
Typus: Tamaricetum canariensis Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs
1958 corr. O. Bolòs & Vigo 1984 (Tamaricetum
gallicae Br.-Bl. & O. Bolòs 1958).
Characteristic species: Tamarix africana var. fluminensis, Tamarix gallica.
62
J.C. Costa & al.
55.1.1. Polygono equisetiformis-Tamaricetum africanae Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
(fig. 56, page 114)
55.2. Rubi ulmifolii-Nerion oleandri O. Bolòs 1985
Nerium oleander communities on freshwater rivers
and streams submitted to high drought, in thermophilous thermo-mesomediterranean, in Western Mediterranean and North Africa.
Typus: Rubo ulmifolii-Nerietum oleandri O. Bolòs
1955.
Characteristic species: Vitex agnus-castus.
55.2.1. Oenantho crocatae-Nerietum oleandri RivasMartínez & Fuente in Fuente, Rufo; Rodríguez
González & Amils in Lazaroa 28: 7, 2007 (fig.
56, page 114)
[sensu auct. lus. Rubo ulmifolii-Nerietum oleandri
non O. Bolòs 1955]
55.3. Flueggeion tinctoriae Rivas Goday 1964 ex Rivas-Martínez 1975 nom. mut.
[Securinegion buxifoliae Rivas Goday 1964 nom. inv.
(art.95)]
Flueggea tinctoria communities on siliceous leptosols, occupying the beds of torrential Mediterranean
rivers, temporarily inundated, but only after long periods of rain by “soft” or slightly “hard” waters, in
thermo-mesomediterranean bioclimate, with Lusitanian-Extremadurean distribution.
Typus: Pyro bourgaeanae-Flueggeetum tinctoriae
(Rivas Goday 1964) Rivas-Martínez & Rivas Goday 1975 nom. mut. (Securinego buxifoliae-Pyretum “marianicum” Rivas Goday 1964) (55.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Flueggea tinctoria, Thapsia
transtagana.
55.3.1. Pyro bourgaeanae-Flueggeetum tinctoriae
(Rivas Goday 1964) Rivas-Martínez & Rivas
Goday 1975 nom. mut. (fig. 57, page 114)
[Securinego buxifoliae-Pyretum “marianicum” Rivas Goday 1964 (art. 34); Pyro bourgaeanae-Securinegetum tinctoriae (Rivas Goday 1964) RivasMartínez & Rivas Goday 1975, Rubo ulmifolii-Securinegetum tinctoriae J. A. López & Velasco
1995 (syntax syn.)]
56. SALICI PURPUREAE-POPULETEA NIGRAE (Rivas-Martínez & Cantó ex Rivas-Martínez, Báscones, T.E.
Díaz, Fernández-González & Loidi) Rivas-Martínez
& Cantó 2002
Edaphohygrophilous riparian deciduous forests, on hydromorphic soils, with Eurosiberian and Mediterranean
distribution.
Typus: Populetalia albae Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948 (56a.).
Characteristic species: Alnus glutinosa, Brachypodium
sylvaticum, Elymus caninus, Equisetum telmateia,
Frangula alnus subsp. alnus, Humulus lupulus, Populus nigra, Saponaria officinalis, Solanum dulcamara,
Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris.
56a. POPULETALIA ALBAE Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948
Meso to microphanerophytic riverine communities, that
that develop on moistly fluvisols with the groundwater
table near the surface.
Typus: Populion albae Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948 (56.1.).
Characteristic species: Aconitum napellus subsp. lusitanicum, Aristolochia paucinervis, Carex pendula, Carex remota, Circaea lutetiana, Equisetum ramosissimum, Lamium flexuosum, Malus sylvestris, Osmunda
regalis, Polystichum setiferum, Populus alba, Prunus
padus, Pyrus pyraster, Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficaria, Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficariiformis, Salix
atrocinerea, Thelypteris pozoi (ter.), Vinca difformis.
56.1. Populion albae Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948
Western Mediterranean and North African riparian forests, on soils rich in nutrients, which colonize the
slow currents of riverbanks and eutrophic waters.
Typus: Populetum albae Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948.
Characteristic species: Arum cylindraceum, Arum italicum subsp. italicum, Bryonia dioica, Colchicum
multiflorum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Iris foetidissima.
56.1a. Populenion albae (fig. 58, page 115)
Communities that colonize the river margins (in a position closer to the river), often flooded by slightly
“hard” to “very hard” waters in the Western Mediterranean and Maghrebi.
Typus: Populetum albae Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948.
Characteristic species: Salix neotricha.
56.1.1. Clematido campaniflorae-Salicetum neotrichae J.C. Costa, Neto, Capelo, Lousã & Rivas-Martínez in Plant Biosyst. 145 (3): 555556, 2011 (fig. 59, page 115)
56.1.2. Nerio oleandri-Populetum albae A. Garcia &
Cano in A. Garcia, Torres, Pinto-Gomes, Leite, Salazar, Melendo, J. Nieto & Cano 1998
56.1.3. Salici atrocinereae-Populetum albae Rivas
Goday 1964
56.1.4. Salici neotrichae-Populetum nigrae T.E. Díaz
& Penas ex Rivas-Martínez & Cantó 2002
56.1b. Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris RivasMartínez 1975
Communities of the rivers flood prone (part of the
floodplain rarely inundated) with “soft” to “hard”
waters, thermo to supramediterranean, West Mediterranean, and Northern Maghreb distribution, with Galician-Portuguese disjunctions.
Typus: Querco pyrenaicae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae
Rivas Goday 1964 corr. Rivas-Martínez, FernándezGonzález & A. Molina in Fernández-González & A.
Molina 1988 (56.1.13.).
Characteristic species: Celtis australis, Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia, Prunus lusitanica, Ulmus minor.
56.1.5. Clematido campaniflorae-Celtidetum australis Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu, Aguiar & Portela Pereira ass. nova hoc
loco
56.1.6. Ficario ranunculoidis-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980
(fig. 56, 57, page 114)
56.1.7. Frangulo alni-Prunetum lusitanicae C. Lopes,
J.C. Costa, Lousã & Capelo in J.C. Costa, C.
Lopes, Capelo & Lousã 2000 (fig. 60, page
115)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
56.1.8. Hedero hibernicae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae
Rivas-Martínez ex Amigo, Pulgar & Izco in
Lazaroa 30: 183, 2009
56.1.9. Irido foetidissimae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae
(Pinto-Gomes & Cano 1998) Portela-Pereira,
J.C. Costa, Neto, Monteiro-Henriques & PintoGomes st. nov. hoc loco
[basion. Ficario ranunculoidis-Fraxinetum angustifoliae quercetosum broteroi Pinto-Gomes &
Cano in A. Garcia, Torres, Pinto-Gomes, Leite,
Salazar, Melendo, J. Nieto & Cano 1998]
56.1.10. Luzulo henriquesii-Prunetum lusitanicae
Honrado, P. Alves, Lomba, Torres & B. Caldas in Acta Bot. Gallica: 154(1): 71, 2007
56.1.11. Oenantho crocatae-Quercetum pyrenaicae
J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Arsénio in
Quercetea 10: 31, 2010
[community of Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus pyrenaica M. Pereira 2009]
56.1.12. Omphalodo nitidae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu, Aguiar & Portela Pereira ass. nova hoc
loco
56.1.13. Querco pyrenaicae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Rivas Goday 1964 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & A. Molina in
Fernández-González & A. Molina 1988
56.1.14. Vinco difformis-Ulmetum minoris V. Silva,
Portela-Pereira, J.C. Costa, Arsénio, Monteiro-Henriques & Neto in V. Silva, PortelaPereira, J.C. Costa, Arsénio, Monteiro-Henriques, Neto & Pinto-Cruz in Acta Bot.
Malacitana 37: 2012
[sensu auct. lus. Opopanaco chironii-Ulmetum
minoris non Bellot & Ron in Bellot, Ron & Carballal 1979, Aro-Ulmetum minoris non RivasMartínez ex G. López 1976, Aro italici-Ulmetum
minoris non Rivas-Martínez ex Fuente 1986]
56.2. Osmundo-Alnion (Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira
1956) Dierschke & Rivas-Martínez in RivasMartínez 1975
Alders and willows (Salix atrocinerea) communities
of oligotrophic rivers and seasonal streams with “soft”
or slightly “hard” rushing water on poor sandy siliceous soils, in thermo to supramediterranean and
meso to supratemperate bioclimate and Mediterranean
and Galician-Portuguese distribution.
Typus: Scrophulario scorodoniae-Alnetum glutinosae
Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955 (56.2.6.).
Characteristic species: Campanula primulifolia, Clematis campaniflora, Scrophularia scorodonia.
56.2.1. Campanulo primulifoliae-Alnetum glutinosae
Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira ex J.C. Costa, Capelo & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 12 (1): 127, 2004
56.2.2. Carici reuterianae-Betuletum celtibericae
(Honrado, P. Alves, Aguiar, Ortiz & B. Caldas 2003) Honrado in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 239,
2004
56.2.3. Galio broteriani-Alnetum glutinosae RivasMartínez, Fuente & Sánchez-Mata 1986
63
56.2.4. Senecioni bayonensis-Alnetum glutinosae
Amigo, J. Guitián & F. Prieto 1987
[Narcisso cyclaminei-Alnetum glutinosae Honrado, P. Alves, R. Pereira & B. Caldas in Honrado,
P. Alves, Nepomuceno & B. Caldas in Silva Lusit.
10(2): 247, 2002 syntax syn.]
56.2.5. Rubo corylifolii-Salicetum atrocinereae Rivas-Martínez 1965
56.2.6. Scrophulario scorodoniae-Alnetum glutinosae Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955 (fig. 61,
page 116)
56b. SALICETALIA PURPUREAE Moor 1958
Pioneer vegetation of the lower margins of rivers and
streams, that flow irregularly and are often flooded,
constituted by arboreous and shrubby willows, in the
Mediterranean and Eurosiberian regions.
Typus: Salicion albae Tüxen ex Moor 1958.
Characteristic species: Salix alba, Salix fragilis, Salix
pedicellata, Salix purpurea subsp. lambertiana, Salix
x rubens, Salix triandra subsp. discolor, Salix x multidentata.
56.3. Salicion salviifoliae Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz,
F. Prieto, Loidi & Penas 1984
Communities of willows on siliceous areas, colonizers
of rivers and streams of oligotrophic “soft” to slightly
“hard” waters. In thermo to supramediterranean, Mediterranean West Iberian, Iberian-Sorian and GalicianPortuguese territories.
Typus: Salicetum lambertiano-salviifoliae Rivas-Martínez 1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986
Characteristic species: Salix salviifolia subsp. australis, Salix salviifolia subsp. salviifolia, Salix x pseudosalviifolia, Salix x secalliana.
56.3.1. Salicetum atrocinereo-australis J.C. Costa &
Lousã in J.C. Costa, Lousã & Paes 1998 (fig.
31, , page 108)
56.3.2. Salicetum salviifoliae Oberdorfer & Tüxen in
Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958
IXb. EUROSIBERIAN
AND MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATIC
ZONAL AND POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION
57. LAURO AZORICAE-JUNIPERETEA BREVIFOLIAE Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias &
Aguiar in Itinera Geobot. 15 (1): 126-130, 2002
Azorean evergreen broad-leaved micro to mesoforests,
acicular-leaved nano to microforests and seral tall (microphanerophytic) shrublands, with a hyperoceanic thermomediterranean and thermo- to supratemperate humidultrahyperhumid optimum, mostly inhabiting nutrient
poor andosols, that in cold and rainy zones are covered
by a thick acid horizon of organic matter or by a deep
ombrogenous blanket bog
Typus: Ericetalia azoricae Lüpnitz 1975 (57a.)
Characteristic species: Arceuthobium azoricum, Athyrium filix-femina (ter.), Bellis azorica, Blechnum spicant (ter.), Carex hochstetteriana, Cerastium vagans,
Culcita macrocarpa (ter.), Dryopteris aemula (ter.),
Dryopteris azorica, Dryopteris crispifolia, Dryopteris
filix-mas (ter.), Elaphoglossum semicylindricum (dif.),
Hedera azorica, Juniperus brevifolia, Myrsine retusa,
Platanthera micrantha, Smilax divaricate, Teucrium
scorodonia (ter.).
64
J.C. Costa & al.
57a. ERICETALIA AZORICAE Lüpnitz 1975 [in Bot. Jahrb.
95(2): 155. 1975]
Edaphophilous acicular-leaved nano to microforests on
leptosols or deeper soils with an iron pan (placic horizon), at higher altitudes and seral tall shrublands, in
infra to supratemperate humid to ultrahyperhumid bioclimate.
Typus: Culcito macrocarpae-Juniperion brevifoliae
Sjögren ex Lüpnitz 1975 (57.1.).
Characteristic species: Corema azorica, Erica azorica,
Grammitis marginella subsp. azorica, Hypericum foliosum, Myrtus communis (ter.), Rubus hochstettorum,
Rubus ulmifolius (ter.), Vaccinium cylindraceum,
Viburnum treleasei (= V. subcordatum).
57.1. Culcito macrocarpae-Juniperion brevifoliae Sjögren ex Lüpnitz 1975
Single alliance.
Typus: Daphno-Ericetum azoricae Lüpnitz 1975
(57.1.2.).
57.1a. Culcito macrocarpae-Juniperenion brevifoliae
Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias
& Aguiar 2002
Meso- to supratemperate associations.
Typus: Daphno-Ericetum azoricae Lüpnitz 1975
(57.1.2.).
57.1.1. Cerastio vulgare-Juniperetum brevifoliae Lüpnitz 1975 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F.
Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias & Aguiar 2002
57.1.2. Daphno-Ericetum azoricae Lüpnitz 1975
57.1.3. Euphrasio grandiflorae-Viburnetum treleasei
Lüpnitz 1975 corr. F. Prieto & Aguiar in F.
Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res.
2: 115. 2012.
57b. FRANGULO AZORICAE-LAURETALIA AZORICAE F.
Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias
in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 115. 2012.
Azorean evergreen broad-leaved edaphoxerophilous,
mesic or hygrophilous micro- and mesoforests.
Typus: Dryopterido azoricae-Laurion azoricae RivasMartínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias & Aguiar
2002 (57.2.).
Characteristic species: Laurus azorica.
[Euphrasio grandiflorae-Viburnetum subcordati
Lüpnitz 1975]
57.3. Myrico fayae-Pittosporion undulati Lüpnitz
1976 [in Beitr. Biol. Planzen 51: 265. 1976]
Thermomediterranean or thermotemperate humid micro-mesoforests, frequently strongly disturbed by
human activities and often enriched in synanthropic
trees and other perennial exotic plants.
Typus: Hedychio gardnerani-Pittosporetum undulati
Lüpnitz 1976 (57.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Carex hochstetteriana (dif),
Hedychium gardnerianum, Myrica faya (terr.), Picconia azorica, Pittosporum undulatum.
57.3.1. Carici hochstetterianae-Picconietum azoricae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C.
Costa, Dias & Aguiar 2002
57.3.2. Hedychio gardnerani-Pittosporetum undulati
Lüpnitz 1976
57.1.4. Picrido filii-Euphorbietum stygianae Lüpnitz
1975
57.1b. Pteridio aquilini-Ericenion azoricae RivasMartínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias &
Aguiar 2002 corr. F. Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in
F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res.
2: 115. 2012.
[Pteridio pubescentis-Ericenion azoricae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias & Aguiar
2002, Itinera Geobot. 15(1): 127, original name]
Thermomediterranean and thermotemperate associations, occasionally lower mesotemperate.
Typus: Pteridio aquilini-Ericetum azoricae RivasMartínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias &
Aguiar 2002 corr. F. Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in F.
Prieto, Aguiar & Dias 2012 (57.1.6.).
57.1.5. Festuco petraeae-Coremetum azoricae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa,
Dias & Aguiar 2002
57.1.6. Pteridio aquilini-Ericetum azoricae RivasMartínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias &
Aguiar 2002 corr. F. Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in
F. Prieto, Aguiar & Dias in Int. J. Geobot.
Res. 2: 115. 2012. (fig. 62, page 116)
[= Pteridio pubescentis-Ericetum azoricae RivasMartínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias &
Aguiar 2002]
57.2. Dryopterido azoricae-Laurion azoricae RivasMartínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias &
Aguiar 2002 [in Itinera Geobot. 15 (1): 130. 2002]
Meso-supratemperate hyperhumid to ultrahyperhumid
hyperoceanic Azorean mesic or hygrophilous micromesoforests growing on developed andosols, in mesosupratemperate hyperhumid and ultrahyperhumid hyperoceanic bioclimate.
Typus: Dryopterido azoricae-Lauretum azoricae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa, Dias &
Aguiar 2002 (57.2.2.).
Characteristic species: Carex vulcani (dif.), Frangula
azorica, Ilex azorica, Prunus azorica, Sanicula azorica.
57.2.1. Culcito macrocarpae-Ilicetum azoricae F.
Prieto, Dias & Aguiar in F. Prieto, Aguiar &
Dias in Int. J. Geobot. Res. 2: 116. 2012.
57.2.2. Dryopterido azoricae-Lauretum azoricae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa,
Dias & Aguiar 2002
57.2.3. Woodwardio radicantis-Prunetum azoricae
Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, F. Prieto, J.C. Costa,
Dias & Aguiar 2002
[Myrico fayae-Pittosporetum undulati Lüpnitz 1976]
58. JUNIPERO SABINAE-PINETEA
nez 1965 nom. inv.
IBERICAE
Rivas-Martí-
[Pino-Juniperetea] Rivas-Martínez 1965
Micro to mesophanerophytic evergreen woods, often
relict, dominated by conifers (Juniperus spp., Pinus spp.)
or leguminous, climactic of mountain highlands in cold
climates of Southwest Europe; in meso-oromediterranean supra to lower orotemperate, semiarid to hyperhumid, Western Mediterranean and Alpine-Caucasian
territories.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Typus: Junipero sabinae-Pinetalia ibericae Rivas-Martínez 1965.
Characteristic species: Avenella flexuosa subsp. iberica,
Pinus sylvestris var. iberica.
58b. JUNIPERETALIA HEMISPHAERICAE Rivas-Martínez &
J.A. Molina in Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Climatophilous or seral communities dominated by
creeping shrubs (mostly Juniperus spp.)., oromediterranean and orotemperate submediterranean, subhumid to
hyperhumid, Orocantabrian Southern Carpetan, Estrelensean, Oroiberian, Baetic and Nevadensien.
Typus: Genisto versicolor-Juniperion hemisphaericae
Rivas-Martínez & J.A. Molina in Rivas-Martínez,
Fernández-González & Loidi 1999.
Characteristic species: Juniperus communis subsp.
hemisphaerica.
58.1. Cytision oromediterranei Tüxen in Tüxen &
Oberdorfer 1958 corr. Rivas-Martínez 1987
Siliceous oromediterranean and orotemperate submediterranean humid to hyperhumid Juniper communities, in Carpetan-Leonese, Estrelensean and Southern
Orocantabrian areas.
Typus: Senecioni carpetani-Cytisetum oromediterranei Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958 corr. Rivas-Martínez
1987.
Characteristic species: Echinospartum ibericum subsp.
pulviniformis, Juniperus communis subsp. alpina
(terr.), Vaccinium uliginosum subsp. microphyllum
(terr.).
58.1.1. Lycopodio clavati-Juniperetum nanae Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva & Rozeira in Rivas-Martínez 1974
(fig. 63, page 116)
58.2.1. Teucrio salviastri-Echinospartetum pulviniformis Rivas-Martínez 1974 corr. Rivas-Martínez 1981
59. QUERCETEA ILICIS Br.-Bl. ex A. & O. Bolòs 1950
Woodlands, pre-woodlands and dense scrublands, evergreen or marcescent, that usually create a shady environment contributing to a soil humus type of forest
"mull". Indifferent to the chemical nature of the substrate
and soil, however limited by permanent or temporary
hydromorphy. Include the climatophilous vegetation and
its mantle, edges and the first stage of replacement of the
forests in the Mediterranean Region, in semiarid to
humid infra to supramediterranean, reaching meridional
submediterranean Eurosiberian territories.
Typus: Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934 em.
Rivas-Martínez 1975 (59a.).
Characteristic species: Asparagus acutifolius, Biarum
arundanum, Carex halleriana, Clematis flammula,
Daphne gnidium, Lonicera etrusca var. etrusca, Lonicera implexa, Neotinea maculata, Olea europaea var.
sylvestris, Phillyrea latifolia subsp. media, Pulicaria
odora, Rhamnus alaternus subsp. alaternus f. alaternus, Rubia peregrina subsp. longifolia, Rubia peregrina subsp. peregrina, Smilax aspera var. aspera, Vincetoxicum nigrum.
65
59a. QUERCETALIA ILICIS Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934 em.
Rivas-Martínez 1975
Evergreen or marcescent climatophilous forests, creators of shade and forest humus, thermo to supramediterranean dry to hyperhumid, Mediterranean. Understory
rich in sclerophyllous evergreen leaves, shrubs and lianas, except in the cold supramediterranean areas.
Typus: Quercion ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934.
Characteristic species: Anemone palmata, Asplenium
onopteris, Bupleurum paniculatum, Carex depressa,
Carex distachya, Carex oedipostyla, Doronicum
plantagineum, Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. lagunae,
Limodorum trabutianum, Melica minuta subsp.
arrecta, Moehringia pentandra, Phillyrea latifolia
subsp. latifolia, Piptatherum paradoxum, Quercus
canariensis, Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus suber,
Quercus x airensis, Quercus x mixta, Rosa sempervirens, Ruscus aculeatus, Viburnum tinus.
59.1. Quercion broteroi Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira
1956 em. Rivas-Martínez 1975 corr. V. Fuente
1986
[Quercion fagineae Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1956;
Quercion fagineo-suberis Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira
1956 em. nom. Rivas-Martínez 1975]
Sclerophyllous or marcescent forests, in thermo to supramediterranean dry to humid, Coastal LusitanianAndalusian and Mediterranean Iberian Atlantic territories.
Typus: Arisaro-Quercetum broteroi Br.-Bl., P. Silva
& Rozeira 1955 corr. Rivas-Martínez 1975 (59.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Genista tournefortii, Hyacinthoides hispanica, Luzula forsteri subsp. baetica,
Paeonia broteroi, Pyrus bourgaeana, Quercus broteroi, Quercus robur subsp. estremadurensis, Quercus x coutinhoi nothosubsp. beturica (Q. robur
subsp. estremadurensis x Q. broteroi), Quercus x
andegavensis nothosubsp. subandegavensis (Q. robur subsp. estremadurensis x Q. pyrenaica).
59.1a. Quercenion broteroi Rivas-Martínez 1987
Oceanic subhumid to humid forests of Quercus suber,
Quercus broteroi and Quercus canariensis.
Typus: Arisaro-Quercetum broteroi Br.-Bl., P. Silva &
Rozeira 1955 corr. Rivas-Martínez 1975 (59.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Digitalis tomentosa, Epipactis
lusitanica, Euphorbia monchiquensis, Quercus x
marianica, Sanguisorba hybrida, Thapsia nitida
subsp. nitida.
59.1.1. Arisaro simorrhini-Quercetum broteroi Br.Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955 corr. Rivas-Martínez 1975 (fig. 64, page 116)
59.1.2. Euphorbio monchiquensis-Quercetum canariensis Malato-Beliz in Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C.
Costa 1990
59.1.3. Junipero lagunae-Quercetum suberis RivasMartínez, Aguiar, Cantó & Ladero 2002
59.1.4. Physospermo cornubiensis-Quercetum suberis Rivas-Martínez 1987
[Rusco aculeati-Quercetum suberis quercetosum
suberis nom. nud. ]
66
J.C. Costa & al.
59.1.5. Pistacio terebinthi-Quercetum broteroi Rivas
Goday in Rivas Goday, Borja, Esteve, Galiano, Rigual & Rivas-Martínez 1960
59.1.6. Quercetum alpestris-broteroi Pinto-Gomes &
P. Ferreira in Flora e Vegetação do Barrocal
Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão: 258, 2005
59.1.7. Sanguisorbo hybridae-Quercetum suberis Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday, Borja, Esteve,
Galiano, Rigual & Rivas-Martínez 1960 nom.
mut.
[Poterio agrimonioidis-Quercetum suberis Rivas
Goday in Rivas Goday, Borja, Esteve, Galiano,
Rigual & Rivas-Martínez 1960]
59.1.8. Sanguisorbo hybridae-Quercetum broteroi
M. Pereira in Guineana 15: 272, 2009
59.2.9. Teucrio salviastri-Quercetum suberis C. Meireles, P. Ferreira, Passos, Vila-Viçosa & PintoGomes in Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira & Meireles
in Lazaroa 28: 75, 2007
59.2.10. Ulici welwitschiani-Quercetum broteroi Vila-Viçosa, P. Mendes, Del Rio, C. Meireles,
Quinto-Canas, Arsénio & Pinto-Gomes in
Plant Biosyst. 146 (1): 5, 2012
59.1b. Paeonio broteroi-Quercenion rotundifoliae
Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa &
Izco 1986
Semi-continental and continental dry to humid forests
of Quercus rotundifolia.
Typus: Junipero lagunae-Quercetum rotundifoliae Rivas Goday ex Rivas-Martínez 1965 corr. RivasMartínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 363, 2011.
Characteristic species: Thapsia maxima.
59.1.10. Genisto hystricis-Quercetum rotundifoliae
P. Silva 1970
59.1.11. Lonicero implexae-Quercetum rotundifoliae
Lousã, Espírito Santo & J.C. Costa 1994
(fig. 65, page 116)
59.1.12. Pyro bourgaeanae-Quercetum rotundifoliae
Rivas-Martínez 1987
59.1.13. Rusco aculeati-Juniperetum lagunae (J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Lousã & Aguiar 1993)
Aguiar, Amado, Honrado, J.C. Costa & Capelo in Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Capelo, Amado,
Honrado, Espírito Santo & Lousã in Silva
Lusit. 11 (1): 103, 2003 (fig. 66, page 117)
[Genisto hystricis-Quercetum rotundifoliae juniperetosum oxycedri J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã &
Aguiar 1993]
59.1.14. Teucrio salviastri-Quercetum rotundifoliae
Pinto-Gomes, Ladero, Cano, Meireles,
Aguiar & P. Ferreira in Acta Bot. Gallica
157 (1): 29, 2010
59.2. Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris Barbéro,
Quézel & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez,
Costa & Izco 1986
Thermomediterranean dry to humid meso-microforests in Western Mediterranean subregion; usually
with thermomediterranean perennial herbs, shrubs and
lianas in the understory.
Characteristic species: Arisarum simorrhinum, Arum
italicum subsp. neglectum, Asparagus aphyllus,
Avenella stricta, Clematis cirrhosa, Gennaria diphylla, Quercus coccifera subsp. rivas-martinezii,
Scilla monophyllos, Smilax aspera var. altissima.
Alliance differential: Aristolochia baetica, Asparagus
albus, Calicotome villosa, Ceratonia siliqua, Chamaerops humilis, Ephedra fragilis, Juniperus turbinata, Myrtus communis, Osyris quadripartita, Quercus lusitanica, Prasium majus, Rhamnus oleoides.
Typus: Myrto communis-Quercetum suberis Barbero,
Benabid, Quézel & Rivas-Martínez 1981 ex RivasMartínez, Costa & Izco 1986.
59.2a. Querco rotundifoliae-Oleenion sylvestris
Thermomediterranean Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus
suber, Olea sylvestris and Ceratonia siliqua forests in
Western Mediterranean.
59.2.1. Aro neglecti-Oleetum sylvestris Rivas-Martínez & P. Cantó 2002 corr. Rivas-Martínez in
Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 363, 2011
[Aro italici-Oleetum sylvestris Rivas-Martínez &
P. Cantó 2002]
59.2.2 Aro neglecti-Quercetum suberis Rivas-Martínez & Díez Garretas in Itinera Geobot. 18(2):
426, 2011
[Oleo sylvestris-Quercetum suberis sensu RivasMartínez 1987, auct. lus. non Rivas Goday, F. Galiano & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez 1987]
59.2.3. Asparago albi-Oleetum sylvestris Cantó, Ladero, Pérez-Chiscano & Rivas-Martínez in
Itinera Geobot. 18(2): 428, 2011
59.2.4. Myrto communis-Quercetum rotundifoliae Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday, Borja, Esteve,
Galiano, Rigual & Rivas-Martínez 1960
59.2.5. Rhamno laderoi-Quercetum rotundifoliae Rivas-Martínez, Ladero & M.T. Santos in Itinera Geobot. 18(2): 463, 2011
59.2.6. Rhamno oleoidis-Quercetum rotundifoliae Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, FernándezGonzález, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2000
[Smilaco mauritanicae-Quercetum rotundifoliae
sensu Rivas-Martínez 1987 non Barbero, Quézel &
Rivas-Martínez ex Rivas-Martínez 1987]
59.2.7. Smilaco asperae-Quercetum suberis PintoGomes, Ladero, P. Gonçalves, S. Mendes &
M.C. Lopes in Quercetea 4: 25, 2004
59.2.8. Viburno tini-Oleetum sylvestris J.C. Costa,
Capelo & Lousã 1994
59.2.9. Vinco difformis-Ceratonietum siliquae (Martín, Díez-Garretas & Asensi 1992) RivasMartínez 2002
59.2b. Quercenion rivasmartinezii-suberis Capelo
suball. nova hoc loco
Forests of Quercus suber and Quercus rivasmartinezii
on silicon substrates or compact decarbonated limestone, thermomediterranean or, exceptionally, lower
mesomediterranean, subhumid to upper humid, with
intense oceanic character (subhyperoceanic, hyperoceanic, euoceanic), in Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian
Province.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Characteristic species: Avenella stricta, Quercus rivas-martinezii.
Differential species: Bupleurum fruticosum, Centaurea crocata, Centaurea vicentina, Lavandula viridis, Myrica faya, Picris spinifera s.l., Quercus x
marianica, Rhododendretum ponticum, Senecio lopezii.
Typus: Viburno tini-Quercetum cocciferae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C.
Costa in Itinera Geobot. 3: 54, 1990 corr. Viburno
tini-Quercetum rivasmartinezii Capelo & J.C. Costa
in Silva Lusit. 9 (2): 271, 2001 (59.2.13.)
59.2.10. Asparago aphylli-Quercetum suberis J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Lousã & Espírito Santo 1996
59.2.11. Lauro nobilis-Quercetum rivasmartinezii R.
Caraça, J.C. Costa, Neto & Espírito Santo in
J.C. Costa, R. Caraça, Neto, Espírito Santo
& Capelo ined. [in Quercetea 11]
59.2.12. Lavandulo viridis-Quercetum suberis Quinto-Canas, Vila-Viçosa, Meireles, P. Ferreira,
Martínez-Lombardo, Cano & Pinto-Gomes in
Acta Bot. Gallica 157(4): 631, 2010 (fig. 67,
page 117)
[Myrto communis-Quercetum suberis sensu Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Diáz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990 non Barbero, Benabid,
Quézel & Rivas-Martínez 1981 ex Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Izco 1986, Teucrio baetici-Quercetum suberis Rivas-Martínez in Díez Garretas,
Cuenca & Asensi 1986 centauretosum crocatae
Neto, Arsénio & J.C. Costa Quercetea 9: 45,
2010, Teucrio baeticae-Quercetum suberis senecietosum lopezii Capelo 2007 nom. inval. (art. 1)]
59.2.13. Viburno tini-Quercetum rivasmartinezii Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález & J.C. Costa 1990 corr. Capelo &
J.C. Costa 2001 (fig. 68, page 117)
[Viburno tini-Quercetum cocciferae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González &
J.C. Costa 1990]
59b. PISTACIO LENTISCI-RHAMNETALIA ALATERNI RivasMartínez 1975
Sclerophyllous evergreen nano to microforests, exceptionally, mesoforests, thermo to supramediterranean
lower semiarid to humid and in Western Mediterranean
areas. They can represent the forest mantle (in Quercetalia ilicis) that when the trees disappear constitute a
seral maquis or dwarf shrubs communities. In semiarid
bioclimate, they constitute the climatophilous vegetation, but in dry to humid bioclimates, they can only
form natural permanent communities on shallow or
xeric biotopes, since they virtually represent the earliest
replacement stages of the natural potential forests of
Quercetalia ilicis.
Typus: Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis Rivas-Goday
ex Rivas-Martínez 1975 (59.3.).
Characteristic species: Anagyris foetida, Asparagus
albus, Barlia robertiana, Bupleurum fruticosum, Ceratonia siliqua, Chamaerops humilis, Coronilla
glauca, Coronilla juncea, Ephedra fragilis var. fragilis, Euphorbia characias, Jasminum fruticans, Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus, Juniperus turbi-
67
nata subsp. turbinata, Myrtus communis, Osyris alba,
Osyris quadripartita, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pinus
halepensis, Pinus pinaster subsp. atlantica, Pistacia
lentiscus, Pistacia terebinthus, Prasium majus, Quercus coccifera, Rhamnus alaternus subsp. alaternus f.
neoparvifolia, Rhamnus lycioides subsp. laderoi, Teucrium fruticans.
59.3. Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis Rivas-Goday
ex Rivas-Martínez 1975
Permanent shrubs, mantle forests and maquis communities, thermomediterranean upper semiarid to subhumid euoceanic, reaching, in a relict form, lower mesomediterranean thermophilous, in Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian, Lusitanian-Extremadurean, Baetic,
Murcian-Almerisean, Setabensean, Valencian-Tarraconensean and Maghrebi-Tingitanan territories.
Typus: Asparago albi-Rhamnetum oleoides Rivas Goday 1959 (59.3.3.).
Characteristic species: Aristolochia baetica, Calicotome villosa, Euphorbia clementei, Euphorbia pedroi, Phlomis purpurea, Rhamnus oleoides, Thapsia
nitida subsp. meridionalis.
59.3.1. Aristolochio baeticae-Juniperetum turbinatae
Pinto-Gomes & P. Ferreira in Flora e Vegetação do Barrocal Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão:
271, 2005
59.3.2. Asparago albi-Quercetum cocciferae RivasMartínez 2002
59.3.3. Asparago albi-Rhamnetum oleoides Rivas Goday 1959
59.3.4. Asparago aphylli-Calicotometum villosae Rivas-Martínez 1975
59.3.5. Asparago aphylli-Myrtetum communis RivasMartínez, Cantó, Fernández-González &
Sánchez-Mata ex J.C. Costa, Lousã & Espírito Santo 1997
59.3.6. Convolvulo fernandesii-Euphorbietum pedroi
Pedro ex Capelo in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 124,
2003 (fig. 69, page 117)
59.3.7. Cytiso eriocarpi-Juniperetum lagunae PintoGomes & Cano in Cano, Rodríguez-Torres,
Pinto-Gomes, Garcia-Fuentes, J.A. Torres,
Salazar, Ruiz-Valenzuela, Cano-Ortiz & Montilla in Acta Bot. Gallica 154(1): 88, 2007
[Rubio longifoliae-Juniperetum oxycedri J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Lousã & Aguiar 1993 nom. inval. (art. 3b)]
59.3.8. Melico arrectae-Quercetum cocciferae BrBl., P. Silva, & Rozeira 1955
59.3.9. Phlomido purpureae-Juniperetum turbinatae
Capelo, Lousã & J.C. Costa 1991
59.3.10. Phlomido purpureae-Pistacietum lentisci
Capelo & J.C. Costa ass nova hoc loco
[Clematido cirrhosae-Pistacietum lentisci Capelo
in Capelo, Lousã & J.C. Costa 1994 nom inval.
(art. 31), Oleo sylvestris-Pistacietum lentisci Capelo 1996 nom. inval. (art. 31)]
59.3.11. Quercetum coccifero-airensis Espírito Santo
in Espírito Santo, J.C. Costa, Lousã & Capelo
1995
68
J.C. Costa & al.
59.3.12. Querco cocciferae-Juniperetum turbinatae
(Rivas-Martínez 1975) Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C.
Costa 1990 (fig. 70, page 117)
59.4. Juniperion turbinatae Rivas-Martínez 1975 corr.
1987
Thermomediterranean semiarid to lower subhumid
hyperoceanic and euoceanic permanent shrub communities, that represent a mature stage on paleodunes
and dunes influenced by sea winds, in Western Mediterranean.
Typus: Osyrio quadripartitae-Juniperetum turbinatae
Rivas-Martínez ex Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz,
Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990 (59.4.2.).
Characteristic species: Juniperus navicularis.
59.4.1. Daphno gnidii-Juniperetum navicularis Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález & J.C. Costa 1990 (fig. 71, page
117)
59.4.2. Osyrio quadripartitae-Juniperetum turbinatae Rivas-Martínez ex Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C.
Costa 1990 (fig. 72, page 118)
59.5. Rubio longifoliae-Coremation albi Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E.
Valdés 1980
Oligotrophic coastal dunes permanent communities,
dominated by Corema album, often constituting the
edges of Osyrio-Juniperetum turbinatae. Thermomediterranean to mesomediterranean dry to subhumid,
Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and relicts in the Galician-Portuguese area.
Typus: Rubio longifoliae-Coremetum albi Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E.
Valdés 1980 (59.5.1.).
Characteristic species: Antirrhinum linkianum subsp.
cirrhigerum, Corema album.
59.5.1. Rubio longifoliae-Coremetum albi Rivas-Martínez in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo &
E. Valdés 1980 (fig. 73, page 118)
59.6. Quercion lusitanicae Barbero, Quézel & RivasMartínez 1981 nom. mut. (fig. 74, page 118) [in
Phytocoenologia 9 (3): 370, 1981]
[Frutici-Quercion Rothmaler 1954 in Vegetatio 56:
599 (art.34); Quercion lusitanicae Rothmaler 1954
ex. Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, FernándezGonzález & J.C. Costa 1990 in Itinera Geobot. 3: 61
rel. neotypus, 1980 (art.22)]
Communities dominated by Quercus lusitanica on siliceous soils, which represent regressive stages of the
thermophilous woodlands of cork trees. In thermomediterranean to lower mesomediterranean subhumid to
humid, Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and Tingitanan
territories.
Typus: Phillyreo angustifoliae-Quercetum lusitanicae
Barbero, Quézel & Rivas-Martínez 1981 [in Phytocoenologia 9 (3): 370 tab. 23, 1981].
Characteristic species: Centaurea africana, Centaurea
crocata, Centaurea vicentina, Euphorbia transtagana, Quercus lusitanica, Quercus x celtica (Q. lusitanica x Q. suber), Scorzonera transtagana, Se-
rratula alcalae subsp. aristata, Serratula monardii
var. monardii, Serratula monardii var. algarbiensis.
59.6.1. Centaureo crocatae-Quercetum lusitanicae
Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã in Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Lousã & Mesquita in Quercetea 3:
103-106, 2002
59.6.2. Erico scopariae-Quercetum lusitanicae Rothmaler ex Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1964
59.6.3. Junipero navicularis-Quercetum lusitanicae
(Rothmaler 1954) Rivas-Martínez, Lousã,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa
1990
59.7. Ericion arboreae Rivas-Martínez 1987
Relict shrubby evergreen and glossy communities,
commonly on deep soils, representing pre-woods, edges or replacement stages of the climatophilous forests. In xerophytic biotypes they can form permanent
communities. In thermomediterranean, mesomediterranean subhumid to hyperhumid bioclimate, Mediterranean and Cantabrian-Atlantic areas.
Typus: Phillyreo angustifoliae-Arbutetum unedonis
Rivas Goday & Galiano in Rivas Goday et al. 1959
(59.7.5.)
Characteristic species: Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea.
59.6.a Ericenion arboreae Rivas-Martínez 1975
Nano to microphanerophytic communities, on acid or
neutral soils.
Typus: Phillyreo angustifoliae-Arbutetum unedonis
Rivas Goday & Galiano in Rivas Goday et al. 1959
(59.7.5.)
59.7.1. Cisto populifolii-Arbutetum unedonis Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva & Rozeira 1964 nom. inver. hoc loco
[Arbuto-Cistetum populifolii Br.-Bl., P. Silva &
Rozeira 1964]
59.7.2. Cytiso grandiflori-Arbutetum unedonis Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu, & Aguiar
ass nova hoc loco
59.7.3. Erico arboreae-Buxetum sempervirentis
Aguiar, Esteves & Penas 1999
59.7.4. Erico scopariae-Arbutetum unedonis Ortiz,
Amigo & Izco 1991
59.7.5. Phillyreo angustifoliae-Arbutetum unedonis
Rivas Goday & Galiano in Rivas Goday et al.
1959
59.7.b Bupleurenion fruticosi Torres, Pinto-Gomes,
& Cano in Itinera Geobot. 18 (1): 371, 2011
Nano to microphanerophytic communities, on dolomitic limestone substrate and neutral to basic soils.
Typus: Bupleuro rigidi-Arbutetum unedonis Torres &
Cano in Torres, F. Valle, Pinto-Gomes, A. Garcia,
Salazar & Cano 2002
59.7.6. Aristolochio baeticae-Arbutetum unedonis
Pinto-Gomes & Cano in Pinto-Gomes & P.
Ferreira in Flora e Vegetação do Barrocal Algarvio. Tavira-Portimão: 276, 2005
59.7.7. Bupleuro fruticosae-Arbutetum unedonis Capelo, J.C. Costa & Rivas-Martínez in J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã in
Silva Lusit. 10 (1): 119-120, 2002
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
59.8. Arbuto unedonis-Laurion nobilis Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González & Loidi 1999
Microphanerophytic communities on siliceous substrate, rich in broadleaf lauroid relict species, on cliffs
and ravines, or as woodland edges. With IberianAtlantic attenuated hyperoceanic distribution, in thermo to mesotemperate submediterranean and thermo to
mesomediterranean humid areas.
Typus: Phillyreo latifoliae-Arbutetum unedonis (A.
Velasco) Loidi, Herrera, Olano & Silván 1994.
Characteristic species: Hedera maderensis subsp. iberica, Myrica faya (ter.), Laurus nobilis, Prunus lusitanica (ter.).
59.8.a Arbuto unedonis-Laurenion nobilis Rivas-Martínez & Sanchez-Mata 2001
Laurel and strawberry tree communities in Cantabrian-Atlantic and Sadensean-Dividing Portuguese territories.
Typus: Phillyreo latifoliae-Arbutetum unedonis (A.
Velasco) Loidi, Herrera, Olano & Silván 1994.
59.8.1. Myrico fayae-Arbutetum unedonis Capelo &
Mesquita 1998
59.8.2. Omphalodo nitidae-Lauretum nobilis Honrado, P. Alves & B. Caldas in Honrado, P.
Alves, Nepomuceno & B. Caldas in Quercetea 5: 33, 2004
59.8.3. Pruno lusitanicae-Arbutetum unedonis (Aguiar
& Capelo 1995) J.C. Costa, Capelo & Lousã in
J.C. Costa, C. Lopes, Capelo & Lousã 2000
59.8.4. Vinco difformis-Lauretum nobilis Capelo &
J.C. Costa in J.C. Costa, C. Lopes, Capelo &
Lousã 2000
59.9.b. Rhododendrenion pontici Rivas-Martínez &
Sánchez-Mata 2001 nom. mut.
[Rhododendrenion baeticae Rivas-Martínez & Sánchez-Mata 2001]
Thermo-mesomediterranean communities with Rhododendron ponticum, as the edge of Quercus canariensis or Alnus glutinosa forests Algibic, Monchiquensean and Caramulensean.
Typus: Scrophulario laxiflorae-Rhododendretum pontici A. V. Pérez, Gálan & Cabezudo 2000.
Characteristic species: Rhododendron ponticum.
59.9.5. Calluno vulgaris-Rhododendretum pontici
Honrado, P. Alves, Lomba, Torres & B. Caldas 2007 nom. mut. prop.
[Calluno vulgaris-Rhododendretum baetici Honrado, P. Alves, Lomba, Torres & B. Caldas in Acta
Bot. Gallica: 154(1): 74, 2007]
59.9.6. Campanulo primulifoliae-Rhododendretum
pontici Vila-Viçosa, J.C. Costa, Quinto-Canas & Pinto-Gomes ass. nova hoc loco
60. QUERCO-FAGETEA SYLVATICAE Br.-Bl. & Vlieger
in Vlieger 1937
Deciduous broad-leaved and mixed broad-leaved meso
to macroforests, mostly climatophilous and not hydromorphic (independent of water compensation). With a
temperate optimum, in infra to lower orotemperate dry to
ultrahyperhumid bioclimate. In the Eurosiberian Region,
69
also relict in the Mediterranean (meso to supramediterranean sub-humid to hyper-humid).
Typus: Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawłowski in Pawłowski,
Sokołowski & Wallisch 1928 (60a.).
Characteristic species: Acer campestre, Ajuga reptans,
Anemone nemorosa, Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, Arum maculatum, Athyrium filix-femina, Cephalanthera longifolia, Cephalanthera rubra, Conopodium pyrenaeum, Crepis lampsanoides, Daphne laureola subsp. laureola, Dryopteris affinis subsp. affinis,
Dryopteris borreri, Dryopteris dilatata, Dryopteris filix-mas, Epipactis duriensis, Epipactis helleborine,
Euphorbia amygdaloides, Euphorbia hyberna, Helleborus foetidus, Hieracium murorum, Hyacinthoides
non-scripta, Ilex aquifolium, Lilium martagon, Limodorum abortivum, Melitis melissophyllum, Mercurialis
perennis, Orchis langei, Oxalis acetosella, Platanthera
bifolia, Poa nemoralis, Polygonatum odoratum, Primula acaulis, Quercus robur subsp. robur, Rosa arvensis, Sanicula europaea, Sedum forsterianum, Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea, Stachys officinalis,
Stellaria holostea, Taxus baccata, Viola riviniana.
60a. FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE Pawłowski in Pawłowski,
Sokołowski & Wallisch 1928
Deciduous and mixed deciduous forests, with acicular
leaves, climactical, temporihygrophilous and occasionally edaphoxerophilous, growing on rich neutral soils.
Meso to upper orotemperate subhumid to ultrahyperhumid, Atlantic-Central European and Alpine-Caucasian distribution.
Typus: Fagion sylvaticae Luquet 1967.
Characteristic species: Carex sylvatica, Corydalis cava,
Euphorbia dulcis, Galium rotundifolium, Lysimachia
nemorum, Melica uniflora, Moehringia trinervia,
Monotropa hypopitys, Neottia nidus-avis, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, Potentilla sterilis, Prunus avium,
Veronica montana.
60.1. Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani Klika
1955
Deciduous mesoforests of Tilia platyphyllos, Acer
platanoides or Ulmus glabra, growing on stony ravines, torrents and in the bottom of shady canyons, on
wet and rich soils often covered by big boulders and
subjected to a long lasting windy winter and snow
avalanches. In supratemperate humid to hyperhumid
Orocantabrian, Pyrenean and Alpine territories.
Typus: Scolopendrio-Fraxinetum excelsioris Schwickerath 1938.
Characteristic species: Acer platanoides, Stachys sylvatica, Ulmus glabra.
60.1.1. Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmetum glabrae Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa & A. Bellu BraunBlanquetia 46: 325, 2011
60.2. Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris Rivas-Martínez & Izco 2002
Deciduous meso to macroforests of Quercus robur,
Quercus pubescens or Fraxinus excelsior, growing on
silt or clayey rich mesic soils with a mollic or umbric
A horizon. Thermo to supratemperate upper subhumid
to lower hyperhumid, Cantabrian-Atlantic, Orocantabrian and Cévennean-Pyrenean distribution.
70
J.C. Costa & al.
Typus: Crataego laevigatae-Quercetum roboris Rivas-Martínez & Loidi 1988.
Characteristic species: Dryopteris aemula, Epipactis
phyllanthes, Hypericum androsaemum, Narcissus
cyclamineus, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Pulmonaria
longifolia, Quercus x andegavensis, Quercus x
coutinhoi.
60.2.1. Hyperico androsaemi-Quercetum roboris
Honrado, Rocha, P. Alves & B. Caldas in
Honrado, P. Alves, Nepomuceno & B. Caldas
in Silva Lusit. 10(2): 249-250, 2002
60b. QUERCETALIA ROBORIS Tüxen 1931
Deciduous climactic siliceous acidophilous or neutralacidophilous meso to macroforests, on poor sandy or
loamy soils. Thermo to lower orotemperate and meso to
supramediterranean subhumid to hyperhumid, in
Atlantic-Central European Alpine-Caucasian and West
Iberian territories.
Typus: Quercion roboris Malcuit 1929.
Characteristic species: Arenaria montana, Avenella
flexuosa subsp. flexuosa, Blechnum spicant, Ceratocapnos claviculata subsp. claviculata, Euphorbia angulata, Hedera hibernica, Hieracium lachenalii, Hieracium laevigatum, Hieracium maculatum, Hieracium sabaudum, Hieracium umbellatum, Holcus mollis, Hypericum pulchrum, Lathyrus linifolius, Lonicera periclymenum subsp. periclymenum, Luzula
forsteri subsp. forsteri, Luzula henriquesii, Saxifraga
spathularis, Teucrium scorodonia subsp. scorodonia,
Vaccinium myrtillus, Veronica micrantha, Veronica
officinalis.
60.3. Quercion pyrenaicae Rivas-Goday ex RivasMartínez 1964
[Quercion roboris-broteroanae Br.-Bl, P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes in P. Silva, Rozeira & Fontes 1950
(art.3b); Quercion occidentale Br.-Bl, P. Silva & Rozeira 1956 (art.34); Quercion robori-pyrenaicae (Br.Bl, P. Silva & Rozeira 1956) Rivas-Martínez 1975]
Forests of Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica, on
soils with an acidophilous umbric A horizon. Thermo
to supratemperate meso to supramediterranean subhumid to hyperhumid hyperoceanic to semicontinental, distributed by the Cantabrian-Atlantic, Orocantabrian, Mediterranean West Iberian territories and
Maghrebi mountains.
Typus: Luzulo forsteri-Quercetum pyrenaicae RivasMartínez 1963.
Characteristic species: Genista falcata, Laserpitium
thalictrifolium, Physospermum cornubiense, Quercus pyrenaica, Quercus x neomairei (Q. broteroi x
Q. pyrenaica).
60.3a Quercenion pyrenaicae
Acidophilous or neutral-acidophilous forests of Quercus pyrenaica, meso-supramediterranean or supratemperate (submediterranean) subhumid to hyperhumid euoceanic to semicontinental, Mediterranean
West Iberian and Oroiberian.
Typus: Luzulo forsteri-Quercetum pyrenaicae RivasMartínez 1963.
Characteristic species: Allium massaessylum, Leuzea
rhaponticoides, Ranunculus ollissiponensis subsp.
carpetanus.
60.3.1. Arbuto unedonis-Quercetum pyrenaicae (Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday, Esteve, Galiano,
Rigual & Rivas-Martínez 1960) Rivas-Martínez 1987
60.3.2. Arisaro simorrhini-Quercetum pyrenaicae
Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Aguiar, Lousã, J.C.
Costa, Ladero & Rivas-Martínez in PintoGomes, P. Ferreira & Meireles 2007 corr.
Pinto-Gomes & J.C. Costa hoc loco
[Arisaro vulgare-Quercetum pyrenaicae Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Aguiar, Lousã, J.C. Costa, Ladero
& Rivas-Martínez in Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira &
Meireles in Lazaroa 28: 72, 2007]
60.3.3. Genisto falcatae-Quercetum pyrenaicae Penas & T.E. Díaz 2002
60.3.4. Holco mollis-Quercetum pyrenaicae Br.-Bl.,
P. Silva & Rozeira 1955 (fig.54, page 114, 75,
page 118)
60.3.5. Pyro bourgeanae-Quercetum pyrenaicae Ladero, Amor, M.T. Santos, M.E. Sanchez &
Ferro 2004 corr. Ladero in Itinera Geobot.
18(1): 382, 2011 (fig. 76, page 118)
[Pyro cordatae-Quercetum pyrenaicae Ladero,
Amor, M.T. Santos, M.E. Sanchez & Ferro in
Quercetea 4: 7, 2004]
60.3b. Quercenion robori-pyrenaicae (Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1955) Rivas-Martínez 1975
Acidophilous forests of Quercus robur and Quercus
pyrenaica, infra to supratemperate subhumid to ultrahyperhumid barely hyperoceanic to euoceanic, Cantabrian-Atlantic and Orocantabrian.
Typus: Vaccinio myrtilli-Quercetum roboris P. Silva,
Rozeira & Fontes 1950 corr. Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955 (60.3.7).
Characteristic species: Anemone trifolia subsp. albida,
Galium belizianum, Quercus robur subsp. broteroana, Quercus x andegavensis nothosubsp. henriquesii (Q. robur subsp. broteroana x Q. pyrenaica).
60.3.6. Rusco aculeati-Quercetum roboris Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1955 em. Amigo, Izco, J.
Guitián & Romero 1998
60.3.7. Vaccinio myrtilli-Quercetum roboris P. Silva,
Rozeira & Fontes 1950 corr. Br.-Bl., P. Silva
& Rozeira 1955
[Myrtillo-Quercetum roboris P. Silva, Rozeira &
Fontes 1950]
60.3.8. Viburno tini-Quercetum broteroanae (Br.Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1955) J.C. Costa, Capelo, Honrado, Aguiar & Lousã 2002 corr.
J.C. Costa & Monteiro-Henriques hoc loco
[Viburno tini-Quercetum roboris (Br.-Bl., P. Silva
& Rozeira 1955) J.C. Costa, Capelo, Honrado,
Aguiar & Lousã 2002 (fig. 77, page 119)
60c. QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTI-PETRAEAE Klika 1933
Deciduous climactic or edaphoxerophilous meso to macroforests of Quercus spp., Acer spp., Fraxinus spp.,
Pinus spp. or Abies spp., on sandy or siliceous dolomitic limestone substrates rich in bases, usually with a
water deficit during the summer. In thermo to supra-
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
temperate dry to subhumid and meso to supramediterranean subhumid to hyperhumid euoceanic to subcontinental bioclimate, in Cévennean-Pyrenean, Alpine,
Atlantic-Central European, Apennine-Balkan, Carpetan-Leonese, Baetic, Mediterranean Central Iberian,
Balearic-Catalan-Provençal, Italian-Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and Greek-Aegean territories.
Typus: Quercion pubescenti-petraeae Br.-Bl. 1932 nummut.
Characteristic species: Acer monspessulanum, Hypericum montanum, Lathyrus niger, Sorbus aria, Sorbus
latifolia, Sorbus torminalis, Viola hirta.
60.4. Aceri granatensis-Quercion fagineae (Rivas
Goday, Rigual & Rivas-Martínez in Rivas Goday, Borja, Esteve, Galiano, Rigual & RivasMartínez 1960) Rivas-Martínez 1987
Climactic deciduous or marcescent micro to mesoforests of Quercus faginea subsp. faginea, Quercus faginea subsp. alpestris, Acer granatensis and Acer
monspessulanum, on rich soils and clays, in thermo to
supramediterranean subhumid to humid euoceanic to
semicontinental bioclimate, with Mediterranean Central Iberian, Baetic, Balearic-Catalan-Provençal and
Carpetan-Leonese distribution.
Typus: Sileno melliferae-Quercetum fagineae Rivas
Goday & Borja in Rivas Goday, Borja, Esteve, Galiano, Rigual & Rivas-Martínez 1960 corr. RivasMartínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco,
Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002.
Characteristic species: Epipactis tremolsii, Quercus
faginea subsp. alpestris, Quercus faginea subsp. faginea, Quercus x coutinhoi nothosubsp. duriensis.
60.4.1. Fraxino angustifoliae-Aceretum monspessulani Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu
& Aguiar ass. nova hoc loco
60.4.2. Hedero hibernicae-Quercetum fagineae Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu & Aguiar
ass. nova hoc loco
60d. BETULO PENDULAE-POPULETALIA TREMULAE RivasMartínez & Costa 2002
Seral, occasionally climactic, micro to mesoforests of
rapid growth and softwood, meso to orotemperate
humid to ultrahyperhumid, thermo to mesoboreal
humid to hyperhumid, upper mesomediterranean to lower inframediterranean, Eurosiberian and Mediterranean high mountains.
Typus: Corylo avellanae-Populion tremulae (Br.-Bl. &
O. Bolòs 1973) Rivas-Martínez & Costa 1998.
Characteristic species: Acer pseudoplatanus, Corylus
avellana, Populus tremula, Salix caprea, Sorbus aucuparia.
60.5. Betulion fontqueri-celtibericae Rivas-Martínez
& Costa 2002
Siliceous and acidophilous forests of birch and hazel,
which represent the climatophilous or secondary vegetation in Orocantabrian, Cantabrian-Atlantic, Carpetan-Leonese, Oroiberian and Nevadensian territories.
71
Typus: Luzulo henriquesii-Betuletum celtibericae Rivas-Martínez 1965 nom mut.
Characteristic species: Betula celtiberica.
60.5b. Betulenion fontqueri-celtibericae Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 388,
2011
Climactic and secondary siliceous and acidophilous
birch forests, Cantabrian-Atlantic, Carpetan-Leonese
and Oroiberian.
Typus: Luzulo henriquesii-Betuletum celtibericae Rivas-Martínez 1965 nom mut.
60.5.1. Eryngio juresiani-Betuletum celtibericae Honrado, P. Alves, Pulgar, Ortiz & B. Caldas ass
nova hoc loco
60.5.2. Holco mollis-Betuletum celtibericae Amigo
& M.I. Romero 2002
60.5.3. Saxifrago spathularis-Betuletum celtibericae
Rivas-Martínez 1981 (fig. 78, page 119)
60.5b. Laserpitio eliasii-Corylenion avellanae Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Itinera Geobot. 18(1):
389, 2011
Calcicolous or neutral-alkaline hazel woods, supratemperate humid to hyperhumid, Orocantabrian, Oroiberian and Cantabrian-Atlantic.
Typus: Laserpitio eliasii-Coryletum avellanae Puente,
M.J. López, Penas & F. Salegui 2002.
60.5.4. Omphalodo nitidae-Coryletum avellanae Amigo, G. Azcárate & Romero 1994
IXc. MADEIRAN POTENTIAL AND NATURAL VEGETATION
61. KLEINIO NERIIFOLIAE-EUPHORBIETEA CANARIENSIS
(Rivas Goday & Esteve 1965) Santos 1976
Canarian succulent Euphorbia spp. and scrub climactic
desertic Mediterranean and related edaphoxerophilous
permanent xeric Mediterranean communities, infra and
lower thermomediterranean arid and lower semiarid,
developed on lava fields and leptosols with andic properties.
Typus: Kleinio neriifoliae-Euphorbietalia canariensis
Rivas Goday & Esteve 1965) Santos 1976.
Characteristic species: Asparagus nesiotes subsp. nesiotes, Rubia fruticosa subsp. melanocarpa (61a).
61a. KLEINIO NERIIFOLIAE-EUPHORBIETALIA CANARIENSIS
(Rivas Goday & Esteve 1965) Santos 1976
Single order.
Typus: Kleinio neriifoliae-Euphorbion canariensis (Rivas Goday & Esteve 1965) Santos 1976.
61.1. Kleinio neriifoliae-Euphorbion canariensis (Rivas Goday & Esteve 1965) Santos 1976
Nano-microphanerophytic climatophilous succulent
and edaphoxerophilous vegetation, infra to thermomediterranean hyperarid to semiarid, Canarian.
Typus: Aeonio percarnei-Euphorbietum canariensis
(Rivas Goday & Esteve 1965) Sunding 1972.
61.1b. Aeonio-Euphorbenion canariensis (Rivas Goday & Esteve 1965) Santos & Rivas-Martínez in
Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 395, 2011
72
J.C. Costa & al.
Succulent climatophilous or edaphoxerophilous communities, infra to thermomediterranean arid to semiarid, with Canarian distribution, reaching the Selvagens Islands.
Typus: Aeonio percarnei-Euphorbietum canariensis
(Rivas Goday & Esteve 1965) Sunding 1972.
Characteristic species: Argyranthemum thalassophilum, Euphorbia desfoliata, Periploca laevigata,
Scilla madeirensis var. melliodora.
61.1.1. Euphorbietum anachoretae Pérez Paz & Acebes 1983 nom inval. (art. 3b, art. 5)
62. RHAMNO CRENULATAE-OLEETEA CERASIFORMIS
Santos 1983 ex Rivas-Martínez 1987 nom. inv.
[Oleo-Rhamnetea crenulatae Santos 1983 ex Rivas-Martínez 1987]
Microphyllous and sclerophyllous microforests of Olea
spp. and Juniper spp. (sometimes also succulent Euphorbia spp. and Phoenix canariensis), or dense secondary shrubby or mantle forests of Hypericum canariensis, and seral open dwarf-scrub of Cistus spp. and Micromeria spp. communities. In infra to mesomediterranean semiarid to dry bioclimate, in the Canarias and
Madeira archipelagos.
Typus: Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis Santos 1983 nom. inv. (62a.)
Characteristic species: Dracaena draco, Rubia fruticosa
subsp. fruticosa.
62a. RHAMNO CRENULATAE-OLEETALIA
Santos 1983 nom. inv.
CERASIFORMIS
[Oleo-Rhamnetalia crenulatae Santos 1983]
Canarian and Madeiran climactic microforests, permanent and related communities.
Typus: Mayteno canariensis-Juniperion canariensis Santos & F. Galávan ex Santos 1983 corr. Rivas-Martínez,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã &
Penas 2002.
Characteristic species: Asparagus scoparius, Bupleurum salicifolium subsp. salicifolium, Ephedra fragilis
var. dissoluta (ter.), Erysimum bicolor, Globularia
salicina, Hypericum canariense var. floribundum,
Jasminum odoratissimum, Juniperus turbinata subsp.
canariensis, Myrtus communis (ter.), Tamus edulis,
Teucrium heterophyllum.
62.1. Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira
& Rivas-Martínez 2000 nom. invers.
[Oleo maderensis-Maytenion umbellatae Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & RivasMartínez 2000]
Sclerophyllous climactic microforests of Olea maderensis, and scrubs of Euphorbia piscatoria and
Echium spp., also climactic in rocky crests and slopes
of incipient soils (edaphoxerophilous). Infra to thermomediterranean semiarid to lower subhumid, in Madeira, Porto Santo and Desertas.
Typus: Euphorbietum piscatoriae Sjögren ex Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (62.1.1.).
Characteristic species: Asparagus umbellatus subsp.
lowei, Chamaemeles coriacea, Convolvulus massonii, Crambe fruticosa, Echium nervosum, Echium
portosanctensis, Euphorbia piscatoria, Helichrysum
melaleucum, Jasminum azoricum, Maytenus umbellata, Olea maderensis, Plantago maderensis, Prasium medium, Scilla madeirensis var. madeirensis,
Sideritis candicans var. multiflora.
62.1.1. Euphorbietum piscatoriae Sjögren ex Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira
& Rivas-Martínez 2000 (fig. 79, page 119)
62.1.2. Gennario diphyllae-Euphorbietum piscatoriae Jardim, Capelo, Sequeira, Aguiar & J.C.
Costa ass. nova hoc loco
62.1.3. Mayteno umbellatae-Oleetum maderensis Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 nom. invers.
(fig. 79, page 119)
[Oleo maderensis-Maytenetum umbellatae Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez 2000]
62.1.4. Myrto communis-Hypericetum canariensis Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & RivasMartínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 256, 2003
62.1.5. Siderito multiflorae-Echietum portosanctensis
Jardim, Capelo, Sequeira, Aguiar & J.C. Costa
ass. nova hoc loco
62.b. MICROMERIO HYSSOPIFOLIAE-CISTETALIA CANARIENSIS Pérez de Paz, Del Arco & Wildpret 1990 corr.
Rivas-Martínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 401, 2011
[Cisto monspeliensis-Micromerietalia hyssopifoliae Pérez de Paz, Del Arco & Wildpret 1990]
Seral and pioneer dwarf-scrub communities, that occur
on leptosols, crests near the sea and on decapitated
stony soils, often resulting from human action, agriculture and fire. In infra to thermomediterranean semiarid to dry bioclimate, Canarian and Madeiran.
Typus: Micromerio hyssopifoliae-Cistion canariensis
Pérez de Paz, Del Arco & Wildpret 1990 corr. RivasMartínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 401, 2011.
Characteristic species: Carlina salicifolia.
62.2. Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez 2000
Seral infra to thermomediterranean communities on
the leptosols of Madeira, Porto Santo and Desertas.
Typus: Artemisio argenteae-Genistetum tenerae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira
& Rivas-Martínez 2000 (62.2.1).
Characteristic species: Artemisia argentea, Cheirolophus massonianus, Erysimum arbuscula, Erysimum
maderense, Genista tenera, Helichrysum monizii, Lotus argyrodes, Lotus macranthus, Micromeria varia
subsp. thymoides var. thymoides, Phagnalon lowei.
62.2.1. Artemisio argenteae-Genistetum tenerae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
62.2.2. Erysimo arbusculae-Artemisietum argenteae
Jardim, Capelo, Sequeira, Aguiar & J.C. Costa
in Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 259, 2003
62.2.3. Loto macranthi-Phagnaletum lowei Jardim,
Capelo, Sequeira, Aguiar & J.C. Costa ass.
nova hoc loco
63. POLYCARPAEO NIVEAE-TRAGANETEA MOQUINI Santos
ex Rivas-Martínez & Wildpret 2002
Shrubby and dwarf-scrub communities of desertic sand
dunes, developed on deep sandy regosols. Inframediterranean arid hyperoceanic and euoceanic bioclimate,
with Canarian, Madeiran and West Oceanic Sahara distribution.
Typus: Zygophyllo fontanesii-Polycarpaetalia niveae Santos ex Géhu, Biondi, Géhu-Frank, Hendoux & Mossa
1996 (63a.).
Characteristic species: Zygophyllum fontanesii.
63a. ZYGOPHYLLO FONTANESII-POLYCARPAETALIA NIVEAE
Santos ex Géhu, Biondi, Géhu-Frank, Hendoux &
Mossa 1996
Single order.
Typus: Ononido ramosissimae-Polycarpaeion niveae
Biondi, Alegreza, Taffetani & Wildpret 1994.
63.1. Traganion moquini Sunding 1972
Tall and dwarf-scrubs stable desertic communities of
coastal and inland sand dunes, in hyperoceanic and
euoceanic inframediterranean. In Canarias and West
Oceanic Sahara, reaching the Selvagens islands.
Typus: Traganetum moquini Sunding 1972.
Characteristic species: Limonium papillatum var. callibotryum, Lobularia canariensis subsp. rosulaventi, Lotus glaucus subsp. salvagensis, Lotus lancerottensis.
63.1.1. Suaedo verae-Limonietum callibotryi Pérez
de Paz & Acebes 1985
63.2. Polycarpaeo niveae-Euphorbion paraliae Rivas-Martínez & Wildpret 2002
Dwarf-scrubs and perennial grasses unstable communities, in mobile littoral sand dunes with marine saltspray, in Canarias, Selvagens and Porto Santo.
Typus: Euphorbio paraliae-Cyperetum capitati Sunding 1972.
Characteristic species: Calystegia sepium (terr.), Elytrigia juncea subsp. juncea (terr.), Euphorbia paralias (terr.), Polygonum maritimum (terr.).
63.2.1. Loto salvagensis-Elytrigietum junceae Pérez
de Paz & Acebes ex J.C. Costa, Jardim, Capelo, Sequeira, & Lousã ass nova hoc loco
63.2.2. Polygono maritimi-Euphorbietum paraliae
Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa,
Espírito Santo & Lousã in Silva Lusit. 11 (1):
118, 2003
63.3. Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion floridi Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2003 corr. Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo,
Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã hoc
loco
73
[Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion glauci Jardim, Sequeira,
Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã in
Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 118, 2003]
Dwarf-scrubs stable communities of coastal and inland sand dunes, hyperoceanic inframediterranean
semiarid to dry in Porto Santo and Madeira islands.
Typus: Euphorbio paraliae-Lotetum glauci Jardim,
Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo
& Lousã in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 117, 2003 corr. Euphorbio paraliae-Lotetum floridi Jardim, Sequeira,
Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã
hoc loco (63.3.1) .
Characteristic species: Crepis divaricata, Lotus glaucus subsp. glaucus, Lotus glaucus subsp. floridus.
63.3.1. Euphorbio paraliae-Lotetum floridi Jardim,
Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito
Santo & Lousã 2003 corr. Jardim, Sequeira,
Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo &
Lousã hoc loco
[Euphorbio paraliae-Lotetum glauci Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo
& Lousã in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 117, 2003]
63.3.2. Polygono maritimae-Lotetum glauci J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Jardim & Sequeira ass. nova
hoc loco
64. PRUNO HIXAE-LAURETEA NOVOCANARIENSIS Oberdorfer 1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
Endemic mesoforests of evergreen, flat, broad, leathery
and waxy leaves, of Canaries and Madeira (laurisilva)
and associated seral vegetation, riparian willows and
their thorny communities. On deep soils (cambisols or
andosols) with “mull” humus. In hyperoceanic infra to
supramediterranean and meso to supratemperate submediterranean dry to hyperhumid bioclimate. Constitute a
paleo-tropical and paleo-Mediterranean relict forest,
dating at least from the Miocene.
Typus: Andryalo pinnatifidae-Ericetalia canariensis
Oberdorfer 1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez in Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 403, 2011 (64a.).
Characteristic species: Cedronella canariensis, Erica
canariensis, Hypericum glandulosum, Hypericum grandifolium, Ilex canariensis, Myrica faya, Phyllis nobla,
Rhamnus glandulosa, Smilax canariensis.
Differential species: Asplenium onopteris, Athyrium filixfemina, Blechnum spicant, Carex peregrina, Culcita
macrocarpa, Diplazium caudatum, Dryopteris aemula,
Dryopteris affinis, Gennaria diphylla, Neotinea maculata, Polystichum setiferum, Rubia agostinhoi, Stegnogramma pozoi, Taxus baccata, Viola riviniana.
64a. ANDRYALO PINNATIFIDAE-ERICETALIA CANARIENSIS
Oberdorfer 1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 403, 2011
Dense shrubby communities of Erica platycodon, E.
canariensis, E. maderincola, Myrica faya, Ilex canariensis and Picconia excelsa, seral or mantle of PrunoLauretalia novocanariensis. Sometimes constituting a
permanent biotopes of thin soils, edaphoxerophilous.
Typus: Myrico fayae-Ericion canariensis Oberdorfer
1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez Itinera Geobot. 18(1): 403,
2011 (64.1.).
74
J.C. Costa & al.
64.1. Myrico fayae-Ericion canariensis Oberdorfer
1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez Itinera Geobot. 18(1):
403, 2011
[Myrico fayae-Ericion arboreae Oberdorfer 1965]
Dense shrubby communities of Erica canariensis or
Myrica faya, infra to mesomediterranean and supratemperate, seral of Pruno-Lauretalia novocanariensis,
Canarian and Madeiran.
Typus: Myrico fayae-Ericetum canariensis Oberdorfer
1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez Itinera Geobot. 18(1):
403, 2011.
Characteristic species: Marcetella maderensis.
64.1.1. Globulario salicinae-Ericetum canariensis
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 corr. Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez hoc loco (fig. 80, page 120)
[Globulario salicinae-Ericetum arboreae Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez 2000]
64.1.2. Pteridio aquilini-Ericetum maderincolae
J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez ass. nova hoc loco
[Community of Erica maderincola and Erica arborea J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Espírito Santo, Lousã, Fontinha, Aguiar & Rivas-Martínez 2004]
64.2. Bystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Madeiran meso to supratemperate substitution scrubby communities of Teline maderensis or permanent
rupicolous Erica maderensis communities.
Typus: Bystropogono punctati-Telinetum maderensis
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (64.2.1.).
Characteristic species: Argyranthemum pinnatifidum
subsp. montanum, Argyranthemum pinnatifidum
subsp. pinnatifidum, Bunium brevifolium, Bystropogon punctatus, Echium candicans, Erica maderensis, Plantago arborescens subsp. costae, Plantago
malato-belizii, Sideritis candicans var. candicans,
Teline maderensis var. maderensis.
64.2.1. Bystropogono punctati-Telinetum maderensis
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
64.2.2. Argyranthemo montani-Ericetum maderensis
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (fig. 81,
page 120)
64b. PRUNO HIXAE-LAURETALIA NOVOCANARIENSIS Oberdorfer ex Rivas-Martínez, Arnáiz, Barreno &
Crespo 1977 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002
Natural potential vegetation, hyperoceanic infra to supramediterranean and meso to supratemperate (submediterranean) dry to ultra hyperhumid, Canarian and
Madeiran.
Typus: Ixantho viscosae-Laurion novocanariensis Oberdorfer ex Santos in Rivas-Martínez, Arnáiz, Barreno &
Crespo 1977 corr. Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González, Izco, Loidi, Lousã & Penas 2002.
Characteristic species: Heberdenia excelsa, Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens, Persea indica, Prunus
hixa, Pteris incompleta.
64.3. Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Thermo-mesotemperate (submediterranean) and mesomediterranean humid to hyperhumid, Madeiran mesoforests.
Typus: Clethro arboreae-Ocoteetum foetentis Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (64.3.1.).
Characteristic species: Arachniodes webbianum, Berberis maderensis, Carex lowei, Cirsium latifolium,
Clethra arborea, Dryopteris aitoniana, Dryopteris x
furadensis, Dryopteris maderensis, Erica platycodon subsp. maderincola, Festuca donax, Goodyera
macrophylla, Hedera maderensis subsp. maderensis, Ilex perado, Lonicera etrusca var. glabrata, Luzula seubertii, Normania triphylla, Pittosporum coriaceum, Polystichum drepanum, Rosa mandonii,
Rubus grandifolius, Ruscus streptophyllus, Sambucus lanceolata, Sibthorpia peregrina, Teucrium abutiloides, Teucrium betonicum, Vaccinium padifolium.
64.3.1. Clethro arboreae-Ocoteetum foetentis Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (fig. 82,
page 120)
64.3.2. Diplazio caudati-Perseetum indicae Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira, Aguiar & Lousã
in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 114, 2003
64.3.3. Rhamno glandulosi-Sambucetum lanceolati
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira, Aguiar
& Lousã in Silva Lusit. 11 (1): 114, 2003
64.3.4. Vaccinio padifolii-Ericetum maderincolae
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (fig. 83,
page 120)
64.4. Visneo mocanerae-Apollonion barbujanae Rivas-Martínez in Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Canarian and Madeiran micro-mesoforests, infra to
mesomediterranean dry to humid.
Typus: Visneo mocanerae-Arbutetum canariensis Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodríguez,
Pérez de Paz, Garcia Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz &
Fernández-González 1993.
Characteristic species: Apollonias barbujana, Arum
italicum subsp. canariensis, Carduus squarrosus,
Picconia excelsa, Semele androgyna, Sideroxylon
mirmulans, Smilax pendulina, Visnea mocanera.
64.4.1. Helichryso melaleuci-Sideroxyletum mirmulans Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 257,
2003 (fig. 84, page 121)
64.4.2. Semele androgynae-Apollonietum barbujanae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 (fig.
85, page 121)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
64.5. Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion canariensis RivasMartínez, Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha,
Jardim & Sequeira 2002 corr. Rivas-Martínez,
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Jardim & Sequeira
corr. hoc loco
[Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion arboreae Rivas-Martínez, Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim &
Sequeira 2002]
Upper mesotemperate to supratemperate (submediterranean), hyperhumid to ultra hyperhumid Madeiran
microforests.
Typus: Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum arboreae Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 corr. Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum canariensis Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez corr. hoc loco (64.5.1).
Characteristic species: Juniperus cedrus subsp. maderensis, Polystichum falcinellum, Polystichum x maderensis, Ranunculus cortusifolius var. minor, Sorbus maderensis.
64.5.1. Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum canariensis
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 corr. Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez corr. hoc loco (fig. 86, page
121)
[Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum arboreae Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira &
Rivas-Martínez 2000]
64.6. Euphorbion melliferae Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira, Aguiar & Lousã in Silva Lusit.
11(1): 112, 2003
Microphyllous caulirosulate communities with woody
habit and large leaves, proper interrupt the forest canopy.
Typus: Isoplexido sceptri-Euphorbietum melliferae
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira, Aguiar &
Lousã in Silva Lusit. 11(1): 112, 2003 (64.6.1).
Characteristic species: Euphorbia mellifera, Isoplexis
sceptrum, Melanoselinum decipiens, Musschia wollastonii, Sonchus fruticosus, Sonchus pinnatus.
64.6.1. Isoplexido sceptri-Euphorbietum melliferae
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira, Aguiar
& Lousã in Silva Lusit. 11(1): 112, 2003 (fig.
87, page 121)
64.6.2. Sonchetum pinnati Capelo, J.C. Costa, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez in Silva Lusit. 11(2): 262, 2003
64c. RUBO BOLLEI-SALICETALIA CANARIENSIS Rivas-Martínez in Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Canarian and Madeiran hygrophytic or riparian communities of willows and thornbushes.
Typus: Rubio periclymeni-Rubetum ulmifolii Oberdorfer 1965.
Characteristic species: Urtica morifolia.
64.7. Rubio periclymeni-Rubion ulmifolii (Oberdorfer 1965) Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret, Del Arco,
O. Rodríguez, Pérez de Paz, García Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González 1993
75
Dense thornbushes and liana humid mantle, Canarian
and Madeiran.
Typus: Rubio periclymeni-Rubetum ulmifolii Oberdorfer 1965.
Characteristic species: Rubus bollei.
64.7.1. Rubio agostinhoi-Rubetum bollei Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira
& Rivas-Martínez 2000
64.8. Salicion canariensis Rivas-Martínez, Wildpret,
Del Arco, O. Rodríguez, Pérez de Paz, García
Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz & Fernández-González
ex Rivas-Martínez, Fernández-González &
Loidi 1999
Canarian and Madeiran microforests of riparian deciduous willows.
Typus: Rubo ulmifolii-Salicetum canariensis J.C. Rodríguez, Del Arco & Wildpret 1986.
Characteristic species: Salix canariense, Scrophularia
hirta, Scrophularia racemosa.
64.8.1. Scrophulario hirtae-Salicetum canariensis
Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim,
Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000
Conclusions
Done this catalogue, we can consider that the Portuguese
vegetation is relatively well studied. It is a very diverse
and rich vegetation, accounted for a total of 827 associations (and 4 communities), 244 alliances, 116 orders, 64
phytosociological classes, 58 suballiances, 2 suborders
and 4 subclasses. Most syntaxa are Mediterranean, due to
the fact that the Portuguese territory is in large part,
situated in the Mediterranean Region, having a Mediterranean macrobioclimate (Costa et al. 1999, Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002, 2005).
The Azores archipelago has a mostly temperate macrobioclimate (Rivas-Martínez et al. 2002) and possesses
two endemic classes: Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae and Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi.
Concerning Madeira, in the last decade there was a very
significant advance in the knowledge of its vegetation. In
Portuguese territory, the classes Pruno hixae-Lauretea
novocanariensis, Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetea cerasiformis, Greenovio-Aeonietea are only signalled to this archipelago.
The Ilhas Selvagens (Savage Islands), which are part of
the Autonomous Region of Madeira, are still poorly
studied (Pérez de Paz & Acebes 1983; Acebes & Pérez
de Paz 1985). Biogeographically they constitute a sector
of the Eastern Canarian Subprovince (Canarian Province), having a Mediterranean desertic oceanic bioclimate. It is the only Portuguese territory where the class
Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis (with one association
invalidly published) has been reported, as well as the
alliances Frankenio-Astydamion latifoliae of CrithmoLimonietea (with one association) and Traganion moquini of Polycarpaeo niveae-Traganetea moquini (with
two associations).
76
J.C. Costa & al.
ANNEX I
SYNTAXONOMIC ANNEX
Adenocarpo anisochili-Ulicetum latebracteati (J.C.
Costa, Capelo & Lousã in J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã,
Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero 2000) J.C. Costa, Neto
& T. Vasconcelos st. nov. hoc loco (54.4.2.)
(Ulici europaei-Cytision striati, Cytisetalia scopariostriati, Cytisetea scopario-striati)
Basion.: Adenocarpo anisochili-Cytisetum striati J.C.
Costa, Capelo & Lousã in J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã,
Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero 2000 ulicetosum latebracteati J.C. Costa, Capelo & Lousã 2000.
[Ulici latebracteati-Cytisetum striati sensu Pinto-Gomes,
Cano-Ortiz, Quinto-Canas, Vila-Viçosa & Martínez-Lombardo 2012 (nom inval., art. 3b) non Rivas-Martínez ex J.C.
Costa, Izco, Lousã, Aguiar & Capelo in J.C. Costa, Capelo,
Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero 2000].
Diagnosis: Mesomediterranean humid subhyperoceanic
nanophanerophytic community, formed by Ulex latebracteatus, Cytisus striatus, Adenocarpus anisochilus,
Ulex jussiaei x Ulex latebracteatus, Pteridium aquilinum, Erica arborea, etc., on sandy soils derived from
syenites, in western and northern slopes of Sintra
Mountain. Subseral of Arisaro simorrhini-Quercetum
pyrenaicae (see Costa et al. 2000).
Holotypus: relevé no. 6 table 4 in Costa et al. (2000), p.
126: Peninha, Serra de Sintra (Sintra), 380 m, 50 m2:
Characteristic species: 3 Cytisus striatus, 3 Ulex latebracteatus, + Adenocarpus anisochilus, 1Pteridium
aquilinum, 1 Ulex jussiaei x Ulex latebracteatus; companion species: 2 Rubus ulmifolius, 1 Calluna vulgaris,
1 Ulex jussiaei, 1 Erica scoparia, 1 Cistus crispus, 1
Coyncia cintrana, + Daphne gnidium, + Holcus lanatus, + Ulex minor, + Teucrium scorodonia, + Prunella
vulgaris.
[J.C. COSTA, NETO & T. VASCONCELOS]
Aichrysetum dumosi J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim & Sequeira ass. nova hoc loco (27.1.1.)
(Greenovio-Aeonietea, Soncho-Aeonietalia, Aichryso laxiMonanthion laxiflorae)
Diagnosis: Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic euhyperoceanic inframediterranean dry association, formed
by the small therophyte Aichryson dumosum, on basalt
gravel in the south side of Madeira Island.
Holotypus: Moledos (Madeira), 350 m, S, 2 m2, Characteristic species: 3 Aichryson dumosum, + Aeonium glutinosum, + Sedum nudum; Companion species: 1 Misopates orontium, + Umbilicus rupestris +Davallia canariensis, + Notholaena subcordata.
[J.C. COSTA, CAPELO, JARDIM & SEQUEIRA]
Anarrhinetum longipedicellati Monteiro-Henriques, J.C.
Costa & Aguiar ass. nova hoc loco (28.4.1.)
(Phagnalo-Rumicetea indurati, Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati, Sesamoidion suffruticosae)
Diagnosis: Hemicryptophytic community characterized
by the Lusitanian endemism Anarrhinum longipedicellatum (Table 1, holotypus relevé no. 4), on walls or
rocky steep slopes derived from schists, in mesotemperate (submediterranean), humid to hyperhumid, semihyperoceanic bioclimate. It occurs in an area comprised
within Aldeia da Pena, Covas do Rio, Alvarenga and
Table 1
28.4.1. Anarrhinetum longipedicellati ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (1=10 m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
27
S
10
16
1
37
W
10
11
2
42
E
5
6
3
66
SW
5
6
4*
67
SW
5
9
5
Characteristic species
Anarrhinum longipedicellatum
2
2
3
3
3
Sesamoides purpurascens
.
.
1
1
+
Sedum hirsutum
.
1
+
.
+
Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. puberula
.
.
.
.
1
Conopodium majus subsp. marizianum
.
.
.
+
.
Companion species
Sanguisorba verrucosa
+
+
+
+
.
Andryala integrifolia
+
.
+
+
.
Sedum anglicum
.
2
.
.
1
Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium
.
1
1
.
.
Hypochoeris radicata
.
1
.
.
+
Jasione montana
.
1
.
+
.
Lotus carpetanus
1
+
.
.
.
Hypericum linarifolium
.
+
.
+
.
Other companion species: 2 Pulicaria odora, 1 Thymus caespititius, + Carlina corymbosa, + Centranthus calcitrapae, + Filago pyramidata, + Leontodon longirostris, + Lotus
hispidus, + Micropyrum tenellum, + Sedum pruinatum, + Tolpis barbata, + Tuberaria
guttata, + Vicia angustifolia in 1; +Clinopodium arundanum, + Umbilicus heylandianus
in 2; +Anthoxanthum amarum, + Ranunculus bupleuroides in 5
Localities: 1: between Deilão and Covas do Rio (S. Pedro do Sul), 2: Ponte de Cabril
(Castro Daire), 3: Parada de Ester (Castro Daire); 4* (holotypus), 5: between Sete Fontes
and Covas do Rio (S. Pedro do Sul)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
77
Table 2
45.2.1. Arrhenathero bulbosi-Armerietum beiranae ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (1=10 m)
99
96
96
102
80
79
80
84
Orientation
SW
N
Surface (m2)
4
6
6
6
16
15
16
8
Nº of species
16
17
17
14
22
15
15
18
Ordinal number
1
2
3*
4
5
6
7
8
Characteristic species
Arrhenatherum bulbosum
1
3
2
1
5
2
4
3
Armeria beirana
1
2
4
3
3
4
3
1
Centaurea herminii
+
1
1
.
+
+
+
+
Rumex angiocarpus
+
1
1
+
1
.
1
.
Celtica gigantea
4
2
1
2
1
.
.
.
Agrostis castellana
.
.
.
3
2
3
2
2
Dactylis lusitanica
.
.
.
2
.
2
1
1
Hypochoeris radicata
.
1
.
.
+
+
1
.
Conopodium marizianum
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
+
Agrostis truncatula
.
.
.
3
.
.
.
+
Avenula lodunensis
.
.
.
4
.
.
.
.
Spergularia capillacea
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Sanguisorba verrucosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
Companion species
Jasione montana
.
.
1
.
+
+
+
+
Micropyrum tenellum
.
2
1
.
+
+
.
.
Agrostis duriaei
2
3
2
.
.
.
.
.
Anthoxanthum aristatum
.
.
2
.
+
.
+
.
Hypericum linarifolium
.
.
.
1
.
+
.
+
Cytisus multiflorus
1
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
Vulpia muralis
.
+
1
.
+
.
.
.
Bromus hordeaceus
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
Ornithopus perpusillus
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
Ornithopus compressus
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
Ulex minor
+
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
Vicia angustifolia
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
Echium lusitanicum
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
+
Hypochoeris glabra
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
1
Lupinus gredensis
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
+
Hispidella hispanica
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
Luzula campestris
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
Campanula lusitanica
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
Cytisus striatus
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
Herniaria scabrida
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
Holcus lanatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
Other companion species: 2 Ulex latebracteatus, + Aira cupaniana, + Aira praecox, + Bellis perennis, + Lotus carpetanus, + Saxifraga granulata in 1; 1 Anthoxanthum odoratum, 1 Teesdalia nudicaulis, + Chamaemelum mixtum, + Erodium
cicutarium in 2; +Carduus tenuiflorus in 3; +Andryala integrifolia, + Cynosurus cristatus, + Linaria spartea in 4; 1 Bromus diandrus, + Centranthus calcitrapae, + Ceratocapnos claviculata subsp. picta, + Corynephorus canescens, + Spergula arvensis in 5; 1 Vulpia myuros, + Crepis capillaris in 6; +Carduus carpetanus in 8.
Localities: 1: Between Fazamões and Reconcos bridge (Lamego), 2, 3* (holotypus): Bigorne (Lamego), 4: Between Carvalhosa and Portas de Montemuro (Castro Daire), 5, 6: Between Peva and Soutosa (Moimenta da Beira), 7: Between Vila
Cova à Coelheira and Vila Nova de Paiva (Vila Nova de Paiva), 8: Between Lamosa and Carregal (Sernancelhe).
Parada de Ester of the southern part of the Coastal Miniense Superdistrict. This community occurs on steep
slopes associated to the deep hydrographical system in
the Ordovician, Silurian and Carboniferous metasediments and in the pre-Ordovician metasediments of the
Douro Group. Its distribution area has been augmented
by human activities: presently, the community occupies
most road batters in the area surrounding its original
distribution region.
[MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, J.C. COSTA & AGUIAR]
Arenario querioidis-Sedetum brevifolii Honrado, P. Alves, Hespanhol, Vieira & B. Caldas ass. nova hoc loco
(39.3.1.)
[Arenario-Cerastietum ramosissimi Br.-Bl., P. Silva, Rozeira &
Fontes 1952 var. Sedum brevifolium]
(Festucetea indigestae, Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis, Hieracio castellanae-Plantaginion radicatae)
Diagnosis: Pioneer plant community on granite gravel in
supratemperate (submediterranean) mountains of Northwest Portugal (Peneda, Amarela, Gerês, Alvão, Montemuro, Estrela), dominated by Arenaria querioides,
Sedum brevifolium and Agrostis truncatula subsp.
commista.
Holotypus: Montalegre: Serra do Gerês, between Carris
and Altar de Cabrões, 1410 m, NE, 1 m2: Characteristic
species: 3 Arenaria querioides, 2 Sedum brevifolium, 1
Agrostis commista; Companion species: 1 Tulipa australis, + Thymus caespititius, + Avenula sulcata.
[J. HONRADO, P. ALVES, HESPANHOL, VIEIRA & B.
CALDAS]
78
J.C. Costa & al.
Arisaro simorrhini-Quercetum pyrenaicae Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Aguiar, Lousã, J.C. Costa, Ladero &
Rivas-Martínez in Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira & Meireles
2007 corr. J. C. Costa & Pinto-Gomes hoc loco (60.3.2.)
Diagnosis: Hemicryptophytic grassland characterized by
Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. bulbosum, Armeria beirana, Centaurea herminii, Celtica gigantea, Agrostis
castellana, Rumex angiocarpus, Dactylis lusitanica,
Hypochoeris radicata, Agrostis truncatula, Avenula
sulcata, etc. (Table 2, holotypus relevé no. 3). In Spring
Armeria beirana is the most abundant species in the
fields with a pinkish hue, while in summer the predominant green hues are due to the dominance of grasses.
Its occur in mesomediterranean, meso to supratemperate (submediterranean), humid to hyperhumid, euoceanic, on cambisols derived from granites, in the Beiraduriensian mountains (Montemuro, Leomil and
Lapa). Subseral of Holco mollis-Quercetum pyrenaicae.
[MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, J.C. COSTA, A. BELLU & AGUIAR]
[≡Arisaro vulgare-Quercetum pyrenaicae Pinto-Gomes, P.
Ferreira, Aguiar, Lousã, J.C. Costa, Ladero & Rivas-Martínez
in Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira & Meireles 2007]
(Querco-Fagetea sylvaticae, Quercetalia roboris, Quercion pyrenaicae, Quercenion pyrenaicae)
Taxonomic correction: Arisarum vulgare should be Arisarum simorrhinum.
[PINTO-GOMES & J.C. COSTA]
Arrhenathero bulbosi-Armerietum beiranae MonteiroHenriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu & Aguiar ass. nova hoc
loco (45.2.1.)
(Festucion merinoi, Agrostietalia castellanae, Stipo giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae)
Table 3
38.2.5. Bartsio asperae-Origanetum virentis ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (1=10 m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
pH
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Bartsia aspera
Origanum virens
Calamintha nepeta
Prunella x intermedia
Bupleurum paniculatum
Clinopodium arundanum
Anthyllis maura
Hypericum perforatum
Lathyrus sylvestris
Stachys lusitanica
23
W
16
7.1
6
1
53
NE
20
6.8
8
2
15
E
16
7.6
6
3*
20
W
24
7.3
9
4
15
E
40
7.6
9
5
23
N
40
7.5
12
6
17
E
24
.
13
7
1
1
1
1
.
.
1
.
.
.
1
1
+
+
.
+
+
.
.
.
2
1
+
+
1
1
.
.
.
.
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
.
+
.
2
2
+
+
1
.
.
1
+
+
2
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
.
.
1
1
1
+
+
+
1
+
+
.
Companion species
Pulicaria odora
+
.
+
.
+
1
.
Other companion species: + Plantago coronopus, + Scilla monophyllus in 2; 1 Achillea ageratum
in 5; + Carex hallerana, + Ononis pusilla, + Eryngium dilatatum in 6; + Carlina corymbosa, + Lavandula latifolia, + Lathyrus clymenum in 7.
Localities: 1, 2, 4: Pombal; 3* (holotypus), 5: Taveira (Penela); 6: Condeixa; 7: Coimbra.
[Bartsio asperae-Origanetum virentis C. Lopes 2001 nom.
inval. (art.1)]
thermomediterranean to lower mesomediterranean, dry
to humid bioclimate. Included in the suballiance
Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion sempervirentis.
[C. LOPES, LOUSÃ & LADERO]
(Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei, Origanetalia vulgaris, Origanion virentis, Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion sempervirentis)
Diagnosis: Perennial herbaceous community formed by
Bartsia aspera, Origanum virens, Calamintha baetica,
Prunella x intermedia, Bupleurum paniculatum, Clinopodium arundanum, Anthyllis maura, Lathyrus sylvestris (Table 3, holotypus relevé no. 1), which constitute
the fringes of Arisaro-Quercetum broteroi and Lonicero implexae-Quercetum broteroi woods, in Jurassic
soils with high pH (basic). With xeric and thermophilous character, they can be found on skeletal soils that
(unlike Leucanthemo sylvatici-Cheirolophetum sempervirentis). Occures in the Dividing Portuguese Sector, in Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic, upper
Bituminario bituminosae-Phalaridetum coerulescentis
J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim & Sequeira ass. nova hoc loco
(46.6.2.)
(Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Holoschoenetalia vulgaris,
Gaudinio verticolae-Hordeion bulbosae)
Diagnosis: Hemicryptophytic grassland of Madeira Island formed by Phalaris coerulescens, Bituminaria bituminosa, Lolium multiflorum, Cynodon dactylon, Holcus lanatus, Carex divulsa, etc. (Table 4, holotypus relevé nº 3). It occurs on vertisols, in areas with water
runoff during winter or on the bottom of depressions, in
Mediterranean xeric-oceanic, inframediterranean, dry to
lower subhumid bioclimate.
[J.C. COSTA, CAPELO, JARDIM & SEQUEIRA]
Bartsio asperae-Origanetum virentis C. Lopes, Lousã &
Ladero ass. nova hoc loco (38.2.5.)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Table 4
Table 5
59.9.6. Campanulo primulifoliae-Rhododendretum pontici
ass. nova hoc loco
46.6.2. Bituminario bituminosae-Phalaridetum
coerulescentis ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Phalaris caerulescens
Lolium multiflorum
Cynodon dactylon
Holcus lanatus
Carex divulsa
75
SE
20
15
1
3
2
.
.
+
130
20
18
2
3
1
1
.
+
90
NE
20
15
3*
3
1
+
2
.
79
80
E
20
18
4
3
.
2
+
.
Companion species
Bituminaria bituminosa
1
+
2
2
Bromus madritensis
2
+
+
2
Brachypodium distachyon
+
1
1
2
Avena fatua
2
1
.
1
Vicia parviflora
+
3
.
+
Rapistrum linneanum
+
1
+
.
Galactites tomentosa
+
+
+
.
Sonchus oleraceus
+
+
+
.
Bromus hordeaceus
+
1
.
.
Avena lusitanica
.
1
+
.
Mercurialis annua
+
.
+
.
Beta maritima
+
.
+
.
Hyparrhenia sinaica
.
+
+
.
Leontodon longirostris
.
+
.
+
Scorpiurus vermiculatus
.
.
+
+
Trifolium angustifolium
.
.
+
+
Other companion species: +Sonchus tenerrimus in 1; 1 Avena
sterilis, + Cynara ferocissima in 2; +Bromus diandrus, + Urospermum picroides in 3; 2 Lolium rigidum, 1 Medicago polymorpha, + Echium plantagineum, + Scolymus hispanicus in 4
Localities: 1, 3* (holotypus): Madeira Island, 2: Piedade
(Ponta de S. Lourenço), 4: Baia de Abra (Ponta de S. Lourenço);
Campanulo primulifoliae-Rhododendretum pontici VilaViçosa, J.C. Costa, Quinto-Canas & Pinto-Gomes ass.
nova hoc loco (59.9.6.)
(Quercetea ilicis, Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni,
Arbuto unedonis-Laurion nobilis, Rhododendrenion pontici)
Diagnosis: Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic, thermomediterranean to mesomediterranean, humid to ultrahyperhumid, barely hyperoceanic, microphanerophytic association, formed by Rhododendron ponticum,
Campanula primulifolia, Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea, Frangula alnus, Viburnum tinus, Ruscus aculeatus,
Phillyrea latifolia, Rhamnus alaternus, Alnus glutinosa,
Salix atrocinerea, Polystichum setiferum, Tamus communis, Aristolochia paucinervis, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Bryonia dioica, Sambucus nigra, Brachypodium
sylvaticum, Teucrium scorodonia, Arum italicum subsp.
negletum, Rubus ulmifolius, Pteridium aquilinum, Oenanthe crocata, Salix salviifolia subsp. australis, Vinca
difformis, etc. (Table 5, holotypus relevé no. 1). It occurs at the outer margins of streams and narrow watercourses, on siliceous soils derived from granitic
rocks or shale, at the Monchique Mountain, in a band
between Cisto populifolii-Arbutetum unedonis and
Campanulo primulifoliae-Alnetum glutinosae.
[VILA-VIÇOSA, J.C. COSTA, QUINTO-CANAS & PINTOGOMES]
Altitude (1=10 m)
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
50
20
21
1*
44
50
22
2
25
50
29
3
30
150
25
4
Characteristic species
Rhododendron ponticum
Arbutus unedo
Frangula alnus
Erica arborea
Campanula primulifolia
Viburnum tinus
Ruscus aculeatus
Arum italicum subsp. negletum
Phillyrea latifolia
Rhamnus alaternus
Laurus nobilis
Myrica faya
Phillyrea angustifolia
Quercus suber
Smilax altissima
Hedera iberica
Forestal species
Aristolochia paucinervis
Tamus communis
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Alnus glutinosa
Salix atrocinerea
Polystichum setiferum
Euphorbia amygdaloides
Bryonia dioica
Sambucus nigra
Arenaria montana
Teucrium scorodonia
Iris foetidissima
Carex pendula
Primula vulgaris
Osmunda regalis
Blechnum spicant
Vinca difformis
Salix australis
Calamintha sylvatica
Limodorum abortivum
4
1
2
1
1
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
2
2
1
+
1
+
.
+
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
4
2
1
2
1
1
1
+
.
+
.
1
+
.
.
.
2
1
1
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
1
.
1
1
1
+
1
1
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
+
1
.
+
.
.
.
+
+
.
1
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
1
.
1
+
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
Companion species
Rubus ulmifolius
Pteridium aquilinum
Oenanthe crocata
Lonicera hispanica
Galium aparine
Heracleum sphondylium
1
2
+
.
+
+
2
2
1
1
.
.
2
1
1
1
+
+
1
1
.
+
.
.
Other companion species: +Prunella vulgaris in 3; 1 Cytisus
scoparius var. oxyphyllus, 1 Genista triacanthos var. scorpioides, + Dittrichia revoluta in 4
Localities: 1* (holotypus): Ribeira de Pisões; 2: Alferce; 3:
Barranco do Corgo; 4: Covão da Eira (Marmelete)
Cardamino hirsutae-Myosotidetum ramosissimae C.
Lopes, Pinto-Gomes, Lousã, Ladero & J.C. Costa ass.
nova hoc loco (37.2.1.)
[Cardamino hirsutae-Myosotidetum ramosissimae C. Lopes
2001 nom. inval. (art.1)]
(Cardaminetea hirsutae, Geranio purpurei-Cardaminetalia hirsutae, Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
80
J.C. Costa & al.
Diagnosis: Ephemeral community of small therophytes
with a very short life cycle, developing on limestone, in
dark fringes and people and animals’ circulating paths,
rich in organic matter. It is characterized by Cardamine
hirsuta, Geranium rotundifolium, Parietaria mauritanica, and Atlantic species as Myosotis ramosissima
subsp. ramosissima, Moehringia pentandra, Draba muralis (Table 6, holotypus relevé no. 4). Occurrence in
the Dividing Portuguese territory, in Mediterranean
pluviseasonal-oceanic, mesomediterranean, subhumid
to humid bioclimate.
Table 6
37.2.1. Cardamino hirsutae-Myosotidetum ramosissimae ass.
nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Geranium robertianum
Cardamine hirsuta
Geranium purpureum
Moehringia pentandra
Myosotis ramosissima
Draba muralis
Geranium pusillum
Galium aparine
300
.
10
7
1
350
E
10
13
2
350
E
20
13
3
350
N
20
12
4*
370
E
20
15
5
2
1
+
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
+
1
+
.
1
+
1
2
+
+
+
+
.
.
1
1
2
+
+
+
.
.
1
2
1
1
1
.
.
.
Companion species
Umbilicus rupestris
1
+
+
+
+
Ceterach officinarum
+
+
+
+
+
Alyssum minus
.
+
+
+
+
Arabidopsis thaliana
.
+
+
+
+
Stellaria media
.
+
.
+
.
Valerianella microcarpa
.
.
+
+
Other companion species: 1 Erodium moschatum in 1; +
Urtica membranacea in 2; + Antirrhinum linkianum in 3; 1
Cerastium glomeratum, + Linum strictum, + Selaginella denticulata in 5.
Localities: 1: Sicó (Pombal); 2: Alvaiázere; 3, 4* (holotypus),
5: Road to Vale Centeio (Penela)
[C. LOPES, PINTO-GOMES, LOUSÃ & LADERO]
Carici lowei-Woodwardietum radicantis J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Jardim & Sequeira ass. nov hoc loco (26.4.1.)
(Anomodonto-Polypodietea, Anomodonto-Polypodietalia, Thelypterido pozoi-Woodwardion radicantis)
Diagnosis: Mesotemperate community, humid to hyperhumid, hyperoceanic, dominated by Woodwardia radicans, on shadowy, terrigenous and moistly vertical
walls, in Clethro arboreae-Ocoteetum foetentis environment, in Madeira Island.
Holotypus: Levada do Folhadal, 1100 m, NW, 6 m2:
Characteristic species: 5 Woodwardia radicans, 1 Diplazium caudatum, + Stegnogramma pozoi, + Carex
lowei, + Asplenium monanthes; Companion species: +
Athyrium filix-femina, + Festuca donax.
[J.C. COSTA, CAPELO, JARDIM & SEQUEIRA]
Centaureo geresensis-Rumicetum indurati P. Alves &
Honrado ass. nova hoc loco (28.1.1.)
(Phagnalo-Rumicetea indurati, Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati, Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Diagnosis: Rupicolous mesomediterranean community,
endemic to the valleys of large rivers of the Northwest
Iberian Peninsula (Minho, Lima, Cávado, Douro,
Paiva), formed by Rumex induratus, Centaurea aristata
subsp. geresensis, Coincya cheiranthos var. recurvata,
Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. baeticum and Anarrhinum bellidifolium.
Holotypus: Ponte da Barca: Lindoso, Central do Alto
Lindoso, 280 m, W, 10 m2: Characteristic species: 3
Rumex induratus, 2 Anarrhinum bellidifolium, 1
Coincya recurvata, 1 Centaurea geresensis, 1 Arrhenatherum baeticum; Companion species: 1 Sedum arenarium, 1 Silene nutans, 1 Hypochoeris radicata, +
Andryala integrifolia, + Jasione montana, + Sedum hirsutum, + Rumex angiocarpus, + Leucanthemum sylvaticum.
[P. ALVES & J. HONRADO]
Centaureo lusitanae-Pseudarrhenatheretum longifolii
Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, Aguiar, Honrado ass.
nova hoc loco (45.2.2.)
(Festucion merinoi, Agrostietalia castellanae, Stipo
giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae)
Diagnosis: Hemicryptophytic grassland with Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium, Agrostis curtisii, Hypochoeris radicata, Agrostis x fouilladei, Centaurea herminii
subsp. lusitana, Andryala integrifolia, Anthoxanthum
amarum, Lotus corniculatus subsp. carpetanus, Dactylis lusitanica, etc. (Table 7, holotypus relevé no. 9). Its
occur on deep soils mostly derived from schists, sometimes from granites, in Arada, Freita and Montemuro
mountains, in mesotemperate (submediterranean), humid to hyperhumid, semihyperoceanic bioclimate. Subseral community of the Rusco aculeati-Quercetum roboris. It follows the destruction of Ulex communities (Ulici
micranthi-Pterospartetum pterospartetosum cantabrici)
and pinewoods, either caused by wildfires or logging.
[MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, J.C. COSTA, AGUIAR, HONRADO]
Clematido campaniflorae-Celtidetum australis Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu, Aguiar & PortelaPereira ass. nova hoc loco (56.1.5.)
(Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris, Populion albae,
Populetalia albae, Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Diagnosis: Climactic, temporihygrophilous, deciduous
micro to mesoforest, whose tree layer includes Celtis
australis, Fraxinus angustifolia and Salix atrocinerea.
Rich in lianas, like Tamus communis, Clematis campaniflora, Rubus ulmifolius, Bryonia dioica, Hedera habernica, Lonicera periclymenum subsp. hispanica, Lonicera
etrusca, Rosa pouzinii, Rosa canina and Vitis vinifera
(Table 8, holotypus relevé no. 2). Clematis campaniflora and Polystichum setiferum are differential species
for this new association, as compared to Ficario ranunculoidis-Fraxinetum angustifoliae. It occurs in mesomediterranean, dry to humid, euoceanic bioclimate;
occupies deep soils, frequently in narrow valleys that
correspond to temporary streams and water resurgences, in the headwaters of the smaller Douro’s tributaries
of the Lusitanian-Duriensean territories. Clematido campaniflorae-Rubetum ulmifolii’s communities correspond
to its fringe vegetation. It generally contacts with Physospermo cornubiensis-Quercetum suberis forests, and
more rarely with Rusco aculeati-Juniperetum lagunae’s
communities.
[MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, J.C. COSTA, A. BELLU, AGUIAR
& PORTELA-PEREIRA]
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
81
Table 7
45.2.2. Centaureo lusitanae-Pseudarrhenatheretum longifolii ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (1=10 m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
42
E
10
8
1
67
SW
10
9
2
34
N
15
15
3
37
W
20
13
4
59
NE
4
12
5
71
E
4
14
6
82
W
4
14
7
70
NE
10
13
8
56
N
15
15
9*
76
S
12
15
10
Characteristic species
Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium
Agrostis curtisii
Hypochoeris radicata
Andryala integrifolia
Centaurea lusitana
Agrostis x fouilladei
Anthoxanthum amarum
Lotus carpetanus
Dactylis lusitanica
Rumex angiocarpus
Plantago lanceolata
Ranunculus nigrescens
3
2
.
1
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
2
1
+
1
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
2
1
2
+
.
2
2
+
.
.
.
.
2
1
1
.
.
2
.
+
+
.
.
.
3
1
+
.
1
.
+
.
.
+
+
.
3
1
2
+
2
.
3
+
.
+
.
.
4
2
+
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
2
2
1
2
2
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
1
1
+
+
2
.
+
.
.
.
1
1
3
+
2
1
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
Companion species
Digitalis purpurea
.
.
+
+
+
+
.
.
+
1
Jasione montana
.
+
+
1
.
.
.
.
+
.
Hypericum linarifolium
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
Ulex minor
.
.
.
.
1
.
2
.
.
+
Sanguisorba verrucosa
+
+
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sesamoides purpurascens
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
Genista triacanthos
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
Erica cinerea
.
.
.
.
.
+
2
.
.
.
Briza maxima
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
Erica umbellata
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
+
.
.
Clinopodium arundanum
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
Calluna vulgaris
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Lithodora prostrata
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
Pterospartum cantabricum
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
Galium saxatile
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
Other companion species: +Ranunculus bupleuroides in 2; +Silene nutans, + Ulex micranthus in 3;
+Galium papillosum subsp. helodes, + Holcus lanatus, + Hypericum nummularium in 4; +Halimium
alyssoides, + Micropyrum tenellum in 5; 1 Polygala vulgaris, + Carex pilulifera, + Cuscuta approximata
in 7; 1 Sedum brevifolium, + Conopodium marizianum, + Deschampsia cespitosa, + Erica arborea, +
Lactuca chondrilliflora in 8; 1 Brachypodium rupestre, + Ranunculus ollissiponensis in 9; 1 Anarrhinum
bellidifolium, + Centaurea melanosticta, + Cytisus multiflorus in 10
Localities: 1: Parada de Ester (Castro Daire), 2, 8: between Sete Fontes and Covas do Rio (São Pedro do
Sul), 3: between Sete Fontes and Nodar (São Pedro do Sul), 4: Ponte de Cabril (Castro Daire), 5: Santo
Estevão (São Pedro do Sul), 6: between Sá and Posmil (São Pedro do Sul), 7: Near Macieira (São Pedro
do Sul), 9* (holotypus): Sete Fontes (São Pedro do Sul), 10; between S. Joaninho and Fareijinhas (Castro
Daire)
Corynephorion maritimi J.C. Costa, Pinto-Gomes &
Neto all. nova hoc loco (40.10.)
(Cutandietalia maritimae, Tuberarietea guttatae)
Typus alliancia: Herniario maritimae-Corynephoretum
maritimi Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Cano & S. Mendes
in Acta Bot. Gallica 153(3): 344, 2006.
Diagnosis: Inland dunes and paleodunes associations,
characterized by Corynephorus canescens subsp. maritimus, in Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic thermomediterranean to lower mesomediterranean, dry to
subhumid, euhyperoceanic to barely hyperoceanic bioclimate. Provisionally placed in the Cutandietalia maritimae as it is formed by hemicryptophytes and small
short-live chamaephytes, accompanied by therophytes.
Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and Galician-Portuguese distribution.
Characteristic species: Anagallis monelli var. linifolia,
Anagallis monelli var. microphylla, Corynephorus canescens var. maritimus, Echium gaditanum, Herniaria
ciliolata subsp. robusta, Herniaria maritima, Herniaria
scabrida var. unamunoana, Sedum sediforme (ter.), Sesamoides spathulifolia.
Echio gaditanae-Corynephoretum maritimae J.C. Costa, Neto, Pinto-Gomes & Lousã ass. nova hoc loco
(40.10.1.)
Diagnosis: Thermomediterranean dry barely hyperoceanic Algarvian inland dunes, dominated by Corynephorus canescens var. maritimus accompanied
by Echium gaditanum, Malcolmia littorea, Silene nicaeensis, Sedum sediforme, Lotus creticus, Cyperus
capitatus, Plantago macrorhiza, Thymus carnosus,
etc. (Table 9, holotypus relevé no. 6). It contacts
with Artemisio crithmifoliae-Armerietum pungentis.
82
J.C. Costa & al.
Herniario maritimae-Corynephoretum maritimi PintoGomes, P. Ferreira, Cano & S. Mendes in Acta Bot.
Gallica 153(3): 344, 2006 (40.10.2.)
Herniario robustae-Corynephoretum maritimi PintoGomes, P. Ferreira, Cano & S. Mendes in Acta Bot.
Gallica 153(3): 345, 2006 (40.10.3)
[sin. Sedo sediformis-Corynephoretum maritimi Honrado, P.
Alves, Lomba, J. Vicente, G. Silva & Nepomucemo in Silva
Lusit. 14 (2): 270, 2007 (syntax. syn.)
Herniario unamunoanae-Corynephoretum maritimi
Pinto-Gomes, P. Ferreira, Cano & S. Mendes in Acta
Bot. Gallica 153(3): 348, 2006 (40.10.4.)
Linario polygaliphyllae-Corynephoretum maritimi J.
Rodriguez, Ortiz & Pulgar 1988 corr. J.C. Costa,
Neto, Pinto-Gomes & Lousã corr. hoc loco. (40.10.5.)
The taxon correct is Corynephorus canescens var.
maritimus.
[J.C. COSTA, NETO, PINTO-GOMES & LOUSÃ]
Table 8
56.1.5. Clematido campaniflorae-Celtidetum australis ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
145 150
275
200
605
125
490
Orientation
E
E
W
NW
N
E
N
50
50
100
50
30
100
60
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
23
15
23
27
21
12
17
Ordinal number
1
2*
3
4
5
6
7
Characteristics species
Celtis australis
5
5
4
4
3
5
2
Tamus communis
3
2
1
+
1
2
2
Fraxinus angustifolia
.
2
2
1
1
2
4
Rubus ulmifolius
2
.
3
1
2
1
2
Polystichum setiferum
+
+
+
1
1
.
1
Salix atrocinerea
1
1
1
2
2
.
.
Arum italicum
1
2
.
+
1
.
1
Clematis campaniflora
2
2
1
1
.
.
.
Crataegus spinosa
1
.
+
.
.
1
+
Bryonia dioica
2
2
+
.
.
1
.
Hedera hibernica
.
.
4
1
.
.
2
Lonicera hispanica
.
.
1
+
.
.
1
Celtis australis (frut.)
2
1
.
+
.
.
.
Brachypodium sylvaticum
+
.
+
+
.
.
.
Sambucus nigra
.
.
2
.
1
.
.
Silene latifolia
.
1
.
.
1
.
.
Teucrium scorodonia
.
.
.
1
.
+
.
Vinca difformis
.
.
.
.
.
4
.
Prunus insititia
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
Alnus glutinosa
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
Rosa pouzinii
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
Pyrus cordata
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
Ulmus minor
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Rosa canina
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Scrophularia scorodonia
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Vitis vinifera
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Prunus spinosa
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
Companions species
Oenanthe crocata
1
+
.
1
+
.
1
Geranium purpureum
1
.
.
+
+
.
+
Ruscus aculeatus
2
3
.
1
.
.
.
Galium aparine
3
3
.
+
.
.
.
Angelica sylvestris
+
.
.
+
1
.
.
Arbutus unedo
+
.
.
+
.
1
.
Urtica dioica
.
.
.
.
2
.
2
Chelidonium majus
.
.
+
.
2
.
.
Pistacia terebinthus
1
.
.
.
.
+
.
Laurus nobilis
.
.
1
.
+
.
.
Pteridium aquilinum
.
.
+
.
1
.
.
Asplenium quadrivalens
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
Geranium lucidum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Osyris alba
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
Erica arborea
1
.
.
.
1
.
.
Other companion species: +Cynosurus echinatus, + Asparagus acutifolius, + Asplenium
billotii in 1; 2 Geranium robertianum, + Pecedanum officinale in 2; +Dactylis lusitanica, +
Ficus carica, + Rhus coriaria in 3;+Lamium maculatum, + Anthriscus sylvestris, +
Polypodium cambricum in 4.
Localities: 1, 2* (holotypus): Near Tedo river mouth (Vila Seca, Armamar), 3: between
Lamego and Balsemão, 4: Balsemão river (Lamego), 5: between Coura and Vila Seca
(Armamar), 6: Távora river (Adorigo, Tabuaço), 7: between Vila Seca and Santo Adrião
(Coura, Armamar)
Table 9
40.10.1. Echio gaditanae-Corynephoretum maritimae ass. nova hoc loco
6
18
2
8
16
3
6
17
4
8
20
5
6
17
6*
6
16
7
8
15
8
6
17
9
8
25
10
6
14
11
6
13
12
8
18
13
6
13
14
8
16
15
10
17
16
10
16
17
6
13
18
Characteristic species
Corynephorus maritimus
Echium gaditanum
Sedum sediforme
Plantago macrorhiza
Seseli tortuosum
Sesamoides spatulipholia
Anagallis microphylla
4
.
+
.
.
.
.
4
.
1
.
.
.
.
3
.
+
1
.
.
.
3
+
+
+
+
.
.
3
+
+
1
.
.
.
4
1
1
1
2
.
.
3
+
+
+
1
.
.
3
+
1
+
.
+
.
4
+
+
+
.
+
.
3
1
.
.
.
1
.
3
+
.
.
.
.
.
3
+
.
.
.
.
.
3
1
+
.
+
.
.
3
+
1
.
.
.
.
3
1
+
.
.
.
.
3
1
.
.
.
.
.
3
1
+
.
.
.
+
2
+
.
.
.
.
.
Charactereristic of Cutandetalia maritimae
Silene nicaeensis
Linaria pedunculata
Hedypnois arenaria
Medicago littoralis
Leucojum trichophyllum
Ononis variegata
Pseudorlaya pumila
Cutandia maritima
Coronilla remanda
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
1
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
1
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Charactereristic of Euphorbio-Ammophiletea
Malcolmia littorea
Lotus creticus
Cyperus capitatus
Crucianella maritima
Pancratium maritimum
Artemisia crithmifolia
Helichrysum picardii
Thymus carnosus
Ononis ramosissima
Linaria lamarckii
Armeria pungens
Aetheorhiza bulbosa
Medicago marina
1
+
+
+
.
1
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
+
1
+
+
+
+
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
.
+
.
+
+
.
+
.
+
.
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
+
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
+
+
+
+
+
1
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
1
+
1
.
.
1
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
.
+
1
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
Companion species
Paronychia argentea
Reichardia gaditana
Vulpia alopecurus
1
.
.
+
+
1
2
1
1
1
+
.
1
+
1
+
+
.
1
1
+
1
1
+
.
+
.
1
1
+
.
+
1
2
.
1
1
+
+
2
.
.
+
+
+
1
.
.
+
+
.
.
+
1
.
83
6
12
1
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
2
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
+
+
1
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
3
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
2
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
2
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
+
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
J.C. Costa & al.
Localities:
1: Ponta do Medo Grande (Portimão);
2: Arraial do Barril (Ilha de Tavira);
3: Ilha de Armona (Olhão);
4: Ilha da Culatra (Olhão);
5: Arraial do Barril (Ilha de Tavira);
6* (holotypus): Ilhéu das Ratas (Faro);
7: Ilha da Culatra (Olhão);
8: Manta Rota (Vila Real de Stº António);
9: Quinta de Marim (Olhão);
10: Quinta de Marim (Olhão);
11: Ilha da Barreta (Faro);
12: Ilha de Tavira;
13: Ilha da Barreta (Faro);
14: Cacela (Vila Real de Stº António);
15: Ancão (Loulé);
16: Ponta do Rio Velho (Lagos);
17: Meia-Praia (Lagos); 18: Alvor (Portimão)
+
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
84
Calendula algarbiensis
Plantago coronopus
Euphorbia terracina
Cladonia mediterranea
Carpobrotus edulis
Pycnocomon rutifolium
Scolymus hispanicus
Salsola vermiculata
Allium subvillosum
Lolium rigidum
Frankenia laevis
Lagurus ovatus
linux strictum
Carduus meonanthus
Arctotheca calendula
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
85
Table 10
59.7.2. Cytiso grandiflori-Arbutetum unedonis ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
345
555
295
425
115
370
85
380
460
375
Orientation
E
_
E
NW
N
SW
N
SE
NE
NW
Surface (m2)
100
60
100
200
100
100
100
50
150
100
Nº of species
21
20
27
24
19
24
10
23
24
22
Ordinal number
1
2
3*
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Characteristic species
Arbutus unedo
4
5
5
4
3
4
4
4
4
5
Erica arborea
.
1
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
Ruscus aculeatus
.
.
1
1
3
2
+
2
2
3
Cytisus grandiflorus
+
2
2
1
+
1
.
.
.
.
Daphne gnidium
2
2
.
1
1
.
.
+
.
+
Osyris alba
2
.
.
.
+
1
1
+
.
2
Rubia peregrina
+
2
1
.
.
.
.
+
+
1
Quercus rotundifolia (frut.)
1
.
.
1
3
.
.
1
1
.
Pistacia terebinthus
.
.
2
1
2
.
.
1
+
.
Phillyrea angustifolia
.
.
.
1
1
.
.
+
2
.
Hedera hibernica
.
.
+
.
.
2
.
.
.
3
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
3
.
Quercus suber
Lonicera etrusca
.
.
.
1
1
.
1
.
.
.
Asplenium onopteris
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
2
Asparagus acutifolius
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
Arbutus unedo (frut.)
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
Quercus suber (frut.)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
Juniperus lagunae
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
Scilla monophyllos
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Melica arrecta
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
Olea sylvestris
Arisarum simorrhinum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
Forestal species
Tamus communis
+
+
1
+
+
.
.
+
+
1
Quercus faginea
1
.
.
1
+
+
1
+
1
.
Lonicera hispanica
.
+
+
1
1
+
.
.
1
+
Crataegus monogyna
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
+
+
+
Quercus pyrenaica
3
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
1
+
Teucrium scorodonia
.
.
+
.
.
1
.
.
+
+
Rosa canina
.
.
.
+
.
1
.
.
.
+
Linaria triornithophora
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
Ranunculus ollissiponensis
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
+
.
Cephalanthera longifolia
.
1
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Euphorbia amygdaloides
.
.
.
+
.
1
.
.
.
.
Fraxinus angustifolia
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
Genista falcata
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Scrophularia scorodonia
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
Sedum forsterianum
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Companion species
Rubus ulmifolius
.
1
1
.
.
.
.
.
2
+
Dactylis lusitanica
+
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
Geranium purpureum
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
+
Lavandula sampaioana
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
Urginea maritima
2
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
Cytisus multiflorus
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
1
Cistus salviifolius
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Thapsia villosa
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
Arenaria montana
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
Ferula communis
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
Lotus carpetanus
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Malva tournefortiana
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+.
Melica magnolii
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
Melica uniflora
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
Sanguisorba verrucosa
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ulex latebracteatus
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
Other companion species: 1 Briza maxima in 1; 2 Cytisus striatus, 1 Pinus pinaster, + Ulex minor, + Margotia gummifera, +
Aira cupaniana in 2; + Conopodium marizianum, + Cynodon dactylon, + Silene latifolia in 3; 1 Cistus populifolius, + Cistus
ladanifer in 4; 1 Castanea sativa, + Cistus psilosepalus, + Digitalis purpurea, + Holcus lanatus, + Polystichum setiferum, +
Pteridium aquilinum in 6; + Silene nutans, + Hypericum perforatum, + Asplenium quadrivalens in 8; + Rhus coriaria, +
Asphodelus lusitanicus subsp. ovoideus in 9; + Cytisus scoparius, + Brachypodium sylvaticum, + Silene coutinhoi in 10
Localities: 1: between Barragem do Varosa and Sande (Lamego); 2: between Aldeia de Baixo and Armamar; 3* (holotypus):
near Barragem do Varosa (Lamego); 4: Coura between Vila Seca and Santo Adrião (Armamar); 5: betweenthe mouth of the
Tedo River and the E.T.A.R.(Armamar); 6: between Lamego and Balsemão; 7: Parada do Bispo (Lamego); 8: between Lamego
and Santa Comba; 9: Vila Seca (Armamar); 10 Picoto (Lamego)
86
J.C. Costa & al.
Cypero micheliani-Ranunculetum trilobi Rivas Goday
1964 corr. J.C. Costa, V. Silva & Neto hoc loco (7.1.2.)
[≡Cypero micheliani-Ranunculetum sardoi Rivas Goday 1964]
(Bidentetea tripartitae, Bidentetalia tripartitae, Bidention tripartitae)
Ranunculus trilobus Desf. is the species which occurs in
the territory where the association has been described:
the Guadiana basin in the province of Badajoz. Ranunculus sardous Crantz a very similar species to this one,
that only has been signed in some points in the North
and Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.
[J.C. COSTA, V. SILVA & NETO]
Cytiso grandiflori-Arbutetum unedonis Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa & Aguiar ass. nova hoc loco (59.7.2.)
(Quercetea ilicis, Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni,
Ericion arborea)
Diagnosis: Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic, mesomediterranean, subhumid to humid, occasionally dry,
euoceanic, Lusitanian-Duriensean community, on soils
derived from the Douro Group metasediments. Pre-forest dominated by Arbutus unedo, geovicarious of Erico
scopariae-Arbutetum unedonis, from which differs for
the presence of Cytisus grandiflorus, Lonicera etrusca,
Quercus faginea, Lonicera hispanica, Olea sylvestris,
Asparagus acutifolius, Arisarum simorrhinum, Melica
minuta subsp. arrecta and for the absence of Ericion
umbellatae species, like Erica cinerea, Erica australis,
Calluna vulgaris, Lithodora prostrata subsp. prostrata
etc. (Table 10, holotypus relevé no. 3). Subseral community of Hedero hibernicae-Quercetum fagineae, Physospermo cornubiensis-Quercetum suberis quercetosum
faginae, Rusco aculeati-Juniperetum lagunae and Teucrio salviastri-Quercetum rotundifoliae’s forests.
[MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, J.C. COSTA & AGUIAR]
Damasonio bourgaei-Crypsietum aculeatae Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo &
E. Valdés 1980 corr. V. Silva & J.C. Costa hoc loco
(8.6.3.)
[≡ Damasonio alismatis-Crypsietum aculeatae Rivas-Martínez
& Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés
1980]
(Isoeto-Nanojuncetea, Nanocyperetalia, Verbenion supinae)
Taxonomic correction: Damasonium alisma should be
Damasonium bourgaei.
[V. SILVA & J.C. COSTA]
Diantho langeani-Festucetum summilusitanae Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, Aguiar, Honrado & A. Bellu
ass. nova hoc loco (39.3.3.)
(Festucetea indigestae, Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis, Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Diagnosis: Orophilous hemicryptophytic grassland, characterized by Festuca summilusitana, Dianthus langeanus, Ornithogalum concinnum, Sesamoides purpurascens, Allium scorzonerifolium, Silene acutifolia,
Teucrium salviastrum, etc. (Table 11, holotypus relevé
no. 2). This community is restricted to crevices in the
rocky schist crests of the Arada-São Macário massif
higher elevations, on leptosols derived from siliceous
metasediments, in meso to supratemperate (submediterranean), hyperhumid, semihyperoceanic bioclimate.
Permanent community (permaseries) occurring within
the Rusco aculeati-Quercetum roboris climactic domain.
Table 11
39.3.3. Diantho langeani-Festucetum summilusitanae ass.
nova hoc loco
Altitude (1=10m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Festuca summilusitana
Dianthus langeanus
Ornithogalum concinnum
Sesamoides purpurascens
Allium scorzonerifolium
Conopodium marizianum
Ranunculus gramineus
Ranunculus nigrescens
67
NW
4
9
1
91
SE
4
7
2*
89
NW
8
15
3
3
2
.
1
.
.
.
.
3
1
+
.
.
.
.
.
3
+
+
.
1
+
+
+
Companion species
Silene acutifolia
2
+
.
Sedum brevifolium
+
.
1
Hypochoeris radicata
+
+
.
Teucrium salviastrum
.
+
+
Other companion species: + Digitalis purpurea, + Jasione
montana, + Rumex angiocarpus in 1; + Sedum hirsutum, + Thymus caespititius in 2; + Lotus carpetanus, + Micropyrum tenellum, + Scilla monophyllos, + Simethis mattiazi, + Tuberaria lignosa in 3;
Localities: 1: Aldeia da Pena (S. Pedro do Sul), 2 * (holotypus):
between Maceira and Aldeia da Pena (S. Pedro do Sul), 3:
between S. Macário and Aldeia da Pena (S. Pedro do Sul)
[MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, J.C. COSTA, AGUIAR, HONRADO
& A. BELLU]
Eryngio juresiani-Betuletum celtibericae Honrado, P. Alves, Pulgar, Ortiz & B. Caldas ass. nova hoc loco (60.5.1.)
[Luzulo henriquesii-Betuletum celtibericae Rivas-Martínez 1964
nom. mut. subas. anemonetosum albidae Pulgar ined.]
(Querco-Fagetea, Betulo pendulae-Populetalia tremulae, Betulion celtiberico-fontquerii)
Diagnosis: Climax birch (Betula celtiberica) forests of
the highest elevations of the Serra do Gerês, temperate
oceanic supratemperate to suprasubmediterranean (upper horizon), differentiated by the Northwest Iberian
endemics Eryngium juresianum, Anemone trifolia
subsp. albida and Laserpitium thalictrifolium.
Holotypus: Terras de Bouro: Serra do Gerês, Madorno,
1110 m, N, 64 m2: Characteristic species: 4 Betula celtiberica, 3 Hedera hibernica, 2 Vaccinium myrtillus, 2
Saxifraga spathularis, 2 Taxus baccata, 1 Sorbus aucuparia, 1 Ilex aquifolium, 1 Lonicera periclymenum, 1
Brachypodium sylvaticum, 1 Dryopteris affinis, 1 Quercus robur, 1 Anemone albida, 1 Fagus sylvatica (naturalized), 1 Lilium martagon, + Eryngium juresianum, +
Physospermum cornubiense, + Teucrium scorodonia, +
Viola riviniana, + Laserpitium thalictrifolium, +
Euphorbia amygdaloides, + Primula acaulis; Companion species: 2 Blechnum spicant, 2 Rubus sp. pl., 1
Erica arborea, 1 Centaurea rivularis, + Frangula
alnus, + Pyrus cordata.
[J. HONRADO, P. ALVES, PULGAR, ORTIZ & B. CALDAS]
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
87
Table 12
60.4.1. Fraxino angustifoliae-Aceretum monspessulani ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
175
489
315
305
Orientation
N
W
NW
NW
Area (m2)
120
50
50
200
Slope (g)
70
40
40
30
Total coverage (%)
80
90
100
100
Nº of species
33
16
19
39
Ordinal number
1
2
3*
4
Characteristics
Acer monspessulanum
4
2
3
4
Fraxinus angustifolia
2
3
3
2
Hedera hibernica
1
+
3
3
Crataegus monogyna
+
+
2
+
Polystichum setiferum
.
+
2
1
Arbutus unedo
+
1
+
3
Castanea sativa
.
.
1
1
Quercus broteroana
.
.
+
+
Tamus communis
+
1
1
.
Teucrium scorodonia
.
.
+
1
Lonicera hispanica
+
1
2
.
Quercus faginea
.
2
1
3
Laurus nobilis
.
.
.
+
Brachypodium sylvaticum
1
.
.
1
Linaria triornithophora
.
.
.
+
Sedum forsterianum
.
.
.
+
Quercus duriensis
.
.
+
+
Euphorbia amygdaloides
.
.
+
+
Rosa canina
.
.
1
1
Galium mollugo
.
.
.
+
Clinopodium arundanum
.
.
.
+
Sambucus nigra
.
.
.
.
Bryonia dioica
.
.
1
.
Melica uniflora
.
.
.
+
Silene nutans
+
.
.
.
Lonicera etrusca
.
.
.
+
Polygonatum odoratum
.
+
.
.
Prunus avium
.
.
.
.
Arenaria montana
.
.
.
.
Sorbus latifolia
.
.
.
1
Acer monspessulanum (frut.)
.
.
.
.
Quercus faginea (frut.)
.
.
.
.
Origanum virens
.
.
.
.
Hypericum perforatum
.
.
.
.
Crepis lampsanoides
.
.
.
.
Juglans regia
.
1
.
.
Prunus spinosa
.
.
.
.
Fraxinus angustifolia (frut.)
.
.
.
.
Corylus avellana
.
.
.
.
Silene latifolia
.
.
.
.
Clematis campaniflora
.
.
.
.
Calamintha baetica
.
.
.
.
Arabis stenocarpa
.
.
.
.
Quercus pyrenaica
.
.
.
.
Athyrium felis-foemina
.
.
.
.
Hypericum pulchrum
.
.
.
.
Differentials of the subassociation prunetosum lusitanicae
Prunus lusitanica
.
.
.
.
Viburnum tinus
.
.
.
.
Phillyrea latifolia
.
.
.
.
Characteristics of Quercetea ilicis
Ruscus aculeatus
2
.
.
2
Asplenium onopteris
+
.
.
1
Rubia peregrina
.
.
.
1
Erica arborea
.
1
.
1
Osyris alba
.
.
.
2
Pistacia terebinthus
3
.
+
+
Phillyrea angustifolia
1
.
.
+
Quercus rotundifolia
1
.
.
+
Daphne gnidium
1
.
.
.
Carex distachya
.
.
.
.
295
NW
150
35
100
30
5
275
NE
200
30
100
45
6
325
N
200
45
100
39
7
265
N
100
45
100
28
8*
230
N
150
80
100
35
9
255
N
100
45
100
24
10
3
4
3
1
1
1
2
+
.
1
.
3
+
2
1
.
+
+
3
+
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
2
2
1
+
2
2
+
2
1
1
3
.
2
.
1
+
1
2
1
1
.
.
.
2
+
.
+
2
.
1
1
1
1
.
.
1
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
3
4
3
3
+
2
2
+
1
2
2
2
+
1
1
+
1
+
.
1
+
.
+
1
1
.
.
.
1
1
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
2
2
+
1
+
1
2
1
+
+
.
3
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
1
4
1
+
+
+
2
+
.
+
.
3
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
4
3
3
1
1
.
+
1
2
+
1
.
1
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
1
1
4
2
1
.
.
1
+
+
1
1
1
+
.
.
.
1
+
2
1
1
.
.
+
.
.
+
1
1
1
2
+
.
.
.
.
2
1
1
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
88
J.C. Costa & al.
Companions species
Rubus ulmifolius
+
1
2
.
+
2
2
+
3
2
Pteridium aquilinum
.
.
+
+
.
1
+
.
+
1
Geranium purpureum
.
1
2
.
+
.
.
.
+
+
Asplenium quadrivalens
+
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
+
.
Cytisus grandiflorus
.
.
.
+
+
1
+
.
.
.
Dactylis lusitanica
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
1
Digitalis purpurea
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
Lavandula sampaioana
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
Pinus pinaster
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
Other companion species: 1 Ficus carica, + Digitalis amandiana, + Cytisus striatus, + Cytisus scoparius, + Cistus
salviifolius, + Silene marizii, + Malva tournefortiana, + Thapsia villosa, + Arrhenatherum elatius, + Ferula communis, + Sanguisorba verrucosa, + Sedum hirsutum, + Jasione montana, + Campanula lusitanica, + Anarrhinum
duriminium in 1; + Solanum chenopodioides in 2; + Lamium maculatum in 3; + Rumex papillaris in 4; + Celtis
australis, + Conopodium capillifolium in 6; + Umbilicus rupestris in 7; + Rumex acetosa in 9
Localities: 1: Tua river nearby S. Lourenço (Pombal, Carrazeda de Ansiães), 2: between Vila Seca and Santo
Adrião (Coura, Armamar); 3* (holotypus ass.), 4, 5, 6, 7: between Lamego and Balsemão (Lamego); 8* (holotypus
subass.), 9, 10: Vila Cova de Alva (Arganil)
Euphorbio paraliae-Lotetum floridi Jardim, Sequeira,
Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2003
corr. Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã hoc loco (63.3.1.)
[≡Euphorbio paraliae-Lotetum glauci Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2003]
(Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion floridi, Zygophyllo fontanesii-Polycarpaetalia nivea, Polycarpaeo niveae-Traganetea moquini)
Taxonomic correction: Lotus glaucus subsp. glaucus
should be Lotus glaucus subsp. floridus.
[JARDIM, SEQUEIRA, CAPELO, AGUIAR, J.C. COSTA, ESPÍRITO SANTO & LOUSÃ]
Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion floridi Jardim, Sequeira,
Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2003
corr. Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã hoc loco (63.3.)
[≡Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion glauci Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo,
Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2003]
(Zygophyllo fontanesii-Polycarpaetalia nivea, Polycarpaeo niveae-Traganetea moquini)
Taxonomic correction: Lotus glaucus subsp. glaucus
should be Lotus glaucus subsp. floridus.
[JARDIM, SEQUEIRA, CAPELO, AGUIAR, J.C. COSTA, ESPÍRITO SANTO & LOUSÃ]
Festucetum francoi Lüpnitz 1976 corr. FernándezPrieto, Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Lousã & Rivas-Martínez corr.
hoc loco (48.1.2.)
[≡Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion glauci Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo,
Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2003]
(Festucion jubatae, Nardenalia strictae, Nardetalia
strictae, Nardetea)
[≡Festucetum jubatae Lüpnitz 1976]
The taxon that occurs in the Azores is Festuca francoi
not Festuca jubata.
[FERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, AGUIAR, J.C. COSTA, LOUSÃ &
RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ]
Festucion francoi Lüpnitz 1976 corr. Fernández-Prieto,
Aguiar, J.C. Costa, Lousã & Rivas-Martínez corr. hoc
loco (48.1.)
[≡ Festucion jubatae Lüpnitz 1976]
(Nardenalia strictae, Nardetalia strictae, Nardetea)
The taxon that occurs in the Azores is Festuca francoi
not Festuca jubata.
[FERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, AGUIAR, J.C. COSTA, LOUSÃ &
RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ]
Fraxino angustifoliae-Aceretum monspessulani Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu & Aguiar ass. nova
hoc loco (60.4.1.)
(Aceri granatensis-Quercion fagineae, Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae, Querco-Fagetea)
Diagnosis: Deciduous/marcescent, mesophilous, micro to
mesoforest, mesomediterranean, humid, euoceanic, mesotrophic in Lusitanian-Duriensean territories. It occupies colluvial soils (derived from schists) on shadowy
generally steep slopes, with soil’s moisture during all
year, but never hygrophilous. Dominated by Acer
monspessulanum and/or Fraxinus angustifolia, with
high Quercus faginea subsp. faginea cover (Table 12,
holotypus relevé no. 3). Apart the Querco-Fagetea’s
species (Hedera hibernica, Quercus robur subsp. broteroana, Castanea sativa, Quercus x duriensis [=
Quercus broteroana x Quercus faginea], Teucrium scorodonia, Prunus avium, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Polygonatum odoratum, Arenaria montana, Melica uniflora, Crepis lampsanoides, Corylus avellana, Silene
nutans, Sorbus latifolia, etc.), other plants, characteristic of the Quercetea ilicis, are also frequent, like: Arbutus unedo, Pistacia terebinthus, Ruscus aculeatus,
Laurus nobilis, Osyris alba, Rubia peregrina, Phillyrea
angustifolia; as well Rhamno-Prunetea species (Crataegus monogyna, Rubus ulmifolius, Lonicera hispanica, Tamus communis, Rosa canina, Sambucus nigra,
Bryonia dioica, Prunus spinosa), and Trifolio-Geranietea species (Linaria triornithophora, Sedum forsterianum, Origanum virens, Brachypodium sylvaticum,
Clinopodium arundanum, Silene nutans, Arabis stenocarpa, etc.). It contacts with Physospermo cornubiensis-Quercetum suberis and Clematido campanifloraeCeltidetum australis.
A new subassociation prunetosum lusitanicae subass.
nova hoc loco is present along the Alva river basin, on
shadowy, north-exposed hillsides, in Littoral Beirensean. The differential species are: Prunus lusitanica,
Viburnum tinus, Phillyrea latifolia and Phillyrea media
(Table 12, holotypus relevé no. 8). In this one there is a
lack of Quercus faginea and enrichment of Quercus
broteroana and Laurus nobilis. It contacts with Viburno
tini-Quercetum roboris.
[MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, J.C. COSTA, A. BELLU &
AGUIAR]
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Genisto falcatae-Adenocarpetum lainzii Antunes, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã in Costa, Capelo, Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar, Izco & Ladero 2000 corr. Antunes, PintoGomes & J.C. Costa hoc loco (52.4.4.)
[≡Genisto falcatae-Adenocarpetum anisochili Antunes, Capelo,
J.C. Costa & Lousã in Costa, Capelo, Lousã, Antunes, Aguiar,
Izco & Ladero 2000]
(Cytisetea scopario-striati, Cytisetalia scopario-striati,
Ulici europaei-Cytision striati)
Taxonomic correction: Adenocarpus anisochilus should
be Adenocarpus lainzii.
[CASTRO ANTUNES, CAPELO, PINTO-GOMES & J.C. COSTA]
Gennario diphyllae-Euphorbietum piscatoriae Jardim,
Capelo, Sequeira, Aguiar & J.C. Costa ass. nova hoc
loco (62.1.2.)
(Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetea cerasiformis, Rhamno
crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis, Mayteno umbellataeOleion maderensis)
Diagnosis: Nanophanerophytic Mediterranean xericoceanic, inframediterranean, semiarid, euhyperoceanic
community, on the basaltic substrate of Porto Santo
Island. Dominated by Euphorbia piscatoria accompanied by Phagnalon lowei, Plantago maderensis, Gennaria diphylla, Crambe fruticosa, Helichrysum melaleucum, Micromeria thymoides, Hyparrhenia sinaica,
etc. (Table 13, holotypus relevé no. 2).
Table 13
62.1.2. Gennario diphyllae-Euphorbietum piscatoriae
ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
55
330
350
390
Orientation
S
E
NE
SW
16
50
50
Surface (m2)
50
Nº of species
5
13
14
7
Ordinal number
1
3
4
2*
Characteristic species
Euphorbia piscatoria
5
3
4
5
Phagnalonlowei
2
2
3
1
Gennaria diphylla
+
+
+
+
Plantago maderensis
.
1
1
+
Crambe fruticosa
.
1
1
+
Micromeria thymoides
.
1
1
.
Erica maderincola
.
.
2
.
Helichrysum melaleucum
.
.
1
.
Companion species
Hyparrhenia sinaica
1
1
2
2
Opuntia tuna
.
2
2
1
Pteridium aquilinum
.
2
2
.
Carpobrotus edulis
.
2
2
.
Piptatherum miliaceum
.
1
1
.
Calamintha nepeta
.
+
+
.
Other companion species: + Astragalus boeticus in 1; +
Ageratina adenophora in 3
Localities: Porto Santo Island: 1: Pico de Ana Ferreira; 2*
(holotypus): Pico do Castelo; 3, 4: Chão da Farinha
[JARDIM, CAPELO, SEQUEIRA, AGUIAR & J.C. COSTA]
Globulario salicinae-Ericetum canariensis Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 corr. Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez hoc loc (64.1.1.)
[≡ Globulario salicinae-Ericetum arboreae Capelo, J.C. Costa,
Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000]
(Myrico fayae-Ericion canariensis, Andryalo-Ericetalia,
Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis)
89
Taxonomic correction: Erica arborea should be Erica
canariensis.
[CAPELO, J.C. COSTA, LOUSÃ, JARDIM, SEQUEIRA &
RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ]
Hedero hibernicae-Quercetum fagineae Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu & Aguiar ass. nova hoc loco
(60.4.2.)
(Aceri granatensis-Quercion fagineae, Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae, Querco-Fagetea)
Diagnosis: Climactic, marcescent, mesophilous mesoforest, dominated by Quercus faginea subsp. faginea
(Table 14, holotypus relevé no. 5). The underwood is
characterized by Quercetea ilicis’ species, as Arbutus
unedo, Rubia peregrina, Daphne gnidium, Osyris alba,
Pistacia terebinthus, Phillyrea angustifolia, Lonicera
etrusca, Asparagus acutifolius etc., by Querco-Fagetea’s species (Hedera hibernica, Teucrium scorodonia,
Castanea sativa, Prunus avium, Quercus pyrenaica,
Euphorbia amygdaloides, Cephalanthera longifolia,
Melica uniflora, Luzula forsteri, Arenaria montana,
Epipactis duriensis), Rhamno-Prunetea’ species (Crataegus monogyna, Rubus ulmifolius, Tamus communis,
Lonicera hispanica, Rosa canina, Bryonia dioica, Aristolochia paucinervis, Sambucus nigra, Prunus insititia,
Prunus spinosa), and Trifolio-Geranietea’ species (Brachypodium sylvaticum, Silene nutans, Ranunculus ollissiponensis, Origanum virens, Lathyrus clymenum, Clinopodium arundanum, Silene latifolia, Arabis stenocarpa). The climactic domain of this forest probably corresponds to the Lusitanian-Duriensean richer zones, as
to base and carbonate content, of the Douro Group
cambric metasediments. It occurs in mesomediterranean, humid to subhumid, euoceanic to semicontinental, on deep mesotrophic soils, and contacts with Physospermo cornubiensis-Quercetum suberis’ forests
where the metasediments base (and / or carbonate) tenor diminishes. Its coenotope is almost entirely occupied by crops (vineyards, orchards, etc.).
[MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, J.C. COSTA, A. BELLU &
AGUIAR]
Hyperico elodis-Rhynchosporetum modesti-lucennoi
Neto, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã in Neto 1997 corr.
Neto, Capelo, J.C. Costa & Lousã hoc loco (9.2.4.)
[≡ Hyperico elodis-Rhynchosporetum rugosae Neto, Capelo,
J.C. Costa & Lousã in Neto 1997]
(Isoeto-Littorelletea, Littorelletalia, Eleocharition multicaulis)
Taxonomic correction: Rhynchospora rugosa should be
Rhynchospora modesti-lucennoi.
[NETO, CAPELO, J.C. COSTA & LOUSÃ]
Irido foetidissimae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae (PintoGomes & Cano 1998) Portela-Pereira, J.C. Costa, Neto,
Monteiro-Henriques & Pinto-Gomes st. nov. hoc loco
(56.1.9.)
(Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae, Populetalia albae,
Populion albae, Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris)
Basion.: Ficario ranunculoidis-Fraxinetum angustifoliae
quercetosum broteroi Pinto-Gomes & Cano in A. Garcia, Torres, Pinto-Gomes, Leite, Salazar, Melendo, J.
Nieto & Cano 1998.
90
J.C. Costa & al.
Table 14
60.4.2. Hedero hibernicae-Quercetum fagineae ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
Aspect
Area (m2)
Slope (g)
Total coverage (%)
Taxa no.
Ordinal number
Characteristics species
Quercus faginea
Crataegus monogyna
Arbutus unedo
Tamus communis
Hedera hibernica
Lonicera etrusca
Lonicera hispanica
Sedum forsterianum
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Laurus nobilis
Silene nutans
Hypericum perforatum
Quercus faginea (frut.)
Aristolochia paucinervis
Clinopodium arundanum
Prunus avium
Castanea sativa
Rosa canina
Teucrium scorodonia
Rosa micrantha
Paeonia broteroi
Bryonia dioica
Ranunculus ollissiponensis
Luzula forsteri
Cephalanthera longifolia
Quercus pyrenaica
Galium mollugo
Lathyrus clymenum
Prunus spinosa
Prunus insititia
Origanum virens
Arenaria montana
Euphorbia amygdaloides
Melica uniflora
Sambucus nigra
Arabis stenocarpa
Calamintha baetica
Silene latifolia
Epipactis duriensis
Geum sylvaticum
Amelanchier ovalis
Characteristics of Quercetea ilicis
Rubia peregrina
Daphne gnidium
Osyris alba
Quercus rotundifolia
Erica arborea
Asplenium onopteris
Phillyrea angustifolia
Pistacia terebinthus
Asparagus acutifolius
Ruscus aculeatus
Asparagus aphyllus
Olea sylvestris
Companion species
Rubus ulmifolius
Geranium purpureum
Cistus salviifolius
107
N
100
60
100
15
1
296
E
100
45
100
17
2
368
W
100
50
100
35
3
159
SE
200
20
100
30
4
159
NE
180
50
100
21
5*
271
SE
40
5
100
25
6
346
SE
80
60
100
23
7
412
W
200
40
95
36
8
271
SE
40
5
100
17
9
600
N
50
25
95
32
10
600
W
50
30
95
29
11
3
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
.
3
2
1
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
+
+
+
2
1
.
+
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
+
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
4
3
2
1
1
+
.
+
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5
1
+
3
3
.
.
.
1
+
.
.
1
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5
1
3
+
1
1
2
.
.
.
.
+
2
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
+
3
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
2
2
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
3
2
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
3
1
2
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
1
.
1
1
1
2
+
1
.
.
+
.
1
1
+
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
4
+
.
.
+
+
+
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
1
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
+
+
2
.
2
.
.
.
+
3
1
1
.
1
1
.
1
.
3
.
.
1
+
1
2
1
2
.
1
.
3
.
.
1
1
4
.
+
.
1
.
2
.
1
+
3
+
+
.
.
2
1
.
+
.
.
.
3
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
1
+
2
+
.
.
+
.
1
1
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
+
1
2
.
.
+
2
1
.
.
.
2
+
.
2
+
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
1
1
1
2
.
.
2
.
.
+
.
.
.
1
+
.
.
.
2
+
+
+
+
+
3
1
.
+
.
+
2
.
.
2
+
2
2
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
91
Cytisus grandiflorus
.
.
.
2
1
.
2
+
.
.
.
Rhus coriaria
.
.
.
2
3
.
.
3
.
.
+
Cytisus scoparius
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
1
1
.
Genista falcata
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
.
Melica ciliata magnolii
.
1
.
+
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
Dactylis hispanica
.
.
.
1
+
.
.
.
1
.
.
Cytisus striatus
.
.
+
.
1
.
.
+
.
.
.
Pteridium aquilinum
.
.
+
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
+
Lavandula sampaioana
.
.
.
+
.
.
1
.
.
+
.
Sanguisorba verrucosa
.
+
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Thapsia villosa
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
Scrophularia scorodonia
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
Festuca elegans
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
Geranium lucidum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
.
Bromus sterilis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
+
.
Cynosurus cristatus
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
Anogramma leptophylla
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
Antirrhinum graniticum
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
Asplenium quadrivalens
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
Conopodium marizianum
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
Polypodium cambricum
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
Other characteristics of Quercetea ilicis: 1 Viburnum tinus in 1; + Arum italicum subsp. neglectum in 3; + Hyacinthoides
hispanica in 4; + Arisarum simorrhinum in 7. Other companion species: + Asplenium ruta-muraria in 3; 1 Arrhenatherum
elatius subsp. bulbosum, + Brachypodium distachyon in 4; 1 Pinus pinaster, + Conyza canadensis in 6; 2 Ferula communis, 2
Lamium maculatum, 1 Brachypodium phoenicoides, + Agrostemma githago, + Anarrhinum bellidifolium, + Centranthus
calcitrapae, + Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos, + Coleostephus myconis, + Crucianella angustifolia in 8; + Celtis australis,
+ Cynodon dactylon in 9; + Filipendula vulgaris in 10; 1 Cistus ladanifer in 11
Localities: 1: near Régua dam (Parada do Bispo, Lamego); 2: near Varosa dam (Almacave, Lamego); 3: between Lamego and
Balsemão (Sé, Lamego); 4, 5* (holotypus): between Adega do Chão and Varosa mouth river (Cambres, Lamego); 6, 9: Almacave,
Balsemão mouth river (Lamego); 7: between Lamego and Santa Comba (Almacave, Lamego); 8: nearby Varosa dam, Picoto (Sé,
Lamego); 10: near Igrejas river (Vale da Lama, Bragança); 11: near Sabor river (Vale da Lama, Bragança)
Climactic, temporihygrophilous, deciduous micro to mesoforest of Fraxinus angustifolia with Quercus broteroi, Arum italicum, Vinca difformis, Bupleurum fruticosum, Rosa sempervirens, Iris foetidissima, Cheirolophus sempervirens, Ranunculus ficaria, etc. It occurs
on clayish fluvisols derived from limestones and marls,
in thermo to lower mesomediterranean subhumid to
humid oceanic bioclimate, in Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian and Lusitanian-Extremadurean areas (see García et al. 1998).
Holotypus: relevé no. 7 table 3 García et al. (1998), pp.
305-306: Zimbral, Amendoeira, 100 m, W, 90%, 400
m2: Characteristic species: 4.5 Fraxinus angustifolia,
2.2 Quercus broteroi, 2.2 Bupleurum fruticosum, +.2
Iris foetidissima, 1.2 Cheirolophus sempervirens, 1.1
Arum italicum, +.2 Rubus ulmifolius, +.2 Vinca difformis, + Rosa sempervirens, + Ranunculus ficaria, +
Crataegus monogyna, 1.1 Tamus communis; Companion species: + Oenanthe crocata, + Rhamnus alaternus, 2.2 Smilax aspera, 1.1 Piptatherum miliaceum, +
Viburnum tinus, 1.1 Ceratonia siliqua, + Lonicera implexa, + Phillyrea latifolia, + Pistacia lentiscus, 1.1
Carex acuta, 1.1 Arisarum simorrhinum, + Euphorbia
characias.
[PORTELA-PEREIRA, J.C. COSTA, NETO, MONTEIROHENRIQUES & PINTO-GOMES]
Taxonomic correction: Limonium ovalifolium subsp. pyramidatum should be Limonium lowei.
[CAPELO, J.C. COSTA, JARDIM & SEQUEIRA]
Limonietum lowei Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar,
J.C. Costa, Espírito-Santo & Lousã 2003 corr. Capelo,
J.C. Costa, Jardim & Sequeira hoc loco (17.4.3.)
Limonion algarvensi-lanceolati J.C. Costa, Neto, Monteiro-Henriques, Arsénio, Portela-Pereira, Caperta & Izco
all. nova hoc loco (20.5.)
(Sarcocornietea fruticosae, Limonietalia)
Typus alliancae: Limonietum lanceolati Arsénio, J.C.
Costa & Neto in Neto, Arsénio & J.C. Costa 2009.
Diagnosis: Alliance is formed by halophilous thermomediterranean Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian communities, with rosulate and prostrate chamaephytes that colonize the upper tideland of salt marshes reached by the
sea water only during the highest tides. The atlantics
species Frankenia laevis, Limonium ovalifolium are the
differential species to the other alliances of the order
Limonietalia, on the other hand Myriolimon ferulaceum, Triglochin barrelieri, Artemisia gallica, Polygonum equisetiforme, Puccinellia iberica, Limoniastrum
monopetalum and Suaeda vera are the differential species to Cantabrian-Atlantic alliance Limonio ovalifoliiFrankenion laevis (Glauco-Puccinellietalia, Juncetea
maritimae).
Characteristic species: Limonium algarvense, Limonium
daveaui, Limonium lanceolatum, Myriolimon diffusum
(= Limonium diffusum).
Inulo crithmoidis-Myriolimetum ferulacei Rivas-Martínez & Costa in Rivas-Martínez, Costa, Castroviejo &
E. Valdés 1980 nom. mut. prop. (20.5.1.)
[= Limonietum pyramidati Jardim, Sequeira, Capelo, Aguiar,
J.C. Costa, Espírito-Santo & Lousã 2003]
[Inulo crithmoidis-Limonietum ferulacei Rivas-Martínez,
Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdés 1980]
(Crithmo baritimi-Limonietea, Crithmo maritimi-Limonietalia, Helichrysion obconico-devium)
Limonietum daveaui J.C. Costa, Caperta & Neto ass.
nova hoc loco (20.5.2.)
92
J.C. Costa & al.
Myriolimetum ferulacei association, its ecology is
quite distinct as the latter occurs on clayey or silty
soils and the first is confined to sandy soils. Its
known area of distribution, so far, is restricted to the
salt marshes of the Algarve, in the Algarvian District, Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian Province.
[J.C. COSTA, NETO, MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, ARSÉNIO,
PORTELA-PEREIRA, CAPERTA & IZCO]
Diagnosis: In the Tagus river as been found a community dominated by the rosulate and prostrate chamaephyte Limonium daveaui, with Halimione portulacoides, Artemisia gallica, Frankenia laevis, Juncus maritimus, Juncus acutus etc. (Table 15, holotypus relevé no. 12). This phytocoenosis occurs on
sandy well-drained soils, inundated only during the
highest tides, under the thermomediterranean subhumid bioclimate. It usually occupies the edges of
Polygonum equisetiformis-Juncetum maritimi and
Cistancho phelypaeae-Suaedetum verae at the higher
topographic positions. Its area of distribution is restricted to the salt marshes of the Tagus estuary, in
the Sadensean District, Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian Province, being the most northern association of
the alliance Limonion algarvensi-lanceolati.
Limonietum lanceolati Arsénio, J.C. Costa & Neto in
Neto, Arsénio & J.C. Costa 2009 (20.5.3.)
Myriolimo diffusi-Limonietum algarvensis J.C. Costa,
Neto & Caperta ass. nova hoc loco (20.5.4.)
Diagnosis: Community dominated by the chamaephytes Myriolimon diffusum and Limonium algarvense found in the Algarve, here designated as Myriolimo diffusi-Limonietum algarvensis (Table 16,
holotypus relevé no. 3). This phytocoenosis occurs in
sandy well-drained soils, inundated only during the
highest tides, under the thermomediterranean dry
bioclimate. It occupies relatively lower positions
than the association Polygono equisetiformis-Limoniastretum monopetali association, usually occurring
between this last one and Cistancho phelypaeaeSuaedetum verae. Although Myriolimo diffusi-Limonietum algarvensis resembles the Inulo crithmoidis-
Loto macranthi-Phagnaletum lowei Jardim, Capelo,
Sequeira, Aguiar & J.C. Costa ass. nova hoc loco
(62.2.3.)
(Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetea cerasiformis, Micromerio
hyssopifoliae-Cistetalia monspeliensis, Soncho ustulatiArtemision argenteae)
Diagnosis: Chamaephytic community, constituted by
Phagnalon lowei, Micromeria thymoides, Lotus macranthus, Plantago maderensis, Crambe fruticosa, etc.
(Table 17, holotypus relevé nº 6). It is subserial of the
Gennario diphyllae-Euphorbietum piscatoriae. It occurs in Mediterranean xeric-oceanic, inframediterranean, semiarid, euhyperoceanic, on basaltic leptosols at
low altitudes in the island of Porto Santo.
[JARDIM, CAPELO, SEQUEIRA, AGUIAR & J.C. COSTA]
Loto salvagensis-Elytrigietum junceae Pérez de Paz &
Acebes ex J.C. Costa, Jardim, Capelo, Sequeira, & Lousã
ass. nova hoc loco (63.2.1.)
[Community of Agropyron junceiforme Pérez de Paz & Acebes
1983]
(Polycarpaeo niveae-Euphorbion paraliae, Zygophyllo
fontanesii-Polycarpaetalia nivea, Polycarpaeo niveaeTraganetea moquini)
Table 15
20.5.2. Limonietum daveaui ass. nova hoc loco
Surface (m2)
Number of species
Ordinal number
6
8
1
4
5
2
8
10
3
4
9
4
4
4
5
4
5
6
8
11
7
6
12
8
8
12
9
4
7
10
4
8
11
4
6
12*
Characteristic species
Limonium daveaui
4
4
3
3 3 3
3
3
2
3
3
4
Halimione portulacoides
.
.
1
+ 1
1
+
2
+
1
3
+
Artemisia gallica
1
1
1
1
.
.
1
+
+
1
+
.
Frankenia laevis
.
2
3
1 3 2
+
2
.
.
.
.
Suaeda vera
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
1
.
.
Inula crithmoides
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
Limonium ferulaceum
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
Triglochin barrelieri
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
Polygonum equisetiforme
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Companions species
Juncus maritimus
2
.
2
3 2 2
.
.
+
.
2
.
Plantago coronopus
.
+
+
.
.
+
+
+
+
+
.
.
Polypogon maritimus
2
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
1
+
Hordeum marinum
1
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
+
+
Juncus acutus
+
.
1
2
.
.
.
.
+
.
1
.
Suaeda albescens
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
+
.
2
Carpobrotus edulis
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
Bromus hordeaceus
2
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Dittrichia viscosa
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Parapholis filiformis
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
Other companion species: 1 Torilis arvensis in 1; + Aetheorhiza bulbosa in 4; + Armeria pungens in 9
Localities: 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 11: Coina, Seixal; 7: Seca do Bacalhau, Alcochete; 8, 10: Hortas, Alcochete; 9,
12* (holotypus): Samouco, Alcochete;
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
93
Table 16
20.5.4. Myriolimo diffusi-Limonietum algarvensis ass. nova hoc loco
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Myriolimon diffusum
Limonium algarvense
Limoniastrum monopetalum
Suaeda vera
Frankenia laevis
Puccinellia iberica
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum
Limonium lanceolatum
Myriolimon ferulaceum
Polygonum equisetiforme
Inula crithmoides
4
6
1
2
5
2
4
4
3*
2
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
6
6
5
7
2
6
8
2
7
9
4
6
10
4
8
11
8
8
12
4
6
13
4
5
14
6
6
15
6
5
16
8
6
17
2
7
18
6
4
19
3
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
2
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
3
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
3
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
2
1
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
3
.
+
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
3
1
+
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
1
1
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
+
+
.
+
+
.
.
.
+
2
2
+
+
.
1
.
.
+
.
.
3
2
1
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
3
3
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
3
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
1
3
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
2
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
2
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
Companions species
Salsola vermiculata
+ .
. + . + . + +
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
Suaeda albescens
+ 1 + + .
.
.
. 1
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
1
.
Sporobolus pungens
1 .
.
.
.
. 1 .
.
1
.
+
.
.
2
.
2
.
.
Parapholis filiformis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
Spergularia salina
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Elymus elongatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
Spergularia salina
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Elymus elongatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
Localities: 1, 3* (holotypus), 5, 6, 9, 17, 19: Forte do Rato (Tavira); 2, 4, 11, 13, 16:Torre de Bias (Olhão); 7: Cocos Islet
(Olhão); 8: Torre de Aires (Tavira); 10, 18: between Manta Rota and Cacela (Vila Real de Stº António); 12: near Faro bridge
(Faro); 14: Tavira Island; 15: Armona Island (Olhão),
Table 17
62.2.3. Loto macranthi-Phagnaletum lowei ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Phagnalon lowei
Micromeria thymoides
Lotus macranthus
Plantago maderensis
Crambe fruticosa
Artemisia argentea
Carlina salicifolia
Globularia salicina
100
E
16
5
1
25
S
20
17
2
20
SW
20
12
3
30
N
10
12
4
150
SW
10
7
5
120
NE
6
11
6*
3
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
2
.
.
.
.
.
+
3
1
1
1
+
.
.
.
2
3
+
.
.
2
1
.
2
+
+
2
+
.
.
.
Companion species
Crepis divaricata
.
1
.
+
.
+
Wahlenbergia lobelioides
.
.
.
+
+
+
Frankenia laevis var. hebecaulon
.
2
2
.
.
.
Andryala glandulosa
.
.
.
1
.
2
Asphodelus fistulosus
.
1
.
+
.
.
Orobanche minor
.
+
.
.
.
1
Polypodium macaronesicum
.
.
.
+
.
1
Brachypodium distachyon
.
+
+
.
.
.
Other companion species: 2 Erica maderincola, 1 Carpobrotus edulis, + Pteridium
aquilinum in 1; 1 Euphorbia terracina, + Lotus loweanus, + Stipa capensis, + Herniaria
cinerea, + Linum strictum, + Hedypnois cretica, + Anagallis arvensis, + Salvia verbenaca, +
Medicago polymorpha, + Hippocrepis multisiliquosa in 2; 1 Astragalus solandri, 1
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, + Matthiola maderensis, + Medicago tornata, + Ajuga
iva, + Biserrula pelecinus, + Centaurea melitensis in 3; + Tolpis succulenta, + Hyparrhenia
sinaica in 4; 2 Nepeta calamintha in 5; + Davallia canariensis in 6.
Localities: Porto Santo: 1: Chão da Farinha; 2, 4, 6* (holotypus): Pico Ana Ferreira; 3:
Miradouro das Flores; 5: Pico Branco
94
J.C. Costa & al.
Diagnosis: Perennial unstable grassland community,
dominated by Elytrigea juncea subsp. juncea, accompanied by Lotus glacus subsp. salvagensis, Lobularia
canariensis subsp. rosula-venti, Frankenia laevis var.
hebecaulon, etc. It occurs in the littoral mobile dunes in
Selvagem Pequena, and contacts with the dwarf scrub
stabilized dune community Suaedo verae-Limonietum
callibotryi. It occurs in Mediterranean desertic-oceanic
inframediterranean hypearid bioclimate.
Holotypus releve nº 1 table 3 Pérez de Paz & Acebes
(1983) p 246: Grande Piton, Selvagem Pequena, 6 m,
100 m2, NE, 90% covering: characteristic species: 4.4
Elytrigea juncea subsp. juncea, +.1 Lotus salvagensis,
+.1 Lobularia canariensis subsp. rosula-venti, companion species: 1.1 Frankenia laevis var. hebecaulon, 1.1
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, +.2 Plantago aschehersonii.
[J.C. COSTA, JARDIM, CAPELO, SEQUEIRA, & LOUSÃ]
Minuartio juressi-Festucetum summilusitanae C. Meireles, Pinto-Gomes & J.C. Costa ass. nova hoc loco
(39.3.4.)
[Arenario querioidis-Festucetum summilusitanae sensu auct
lus. non Rivas-Martínez, Sánchez-Mata & V. Fuente in RivasMartínez, Fernández-González & Sánchez-Mata 1986]
(Festucetea indigestae, Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis, Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Diagnosis: Grassland shallow and well drained siliceous
soils (e.g. ridges and steep slopes or rocky platforms),
where brief snow accumulation. It is characterized by
the dominance of Festuca summilusitana subsp. summilusitana accompanied by Arenaria querioides, Minuartia recurva subsp. juressi, Hieracium castellanum,
Agrostis truncatula subsp. commista, Sedum brevifolium, Jasione sessiliflora, Jasione crispa subsp. centralis, Silene elegans, Hieracium myriadenum, Avenella
flexuosa subsp. iberica, Koeleria caudata subsp. crassipes, etc. (Table 18, holotypus relevé nº 5). Geovicarious of Arenario querioidis-Festucetum gredensis,
with the presence of the differential species Festuca
summilusitana subsp. summilusitana, Minuartia recurva subsp. juressi, Phalacrocarpon oppositifolium and
with the absence of Festuca summilusitana subsp. gredensis, Leucanthemopsis pallida. It occurs in high altitudes of Serra da Estrela, in temperate-oceanic (submediterranean), supratemperate to orotemperate, hyperhumid bioclimate. It is subseral of Lycopodio clavatiJuniperetum nanae.
[C. MEIRELES, PINTO-GOMES & J.C. COSTA]
Table 18
39.3.4. Minuartio juressi-Festucetum summilusitanae ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (1=10m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Festuca summilusitana
Arenaria querioides
Minuartia juressi
Jasione sessiliflora
Hieracium castellanum
Agrostis commista
Jasione centralis
Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium
Plantago radicata
Silene elegans
Hieracium myriadenum
Koeleria crassipes
185
E
10
9
1
167
S
2
9
2
184
N
3
10
3
185
NE
3
9
4
195
W
2
7
5*
160
W
2
8
6
165
NW
10
9
7
160
S
4
10
8
120
W
3
10
9
3
1
+
.
.
+
1
.
.
1
1
.
4
+
+
1
.
1
.
+
.
.
.
.
4
.
1
+
2
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
4
+
+
.
+
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
4
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
5
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
1
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
+
.
1
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
1
4
1
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Companion species
Sedum brevifolium
2
1
1
1
1
+
.
2
1
Avenella iberica
+
.
.
1
.
+
.
.
2
Dianthus lusitanicus
.
2
.
.
.
1
1
.
.
Rumex angiocarpus
.
.
.
.
1
.
1
+
.
Sedum hirsutum
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
Hypochoeris radicata
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
+
.
Gagea nevadensis
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
1
.
Paronychia polygonifolia
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
Other companion species: + Hieracium schmidtii + Poa bulbosa in 3; 1 Ranunculus nigrescens, + Cytisus oromediterraneus in 6; + Narcissus asturiensis in 7; + Teucrium salviastrum,
+ Viola riviniana in 8; + Umbilicus rupestris in 9
Localities: 1: Covão do Boi (Unhais da Serra, Covilhã); 2: Near Lagoa do Peixão (Louriga,
Seia) 3, 4: Near Senhora da Estrela (Unhais da Serra, Covilhã); 5* (holotypus): Depression
of Cântaro Raso (Unhais da Serra, Covilhã); 6: Close to the cable car station (Cortes do
Meio, Covilhã); 7: Near Poios Brancos (Seia); 8: Nave de Santo António (Unhais da Serra,
Covilhã); 9: Alto dos Livros (Covilhã)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
95
example, Omphalodes nitida, Polystichum setiferum,
Carex pendula, Teucrium scorodonia subsp. scorodonia, Arum italicum, Viola riviniana, Osmunda regalis,
Brachypodium sylvaticum, Athyrium filix-femina, and
lianas like Hedera hibernica, Rubus ulmifolius, Lonicera hispanica, etc. (table 19, holotypus relevé no. 5).
Celtis australis and Vinca difformis normally appear in
warmer zones. Omphalodes nitida, Linaria triornithophora, Quercus robur subsp. broteroana, Angelica sylvestris, Corylus avellana, Osmunda regalis, Luzula
henriquesii, Crepis lampsanoides, Ulmus glabra, Anemone albida, Euphorbia dulcis, Galium broterianum
and Celtis australis are the differential species towards
the Hedero hibernicae-Fraxinetum angustifolia, also a
Galician-Portuguese community, although Mediterranean. In the latter we highlight the presence of Cornus
sanguinea, Rosa corymbifera, Rosa arvensis, Clematis
vitalba, Ligustrum vulgare and Quercus robur subsp.
robur which are absent from the Omphalodo nitidaeFraxinetum angustifoliae. It occupies deep, humid soils
(saturated during winter time); contacting hygrophilous
Scrophulario scorodoniae-Alnetum glutinosae’s and
mesophilous Viburno tini-Quercetum broteroanae’ forests, rarely with mesotrophic Hyperico androsaemiQuercetum roboris’ forests, in the transition between
narrow valleys with steep walls and broader ones. This
communities has been frequently destroyed and replaced by croplands, due to the soil’s richness. However,
the progressive land abandonment is favouring their
restoration.
[MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES, J.C. COSTA, A. BELLU, AGUIAR
& PORTELA-PEREIRA]
Murbeckiello sousae-Silenetum acutifoliae Honrado &
P. Alves ass. nova hoc loco (24.2.1.)
(Asplenietea trichomanis, Androsacetalia vandellii, Saxifragion willkommianae)
Diagnosis: Plant community of rock fissures, endemic to
the schist mountains of Northwest Portugal (Marão,
Freita, S. Macário), dominated by Silene acutifolia,
Murbeckiella sousae, Festuca indigesta and Festuca
summilusitana. It occurs in temperate oceanic submediterranean, supratemperate humid to hyperhumid bioclimate.
Holotypus: Amarante: Serra do Marão, Rechã de Pousafigos, 980 m, E, 90º, 1 m2: Characteristic species: 3 Silene acutifolia, 2 Murbeckiella sousae, 1 Sedum hirsutum; Companion species: 1 Festuca indigesta, 1 Sedum
brevifolium, 2 Andreaea rothii, 2 Campylopus fragilis.
[J. HONRADO & P. ALVES]
Omphalodo nitidae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Monteiro-Henriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu, Aguiar & PortelaPereira ass. nova hoc loco (56.1.12.)
(Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris, Populion albae,
Populetalia albae, Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Diagnosis: Climactic, temporihygrophilous, deciduous
mesoforest, meso to thermotemperate, humid to hyperhumid, semihyperoceanic to euoceanic, in southern
Galician-Portuguese, dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia. Other occurring trees species
are Alnus glutinosa, Salix atrocinerea and Quercus robur subsp. broteroana. The underwood is characterized
by the occurrence of several nemoral species, as, for
Table 19
56.1.12. Omphalodo nitidae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Fraxinus angustifolia
Omphalodes nitida
Rubus ulmifolius
Hedera hibernica
Salix atrocinerea
Frangula alnus
Quercus robur subsp. broteroana
Angelica sylvestris
Polystichum setiferum
Corylus avellana
Lonicera hispanica
Crepis lampsanoides
Teucrium scorodonia
Arum italicum
Osmunda regalis
Castanea sativa
Sambucus nigra
Alnus glutinosa
Carex pendula
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Blechnum spicant
Crataegus monogyna
Athyrium filix-femina
530
NW
50
10
1
465
P
50
19
2
663
E
200
37
3
433
W
100
51
4
431
N
60
35
5*
342
NE
150
42
6
352
S
200
23
7
495
S
100
34
8
3
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
+
3
+
1
2
1
2
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
4
1
2
2
3
1
1
+
.
.
1
1
1
.
2
.
+
.
1
.
1
.
2
4
1
3
3
2
+
1
+
1
2
1
+
+
+
+
+
.
1
.
+
1
+
+
4
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
.
1
2
.
+
1
.
.
+
.
1
.
.
4
1
1
2
2
1
+
+
2
+
2
2
2
1
+
1
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
3
+
+
3
1
.
2
.
1
1
1
.
.
1
.
.
+
2
2
.
.
.
.
3
1
+
2
.
1
1
1
2
1
.
+
.
+
.
+
1
1
.
1
.
.
.
96
J.C. Costa & al.
Viola riviniana
Stellaria holostea
Sedum forsterianum
Scrophularia scorodonia
Luzula sylvatica subsp. henriquesii
Celtis australis
Aquilegia vulgaris
Ranunculus ficaria
Vitis vinifera sl.
Linaria triornithophora
Dryopteris affinis
Tamus communis
Prunus avium
Quercus pyrenaica
Bryonia dioica
Fraxinus angustifolia (frut.)
Ulmus glabra
Rosa canina
Phyllitis scolopendrium
Vinca difformis
Euphorbia amygdaloides
Euphorbia dulcis
Dryopteris affinis subsp. borreri
Anemone albida subsp. trifida
Primula acaulis
Fragaria vesca
Stellaria neglecta
Humulus lupulus
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
2
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
1
+
.
+
.
.
1
.
+
.
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
+
.
2
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
1
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Companions species
Dactylis lusitanica
Erica arborea
Chelidonium majus
Pteridium aquilinum
Geranium robertianum
Laurus nobilis
Asplenium quadrivalens
Prunella vulgaris
Galium aparine
Ranunculus repens
Digitalis purpurea
Galium mollugo
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Asplenium onopteris
Ruscus aculeatus
Rumex conglomeratus
Lotus pedunculatus
Ulex minor
Crocus serotinus subsp. clusii
Sibthorpia europeae
Mentha suaveolens
Lamium maculatum
Polypodium interjectum
Solanum chenopodioides
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
1
1
.
.
.
1
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
+
+
1
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
1
.
.
2
.
.
.
3
+
+
1
1
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
1
+
+
2
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
+
.
1
+
+
1
.
.
+
+
2
.
+
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
+
.
1
1
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
+
.
+
+
+
+
.
2
+
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
Other companion species: + Cytisus multiflorus, + Peucedanum officinale, + Plantago major, + Vicia
sativa in 2; + Oenanthe crocata, + Crepis capillaris, + Anthriscus caucalis, + Potentilla erecta in 3; +
Holcus lanatus, + Helleborus foetidus, + Silene latifolia, + Chaerophyllum temulum, + Galium broterianum, + Juncus effusus, + Urtica dioica, + Malva tournefortiana, + Lapsana communis, + Rumex acetosa
in 4; + Epilobium obscurum in 5; 1 Saxifraga spathularis, 1 Geranium purpureum, + Heracleum sphondylium, + Origanum virens, + Agrostis stolonifera in 6; + Asplenium billotii in 7; 1 Eupatorium cannabinum, + Rubia peregrina in 8
Localities: 1: Portela de Lá, Mões (Castro Daire), 2: Ucanha, Gouviães (Tarouca); 3: Meridãos, Tendais
(Cinfães); 4: Picão (Castro Daire); 5* (holotypus): Valverde, Tendais (Cinfães); 6: Enxedrô, Tendais
(Cinfães); 7: between Arinho and Vila Seca, Ermida (Castro Daire); 8: Eiriz, Parada de Ester (Castro
Daire)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Phagnalo saxatilis-Dianthetum barbati C. Lopes, PintoGomes, Lousã & Ladero ass. nova hoc loco (28.3.1.)
viseasonal-oceanic, lowers mesomediterranean, subhumid to humid bioclimate. Characteristic combination:
Dianthus cintranus subsp. barbatus, Phagnalon saxatile, Antirrhinum linkianum Micromeria juliana, Linaria supina, Melica minuta (Table 20, holtypus relevé nº
4). It requires greater edaphic dryness than Sileno longiciliae-Antirrhinetum linkiani, thus lacking in its composition the species Calendula lusitanica, Silene longicilia, Biscutella lusitanica, Saxifraga cintrana and
Saxifraga granulata.
[Phagnalo saxatilis-Dianthetum barbati C. Lopes 2001 nom.
inval. (art. 1)]
(Phagnalo-Rumicetea indurati, Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati, Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion
linkiani)
Diagnosis: Chasmophytic association that occupies xeric
biotopes and large dry fissures of Jurassic limestones,
gravel, loamy earthy embankments, tuffs and calcareous
sandstones, mostly sunny and facing south. In the northern part of the Dividing Portuguese. Mediterranean plu-
97
[C. LOPES, PINTO-GOMES, LOUSÃ & LADERO]
Table 20
28.3.1. Phagnalo saxatilis-Dianthetum barbati ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
110
S
10
8
1
110
S
10
8
2
70
S
20
5
3
400
SE
30
5
4*
Characteristic species
Phagnalon saxatile
1
2
3
3
Dianthus barbatus
+
+
1
1
Antirrhinum linkianum
1
+
+
.
Micromeria juliana
2
2
+
1
Linaria supina
+
1
.
+
Melica minuta
.
.
.
.
Companion species
Helichrysum stoechas
.
.
.
.
Sedum album
1
.
.
+
Hyparrhenia sinaica
+
+
+
.
Dactylis hispanica
.
.
.
.
Urginea maritima
.
1
.
.
Melica magnolii
.
.
.
.
Scrophularia canina
+
.
.
.
Carex hallerana
.
+
.
.
Piptatherum miliaceum
+
.
.
.
Thymus sylvestris
.
.
.
.
Localities: 1, 2: Condeixa; 3, 5, 6: Souselas; 4* (holotypus), 7: Chancas
Phalacrocarpo hoffmannseggii-Festucetum
Aguiar ass. nova hoc loco (45.2.5.)
merinoi
[Phalacrocarpo hoffmannseggii-Festucetum elegantis Aguiar
2001 nom. inval (art.1)]
(Stipo gigantea-Agrostietea castellanae, Agrostietalia
castellanae, Festucion elegantis)
Festuca merinoi grassland, geovicarious of the Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Festucetum merinoi, characterized by the presence of the endemics species Phalacrocarpum hoffmannseggii and Armeria transmontana
(Table 21, holotypus relevé nº6). It occurs in truncated
soils or on almost flat rocky platforms with a thick layer of soil, in clearings and fringes of the Genisto falcatae-Quercetum pyrenaicae or the Genisto hystricisQuercetum rotundifoliae woodlands. It was detected in
the Sanabrensean District, in schists or mafic rocks derived soils, under a Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic supramediterranean humid bioclimate.
[AGUIAR]
Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Silenetum acutifoliae Honrado, Pulgar, P. Alves & Ortiz ass. nova hoc loco
(24.2.2.)
(Asplenietea trichomanis, Androsacetalia vandellii,
Saxifragion willkommianae)
70
SW
400
6
5
70
N
40
8
6
350
N
40
11
7
2
1
1
1
.
+
3
1
1
+
.
+
3
1
+
.
.
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
1
+
+
.
.
+
+
Diagnosis: Plant community of rock fissures, endemic to
the granite mountains of Northwest Portugal, dominated by Saxifraga spathularis, Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium, and Silene acutifolia, with Silene marizii, Hieracium amplexicaule and Murbeckiella boryi as other
casual differentials. It occurs in temperate oceanic
submediterranean, supratemperate humid to hyperhumid bioclimate.
Holotypus: Ponte da Barca: Serra Amarela, Louriça,
1280 m, NE, 90º, 1 m2: Characteristic species: 3 Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium, 3 Saxifraga spathularis, 2
Silene acutifolia, 2 Silene marizii, 1 Sedum hirsutum;
Companion species: 1 Avenula sulcata, + Digitalis
purpurea, 1 Hyacinthoides hispanica, 1 Sedum anglicum.
[J. HONRADO, PULGAR, P. ALVES & ORTIZ]
Phlomido purpureae-Pistacietum lentisci Capelo & J.C.
Costa ass. nova hoc. loco (59.3.10.)
[Clematido cirrhosae-Pistacietum lentisci Capelo in Capelo,
Lousã & J.C. Costa 1994 nom inval. (art. 31), Oleo sylvestrisPistacietum lentisci Capelo 1996 nom. inval. (art. 31)]
(Quercetea ilicis, Pistacia lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni,
Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis)
98
J.C. Costa & al.
Table 21
45.2.5. Phalacrocarpo hoffmannseggii-Festucetum merinoi ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (1=10m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
70
W
6
7
1
86
NE
6
9
2
85
N
25
13
3
68
N
4
15
4
66
NE
4
12
5
120
N
10
12
6*
82
W
8
10
7
72
N
8
8
8
125
W
6
8
9
68
NW
4
7
10
Characteristic species
Festuca merinoi
Phalacrocarpum hoffmannseggii
Armeria transmontana
Avenula lodunensis
Rumex angiocarpus
Agrostis commista
Dianthus langeanus
Festuca livida
2
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
2
.
.
+
.
.
.
3
1
.
1
2
+
1
.
3
2
.
+
.
.
.
.
3
2
1
+
+
.
.
+
3
2
1
+
.
+
.
.
2
2
+
+
.
.
.
.
2
3
+
.
.
.
.
.
5
1
+
.
1
.
.
.
3
4
+
.
.
.
.
.
Companion species
Conopodium marizianum
.
+
+
+
.
+
+
.
.
.
Micropyrum tenellum
1
.
1
.
.
.
1
.
.
+
Sedum forsterianum
.
.
.
+
1
.
1
+
.
.
Sedum hirsutum
2
2
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
Halimium viscosum
.
.
2
2
+
.
.
.
.
.
Saxifraga fragosoi
.
.
.
1
+
.
.
.
.
+
Anarrhinum bellidifolium
+
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sedum brevifolium
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
.
.
1
Silene nutans
1
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linaria saxatilis
.
1
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
Arenaria montana
.
.
.
1
+
.
.
.
.
.
Other companion species: 1 Erica arborea in 1; + Geranium purpureum, + Polypodium vulgare in 2; 2 Pterospartum lasianthum, 1 Halimium alyssoides, 1 Jasione montana in 3; 1 Clinopodium arundanum, 1 Ranunculus ollissiponensis, + Anthoxanthum amarum, + Genista falcata, + Geum sylvaticum, + Luzula forsteri in 4;
+ Erysimum linifolium, + Lotus carpetanus in 5; 1 Plantago radicata, + Anthemis alpestris, + Vulpia myuros,
+ Allium sphaerocephalon in 6; 1 Cytisus multiflorus, + Hypericum linarifolium in 7; 2 Arrhenatherum bulbosum, 1 Anthoxanthum aristatum in 8; 1 Cruciata glabra, 1 Galium helodes, + Stellaria holostea in 9; 1 Genista polygaliphylla, 1 Cynosurus effusus, + Geranium lucidum, + Umbilicus rupestris in 10
Localities: 1: França (Bragança), 2: Chã de Touro (Alimonde, Bragança), 3: Baceiro (Vilarinho, Bragança),
4, 5: Rabal (Bragança), 6* (holotypus): Rebordãos (Bragança), 7: Fontes Barrosas (Bragança), 8: Soutelo
(Carregosa, Bragança); 9: Srº da Serra (Rebordãos, Bragança), 10: Palácios (Bragança)
Diagnosis: Permanent high shrub community, dominated
by large plants of Pistacia lentiscus and Olea sylvestris.
On siliceous substrates, unstable chaos of blocks of
shale, greywacke, quartzite or metavolcanite rocks. It
occurs in small hills of the Lower Guadiana basin
(Mértola) in the Aracenensean District. Pistacia lentiscus may reach 7 - 9 m in height from the base branched, having several branches with a large diameter
(0.4 m DBH) and the absence of a single shaft. Under
its cover can be found Aristolochia baetica, Clematis
cirrhosa, Rubia longifolia, Smilax aspera, Lonicera implexa, Jasminum fruticans, Phlomis purpurea, Daphne
gnidium, Melica minuta subsp. arrecta, Arisarum
simorrhinum, Hyacinthoides hispanica, Myrtus communis, etc., Asparagus albus is absent. It occurs in Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic, lower mesomediterranean, lower dry bioclimate. See Capelo (1996) table 10
p. 40-41.
Holotypus (Capelo et al. 1994, p. 527): Serra de Alcaria
Ruiva (Mértola), on greywacke blocks and metavolcanite rocks, 340 m, N, 200 m2: Characteristic species: 5
Pistacia lentiscus, 2 Olea sylvestris, 2 Phlomis purpurea, 2 Myrtus communis, 3 Clematis cirrhosa, 2 Aristolochia baetica, 2 Smilax aspera, 2 Rubia longifolia, 1
Daphne gnidium, 1 Quercus rotundifolia (pl.), 1 Lonicera implexa, 1 Arisarum simorrhinum, 1 Hyacintoides
hispanica, + Asplenium onopteris, Companion species:
2 Tamus communis, 1 Bryonia dioica, 1 Cistus ladanifer, 1 Smyrnium olusatrum, 1 Thapsia villosa, 1 Rumex
induratus, + Lavandula sampaioana, + Cistus monspeliensis, + Calamintha nepeta, + Elaeoselinum foetidum,
+ Saxifraga granulata subsp. glaucescens, + Umbilicus
rupestris, + Geranium purpureum, + Lathyrus angulatus
[CAPELO & J.C. COSTA]
Polygono maritimi-Lotetum glauci J.C. Costa, Capelo,
Jardim & Sequeira ass. nova hoc loco (63.2.2.)
(Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion floridi, Zygophyllo fontanesii-Polycarpaetalia nivea, Polycarpaeo niveae-Traganetea moquini)
Diagnosis: Dune association on elevated platforms in
Ponta de S. Lourenço (Madeira Island), dominated by
Lotus glaucus subsp. glucus accompanied by Polygonum maritimum, Crepis divaricata, Senecio incrassatus, Calendula maderensis, Euphorbia terracina, etc.
Costa et al. (2004) have reported it in this territory (Table 70 p. 173) as the association of Porto Santo Euphorbio paraliae-Lotetum (glauci) floridi, however we
do not consider it has the same syntaxon, since in Madeira island Lotus glaucus subsp. floridus, Euphorbia
paralias and Calystegia soldanella are not present, and
Lotus glaucus subsp. glaucus and Calendula maderensis do not occur in Porto Santo. It occurs in Mediterranean xeric-oceanic, inframediterranean, upper dry bioclimate.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Holotypus: Costa et al. (2004) relevé nº2 do table 70, p.
17: Dunes of Piedade, Ponta de S. Lourenço, 135 m, E,
10 m2: Characteristic species: 4 Lotus glaucus, 1 Polygonum maritimum, + Calendula maderensis, + Crepis
divaricata; Companion species: 1 Senecio incrassatus,
+ Carpobrotus edulis +Euphorbia terracina.
[J.C. COSTA, CAPELO, JARDIM & SEQUEIRA]
Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum canariensis Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000 corr. Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez corr. hoc loco (64.5.1.)
[≡ Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum arboreae Capelo, J.C. Costa,
Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez 2000]
(Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion canariensis, Pruno hixaeLauretalia novocanariensis, Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis)
Taxonomic correction: Erica arborea should be Erica
canariensis.
[CAPELO, J.C. COSTA, LOUSÃ, JARDIM, SEQUEIRA &
RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ]
Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion canariensis Rivas-Martínez, Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim & Sequeira 2002 corr. Rivas-Martínez, Capelo, J.C. Costa,
Lousã, Jardim & Sequeira hoc loco (64.5.)
[≡ Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion arboreae Rivas-Martínez, Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim & Sequeira 2002]
(Pruno hixae-Lauretalia novocanariensis, Pruno hixaeLauretea novocanariensis)
Taxonomic correction: Erica arborea should be Erica
canariensis.
[RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ, CAPELO, J.C. COSTA, LOUSÃ, JARDIM
& SEQUEIRA]
Pseudarrhenathero longifolii-Celticetum giganteae Honrado & P. Alves ass. nova hoc loco (45.3.11.)
(Stipo giganteae-Agrostietum castellanae, Agrostietalia
castellanae, Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae)
Diagnosis: Perennial xerophilous grassland, predominantly submediterranean, typical of acidic soils in
windy biotopes of the Northwest Iberian Peninsula
(Portuguese-Galician sector); dominant species are
Celtica gigantea, Avenula sulcata, Agrostis x fouilladei
and Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium.
Holotypus: Montalegre: Serra do Gerês, Cabril, confluence of the Pena Calva and Sabroso streams, 780 m,
SE, 10 m2: Characteristic species: 3 Celtica gigantea, 2
Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium, 1 Avenula sulcata, 1
Centaurea geresensis, 1 Thymus caespititius, 1 Festuca
elegans, + Solidago virgaurea; Companion species: 1
Hypochoeris radicata, 1 Festuca indigesta.
[J. HONRADO & P. ALVES]
Pteridio aquilini-Ericetum maderincolae J.C. Costa,
Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira & Rivas-Martínez ass. nova
hoc loco (64.1.2.)
[Community of Erica maderincola and Erica arborea J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Espírito Santo, Lousã, Fontinha, Aguiar & Rivas-Martínez 2004]
(Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis, Andryalo-Ericetalia, Myrico fayae-Ericion canariensis)
99
Diagnosis: Community of Erica maderincola, Erica
canariensis and Pteridium aquilinum, with 1-2 m
height, occurring in the most elevated areas of Madeira
Island, on rocky (leptosols) or subjected to frequent
fires, in temperate hyperoceanic, upper mesotemperate
to supratemperate submediterranean, hyperhumid to
ultrahyperhumid bioclimate. Subseral of Polysticho
falcinelli-Ericetum canariensis, which is distinguished
by the bush physiognomy and the absence of nemoral
species (Polysticho falcinellum, Ranunculus cortusifolius var. minor, Sibthorpia peregrina, Teucrium francoi, Polystichum setiferum, Neotinea maculata, etc.),
Vaccinium padifolium, Sorbus maderensis and from
Globulario salicinae-Ericetum canariensis by the absence of Myrica faya and taxa from Rhamno–Oleetea
cerasiformis (Table 22, holotypus relevé no. 1).
Table 22
64.1.2. Pteridio aquilini-Ericetum maderincolae
ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (1=10m)
128 184 175 160 168 145
Orientation
S
W
E SW NE E
Surface (m2)
200 100 100 100 100 200
Nº of species
5
7
9
8
9
6
Ordinal number
2
3
4
5
6
1*
Characteristic species
Erica maderincola
4
3
3
4
4
5
Erica canariensis
2
3
3
2
1
1
Pteridium aquilinum
2
1
3
3
3
2
Companion species
Thymus micans
1
+
1
+
+
+
Agrostis castellana
1
+
1
.
1
.
Viola riviniana
.
.
1
+
+
1
Cytisus scoparius
.
2
.
1
2
.
Hypochaeris radicata
.
+
.
+
1
.
Ornithopus perpusillus
.
.
+
.
+
+
Rumex acetosella
.
.
+
+
.
.
Umbilicus rupestris
.
.
+
.
.
.
Localities: Madeira Island: 1* (holotypus): Paul da Serra, at
the junction to Calheta; 2, 3, 5: Pico Ruivo; 4: Bica da Cana; 6:
Paul da Serra
[J.C. COSTA, CAPELO, JARDIM, SEQUEIRA & RIVASMARTÍNEZ]
Puccinellio tenuifoliae-Limonietum plurisquamati J.C.
Costa, Neto & Portela-Pereira in J.C. Costa, Arsénio,
Monteiro-Henriques, Portela-Pereira, T. Almeida & Izco
2009 corr. J.C. Costa & Caperta hoc loco (18.3.2.)
[≡ Puccinellio tenuifoliae-Limonietum daveaui]
(Juncetea maritimi, Glauco-Puccinellietalia, Limonio
ovalifolii-Frankenion laevis)
Taxonomic correction: Limonium daveaui should be
Limonium plurisquamatum.
[J.C. COSTA & CAPERTA]
Quercenion rivasmartinezii-suberis Capelo suball. nova
hoc loco (59.2b.)
(Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris, Quercetalia
ilicis, Quercetea ilicis)
Forests of Quercus suber and Quercus rivasmartinezii on
silicon substrates or compact decarbonated limestone,
thermomediterranean or, exceptionally, lower mesomediterranean, subhumid to upper humid, with intense
oceanic character (subhyperoceanic, hyperoceanic,
euoceanic), in Coastal Lusitanian-Andalusian Province.
100
J.C. Costa & al.
Characteristic species: Avenella stricta, Quercus rivasmartinezii.
Differential species: Bupleurum fruticosum, Centaurea
crocata, Centaurea vicentina, Lavandula viridis, Myrica faya, Picris spinifera s.l., Quercus x marianica,
Rhododendretum ponticum, Senecio lopezii.
Typus: Viburno tini-Quercetum cocciferae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C.
Costa 1990 [in Itinera Geobot. 3: 54, 1990] corr. Viburno tini-Quercetum rivasmartineziiCapelo & J.C. Costa
2001 [in Silva Lusit. 9 (2): 271, 2001] (59.2.13.).
Asparago aphylli-Quercetum suberis J.C. Costa, Capelo, Lousã & Espírito Santo 1996 (59.2.10.)
Lauro nobilis-Quercetum rivasmartinezii R. Caraça,
J.C. Costa, Neto & Espírito Santo in J.C. Costa, R.
Caraça, Neto, Espírito Santo & Capelo ined. ((59.2.11.)
Lavandulo viridis-Quercetum suberis Quinto-Canas,
Vila-Viçosa, Meireles, P. Ferreira, Martínez-Lombardo, Cano & Pinto-Gomes 2010 (59.2.12.) (fig. 67,
page 117)
[Myrto communis-Quercetum suberis sensu Rivas-Martínez,
Lousã, T.E. Diáz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990
non Barbero, Benabid, Quézel & Rivas-Martínez 1981 ex
Rivas-Martínez, Costa & Izco 1986, Teucrio baetici-Quercetum suberis Rivas-Martínez in Díez Garretas, Cuenca &
Asensi 1986 centauretosum crocatae Neto, Arsénio & J.C.
Costa 2010, Teucrio baeticae-Quercetum suberis senecietosum lopezii Capelo 2007 nom. inval. (art. 1)]
Viburno tini-Quercetum rivasmartinezii Rivas-Martínez, Lousã, T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C.
Costa 1990 corr. Capelo & J.C. Costa 2001 (59.2.13.)
(fig. 68, page 117)
[Viburno tini-Quercetum cocciferae Rivas-Martínez, Lousã,
T.E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J.C. Costa 1990]
[CAPELO]
Scrophulario sublyratae-Lavateretum arboreae J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Neto & Lousã ass. nova hoc loco (30.4.2.)
(Artemisietea vulgaris, Artemisienea vulgaris, Brassico
oleraceae-Lavateretalia arboreae, Brassicion oleraceae)
Diagnosis: Ornitocoprophilous, nitrophilous and aerohaline association, characterized by Lavatera arborea,
Beta maritima, Calendula algarbiensis, Scrophularia
sublyrata, Frankenia laevis, Dittrichia viscosa, etc.,
(Table 23, holotypus relevé nº 1). It occurs in islands,
reefs and coastal cliffs where the sea beats strongly, in
the Sadensean-Dividing Portuguese Subprovince. Indifferent edaphic, it can be observed in granites (the Berlengas Archipelago), syenites (Cape Roca) and limestones (Cape Carvoeiro and Arrábida). It occurs in Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic, euhyperoceanic, lower mesomediterranean to upper thermomediterranean,
dry bioclimate.
[J.C. COSTA, CAPELO, NETO, ARSÉNIO & LOUSÃ]
Table 23
30.4.2. Scrophulario sublyratae-Lavateretum arboreae ass. nova hoc loco
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Lavatera arborea
Beta maritima
Calendula algarbiensis
Scrophularia sublyrata
Dittrichia viscosa
Piptatherum miliaceum
Hyosciamus niger
Companion species
Frankenia laevis
Crithmum maritimum
Dactylis marina
Plantago occidentalis
Carpobrotus edulis
Atriplex halimus
Daucus halophilus
Suaeda vera
Lobularia maritima
Armeria berlengensis
Armeria pseudarmeria
Myrolimon ferulaceum
Herniaria berlengiana
Spergularia rupicola
E
8
12
1*
SE
10
14
2
SW
10
16
3
W
10
12
4
S
20
11
5
NW
10
9
6
SW
10
14
7
4
+
1
1
.
.
.
3
1
1
1
.
.
.
3
1
+
+
+
+
+
3
+
1
+
.
+
.
2
+
1
3
+
.
.
4
1
+
.
.
.
.
3
1
+
.
+
.
.
+
+
1
+
.
.
.
+
.
+
.
.
+
+
1
+
+
+
1
.
.
1
.
1
.
.
+
+
1
+
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
1
.
+
+
1
.
+
.
+
.
+
.
.
.
1
1
+
.
1
1
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
1
+
+
+
2
+
+
.
+
.
1
.
.
.
Other companion species: + Asplenium marinum in 2; + Inula crithmoides, + Spergularia
australis, + Limonium plurisquamatum in 3; + Limonium multiflorum in 6; + Limonium virgatum in 7
Localities: 1* (holotypus): Farilhão Grande Islet (Peniche); 2: Berlenga Grande Island (Peniche); 3: Cabo Carvoeiro (Peniche); 4: Ursa (Cabo da Roca, Sintra); 5: Chã dos Navegantes
(Cabo Espichel, Sesimbra); 6: Papua (Cabo Carvoeiro, Peniche); 7: Cabo da Roca (Sintra);
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Selino broteri-Molinietum caeruleae P. Alves, Aguiar &
Honrado ass. nova hoc loco (46.2.10.)
(Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Molinietalia caeruleae, Juncion acutiflori)
Diagnosis: Meadow communities typical of acidophilous
peaty soils, rich in minerals and ions resulting from cyclical winter flooding and drying in the summer, occurring on alluvial plains on thermotemperate to mesomediterranean, euhyperoceanic to subhyperoceanic belt
in Northwest Portugal (rivers Minho, Lima and
Tâmega), and can likely occur in southern Galicia.
These communities are dominated by Molinia caerulea
accompanied with Selinum broteri, Juncus conglomeratus, Festuca arundinacea, Carex distans, Centaurea
rivularis, Scirpoides holoschoenus, Juncus acutiflorus,
Agrostis stolonifera, etc., and is seral of the hygrophilous heaths of the Gentiano pneumonanthes-Genistetum
ancistrocarpae association.
Holotypus: Chaves: Between Chaves and Faiões, 350 m,
4 m2: Characteristics species: 4 Molinia caerulea, 1
Juncus conglomeratus, 1 Festuca arundinacea, 1 Carex
distans, + Centaurea rivularis, + Selinum broteri, +
Scirpoides holoschoenus, + Genista ancistrocarpa, +
Juncus acutiflorus, + Agrostis stolonifera; Companion
species: + Galium palustre, + Lobelia urens +Polygala
serpyllifolia.
[P. ALVES, C. AGUIAR & J. HONRADO]
Siderito multiflorae-Echietum portosanctensis Jardim,
Capelo, Sequeira, Aguiar & J.C. Costa ass. nova hoc
loco (62.1.5.)
(Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetea cerasiformis, Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis, Mayteno umbellataeOleion maderensis)
Table 24
62.1.5. Siderito multiflorae-Echietum portosanctensis
ass. nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
420
450
400
Orientation
N
N
N
Surface (m2)
20
50
100
Nº of species
9
6
15
Ordinal number
1
3
2*
Characteristic species
Echium portosanctensis
2
3
3
Helichrysum melaleucum
3
.
3
Sideritis multiflora
.
1
2
Carlina salicifolia
2
+
.
Phyllis nobla
+
.
+
Cheirolophus massonianus
.
.
2
Erica maderincola
.
2
.
Hypericum glandulosum
.
.
1
Plantago maderense
.
.
+
Erysimum arbuscula
.
.
+
Lotus argyrodes
.
.
+
Companion species
Matthiola maderensis
2
.
+
Dactylis hyelodes
1
.
+
Davallia canariensis
+
.
1
Aeonium glandulosum
+
+
.
Other companion species: 1 Andryala glandulosa in 1; 1 Pericallis aurita, + Rumex canariensis, + Senecio incrassatus in
2; 2 Pteridium aquilinum in 3;
Localities: Porto Santo Island: 1, 2* (holotypus): 3 Pico Branco
101
Diagnosis: Nanophanerophytic community characterized
by the endemic species of Porto Santo Echium portosanctensis and Sideritis candicans var. multiflora,
accompanied by Helichrysum melaleucum, Carlina salicifolia, Phyllis nobla, Cheirolophus massonianus, etc.
(Table 24, holotypus relevé no. 2). It occurs in the vertical cliffs of the Pico Branco, in the northern slopes of
the island of Porto Santo, on leptosols derivatives of
trachytes, in Mediterranean xeric-oceanic, inframediterranean, dry bioclimate.
[JARDIM, CAPELO, SEQUEIRA, AGUIAR & J.C. COSTA]
Sileno acutifoliae-Umbilicetum rupestris Honrado, P.
Alves & B. Caldas ass. nova hoc loco (25.2.5.)
(Parietarietea, Parietarietalia, Cymbalario-Asplenion)
Diagnosis: Rupicolous urban plant community typical of
stone walls in rural villages of the Northwest Iberian
Peninsula, in temperate-oceanic supratemperate submediterranean bioclimate, dominated by Silene acutifolia, Sedum hirsutum and Umbilicus rupestris.
Holotypus: Montalegre: Sezelhe, 910 m, NE, 4 m2: Characteristic species: 3 Sedum hirsutum, 2Silene acutifolia, 1 Umbilicus rupestris; Companion species: 1
Agrostis x fouilladei, 1 Galium saxatile, + Rumex angiocarpus, + Digitalis purpurea.
[J. HONRADO, P. ALVES & B. CALDAS]
Smyrnio olusatri-Scrophularietum grandiflorae C.
Lopes, Pinto-Gomes, Lousã, Ladero & J.C. Costa ass.
nova hoc loco (36.1.6.)
[Scrophulario grandiflorae-Smyrnietum olusatri C. Lopes 2001
nom. inval. (artigo 1)]
(Galio-Urticetea, Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae,
Galio-Alliarion petiolatae, Smyrnienion olusatri)
Hemicryptophytic and megaforbic association, in fringes
of woods, edges of roads and land removed limestone
and clay soils with organic matter. The bioclimate is
Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic mesomediterranean, subhumid to humid of the Dividing Portuguese
Sector. It is characterized by Scrophularia grandiflora,
Smyrnium olusatrum, Galium aparine, Silene dioica,
Torilis neglecta, Urtica dióica, Borago officinalis, Geranium purpureum, Fumaria capreolata, Rumex conglomeratus, Bryonia dioica, etc. (Table 25, holotypus
relevé nº 1).
[C. LOPES, PINTO-GOMES, LOUSÃ, LADERO & J.C.
COSTA]
Teucrio francoi-Origanetum virentis J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Lousã & Rivas-Martínez 2008 ass.
nova hoc loco (38.3.2.)
[Teucrio francoi-Origanetum virentis J.C. Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Espírito Santo, Lousã, Fontinha, Aguiar &
Rivas-Martínez 2004 nom. inval. (art. 2l, 5)]
(Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranion canariensis, Origanetalia vulgaris, Trifolio-Geranietea)
Semi-shade hemicryptophytic community, on external
fringes and clearings of Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum
canariensis. It occurs in temperate hyperoceanic, upper
mesotemperate to supratemperate (submediterranean),
hyperhumid to ultrahyperhumid bioclimate in Madeira
Island. Characterized by Origanum virens, Teucrium
francoi, Clinopodium arundanum, Viola paradoxa,
Viola riviniana, Ranunculus cortusifolius var. minor,
etc. See Costa et al. (2004) table 34.
102
J.C. Costa & al.
Table 25
Smyrnio olusatri-Scrophularietum grandiflorae ass.
nova hoc loco
Altitude (m)
Orientation
Surface (m2)
Nº of species
Ordinal number
Characteristic species
Scrophularia grandiflora
Borago officinalis
Smyrnium olusatrum
Galium aparine
Torilis neglecta
Silene dioica
Urtica dioica
Bryonia dioica
Parietaria judaica
Ballota foetida
Companion species
Fumaria capreolata
Bromus diandrus
Avena sterilis
Lavatera cretica
Rapistrum rugosum
Foeniculum piperitum
Geranium molle
Rumex conglomeratus
Hypericum perforatum
Geranium purpureum
Melissa officinalis
Arum italicum
Galactites tomentosa
Dittrichia viscosa
Piptatherum miliaceum
Verbascum pulverulentum
Mercurialis ambigua
Geranium dissectum
Geranium lucidum
50
S
20
16
1*
200
250
290
16
20
2
500
N
16
23
3
10
20
4
18
20
5
2
1
+
1
1
1
.
.
.
.
4
2
+
1
1
1
.
.
+
.
1
1
2
1
1
+
+
+
1
.
2
1
1
1
+
+
1
+
.
.
1
1
1
1
+
.
1
+
.
+
1
+
+
+
+
1
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
1
1
1
1
+
1
+
+
1
1
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
1
1
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
1
1
1
+
1
+
1
+
.
+
+
1
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
+
+
1
+
+
.
1
+
.
.
+
.
1
.
.
+
.
+
+
Localities: 1* (holotypus):, 3 Quinta da Bencanta, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra; 2: Poço (Condeixa); 4: Road to
Chancas (Penela); 5 Alvorge (Ansião)
Holotypus: Costa et al. (2004) table 34 relevé nº 4 p 123:
Pico Ruivo, 1700 m, SE, 2 m2: Characteristic species: 4
Origanum virens, 2 Teucrium francoi, 1 Viola riviniana, 1 Viola paradoxa, + Clinopodium arundanum;
Companion species: + Hypericum humifusum, + Pteridium aquilinum.
[J.C. COSTA, CAPELO, JARDIM, SEQUEIRA, LOUSÃ &
RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ]
Thymelaeo broterianae-Juniperetum alpinae Honrado,
P. Alves & B. Caldas ass. nova hoc loco (49.1.3.)
(Calluno-Ulicetea, Ulicetalia minoris, Ericion umbellatae, Ericenion aragonensis)
Low scrub of heath and dwarf juniper, in temperate
oceanic, supratemperate and supramediterranean (submediterranean) areas of Northwest Portugal (Serra do
Gerês). It is formed by Juniperus communis subsp. alpina, Calluna vulgaris, Erica australis subsp. aragonensis, Vaccinium myrtillus and Ulex minor. The endemics Thymelaea broteriana and Carex asturica are
differentials.
Holotypus: Terras de Bouro: Serra do Gerês, Lomba do
Pau, 1360 m, 25 m2: Characteristic species: 4 Juniperus
alpina, 2 Erica aragonensis, 2 Halimium alyssoides, 1
Calluna vulgaris, 1 Carex asturica, 1Pterospartum
cantabricum, 1 Lithodora prostrata, 1 Agrostis curtisii,
+ Thymelaea broteriana, + Polygala microphylla.
Companion species: 1 Vaccinium myrtillus, + Erythronium dens-canis.
[J. HONRADO, P. ALVES & B. CALDAS]
Thymo villosi-Ulicetum latebracteati (J.C. Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã 2002) J.C. Costa & Arsénio
st. nov. hoc loco (49.1.19.)
(Ericenion umbellatae, Ericion umbellatae, CallunoUlicetalia minoris, Calluno vulgaris-Ulicetea minoris)
Basion.: Ulicetum latebracteato-minoris (Br.-Bl., P.
Silva & Rozeira 1964) Rivas-Martínez 1979 thymetosum villosi J.C. Costa, Capelo, Espírito Santo & Lousã
in Silva Lusit. 10 (1): 123, 2002.
Mesomediterranean humid subhyperoceanic chamaephytic to nanophanerophytic association, formed by
Ulex latebracteatus, Ulex minor, Thymus villosus, Calluna vulgaris, Cistus psilosepalus, Pterospartum tridentatum subsp. tridentatum, Agrostis curtisii, Genista
triacanthos, Erica umbellata, Erica scoparia, Tuberaria lignosa, Simethis mattiazzi, etc., on eroded sandy
soils derived from syenites, in western and northern
slopes of Sintra Mountain. Subseral of Arisaro simorrhini-Quercetum pyrenaicae (see Costa et al. 2002a).
Holotypus: relevé no. 1 table 4 Costa et al. (2002a), p.
124: Peninha, Serra de Sintra (Sintra), 400 m, NE, 10
m2: Characteristic species: 2 Ulex latebracteatus, 3
Ulex minor, 2 Thymus villosus, 2 Calluna vulgaris, 1
Cistus psilosepalus, + Pterospartum tridentatum subsp.
tridentatum, companion species: 2 Pteridium aquilinum, 1 Dactylis lusitanica, 1 Rubus ulmifolius, + Cistus
salviifolius, + Holcus lanatus, + Teucrium scorodonia,
+ Euphorbia characias, + Cirsium vulgare.
[J.C. COSTA & ARSÉNIO]
Viburno tini-Quercetum broteroanae (Br.-Bl., P. Silva
& Rozeira 1956) J.C. Costa, Capelo, Honrado, Aguiar &
Lousã 2002 corr. J.C. Costa & Monteiro-Henriques hoc
loco (60.3.8.)
[≡ Viburno tini-Quercetum roboris (Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira
1956) J.C. Costa, Capelo, Honrado, Aguiar & Lousã 2002]
(Querco-Fagetea, Quercetalia roboris, Quercion pyrenaicae, Quercenion robori-pyrenaicae)
In the locality (Avô) where the holotype relevé was collected, only Quercus robur subsp. broteroana occurs;
Quercus robur subsp. robur was not observed.
[J.C. COSTA & MONTEIRO-HENRIQUES]
Violo rivinianae-Agrostietum castellanae Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Jardim, Sequeira, Lousã & Rivas-Martínez ass.
nova hoc loco (45.1.9.)
[Hypochaerido glabrae-Agrostietum castellanae Capelo, J.C.
Costa, Jardim, Sequeira, Lousã & Rivas-Martínez 2000. nom.
inval (art. 3b); Violo rivinianae-Agrostietum castellanae J.C.
Costa, Capelo, Jardim, Sequeira, Espírito-Santo, Lousã, Fontinha, Aguiar & Rivas-Martínez 2004 nom. inval. (art. 5)]
(Stipo giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae, Agrostietalia
castellanae, Agrostion castellanae)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Diagnosis: Agrostis castellana grassland in the high
places of Madeira island, in temperate hyperoceanic,
upper mesotemperate to supratemperate submediterranean, hyperhumid to ultrahyperhumid bioclimate. It
results from the grazing of the perennial Armerio maderensis-Parafestucetum albidae or the annual Leontodonto longirostris-Ornithopodietum perpusilli and Illecebro verticillatae-Lotetum parviflorae communities.
See Costa et al. (2004) table 25 p. 109.
Fig 1 - In the foreground (areas of greater depth of water)
Nymphaeo albo-Nupharetum luteae background Caricetum pseudocypero-lusitanicae (macrophytic vegetation).
Fig 3 - Bolboschoeno compacti-Scirpetum litoralis Perennial community dominated by Scirpus compactus colonizing depressions and abandoned salines with a long inundated period by brackish waters. They are distributed for
Southern of Tagus estuary.
103
Holotypus: Bica da Cana, 1460 m, 10 m2: Characteristic
species: 4 Agrostis castellana, 2 Viola riviniana, 1 Holcus lanatus, 1 Hypochaeris radicata, 1 Danthonia decumbens, 1 Luzula campestris, 1 Carex lamprocarpa, +
Trifolium cernuum; Companion species: 1 Lotus parviflorus, 1 Plantago coronopus, + Aira praecox, +
Aphanes australis, + Hypericum humifusum, + Ornithopus perpusillus.
[CAPELO, J.C. COSTA, JARDIM, SEQUEIRA, LOUSÃ &
RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ]
Fig 2 - Hyperico elodis-Rhynchosporetum modesti-lucennoi (marshy areas with organic soils on sandy depressions
and shallow water) in Sadensean and Coastal Vicentine,
with a upper thermomediterranean dry superior bioclimate.
Fig 4 - Caricetum echinato-nigrae. Peat bogs communities, poor in plant species with a high degree of coverage
and several Sphagnum. Carpetan-Leonese and Western
Orocantabrian orophilous community, in the orotemperate
bioclimate, in the edges of the ponds in locals with shallow waters and deficient drainage.
104
J.C. Costa & al.
Fig 5 - Utriculario exoletae-Sphagnetum auriculati. Community from Sadensean and Coastal Vicentine districts,
with upper thermomediterranean dry superior bioclimate.
The presence of this community is due to the permanence
of shallow water throughout the year inside of sandy
depressions with organic soils.
Fig. 6 - Foreground: Elytrigietum junceo-boreoatlanticae;
background: Loto cretici-Ammophiletum arundinaceae. The
former colonizes wind eroded sand dunes south of Cape
Mondego, being characterized by Elytrigia juncea and
Elytrigia boreoatlantica. The latter colonizes Mediterranean
active dunes (white dune) south of Cape Mondego and is
characterized by Lotus creticus and Ammophila arundinacea.arundinacea.
Fig 7 - In the foreground Euphorbio paraliae-Elytrigietum
boreoatlanticae (north of Cape Mondego, vicarious of Elytrigietum junceo-boreoatlanticae); background: Otantho
maritimi-Ammophiletum arundinaceae (north of Cape Mondego, vicarious of Loto cretici-Ammophiletum arundinaceae).
Fig. 8 - Sporoboletum arenarii Mediterranean graminoid
open community, on littoral salty sand accumulations, inundated with marine waters during equinoctial tides. This
association is dominated by Sporobolus arenarius and
occurs in Algarve.
Fig. 9 - In the foreground (relatively stable dune or grey dune):
Artemisio crithmifoliae-Armerietum pungentis; background (mobile dune tops): Loto cretici-Ammophiletum arundinaceae
Fig. 10 - Dittrichietum maritimae on Vincentine (SW Portugal) sea cliff edges, dominated by the endemic chamaephyte
Dittrichia maritima.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Fig. 11 - Limonietum multifloro-virgati limestone sea
cliffs, from Peniche to Lisbon, populated by Portuguese
endemic Limonium multiflorum, Armeria cinerea and
Daucus halophilus.
Fig. 13 - Azorinetum vidalii Azorean sea cliffs association
characterize by the endemic Azorina vidalii.
Fig.15 - Puccinellio tenuifoliae-Limonietum plurisquamati
thermomediterranean subhumid chamaephytic association, on
sandy-brackish soils, only occasionally touched by brackish
water during equinoctial tides, characterized by Limonium
plurisquamatum, Puccinellia tenuifolia, in Tornada River
(Salir do Porto)
105
Fig. 12 - Dauco halophili-Astragaletum vicentini a limestone community on sea cliff tops of Sagres Peninsula,
characterized by the presence of Portuguese endemic
Astragalus vicentinus and Silene rothmaleri.
Fig. 14 - Polygono equisetiformis-Juncetum maritimi thermomediterranean rushes community, characterized by Juncus
maritimus, Juncus acutus and Polygonum equisetiforme,
between Guadalquivir and Mondego Rivers, in places with
low to medium level of salinity, near water courses or in salt
marshes that have been cultivated and then abandoned.
Fig. 16 - In the foreground Puccinellio ibericae-Sarcocornietum perennis background Cistancho phelypaeae-Sarcocornietum fruticosae and Halimiono portulacoidis-Sarcocornietum alpine: communities submitted to daily tidal flow.
106
J.C. Costa & al.
Fig. 17 - Upper salt marshes: foreground Inulo crithmoidisArthrocnemetum macrostachyi background Cistancho phelypaeae-Suaedetum verae.
Fig. 18 - Triglochino maritimae-Sarcocornietum alpine mesomediterranean halophytic community dominated by Sarcocornia alpini, Triglochin maritima and Halimione portulacoides in salt marshes north of the Tagus River, on sandysilty zones, occasionally flooded by brackish water.
Fig 20 - Spartinetum maritimae (left), Puccinellio ibericaeSarcocornietum perennis and Cistancho phelypaeae-Sarcocornietum fruticosae (right) at Alvor lower salt marshes
(Southern coast of Portugal) submitted to daily tidal flow.
Fig. 19 - Limonietum lanceolati hemicryptophytic community, dominated by the Portuguese endemism Limonium
lanceolatum accompanied by Myriolimon ferulaceum, on
clayey or silty soils rich in schistose debris, only inundated
during the highest tides, between Mira and Cerca Rivers
(Aljezur) in Coastal Vincentine District.
Fig 21 - Didymodon spadicei-Adiantetum capilli-veneris community on sea cliffs carved out of predominantly acidic
material of SW Alentejo (from Sines to Cape São Vicente),
due to the numerous springs and water slowly drips, formed
by Adiantum capillus-veneris, Samolus valerandi, Didymodon
spadiceus and Eurhynchium speciosum.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
107
Fig 22 - Adiantetum reniformis rupicolous community on dry
fissures of cliffs of Madeira and formed by Adiantum
reniforme.
Fig 23 - Carici lowei-Woodwardietum radicantis mesotemperate humid to hyperhumid hyperoceanic community, dominated by Woodwardia radicans, on shadowy, terrigenous and
moistly vertical walls, in Madeira Island
Fig 24 - Musschiaetum aureae community on pyroclasts and
consolidate volcanic ashes in Madeira and characterized by
Musschia aurea
Fig. 26 - Sinapidendro frutescentis-Aeonietum glandulosi
supratemperate hyperhumid Madeiran culminicolous community, characterized by Aeonium glandulosum, Sinapidendron frutescens, Sedum farinosum, Tolpis macrorhiza, Saxifraga pickeringii, Aeonium glutinosum, Micromeria cacuminicola, Arabis caucasica.
Fig 25 - Sedo nudi-Aeonietum glutinosi Madeiran thermomediterranean dry to low subhumid rupicolous community, dominated by Aeonium glutinosum
108
J.C. Costa & al.
Fig 27 - Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Saxifragetum fragosoi
supramediterranean and supratemperate submediterranean
subhumid to hyperhumid, Carpetan Leonese chasmochomophytic community, on shadowy terrigenous rocky walls, and
characterized by Saxifraga fragosoi
Fig. 29 - Pericallido auritae-Geranietum palmatae community of the fringes and clearings of Clethro arboreo-Ocoteetum foetentis, characterized by Geranium palmatum, Pericallis aurita, Ranunculus major, Dactylorhiza foliosa, Origanum virens, Rumex maderensis.
Fig. 28 - Santolinetum impressae Sadensean psammophilous
and subnitophilous community, dominate by the Lusitanian
endemism Santolina impressa.
Fig 30 - Polytricho-Agrostietum truncatulae orophilous
grassland of the Montemuro and Marão mountains, on leptosols rich in sand and gravels derivate of granite, and formed
by Agrostis truncatula, Rumex angiocarpus, Corynephorus
canescens, Centaurea herminii, Sedum arenarium and the
mousses Polytrichum piliferum, Polytrichum juniperinum,
Rachomitrium canescens.
Fig.31 - Centaureo ornatae-Festucetum duriotaganae and Salicetum
atrocinereo-australis. The former is a xerophytic perennial community dominated by the endemic Festuca duriotagana, on wide crevices of granite and schist outcrops in torrential areas of the Tagus and
Guadiana Rivers with incipient soils. The latter is formed by Salix
australis and Salix atrocinerea on torrential beds of rivers south of
the Tagus.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Fig. 32 - Distribution of dunes association of Linarion pedunculatae, Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae and
Thero-Airon Iberian Peninsula and West of North Africa (taken from Costa et al. 2011a)
Fig 33 - Herniario algarvicae-Linarietum ficalhoanae annual thermomediterranean dry, Sadensean and Vincentine
Coastal dunes, in the clearings of Artemisio-Armerietum
pungentis (grey dune), and characterized by the Lusitanian
endemism’s Linaria ficalhoana and Herniaria algarvica
Fig. 34 - Euphorbio transtaganae-Celticetum giganteae thermomediterranean dry to subhumid, perennial grassland of Celtica
gigantea, on deep sandy soils, in Sadensean and Coastal Vincentine territories.
109
110
J.C. Costa & al.
Fig. 35 - Agrostio castellanae-Arrhenatheretum bulbosi hemicryptophytic grassland, cut or rarely grazed (during autumn and beginning of winter), harvested during summer,
characterized by Arrhenatherum bulbosum, Agrostis castellana, Chamaemelum nobile, Dactylis lusitanica, Anthoxanthum amarum, in higher altitude of the Galician-Portuguese
Sector (Montemuro, Leomil, Alvão and Barroso mountains).
Fig.36 - Anthemido nobilis-Cynosuretum cristati mesophytic or mesohigrophytic grasslands pastured,
formed by Cynosurus cristatus, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Holcus lanatus, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens and Chamaemelum
nobile, Dactylorhiza caramulensis, in higher altitude
of the Galician-Portuguese Sector
Fig.37 - Locations of Cotula coronopifolia communities (taken from Costa et al 2009)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Fig. 38 - Genisto anglicae-Nardetum strictae. Shrubby/herbaceous community Western Carpetan and Estrelensean,
supramediterranean and sub-temperate submediterranean,
characterized by Genista anglica and Nardus stricta. It can
occur as primary or secondary community in deep acid soils
with prolonged hydromorphy or snow coverage and stagnic,
gley or histic properties
111
Fig. 39 - Pterosparto lasianthi-Ericetum aragonensis. Supratemperate submediterranean humid-hyperhumid heathland in
Cantabrian-Leonese and Estrelensean territories.
Fig. 41 - Erico umbellatae-Ulicetum welwitschiani. Nanophanerofitic/chamaephitic acidophilus community dominated
by the Portuguese endemism Ulex welwitschianus in
themomediterranean subhumid to dry bioclimate colonizing
sandy soils and soils derived from acid sandstone or conglomerates. It occurs in Ribatagan-Sadensean and Coastal
Vicentine territories and is seral of the Asparago aphylliQuercetum suberis or Aro neglecti-Quercetum suberis.
Fig. 40 - Erico umbellatae-Pterospartetum tridentate.
Shrubby community dominated by gorse and heather (Erica
umbellata, Pterospartum tridentatum and Ulex minor)
growing in mesomediterranean, punctually in thermotemperate (submediterranean), humid, in decapitated siliceous
soils from the Beirensean Littoral and southern GalicianPortuguese territory, and is seral of Viburno tini-Quercetum
roboris.
Fig. 42 - Genisto triacanthi-Cistetum palhinhae. Shrubby
community dominated by the Portuguese endemism Cistus
palhinhae, thermomediterranean dry, on hidromorphic
ferruginous leptosols (paleopozols - “orstein”). It is a permanent community or as seral of the Querco cocciferaeJuniperetum turbinatae in the southwest of Portugal.
112
J.C. Costa & al.
Fig. 43 - Genisto triacanthi-Stauracanthetum vicentini.
Shrubby community dominated by the Portuguese endemism Stauracanthus vicentinus in silty or sandy soils or in
decapitated podzols (“orstein”). It occurs in thermomediterranean dry to subhumid bioclimate, and is distributed in the
southwest of Portugal.
Fig. 44 - Genisto anglicae-Ericetum tetralicis. Acid hygrophilous heathland with high coverage in oligothrophic
waterlogging soils. It colonizes depressions with deficient
drainage normally in planaltic zones, characterized by the
presence of Erica tetralix, Genista anglica, Genista micrantha and Calluna vulgaris and also elements of
Nardetea (Potentilla erecta and Juncus squarrosus).
Fig. 45 - Cisto ladaniferi-Ulicetum argentei. Shrubby
community dominated by Ulex argenteus and Cistus
ladanifer, silicicolous, thermo to mesomediterranean, dry
to subhumid, in Monchique mountain. This community is
seral of the Lavandulo viridis-Quercetum suberis.
Fig. 46 - Phlomido purpureae-Cistetum albidi. Camephitic/nanophanerifitic community (garrigue) dominate by
Cistus albidus growing in eroded soils derived from Jurassic limestones characterized by superficial stoniness. It
occurs in thermomediterranean dry to subhumid bioclimate
and are distributed through limestone occurrences in Algarve and Arrábida.
Fig.47 – Celtico giganteo-Stauracantheum vicentini. Psamophilous nanophanerophitic community dominated by Stauracanthus vicentinus and Stipa gigantea, accompanied by
Corema album, Halimium multiflorum, Lavandula lusitanica,
Thymus camphoratus, Cistus palhinhae in low thermomediterranean dry to subhumid from SW Portugal.
Fig. 48 - Thymo camphorati-Stauracanthetum spectabilis.
Psamophilous community rich in endemic plants like Thymus
camphoratus, Stauracanthus spectabilis, Ulex welwitschianus, Malcolmia gracilima. It occurs in low thermomediterranean dry to sub-humid bioclimate in Coastal Vicentine, and
is seral of Aro neglecti-Quercetum suberis.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Fig. 49 - Thymo capitellati-Stauracanthetum genistoidis. Psamophilous community, rich in endemic plants (Thymus
capitellatus, Armeria rouyana, Armeria pinifolia, Ulex welwitschianus, Malcolmia gracilima), in low thermomediterranean dry to subhumid bioclimate, with a Ribatagan-Sadensean distribution, and is seral of the Aro neglecti-Quercetum
suberis
113
Fig. 50 – Ulicetum erinacei. Community formed by Ulex erinaceus, Cistus palhinhae, Genista algarbiensis, Teucrium vicentinum from lapies developed on surfaces of limestone in the
Vicentine Promontory. It occurs on dry termomediterranean
bioclimate and is seral of the Querco cocciferae-Juniperetum
turbinatae.
Fig. 51 - Thymo sylvestris-Ulicetum densi. Chamaephytic
(dwarf shrub) community on decarbonated soils derived from
terra rossa (red clay soil produced by the weathering of
limestone) in thermomediterranean dy to subhumid bioclimate. It presents an Arrabidensean distribution and is characterized by the presence of Ulex densus, Thymus sylvestris,
Sideritis hirsuta var. hirtula. It is inserted into Viburno tiniQuerco rivamartinezii S. and Querco cocciferae-Junipero
turbinatae S.
Fig. 52 - Genistetum polyanthi Community dominated by
Genista polyanthus, on rocky places of the Aracenean
territories. It is a permanent community or seral of MyrtoQuerco rotundifoliae S. or Phlomido purpureo-Junipero
turbinatae S.
Fg. 53 - Echinospartetum iberici. Pulviniform nanophanerophitic Estrelensean, orotemperate hyperhumid to ultrahyperhumid association, that develops as a permanent community
on leptosols and occupies the interstices of granitic rocks
and characterized by Echinospartum ibericum.
114
J.C. Costa & al.
Fig. 54 - In the foreground Lavandulo sampaioanae-Cytisetum multiflori background Holco mollis-Quercetum pyrenaicae. The Holco-Quercetum pyrenaicae is a forestry acidophilus community, supratemperate submediterranean humid
to hyperhumid dominated by Quercus pyrenaica, growing on
oligotrophic deep soils, in northwest of Portugal. The Lavandulo sampaioanae-Cytisetum multiflori is dominated by
Cytisus multiflorus and Cytisus striatus and constitutes a
substitution step or the edge of the Holco-Quercetum pyrenaicae.
Fig. 55 - Viti sylvestris-Salicetum atrocinereae. Thermomediterranen willow forest dominated by Salix atrocinerea on ologothrophic and gleyed sandy soils, temporarily
inundated.
Fig. 56 - In the foreground inside water Polygono equisetiformis-Tamaricetum africanae background Oenantho crocatae-Nerietum oleandri and Ficario ranunculoidis-Fraxinetum angustifoliae in a tributary of Guadiana River (lower
Guadiana – South Portugal).
Fig. 57 – In the foreground Pyro bourgaeanae-Flueggeetum
tinctoriae background Ficario ranunculoidis-Fraxinetum
angustifoliae, in Guadiana basin (Herdade da Contenda).
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
115
Fig. 58 - Distribution of Iberian associations of Poupulenion albae: 1: Clematido campaniflorae-Salicetum
neotrichae 2: Populo nigrae-Salicetum neotrichae 3: Salici atrocinereae-Populetum albae 4: Rubio tinctorumPopuletum albae 5: Nerio oleandri-Populetum albae 6: Crataego brevispinae-Populetum albae 7: Lonicero
biflorae-Populetum albae 8: Vinco-Populetum albae 9: Humulo lupuli-Alnetum glutinosae 10: Populetum albae
11: Carici pendulae-Salicetum atrocinereae (taken from Costa et al. 2011).
Fig. 59 – Clematido campaniflorae-Salicetum neotrichae.
Forests dominated by Salix neotricha, and Populus alba
along watercourses where the receptor basin is situated
mostly in the hills of the Estremenho Limestone Massif or
is fed water from water springs situated in substrata of
Jurassic and Cretaceous age, extending over the biogeographical territories of the Sadensean-Dividing Portuguese
subprovince in thermo to mesomediterranean.
Fig. 60 – Frangulo alni-Prunetum lusitanicae. Prunus lusitanica tempori-hygrophilous mesoforest, growing over metasediments rocky places on valleys with a high slopes, in
mesomediterranean humid hyperoceanic bioclimate of the
Littoral Beirensean mountains.
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Fig. 62 - Pteridio aquilinis-Ericetum azoricae. Seral thicket
and heat mantle community of temperate Azorean Laurisilva,
dominated by Erica azorica.
Fig. 61 – Scrophulario scorodoniae-Alnetum glutinosae. Alder
forest with a thermo to mesomediterranean bioclimate with a
high Atlantic influence, growing in oligotrophic river banks.
Its requires soils with high moisture and because of this, they
are absent in the watercourses with a dry period in summer.
Fig. 64 - Arisaro simorrhini-Quercetum broteroi. Marcescent
climatophylous forest of Quercus broteroi, in meso to thermomediterranean, humid to subhumid. Dividing Portuguese
and Arrabidensean distribution on deep luvisols developed
from limestone and marls.
Fig. 63 - Lycopodio clavati-Juniperetum nanae. Nanophanerophytic, climatophilous, culmicolous and silicicolous community, caracterizad by Juniperus alpina, growing in Estrelensean territory, in orotemperate, submediterranean, ultrahyperhumid bioclimate.
Fig. 65 - Lonicero implexae-Quercetum rotundifoliae. Holm
oak groves dominanted by Quercus rotundifolia from carsic
limestone, in mesomediterranean subhumid to humid bioclimate and with a Sadensean-Dividing Portuguese distribution.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Fig. 66 - Rusco aculeati-Juniperetum lagunae. Mixed mesoforest of Quercus rotundifolia and Juniperus lagunae with
an open tree stratum (rarely dense) that are climatophilous in
the Lusitano Duriense sector (Douro valley and tributaries
from orient of the river Tua). It colonizes luvisols, cambisols, or regosols derived from acid rocks. This community
colonizes territories with high continentality in Portugal
(semicontinental) and dry mesomediterranean bioclimate.
Fig. 68 - Viburno tini-Quercetum rivasmartinezii Themomediterranean subhumid forest of Quercus coccifera subsp.
rivasmartinezii on limestones of Arrábida mountain.
Fig. 70 - Querco cocciferae-Juniperetum turbinatae. Juniper
association on the sea cliffs south of Mondego Cap. Normally it is a permanent community due to the edaphoxerophyte
characteristics of the biotopes and because of the direct sea
influence (salt spray, wind and humidity). It can also be
seral of Viburno tini-Quercetum rivasmartizii.
117
Fig. 67 - Lavandulo viridis-Quercetum suberis. Thermomesomediterranean sub-humid to humid Quercus suber
forest in South and Southwest of Portugal.
Fig. 69 - Convolvulo fernandesii-Euphorbietum pedroi. A
very rare community from limestone sea cliffs, in thermomediterranean dry bioclimate of Occidental Arrábida. It is
dominated by the Lusitanian endemism Euphorbia pedroi.
This Euphorbia is unique in Portugal continental for its size
(nanophanerophyte) reminding some of the phanerophytes
of the genus Euphorbia in the macaronesian islands and
Paleotropical region.
Fig. 71 –Daphno gnidii-Juniperetum navicularis. Microphanerofitic community that colonizes the inland dunes (old
Quaternary dunes) sometimes with podzolizated soils and
always with a deep groundwater table, constitute the most
developed stage of the vegetation. They are characterized by
the Sadensean and Coastal Vicentine endemism Juniperus
navicularis.
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J.C. Costa & al.
Fig, 72 - Osyrio quadripartitae-Juniperetum turbinatae.
Microphanerofitic community dominated by Juniperus
tubinata that colonizes the green dunes (stabilized dune)
south of Mondego Cap. This association constitutes the most
developed stage of the vegetation in the coastal sand dunes
submitted to the marine salt-spray.
Fig. 73 - Rubio longifoliae-Coremetum albi. Constitutes a
seral stage of the microphanerofitic community Osyrio quadripartitae-Juniperetum turbinatae and occupy the same
biotope. Sometimes they represent the natural edge of the
juniper formation.
Fig. 74 - Distribution of Quercion lusitanicae sintaxa:
1. Erico scopariae-Quercetum lusitanicae:
1a: quercetosum lusitanicae
1b: ulicetosum airensis
1c. ulicetosum welwitschiani
2. Junipero navicularis-Quercetum lusitanicae
3. Centaureo crocatae-Quercetum lusitanicae
4. Senecioni lopezii-Quercetum lusitanicae
5. Phillyreo angustifoliae-Quercetum lusitanicae
(Adapted from Capelo et al. 2002)
Fig.75 - Holco mollis-Quercetum pyrenaicae. Marcescent
supratemperate humid forest of Quercus pyrenaica in
northwest mountains of Portugal
Fig. 76 - Pyro bourgeanae-Quercetum pyrenaicae. Oak
forest of Quercus pyrenaica and Pyro bourgeana, in mesomediterranean to low supramediterranean dry superior to
low subhumid, in Lusitan-Extremadurean territories. They
colonize soils derived from acid rocks.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Fig. 77 - Viburno tini-Quercetum broteroanae. Semi-deciduous Quercus robur subsp. broteroana meso-macroforest,
on deep mesic soils, from metasediments and granitoid
rocks, in lower mesomediterranean or thermotemperate
submediterranean humid hyperoceanic bioclimate, of the
Littoral Beirensean and Miniensien districts.
119
Fig. 78 - Saxifrago spathularis-Betuletum celtibericae.
Climatophilous open forestry from Estrela Mountain, dominated by the birch Betula celtiberica, in orotemperate, submediterranean, hiperhumid to ultrahiperhumid bioclimate.
Fig. 79 - Mayteno umbellatae-Oleetum maderensis (in left) and Euphorbietum piscatoriae (in right). The former is an Olea
maderensis forest (accompanied by Maytenus umbellata, Globularia salicina and Chamaemeles coriacea) that represents the
top of the series in the inframediterranean dry bioclimate. They colonize the vertisols and cambisols exclusive from the lower
altitudes and cliffs of the southern slopes of the island (between 0 and 200 m). The more important and dominant replacement step is the community of Euphorbietum piscatoriae that occurs in abandoned agricultural fields or in moderately deep
soils. Euphorbia piscatoria, Globularia salicina and Echium nervosum are the dominant species.
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Fig. 80 - Globulario salicinae-Ericetum canariensis. Erica
canariensis, Erica maderenicola and Myrica faya community, on leptosols in thermomediterranean dry to subhumid in
Madeiran subprovince, and seral of Semele androgynaeApollonietum barbujanae.
Fig. 81- Argyranthemo montani-Ericetum maderensis.
Heather of Erica maderensis and Teline maderensis, often in
permanent positions (basaltic crests and cliffs), can be also
as a replacement stage of the Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum
arboreae. Present a supramediterranean, hiperhumid to
ultrahiperhumid bioclimate in Madeira Island.
Fig. 82 - Clethro arboreae-Ocoteetum foetentis. Climatophillous mesofitic forest, dominated by Ocotea foetens and
Laurus novocanariensis, in mesotemperate, occasionally in
upper mesomediterranean humid to hiperhumid of Madeira
Island. This forest reaches 30 m height.
Fig. 83 - Vaccinio padifolii-Ericetum maderinicolae. Arboreal heath from Madeira island, dominated by Erica maderincola and Erica canariensis, mesotemperate, submediterranean partially mesomediterranean, humid to hiperhumid.
In primary positions (edaphoxerophytic positions) it can
form the potential natural vegetation. Sometimes it can form
the edge of the Clethro-Ocoteetum forests.
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
121
Fig. 85 - Semele androgynae-Apollonietum barbujanae.
Forest community from Madeira Island, thermometiterranean upper subhumid to humid dominated by Apollonias
barbujana and Laurus novocanariensis, with thermophilous
elements like Ilex canariensis, Hypericum grandifolium,
Teucrium betonicum, and climbers Semele androgyna,
Smilax pendulina, Hedera maderensis, Rubia agostinhoi,
Smilax canariensis.
Fig. 84 - Helichryso melaleuci-Sideroxyletum marmulano.
Microphanerophitic community of Sideroxylum marmulano,
in inframediterranean subhumid bioclimate, in Madeira and
Porto Santo. The floristic composition combines elements of
Rhamno-Oleetea cerasiformis and Pruno-Lauretea novocanariensis.
Fig. 86 - Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum canariensis. Microforest dominated by Erica canariensis and Erica maderincola that can reach 10-12m of high and 60-70 cm of diameter, in upper mesotemperate (submediterranean) hiperhumid
to ultrahiperhumid, in Madeira Island. Sorbus maderensis,
Polystichum falcinellum, Ranunculus minor, Viola riviniana, are species that occurs in this community.
Fig. 87 - Isoplexido sceptri-Euphorbietum melliferae. Microphyllous caulirosulate community, endemic from Madeira Island., on rocky basaltic walls, in mesotemperate to low
supratemperate, humid to hiper-humid. It occurs in Laurissilva clearances or places submitted to landslides in ambiance of the Clethro arboreae-Ocoteetum foetentis. Euphorbia
mellifera, Isoplexis sceptrum, Sonchus fruticosus, Melanoselinum decipiens, Musschia wollastonii are species characteristics of this community.
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J.C. Costa & al.
ANNEX II
NEW COMBINATION TAXA NAMES
Quercus x coutinhoi Samp. nothosubsp. duriensis (Franco & Vasc.) Monteiro-Henriques, J. C. Costa, A. Bellu, T.
Vasconcelos & Aguiar comb. & stat. nov.
[Basion.: Quercus × coutinhoi Samp. f. duriensis Franco
& Vasc. in Anais Inst. Sup. Agron. 21: 33-34 1954] =
Quercus faginea subsp. faginea x Quercus robur subsp.
broteroana (fig. 88).
Fig. 88- Quercus x coutinhoi Samp. nothosubsp. duriensis
Quercus x andegavensis Hy nothosubsp. subandegavensis (A. Camus) Vila-Viçosa, F.M. Vázquez, Meireles
& Pinto-Gomes comb. & stat. nov.
[Basion.: Quercus x subandegavensis A. Camus in Les
Chênes, Monogr. Gen. Quercus, Atlas ii. Expl. Pl.
(Encycl. Econ. Sylv. vii.) 60 1935] = Quercus pyrenaica
x Quercus robur subsp. estremadurensis.
ANNEX III
FLORISTIC CATALOGUE
In the following, we present an alphabetic list of the
characteristic taxa; for each taxon we mention the syntaxon for which it is characteristic or in which it has its
optimum. This catalogue contains 2930 taxa.
Acer campestre L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Acer monspessulanum L. (Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae)
Acer platanoides L. (Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani)
Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Betulo pendulae-Populetalia tremulae)
Aceras anthropophorum (L.) Aiton f. (Festuco-Brometea)
Achillea ageratum L. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Achillea millefolium L. (Arrhenatheretalia elatioris)
Achyranthes sicula (L.) All. (Achyrantho siculae-Bidentetum
pilosae)
Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench subsp. meridionalis (Nyman)
P.W. Ball (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Acinos meridionalis (see Acinos alpinus subsp. meridionalis)
Aconitum napellus L. subsp. lusitanicum Rouy (Populetalia
albae)
Adenocarpus anisochilus Boiss. (Ulici europaei-Cytision striati)
Adenocarpus argyrophyllus (Rivas Goday) Caball. (Genistion floridae)
Adenocarpus aureus (Cav.) Pau subsp. aureus (Retamion
sphaerocarpae)
Adenocarpus complicatus (L.) J. Gay (Cytisetea-scopario
striati)
Adenocarpus gredensis (see Adenocarpus hispanicus subsp.
gredensis)
Adenocarpus hispanicus (Lam.) DC. subsp. gredensis RivasMartínez & Belmonte (Genistion floridae)
Adenocarpus lainzii Castrov. (Cytisetalia-scopario striati)
Adenocarpus telonensis (Loisel) DC. (Cytisetea-scopario
striati)
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Adiantetalia capilli-veneris)
Adiantum pusillum (see Adiantum reniforme subsp. pusillum)
Adiantum reniforme L. subsp. pusillum (Bolle) Rivas Mart.
(Cheilanthion pulchellae)
Adiantum reniforme L. subsp. reniforme (Cheilanthion pulchellae)
Adonis annua L. (Ridolfion segeti)
Adonis microcarpa DC. (Roemerion hybridae)
Adonis squarrosa (see Adonis annua subsp. squarrosa)
Aegilops geniculata Roth (Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae)
Aegilops neglecta Req. ex Bertol. (Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae)
Aegilops triuncialis L. (Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae)
Aeonium glandulosum (Aiton) Webb & Berthel. (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Aeonium glutinosum (Aiton) Webb & Berthel. (Sinapidendro
angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Aeonium x meyerheymii Bolle (Sinapidendro angustifoliiAeonion glutinosi)
Aetheorhiza bulbosa (L.) Cass. subsp. bulbosa (Crucianelletalia maritimae)
Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robins. (Ageratinio
adenophorae-Ipomaeion acuminatae)
Ageratina riparia (Regel) King & Robins. (Ageratinio adenophorae-Ipomaeion acuminatae)
Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Agrimonia procera Wallr. (Origanetalia vulgaris)
Agropyron junceum subsp. boreoatlanticus (see Elytrigia juncea subsp. boreoatlantica)
Agropyron junceum (see Elytrigia juncea subsp. juncea)
Agropyron pungens (see Elytrigia atherica)
Agropyron repens (see Elytrigia repens)
Agrostemma githago L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Agrostis azorica (Hochst. ex Seub.) Tutin & E.F. Warb. (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi)
Agrostis botelhoi (see Agrostis reuteri subsp. botelhoi)
Agrostis canina L. subsp. canina (Caricetalia nigrae)
Agrostis capillaris L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Agrostis castellana Boiss. & Reut. (Stipo-Agrostietea castellanae)
Agrostis commista (see Agrostis truncatula subsp. commista)
Agrostis congestiflora Tutin E. F. Warburg subsp. congestiflora (Tolpido succulentae-Agrostion congestiflorae)
Agrostis congestiflora Tutin E. F. Warburg subsp. oreophila
Franco (Festucion francoi)
Agrostis curtisii Kerguélen (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Agrostis durieui Boiss. & Reut. (Sedion pyrenaici)
Agrostis gracililaxa Franco (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi)
Agrostis hesperica Romero Garcia, Blanca & Morales Torres
(Anagallido-Juncion bulbosi)
Agrostis nebulosa Boiss. & Reut. (Hordeion marini)
Agrostis obtusissima Hack (Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae)
Agrostis oreophila (see Agrostis azorica subsp. oreophila)
Agrostis pourretii Willd. (Agrostion pourretii)
Agrostis pseudopungens (see Agrostis stolonifera var. pseudopungens)
Agrostis reuteri Boiss. subsp. botelhoi Rocha Afonso &
Franco (Festucion francoi)
Agrostis reuteri Boiss. subsp. reuteri (Brizo-Holoschoenenion)
Agrostis scabriglumis (see Agrostis stolonifera var. scabriglumis)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Agrostis stolonifera L. var. pseudopungens (Lange) Kerguélen (Elytrigion athericae)
Agrostis stolonifera L. var. scabriglumis (Boiss. & Reuter)
C.E. Hubard (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Agrostis stolonifera L. var. stolonifera (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Agrostis tenerrima Trin. (Malcolmietalia)
Agrostis truncatula Parl. subsp. commista Castrov. & Charpin (Sedion pyrenaici)
Agrostis truncatula Parl. subsp. truncatula (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Agrostis x fouilladei P. Fourn. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Aichryson divaricatum (Aiton) Pragaer (Aichryso laxi-Monanthion laxiflorae)
Aichryson dumosum (Lowe) Praeger (Aichryso laxi-Monanthion laxiflorae)
Aichryson villosum (Aiton) Webb & Berthel. (Aichryso laxiMonanthion laxiflorae)
Aira caryophyllea L. subsp. caryophyllea (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Aira caryophyllea L. subsp. multiculmis (Dumort.) Bonnier
& Layens (Thero-Airion)
Aira cupaniana Guss. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Aira multiculmis (see Aira caryophyllea subsp. multiculmis)
Aira praecox L. (Thero-Airion)
Airopsis tenella (Cav.) Asch. Graebn. (Evacenion carpetanae)
Aizoon canariense L. (Mesembryanthemion crystallini)
Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. (Stellarietea mediae)
Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Ajuga meonantha (see Ajuga pyramidalis subsp. meonantha)
Ajuga pyramidalis L. subsp. meonantha (Hoffmanns & Link)
(Nardetalia strictae)
Ajuga pyramidalis L. subsp. pyramidalis (Nardetalia strictae)
Ajuga reptans L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Alchemilla transiens (Buser) Buser (Saxifragion willkommianae)
Alisma lanceolatum With (Nasturtio-Glycerietalia)
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea australis)
Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae)
Allium ampeloprasum L. (Onopordenea acanthii)
Allium ericetorum Thore (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Allium guttatum Steven subsp. sardoum (Moris) Stearn L.
(Agrostietalia castellanae)
Allium massaessylum Batt. & Trab. (Quercenion pyrenaicae)
Allium oleraceum L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Allium pallens L. (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Allium paniculatum L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Allium roseum L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Allium sardoum (see Allium guttatum subsp. sardoum)
Allium scorzonerifolium Desf. in Redouté (Agrostion pourretii)
Allium sphaerocephalon L. (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Allium subvillosum Salzm. ex Schult. & Schult. f. (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Allium triquetrum L. (Smyrnienion olusatri)
Allium victorialis L. (Galio-Urticetea)
Allium vineale L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Alopecurus aequalis Solob. (Bidention tripartitae)
Alopecurus arundinaceus Poiret (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Alopecurus geniculatus L. (Agrostion stoloniferae)
Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Alopecurus pratensis L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Alternanthera caracasana Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth (Chamaesycion prostratae)
Althaea cannabina L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Althea hirsuta L. (Stellarietea mediae)
123
Althea longiflora Boiss. & Reut. (Thero-Brometalia)
Althea officinalis L. (Magno-Caricion elatae)
Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Alyssum granatense Boiss. & Reut. (Alysso granatensis-Brassicion barrelieri)
Alyssum lusitanicum (see Alyssum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum)
Alyssum minutum DC. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Alyssum pintodasilva (see Alyssum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum)
Alyssum serpyllifolium Desf. subsp. lusitanicum Dudley & P.
Silva (Artemisio glutinosae-Santolinion rosmarinifoliae)
Alyssum simplex Rudolphi (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Amaranthus albus L. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Amaranthus cruentus L. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Amaranthus deflexus L. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Amaranthus graecizans L. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Amaranthus hybridus L. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Amaranthus muricatus Moq. in A. DC (Chenopodion muralis)
Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Amaranthus viridis L. (Chenopodion muralis)
Amelanchier ovalis Medik. (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Ammannia coccinea Rottb. (Oryzo sativae-Echinochloion oryzoidis)
Ammi majus L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Ammi subertianum (Wats.) Trealease (Pericallion malvifoliae)
Ammi trifoliatum (Wats.) Trealease (Pericallion malvifoliae)
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breistr. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link subsp. arundinacea H. Lindb.
f. (Ammophilenion arundinaceae)
Ammophila arenaria subsp. australis (see Ammophila arenaria
subsp. arundinacea)
Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) L.C.M. Richard (Festuco-Brometea)
Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. (Hordeion leporini)
Anacyclus radiatus Lois. (Hordeion leporini)
Anagallis arvensis L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Anagallis foemina Mill (Stellarienea mediae)
Anagallis linifolia (see Anagallis monelli var. linifolia)
Anagallis microphylla (see Anagallis monelli var. microphylla)
Anagallis monelli L. var. linifolia (L.) Samp. (Corynephorion
maritimi)
Anagallis monelli L. var. microphylla (Ball) Vasc. (Corynephorion maritimi)
Anagallis tenella (L.) L. (Anagallido-Juncion bulbosi)
Anagyris foetida L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Anarrhinum bellidifolium (L.) Willd. (Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati)
Anarrhinum duriminium Brot. (Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati)
Anarrhinum longipedicellatum R. Fern. (Sesamoidion suffruticosae)
Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Anchusa italica Retz. (Roemerion hybridae)
Andropogon distachyos L. (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Andryala arenaria (DC.) Boiss. & Reut. (Alysso granatensisBrassicion barrelieri)
Andryala corymbosa (see Andryala integrifolia var. corymbosa)
Andryala crithmifolia Aiton (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
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Andryala integrifolia L. var. corymbosa (Lam.) Willd. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Andryala integrifolia L. var. integrifolia (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Andryala laxiflora (Salzm.) DC. (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Andryala ragusina L. (Andryaletalia ragusinae)
Andryala varia Lowe ex DC. (Greenovio-Aeonietea)
Anemone albida (see Anemone trifolia subsp. albida)
Anemone nemorosa L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Anemone palmata L. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Anemone trifolia L. subsp. albida (Mariz) Ulbr. (Quercenion
robori-pyrenaicae)
Angelica laevis J.G. Gay (see Angelica major)
Angelica lignescens Reduron & Danton in Danton, Reduron &
Baffray (Pericallion malvifoliae)
Angelica major Lag. (Filipendulion ulmariae)
Angelica pachycarpa Lange (Crithmo-Armerion maritimae)
Angelica sylvestris L. (Filipendulion ulmariae)
Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link (Selaginello denticulataeAnogrammion leptophyllae)
Anomodon viticulosus (Hedw.) Hook & J. Tayl. (Anomodonto-Polypodietalia)
Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Ageratinio adenophoraeIpomaeion acuminatae)
Anthemis alpestris (Hoffmanns. & Link) R. Fernandes (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Anthemis arvensis L. (Scleranthion annui)
Anthemis cotula L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Anthemis maritima L. (Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea
arundinaceae)
Anthoxanthum amarum Brot. (Calystegietalia sepium)
Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. subsp. aristatum (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Anthoxanthum maderensis Lowe (Deschampsio maderensisParafestucion albidae)
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Anthoxanthum ovatum Lag. (Malcolmietalia)
Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. (Cardamino hirsutae-Geranietea purpurei)
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. (Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae)
Anthyllis hamosus (see Hymenocarpos hamosus)
Anthyllis iberica (see Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. iberica)
Anthyllis lemanniana Lowe (Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae)
Anthyllis lotoides (see Hymenocarpos lotoides)
Anthyllis lusitanica (see Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. lusitanica)
Anthyllis maura (see Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maura)
Anthyllis sampaioana (see Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. sampaioana)
Anthyllis vulneraria L. subsp. iberica (W. Becker) Jalas &
Cullen (Crithmo-Armerion maritimae)
Anthyllis vulneraria L. subsp. lusitanica (Culen & P. Silva)
Franco (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Anthyllis vulneraria L. subsp. maura (G. BecK) Lindb.
(Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Anthyllis vulneraria L. subsp. sampaioana (Rothm.) Vasc.
(Potentillo montanae-Brachypodion rupestris)
Antinoria agrostidea (L.) Parl. var. agrostidea (GlycerioSparganion)
Antinoria agrostidea (L.) Parl. var. annua Lange (Isoetetalia)
Antinoria agrostidea (L.) Parl. var. natans Hack (Littorellion
uniflorae)
Antinoria annua (see Antinoria agrostidea var. annua)
Antinoria natans (see Antinoria agrostidea var. natans)
Antirrhinum ambiguum (see Antirrhinum meonanthum subsp.
ambiguum)
Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii Rothm. (Asplenietea trichomanes)
Antirrhinum cirrhigerum (see Antirrhinum linkianum subsp.
cirrhigerum)
Antirrhinum graniticum Rothm. (Rumici indurati-Dianthion
lusitani)
Antirrhinum linkianum Boiss. & Reuter (Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion linkiani)
Antirrhinum linkianum Boiss. & Reuter cirrhigerum (Ficalho) Rivas-Martínez, T.E. Díaz & Fern. Gonz. (Rubio longifoliae-Coremation albi)
Antirrhinum majus L. subsp. majus (Parietarietalia)
Antirrhinum meonanthum Hoffmann. & Link subsp. ambiguum (Lange) Rivas Mart. (Saxifragion fragosoi)
Antirrhinum meonanthum Hoffmanns & Link subsp. meonanthum (Parietario-Galion muralis)
Aphanes arvensis L. (Scleranthion annui)
Aphanes australis Rydb. in Britton & Undew. (Tuberarietalia
guttatae)
Aphanes cornucopioides Lag. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Aphyllanthes monspeliensis L. (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Apium graveolens L. (Juncetea maritimi)
Apium inundatum (L.) Rchb. (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell. ex Benth.(Apio leptophyllae-Oxalidetum pes-caprae)
Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. (Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici)
Apium repens (Jacq.) Lag. (Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici)
Apollonias barbujana (Cav.) Bornm. (Visneo mocaneraeApollonion barbujanae)
Aquilegia dichroa (see Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. dichroa)
Aquilegia hispanica (see Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. dichroa)
Aquilegia vulgaris L. subsp. dichroa Freyn (Trifolio mediiGeranietea sanguinei)
Aquilegia vulgaris L. subsp. hispanica (Willk.) Heywood
(Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Aquilegia vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris (Querco-Fagetea)
Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Stellarienea mediae)
Arabis caucasica Schltdl. (Greenovio-Aeonietea)
Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. (Galio-Alliarietalia petiolatae)
Arabis juressi Rothm. (Linarion triornithophorae)
Arabis lusitanica Boiss. (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion
sempervirentis)
Arabis sadina (Samp.) Cout. (Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion linkiani)
Arabis stenocarpa Boiss. & Reut. (Origanion virentis)
Arachniodes webbianum Schltdl. (Sibthorpio peregrinaeClethrion arboreae)
Arbutus unedo L. (Ericion arboreae)
Arceuthobium azoricum Hawksworth & Wiens (Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae)
Arctium minus Bernh. (Arction lappae)
Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns (Sisymbrietalia officinalis)
Arenaria algarbiensis Welw. ex Willk (Hymenocarpo
hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Arenaria conimbricensis Brot. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Arenaria emarginata Brot. (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Arenaria fontiqueri (see Arenaria querioides subsp. fontiqueri)
Arenaria leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Arenaria montana L. (Quercetalia roboris)
Arenaria querioides Pourr. ex Willk subsp. querioides (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Arenaria querioides Pourr. ex Willk. subsp. fontiqueri (P.
Silva) Rocha Afonso (Armerion eriophyllae)
Arenaria serpyllifolia L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Argyranthemum montanum (see Argyranthemum pinnatifidum
subsp. montanum)
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum (L.f.) Lowe subsp. montanum Rustan (Bystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis)
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum (L.f.) Lowe subsp. pinnatifidum (Bystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum (L.f.) Lowe subsp. succulentum (Lowe) Humphr. (Argyranthemo suculenti-Calendulion
maderensis)
Argyranthemum succulentum (see Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp. succulentum)
Argyranthemum thalassophilum (Svent.) Humphries (Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis)
Argyrolobium zanonii (Turra). B.W.Ball (Rosmarinetea
officinalis)
Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu. (Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion
sylvestris)
Aristida adscensionis L. (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Aristolochia baetica L. (Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis)
Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel (Populetalia albae)
Aristolochia pistolochia L. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Armeria beirana Franco (Festucion merinoi)
Armeria berlengensis Daveau (Crithmo-Armerion maritimae)
Armeria cinerea (see Armeria welwitschii subsp. cinerea)
Armeria daveaui (see Armeria langei subsp. daveaui)
Armeria duriaei Boiss. (Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion caespitosae)
Armeria eriophylla Willk. (Armerion eriophyllae)
Armeria gaditana Boiss. (Agrostion castellanae)
Armeria humilis (Link) Schult. in Roem & Schult. subsp.
humilis (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Armeria humilis (Link) Schult. in Roem & Schult. subsp.
odorata (Samp.) P. Silva (Sedion anglici)
Armeria langei Boiss. subsp. daveaui (Cout.) P. Silva (Armerion eriophyllae)
Armeria langei Boiss. subsp. marizii (Daveau) Aguiar, Sanchez-Mata & Monteiro-Henriques (Armerion eriophyllae)
Armeria linkiana Nieto Fel. (Brachypodion phoenicoidis)
Armeria macrophylla Boiss. & Reut. (Coremation albi)
Armeria maderensis Lowe (Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae)
Armeria major (see Armeria pungens subsp. major)
Armeria maritima Willd. subsp. maritima (Glauco-Puccinellietalia)
Armeria maritima Willd. subsp. miscella (Merino) Malag.
(Crithmo-Armerion maritimae)
Armeria marizii (see Armeria langei subsp. marizii)
Armeria miscella (see Armeria maritima subsp. miscella)
Armeria odorata (see Armeria humilis subsp. odorata)
Armeria pinifolia (Brot.) Hoffmanns. & Link (Coremation
albi)
Armeria pseudarmeria (Murray) Mansfeld (Crithmo-Daucion
halophili)
Armeria pubigera (Desf.) Boiss. in DC. (Crithmo-Armerion
maritimae)
Armeria pungens (Link) Hoffmanns. subsp. major (Daveau)
Franco (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Armeria pungens (Link) Hoffmanns. subsp. pungens (Helichrysion picardii)
Armeria rouyana Daveau (Coremation albi)
Armeria sampaioi (Bernis) Nieto Fel. (Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion
caespitosae)
Armeria segoviensis (Gand. ex Bernis) Rivas-Mart. (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Armeria transmontana (Samp.) Lawr. (Hieracio-Plantaginion radicatae)
Armeria velutina Welw. ex Boiss. & Reut. (Coremation albi)
Armeria welwitschii Boiss. subsp. cinerea (Boiss. & Welw.)
Capelo & J.C. Costa (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Armeria welwitschii Boiss. subsp. welwitschii (Helichrysion
picardii)
Armeria x francoi J.C. Costa & Capelo (Agrostio castellanaeCelticion giganteae)
Arnica atlantica (see Arnica montana subsp. atlantica)
Arnica montana L. subsp. atlantica A. Bolòs (AnagallidoJuncion bulbosi)
Arnoseris minima (L.) Scwegg. & Koerte (Scleranthion annui)
125
Arrhenatherum album (Vahl) W.D. Clayton var. album (LygeoStipetea)
Arrhenatherum album (Vahl) W.D. Clayton var. erianthum
(Boiss. & Reuter) Romero Zarco (Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae)
Arrhenatherum baeticum (Romero Zarco) Rivas Mart. Fern.
Gonz. & Loidi (Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae)
Arrhenatherum bulbosum (see Arrhenatherum elatius subsp.
bulbosum)
Arrhenatherum carpetanum (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion
carpetani)
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. Presl & C. Presl.
subsp. elatius (Arrhenatherion elatioris)
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. Presl & C. Presl.
subsp. bulbosum (Willd.) Schübler & Martens (MolinioArrhenatheretea)
Arrhenatherum erianthum (see Arrhenatherum album var.
erianthum)
Artemisia absinthium L. (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Artemisia arborescens L. (Salsolo vermiculatae-Peganetalia
harmalae)
Artemisia argentea L’Hér. (Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae)
Artemisia campestris L. subsp. glutinosa (J. Gay ex Besser)
Batt. in Batt. & Trab. (Pegano-Salsoletea)
Artemisia crithmifolia L. (Helichrysion picardii)
Artemisia gallica Willd subsp. gallica (Sarcocornietea fruticosa)
Artemisia glutinosa (see Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa)
Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte (Artemisietalia vulgaris)
Artemisia vulgaris L. (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Arthrocnemum alpini (see Sarcocornia perennis subsp. alpini)
Arthrocnemum perennis (see Sarcocornia perennis subsp. perennis)
Arthrocnemum fruticosum (see Sarcocornia fruticosa)
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) Morris (Arthrocnemion macrostachyi)
Arum canariensis (see Arum italicum subsp. canariensis)
Arum cylindraceum Gasparr. (Populion albae)
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. canariensis (Webb & Berthel.)
P.C. Boyce (Visneo mocanerae-Apollonion barbujanae)
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. italicum (Populion albae)
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. neglectum (Townsend) Prime
(Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris)
Arum maculatum L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Arum neglectum (see Arum italicum subsp. neglectum)
Asparagus acutifolius L. (Quercetea ilicis)
Asparagus albus L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Asparagus aphyllus L. (Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris)
Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce (Ageratinio adenophoraeIpomaeion acuminatae)
Asparagus lowei (see Asparagus umbellatus subsp. lowei)
Asparagus nesiotes Svent subsp. nesiotes (Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis)
Asparagus scoparius Lowe (Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis)
Asparagus umbellatus Link subsp. lowei (Kunth) Valdés
(Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
Asperula arvensis L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Asperula hirsuta Desf. (Saturejo-Thymbrion capitatae)
Asphodelus aestivus Brot. (Agrostion castellanae)
Asphodelus arrondeaui Lloyd (Epilobietea angustifoliae)
Asphodelus bento-rainhae P. Silva subsp. bento-rainhae
(Agrostion castellanae)
Asphodelus distalis (see Asphodelus ramosus subsp. distalis)
Asphodelus fistulosus L. (Hordeion leporini)
Asphodelus lusitanicus Cout. var. lusitanicus (Balloto-Conion maculati)
Asphodelus lusitanicus Cout. var. ovoideus (Mariz) Z. Díaz &
Valdés (Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii)
126
J.C. Costa & al.
Asphodelus ovoideus (see Asphodelus lusitanicus var. ovoideus)
Asphodelus ramosus L. subsp. distalis Z. Díaz & Valdés
(Brachypodion phoenicoidis)
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. var. adiantum-nigrum (Androsacetalia vandellii)
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. var. corunnense H. Christ
(Cymbalario-Asplenion)
Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Bech (Cheilanthion pulchellae)
Asplenium anceps Lowe ex Hook & Grev. (Hymenophyllion
tunbrigensis)
Asplenium azoricum (Mild) Lovis, Rasbach & Reichst.
(Cymbalario-Asplenion)
Asplenium billotii F.W. Schultz (Androsacetalia vandellii)
Asplenium ceterach L. (Cymbalario-Asplenion)
Asplenium corunnense (see Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var.
corunnense)
Asplenium hemionitis L. (Bartramio strictae-Polypodion
cambrici)
Asplenium maderense (see Asplenium trichomanes subsp.
maderense)
Asplenium marinum L. (Asplenion marini)
Asplenium monanthes L. (Cheilanthion pulchellae)
Asplenium obovatum Viv. (Phagnalo saxatilis-Cheilanthion
maderensis)
Asplenium onopteris L. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Asplenium petrarchae (Guérin) DC. (Asplenietalia petrarchae)
Asplenium quadrivalens (see Asplenium trichomanes subsp.
quadrivalens)
Asplenium ruta-muraria L, (Asplenietea trichomanes)
Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. (Androsacetalia vandellii)
Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. maderense Gibby & Lovis
(Cheilanthion pulchellae)
Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E. Mey.
(Cymbalario-Asplenion)
Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes (Androsacetalia vandellii)
Aster aragonensis Asso (Cistion laurifolii)
Aster pannonicus (see Aster tripolium subsp. pannonicus)
Aster sedifolius L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hiern. (Elytrigietalia repentis)
Aster tripolium L. subsp. pannonicus (Jacq.) Soó (Juncetea
maritimi)
Asterella africana (Mont.) A. Evans (Deschampsion argenteae)
Asteriscus maritimus (L.) Less. (Crithmo-Limonietea)
Asterolinon linum-stellatum (L.) Duby (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Astragalus cymbaecarpos Brot. (Periballio-Trifolion subterranei)
Astragalus echinatus Murray (Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae)
Astragalus epiglottis L. (Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae)
Astragalus glaux L. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Astragalus glycyphyllos L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Astragalus hamosus L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Astragalus incanus subsp. macrorhizus (see Astragalus incanus
subsp. nummularioides)
Astragalus incanus L. subsp. nummularioides (Desf.) Maire
(Armerion eriophyllae)
Astragalus lusitanicus Lam. (Ulici argentei-Cistion ladaniferi)
Astragalus macrorhizus Cav. (see Astragalus incanus subsp.
nummularioides)
Astragalus massiliensis (see Astragalus tragacantha subsp.
vicentinus)
Astragalus nummularioides (see Astragalus incanus subsp.
nummularioides)
Astragalus sesameus L. (Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae)
Astragalus stella Gouan (Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae)
Astragalus tragacantha L. subsp. vicentinus (Samp.) Rivas
Mart., T.E. Díaz & Fern. Gonz. (Astragalion tragacanthae)
Astragalus vicentinus (see Astragalus tragacantha subsp.
vicentinus)
Astydamia latifolia (L.f.) Baill. (Frankenio-Astydamion latifoliae)
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth (Querco-Fagetea)
Atractylis cancellata L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Atractylis gummifera L. (Carthametalia lanati)
Atriplex glauca L. subsp. ifniensis (Caball.) Rivas Mart.,
Wildpret, Del Arco, O. Rodríguez, P. Pérez, Garcia Gallo,
T.E. Díaz & Fern. Gonz. (Forsskaoleo angustifoliae-Rumicetalia lunariae)
Atriplex halimus L. (Salsolo vermiculatae-Peganetalia harmalae)
Atriplex ifniensis (see Atriplex glauca subsp. ifniensis)
Atriplex patula L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Atriplex rosea L. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Aulacomnium palustris (Hedw.) Schwägr. (Erico tetralicisSphagnetalia papillosi)
Avellinia michelii (Savi) Parl. (Malcolmietalia)
Avena barbata Pott ex Link subsp. barbata (Thero-Brometalia)
Avena barbata Pott ex Link subsp. lusitanica (Tab. Morais)
Romero Zarco (Thero-Brometalia)
Avena fatua L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Avena longiglumis Durieu (Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion
alopecuroris)
Avena ludoviciana (see Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana)
Avena lusitanica (see Avena barbata subsp. lusitanica)
Avena sterilis L. subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Nyman (Roemerion hybridae)
Avena sterilis L. subsp. sterilis (Thero-Brometalia)
Avena strigosa Schreber (Scleranthion annui)
Avenella flexuosa (L.) Parl. subsp. flexuosa (Quercetalia
roboris)
Avenella flexuosa (L.) Parl. subsp. iberica (Rivas Mart.)
García-Suárez, Fern.-Carv. & Fern. Prieto (Junipero sabinae-Pinetea sylvestris)
Avenella foliosa (Hack.) Rivas Mart., Lousã, Fern. Prieto, E.
Dias, J.C. Costa & C. Aguiar (Festucion francoi)
Avenella iberica (see Avenella flexuosa subsp. iberica)
Avenella stricta (Hackel) P. Silva (Quercenion rivasmartinezii-suberis)
Avenula albinervis (see Avenula lodunensis subsp. albinervis)
Avenula bromoides (Gouan) H. Scholtz subsp. bromoides
(Lygeo-Stipetalia)
Avenula cintrana (see Avenula lodunensis subsp. cintrana)
Avenula gaditana (see Avenula lodunensis subsp. gaditana)
Avenula gervaisii Holub subsp. gervaisii (Stipion tenacissimae)
Avenula hackelii (see Helictotrichon hackelii subsp. hackelii)
Avenula lodunensis (Delastre) Kerguélen subsp. albinervis
(Boiss.) Rivas Mart. (Stauracanthion boivinii)
Avenula lodunensis (Delastre) Kerguélen subsp. cintrana
(Röser) Cebolla, López Rodr. & Rivas Ponce (Agrostion
castellanae)
Avenula lodunensis (Delastre) Kerguélen subsp. gaditana
(Romero Zarco) Rivas Mart. (Agrostion castellanae)
Avenula lodunensis (Delastre) Kerguélen subsp. occidentalis
(Gervais) Romero Zarco (Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion
linkiani)
Avenula lodunensis (Delastre) Kerguélen subsp. lodunensis
(Calluno-Ulicetea)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Avenula lusitanica (Romero Zarco) J. Holub (Potentillo montanae-Brachypodienion rupestris)
Avenula occidentalis (see Avenula lodunensis subsp. occidentalis)
Avenula pubescens (Hudson) Dumort. (Arrhenatheretalia
elatioris)
Avenula stenophylla (see Helictotrichon hackelii subsp. stenophylla)
Avenula sulcata subsp. sulcata (see Avenula lodunensis subsp.
lodunensis)
Azolla filiculoides Lam. (Lemnetalia minoris)
Azorina vidali (H.C. Watson) Feer (Euphorbio azoricae-Festucion petraeae)
Baldellia alpestris (Cosson) Vasc. (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl. (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Ballota foetida (see Ballota nigra subsp. foetida)
Ballota hirsuta Benth. (Pegano-Salsoletea)
Ballota nigra L. subsp. foetida Hayek (Balloto-Conion maculati)
Barlia robertiana (Loisel) Greut. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Bartramia stricta Brid. (Bartramio strictae-Polypodion cambrici)
Bartsia aspera (Brot.) Lange (Ulici densi-Thymion sylvestris)
Bellardia trixago (L.) All. (Thero-Brometalia)
Bellevalia hackelii Freyn (Stipion tenacissimae)
Bellis annua L. subsp. annua (Poetea bulbosae)
Bellis azorica Hochst. (Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae)
Bellis pappulosa (see Bellis sylvestris var. pappulosa)
Bellis perennis L. (Cynosurion cristati)
Bellis sylvestris Cyr. var. pappulosa (Boiss. ex DC.) Lange
(Poetea bulbosae)
Bellis sylvestris Cyr. var. sylvestris (Poetea bulbosae)
Berberis maderensis Lowe (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion
arboreae)
Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville (Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici)
Beta maritima L. var. maritima (Cakiletea maritimae)
Betula celtiberica Rothmal. & Vasc. (Betulion fontqueri-celtibericae)
Biarum arundanum Boiss. & Reut. (Quercetea ilicis)
Biarum dispar (Schottt) Talavera (Teucrio pseudochamaepityos-Brachypodion retusi)
Bidens aurea (Aiton) Sherff (Bidention tripartitae)
Bidens frondosa L. (Bidention tripartitae)
Bidens pilosa L. (Chenopodio-Stellarienea)
Bidens tripartita L. (Bidentetalia tripartitae)
Bifora testiculata (L.) Roem. & Schult (Roemerion hybridae)
Biscutella auriculata L. (Roemerion hybridae)
Biscutella lusitanica Jord. (Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion
linkiani)
Biscutella valentina (L.) Heywood subsp. valentina (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)
Biscutella vincentina (Samp.) Guinea (Eryngio-Ulicenion
erinacei)
Biserrula pelecinus L. (Periballio-Trifolion subterranei)
Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt. (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Blackstonia acuminata (Koch & Ziz) Domin subsp. aestiva
(K. Malý) Zeltner (Brachypodion distachyi)
Blackstonia imperfoliata (L. f.) Samp. (Verbenion supinae)
Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Blechnum spicant L. (Quercetalia roboris)
Bolboschoenus compactus (see Bolboschoenus maritimus var.
compactus)
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla var. compactus (Hoffm.)
Hejny (Bolboschoenetalia compacti)
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla var. maritimus (Bolboschoenion maritimi)
Borago officinalis L. (Chenopodio-Stellarienea)
Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
127
Brachypodium gaditanum Talavera (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi)
Brachypodium phoenicoides (L.) Roem. & Schult. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P. Beauv. (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Brachypodium rupestre (Host) Roem. & Schult. (Potentillo
montanae-Brachypodion rupestris)
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. (Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Brachythecium rivulare Shimp. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Brassica barrelieri (L.) Junka (Alysso granatensis-Brassicion
barrelieri)
Brassica oxyrrhina Cosson (Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion
alopecuroris)
Briza maxima L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Briza minor L. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Bromus diandrus Roth (Thero-Brometalia)
Bromus erectus Huds. (Festuco-Brometea)
Bromus hordeaceus L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Bromus lanceolatus Roth (Thero-Brometalia)
Bromus madritensis L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Bromus racemosus L. (Calthion palustris)
Bromus ramosus Huds. (Atropetalia belladonae)
Bromus rigidus Roth (Thero-Brometalia)
Bromus rubens L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Bromus scoparius L. (Hordeion leporini)
Bromus secalinus L. (Scleranthion annui)
Bromus squarrosus L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Bromus sterilis L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Bromus tectorum L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Bryonia dioica Jacq. (Populion albae)
Bryum argenteum Hedw. (Polygono arenastri-Poetalia annuae)
Bryum schleicheri Schwägr. (Cardamino amarae-Montion
fontanae)
Bufonia macropetala Willk. (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Bufonia willkommiana Boiss. (Cheilanthion hispanicae)
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnst. subsp. arvensis (Centaureetalia cyani)
Bunium brevifolium Lowe (Bystropogono punctati-Telinion
maderensis)
Bupleurum fruticosum L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Bupleurum gerardi All. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Bupleurum lancifolium Hornem. (Ridolfion segeti)
Bupleurum paniculatum Brot. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Bupleurum salicifolium R. Br. in Buch subsp. salicifolium
(Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis)
Bupleurum semicompositum L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Bupleurum tenuissimum L. (Saginetea maritimae)
Butomus umbellatus L. (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea
australis)
Bystropogon punctatus L'Hér. (Bystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis)
Cachrys sicula L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Cakile edentula (Bigew.) Hook (Cakiletea maritimae)
Cakile integrifolia (see Cakile maritima subsp. integrifolia)
Cakile maritima Scop. subsp. integrifolia (Hoernem.) Hyl ex
Greuter & Burdet (Atriplicion littoralis)
Cakile maritima Scop. subsp. maritima (Cakilion maritimae)
Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth
Calamintha baetica (see Calamintha nepeta Savi subsp. nepeta)
Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. nepeta (Trifolio mediiGeranietea sanguinei)
Calendula algarbiensis Boiss. (Brassicion oleraceae)
Calendula arvensis L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Calendula incana Willd. (Brassicion oleraceae)
Calendula lusitanica (see Calendula suffruticosa subsp. lusitanica)
128
J.C. Costa & al.
Calendula maderensis DC. (Argyranthemo suculenti-Calendulion maderensis)
Calendula suffruticosa subsp. tomentosa (see Calendula incana)
Calendula suffruticosa Vahl. subsp. lusitanica (Boiss.) Ohle
(Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion linkiani)
Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link (Asparago albi-Rhamnion
oleoidis)
Callitriche brutia Petagna (Potametea)
Callitriche cribosa Schots. (Ranunculion aquatilis)
Callitriche hamulata Kütz (Ranunculion fluitantis)
Callitriche lusitanica Schots (Potametea)
Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall (Ranunculion fluitantis)
Callitriche regis-jubae Schotsman (Ranunculion aquatilis)
Callitriche stagnalis Scop (Ranunculion aquatilis)
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Caltha palustris L. subsp. minor (Miller) Graeben. (Cardamino amarae-Montion fontanae)
Caltha palustris L. subsp. palustris (Calthion palustris)
Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. (Senecionion fluviatilis)
Calystegia soldanella (L.) R. Br. (Ammophiletalia)
Calystegia sylvatica (Kit.) Griseb. (Senecionion fluviatilis)
Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. (Stellarienea mediae)
Campanula erinus L. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Campanula herminii Hoffmanns. & Link (Campanulo herminii-Nardenalia strictae)
Campanula lusitanica L. in Loef. subsp. lusitanica (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Campanula primulifolia Brot. (Osmundo-Alnion)
Campanula rapunculus L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Capnophyllum peregrinum (L.) Lange in Wilkk. & Lange
(Ridolfion segeti)
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Stellarietea mediae)
Capsella rubella Reut. (Stellarietea mediae)
Cardamine caldeirarum Seub. (Cardaminetum caldeirari)
Cardamine flexuosa With (Caricion remotae)
Cardamine hirsuta L. (Cardaminetea hirsutae)
Cardamine parviflora L. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Cardamine pratensis L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. (Stellarietea mediae)
Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw. (Ageratinio adenophorae-Ipomaeion acuminatae)
Carduncellus caeruleus (L.) C. Presl (Carthametalia lanati)
Carduus bourgeanus Boiss. & Reut. (Carthametalia lanati)
Carduus broteroi Cout. (Onopordion castellani)
Carduus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut. (Carduo carpetani-Cirsion odontolepidis)
Carduus gayanus Durieu ex Willk. (Carduo carpetani-Cirsion
odontolepidis)
Carduus meonanthus Hoffmanns. & Link (Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion alopecuroris)
Carduus platypus Lange (Carduo carpetani-Cirsion odontolepidis)
Carduus pycnocephalus L. (Onopordenea acanthii)
Carduus squarrosus (DC.) Lowe (Visneo mocanerae-Apollonion barbujanae)
Carduus tenuiflorus Curtis (Onopordenea acanthii)
Carex acuta L. (Magno-Caricion elatae)
Carex arenaria L. (Corynephorion maritimae)
Carex asturica Boiss. (Daboecion cantabricae)
Carex azorica (see Carex pilulifera subsp. azorica)
Carex binervis Sm. (Juncion acutiflori)
Carex caryophyllea Latourr. (Festuco-Brometea)
Carex cedercreutzii (see Carex viridula subsp. cedercreutzii)
Carex chaetophylla (see Carex divisa var. chaetophylla)
Carex cuprina (I. Sándora ex Heuff.) Nendtv. ex A. Kern
(Potentillo anserinae)
Carex demissa Hoernm (Caricion fuscae)
Carex depressa Link (Quercetalia ilicis)
Carex distachya Desf. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Carex distans L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Carex divisa Huds. subsp. divisa (Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion)
Carex divisa Huds. var. chaetophylla (Steud.) Nyman (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Carex divulsa Stokes subsp. divulsa (Origanetalia vulgaris)
Carex divulsa Stokes subsp. leersii (Kneuck.) W. Koch (Origanetalia vulgaris)
Carex durieui Steudel ex Kunze (Salici atrocinereae-Alnenion
glutinosae)
Carex echinata Murray (Caricetalia nigrae)
Carex elata All. subsp. elata (Magno-Caricion elatae)
Carex elata All. subsp. reuteriana (Boiss.) Luceño & Aedo
(Caricion reuterianae)
Carex elata All. subsp. tartesiana Luceño & Aedo (Caricion
reuterianae)
Carex extensa Gooden (Juncetea maritimi)
Carex flacca Schreb (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Carex furva Webb (Campanulo herminii-Nardenalia strictae)
Carex guthnickiana J. Gay (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi)
Carex halleriana Asso (Quercetea ilicis)
Carex hirta L. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Carex hispida Willd. (Magno-Caricion elatae)
Carex hochstetteriana J. Gay ex Seub. (Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae)
Carex laevigata Sm. (Alnetea glutinosae)
Carex lamprocarpa (see Carex muricata subsp. lamprocarpa)
Carex leersii (see Carex divulsa subsp. leersii)
Carex lepidocarpa Tausch (Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea
nigrae)
Carex leporina L. (Nardetalia strictae)
Carex lowei Bechever (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Carex lusitanica (see Carex paniculata subsp. lusitanica)
Carex muricata L. subsp. lamprocarpa Celak. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Carex nigra (L.) Reichard (Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea
nigrae)
Carex oedipostyla Duval-Juve (Quercetalia ilicis)
Carex pallescens L. (Nardetalia strictae)
Carex panicea L. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Carex paniculata L. subsp. lusitanica (Schkuhr ex Willd.)
Maire (Caricion reuterianae)
Carex pendula Huds. (Populetalia albae)
Carex pilulifera L. subsp. azorica (Gay) Franco & Rocha
Afonso (Festucion francoi)
Carex pilulifera L. subsp. pilulifera (Nardetalia strictae)
Carex pseudocyperus L. (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea
australis)
Carex punctata Gaudin subsp. punctata (Glauco maritimaeJuncion maritimi)
Carex punctata Gaudin var. laevicaulis (Hochst. ex Kunze)
Boott (Festucion francoi)
Carex remota L. (Populetalia albae)
Carex reuteriana (see Carex elata subsp. reuteriana)
Carex riparia Curtis (Magno-Caricion elatae)
Carex sylvatica Huds. (Fagetalia)
Carex tartesiana (see Carex elata subsp. tartesiana)
Carex trinervis Degl. in Loisel. (Anagallido-Juncion bulbosi)
Carex viridula Michx. subsp. cedercreutzii (Fagerstr.) B.
Schmid (Anagallido-Juncion bulbosi)
Carex viridula Michx. subsp. viridula (Agrostion stoloniferae)
Carex vulcani Hochst. in Seub (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea
rigidi)
Carlina corymbosa L. subsp. corymbosa (Carthametalia lanati)
Carlina corymbosa L. subsp. hispanica (Lam.) O. Bolòs &
Vigo (Onopordenea acanthii)
Carlina corymbosa L. var. major Lange (Crithmo-Daucion
halophili)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Carlina hispanica (see Carlina corymbosa subsp. hispanica)
Carlina major (see Carlina corymbosa var. major)
Carlina racemosa L. (Agrostion pourretii)
Carlina salicifolia (L.f.) Cav. (Micromerio hyssopifoliae-Cistetalia monspeliensis)
Carthamus baeticus (see Carthamus lanatus subsp. baeticus)
Carthamus lanatus L. subsp. baeticus (Boiss. & Reut.) Nyman (Onopordion castellani)
Carthamus lanatus L. subsp. lanatus (Carthametalia lanati)
Carum verticillatum (L.) Koch (Juncion acutiflori)
Catananche caerulea L. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Catananche lutea L. (Cerintho majoris-Fedion cornucopiae)
Catapodium marinum (L.) C.E. Hubb. (Saginetea maritimae)
Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E Hubb. subsp. rigidum (TheroBrometalia)
Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubb. subsp. spicatum (Trab.in
Batt. & Trab.) Rivas Mart. (Frankenion pulverulentae)
Catapodium spicatum (see Catapodium rigidum subsp. spicatum)
Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. (Pruno hixaeLauretea novocanariensis)
Celtica gigantea (Link) Vazq. Pardo & Barkworth subsp.
gigantea (Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae)
Celtica gigantea (Link) Vazq. Pardo & Barkworth subsp.
sterilis Vazq. Pardo & Barkworth (Agrostio castellanaeCelticion giganteae)
Celtis australis L. (Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris)
Cenchrus ciliaris L. (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Centaurea africana Lam. (Quercion lusitanicae)
Centaurea aristata Hoffmanns & Link subsp. geresensis (J.
Arènes) Dostál (Centaureo geresensis-Rumicetum indurati)
Centaurea aristata Hoffmanns & Link subsp. langeana
(Willk.) Dostál (Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae)
Centaurea aspera L. subsp. aspera (Carthametalia lanati)
Centaurea aspera L. subsp. stenophylla (Dufour) Nyman
(Bromo-Piptatherion miliacei)
Centaurea bethurica E. López & Devesa (Brachypodion
phoenicoidis)
Centaurea calcitrapa L. (Onopordenea acanthii)
Centaurea collina L. (Carthametalia lanati)
Centaurea crocata Franco (Quercion lusitanicae)
Centaurea cyanus L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Centaurea geresensis (see Centaurea aristata subsp. geresensis)
Centaurea herminii Rouy subsp. herminii (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Centaurea herminii Rouy subsp. lusitanica (J. Arènes)
Franco (Centaureo lusitanicae-Pseudarrhenatheretum longifolii)
Centaurea interrupta (see Centaurea ornata subsp. interrupta)
Centaurea langeana (see Centaurea aristata subsp. langeana)
Centaurea lusitanica (see Centaurea herminii subsp. lusitanica)
Centaurea melitensis L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Centaurea micrantha Dufour (Arrhenathero bulbosi-Stipetum
giganteae)
Centaurea nigra L. subsp. rivularis (Brot.) Cout. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Centaurea ornata Willd. subsp. interrupta (Hoffmanns. &
Link) Franco (Festucion duriotaganae)
Centaurea ornata Willd. subsp. ornata (Festucion duriotaganae)
Centaurea polyacantha (see Centaurea sphaerocephala var.
polyacantha)
Centaurea pullata L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Centaurea rivularis (see Centaurea nigra subsp. rivularis)
Centaurea sphaerocephala L. var. polyacantha (Willd.)
Rivas Mart. (Sporobolion arenarii)
Centaurea stenophylla (see Centaurea aspera subsp. stenophylla)
Centaurea vicentina Mariz (Quercion lusitanicae)
129
Centaurium chloodes (Brot.) Samp. (Nano-Cyperion)
Centaurium erythraea Rafn. subsp. erythraea (FestucoBrometea)
Centaurium erythraea Rafn. subsp. grandiflorum (Biv.)
Melderis (Festuco-Brometea)
Centaurium erythraea Rafn. subsp. majus (Hoffmanns &
Link) Melderis (Festuco-Brometea)
Centaurium grandiflorum (see Centaurium erythraea subsp.
grandiflorum)
Centaurium majus (see Centaurium erythraea subsp. majus)
Centaurium maritimum (L.) Fritsch (Isoetion)
Centaurium portensis (Brot.) (Daboecion cantabricae)
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Centaurium scilloides (L. f.) Samp. (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi)
Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch (Saginetea maritimae)
Centaurium tenuiflorum (Hoffmanns. & Link) Fritsch (Juncion maritimi)
Centranthus calcitrapae (L.) Dufresne (Cardaminetea hirsutae)
Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. (Parietario-Galion muralis)
Centunculus minimus L. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch (Querco-Fagetea)
Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich (Querco-Fagetea)
Cephalozia connivens (Dicks.) Lindb. (Erico tetralicisSphagnetalia papillosi)
Cerastium brachypetalum Desportes ex Per. subsp. brachypetalum (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Cerastium diffusum Pers. (Thero-Airion)
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. (Stellarietea mediae)
Cerastium pumilum Curtis (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Cerastium ramosissimum Boiss. (Molineriellion laevis)
Cerastium semidecandrum L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Cerastium vagans Lowe (Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae)
Cerastium vulgare (see Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare)
Ceratocapnos claviculata (L.) Lidén subsp. claviculata (Quercetalia roboris)
Ceratocapnos heterocarpa Durieu (Parietarion lusitanicomauritanicae)
Ceratonia siliqua L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Ceratophyllum demersum L. (Ceratophyllion demersi)
Cerinthe major L. (Cerintho majoris-Fedion cornucopiae)
Ceterach lolegnamense Gibby & Lovis (Cymbalario-Asplenion)
Chaenorhinum lusitanicum (see Chaenorhinum serpyllifolium
subsp. lusitanicum)
Chaenorhinum minimus (L.) Lang. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Chaenorhinum origanifolium (L.) Kostel subsp. origanifolium (Asplenietea trichomanes)
Chaenorhinum serpyllifolium (Lange) Lange subsp. lusitanicum R. Fern. (Linarion pedunculatae)
Chaerophyllum azoricum Trelaese (Pericallion malvifoliae)
Chaerophyllum temulum L. (Alliarienion petiolatae)
Chaetopogon fasciculatus (Link) Hayek (Agrostion pourretii)
Chamaemeles coriacea Lindl. (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion
maderensis)
Chamaemelum fuscatum (Brot.) Vasc. (Spergulo-Arabidopsienion thalianae)
Chamaemelum mixtum (L.) All. (Scleranthion annui)
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (Lolio perennis-Plantaginion
majoris)
Chamaerops humilis L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Chamaesyce canescens (L.) Prokh. (Chamaesycion prostratae)
Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Chamaesycion prostratae)
Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small (Chamaesycion prostratae)
130
J.C. Costa & al.
Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small (Chamaesycion prostratae)
Chara aspera Deth ex Willd (Charion fragilis)
Chara braunii Gmel. (Charetalia hispidae)
Chara canescens Desv. & Lois (Charion canescentis)
Chara connivens Salzm. ex A. Braun (Charion fragilis)
Chara fragilis Desv. (Charetea fragilis)
Chara hispida L. var. hispida (Charion fragilis)
Chara imperfecta A. Braun (Charion vulgaris)
Chara vulgaris L. var. contraria (A. Braun ex Kütz,) J. A.
Moore (Charetea fragilis)
Chara vulgaris L. var. vulgaris (Charion vulgaris)
Cheilanthes acrostica (Balbis) Tadaro (Asplenietalia petrarchae)
Cheilanthes guanchica Bolle (Cheilanthetalia maranto-maderensis)
Cheilanthes hispanica Mett. (Cheilanthion hispanicae)
Cheilanthes maderensis Lowe (Cheilanthetalia marantomaderensis)
Cheilanthes tinaei Tod. (Androsacetalia vandellii)
Cheiranthus cheiri L. (Parietarietalia)
Cheirolophus massonianus Lowe (Soncho ustulati-Artemision
argenteae)
Cheirolophus sempervirens (L.) Pomel (Stachyo lusitanicaeCheirolophenion sempervirentis)
Cheirolophus uliginosus (Brot.) Dostál (Genistion micranthoanglicae)
Chelidonium majus L. (Parietarietalia)
Chenoleoides tomentosa (Lowe) A. Hansen & Sunding
(Forsskaoleo angustifoliae-Rumicetalia lunariae)
Chenopodium album L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Chenopodium chenopodioides (L.) Aellen (Chenopodion
rubri)
Chenopodium glaucum L. (Chenopodion rubri)
Chenopodium murale L. (Chenopodion muralis)
Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex Koch & Ziz (Chenopodion muralis)
Chenopodium polyspermum L. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Chenopodium pumilum R.Br. (Chenopodion rubri)
Chenopodium urbicum L. (Chenopodion muralis)
Chenopodium vulvaria L. (Chenopodion muralis)
Chondrilla juncea L. (Onopordenea acanthii)
Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) Raf. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Chrysanthemum coronarium L. var. coronarium (Hordeion
leporini)
Chrysanthemum coronarium L. var. discolor d’Urv. (Hordeion leporini)
Chrysanthemum segetum L. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia
convolvuli)
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L. (Caricion remotae)
Cicendia filiformis (L.) Dalarbre (Cicendion)
Cichorium endivia L. subsp. pumilum (Jacq.) Cout. (Onopordetalia acanthii)
Cichorium intybus L. (Onopordenea acanthii)
Cichorium pumilum (see Cichorium endivia subsp. pumilum)
Cinclidotus fontinaloides (Hedw.) P. Beauv. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Circaea lutetiana L. (Populetalia albae)
Cirsium filipendulum Lange (Daboecion cantabricae)
Cirsium latifolium Lowe (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion
arboreae)
Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Cirsium pyrenaicum (Jacq.) All. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Cirsium welwitschii Cosson (Genistion micrantho-anglicae)
Cistanche phelypaea (L.) Cout. (Sarcocornietalia fruticosae)
Cistus albidus L. (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Cistus crispus L. (Lavanduletalia stoechadis)
Cistus ladanifer L. (Lavanduletalia stoechadis)
Cistus laurifolius L. (Cistion laurifolii)
Cistus libanotis L. (Coremation albi)
Cistus monspeliensis L. (Lavanduletalia stoechadis)
Cistus palhinhae Ingram (Stauracanthion boivinii)
Cistus populifolius L. (Lavanduletalia stoechadis)
Cistus psilosepalus Sweet (Ericion umbellatae)
Cistus salviifolius L. (Cisto-Lavanduletea)
Cistus x pulverulentus Pourr. (Lavandulo luisieri-Cistenion
albidi)
Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl. (Magno-Caricetalia)
Clematis campaniflora Brot. (Osmundo-Alnion)
Clematis cirrhosa L. (Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris)
Clematis flammula L. (Quercetea ilicis)
Clematis vitalba L. (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Cleome violacea L. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Cleonia lusitanica (L.) L. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Clethra arborea Aiton (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion
arboreae)
Clinopodium arundanum (see Clinopodium vulgare subsp. arundanum)
Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. arundanum (Boiss.) Nyman
(Origanion virentis)
Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Cnicus benedictus L. (Chenopodion muralis)
Cochlearia danica L. (Saginion maritimae)
Cochlearia glastifolia L. (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris)
Coincya cheiranthos Vill. var. recurvata (All.) Leadlay
(Centaureo geresensis-Rumicetum indurati)
Coincya cintrana (see Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. cintrana)
Coincya hispida (Cav.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. hispida
(Alysso granatensis-Brassicion barrelieri)
Coincya hispida (Cav.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. transtagana
(Cout.) Greuter & Burdet (Alysso granatensis-Brassicion barrelieri)
Coincya johnstonii (Samp.) Greuter & Burdet (Helichrysum
picardii)
Coincya nevadensis (Willk.) Rivas-Mart. subsp. orophila
(Franco) Rivas-Mart. (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Coincya orophila (see Coincya nevadensis subsp. orophila)
Coincya pseudoerucastrum (Brot.) Greuter & Bourdet subsp.
cintrana (Cout.) Greuter & Bourdet (Calendulo lusitanicaeAntirrhinion linkiani)
Coincya pseudoerucastrum (Brot.) Greuter & Bourdet subsp.
pseudoerucastrum (Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Coincya pseudoerucastrum (Brot.) Greuter & Bourdet subsp.
puberula (Paul) Valdés (Sesamoidion suffruticosae)
Coincya puberula (see Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. puberula)
Coincya recurvata (see Coincya cheiranthos var. recurvata)
Coincya transtagana (see Coincya hispida subsp. transtagana)
Colchicum multiflorum Brot. (Populion albae)
Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f. (Stellarienea mediae)
Conium maculatum L. (Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae)
Conopodium majus (Gouan) Loret in Loret & Barradon
subsp. marizianum (Samp.) López Udías & G. Mateo (Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Conopodium marianum Lange (Origanenion virentis)
Conopodium pyrenaeum (Loisel.) Miégev. (Querco-Fagetea)
Conopodium subcarneum (Boiss. & Reuter) Boiss. & Reuter
(Linarion triornithophorae)
Convolvulus althaeoides L. (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Convolvulus arvensis L. (Elytrigietalia repentis)
Convolvulus lineatus L. (Astragalo-Poion bulbosae)
Convolvulus massonii F. Dietr. (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion
maderensis)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Convolvulus meonanthus Hoffmanns & Link (Cerintho majoris-Fedion cornucopiae)
Convolvulus siculus L. (Sisymbrietalia officinalis)
Convolvulus tricolor L.(Cerintho majoris-Fedion cornucopiae)
Conyza albida Willd ex Speng. (Chenopodion muralis)
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. (Chenopodion muralis)
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Conyza sumatrensis (Retz) E. Walker (Chenopodion muralis)
Corema album (L.) D. Don (Rubio longifoliae-Coremation
albi)
Corema azorica (P. Silva) Rivas Mart., Lousã, Fern. Prieto,
Dias, J.C. Costa & Aguiar (Ericetalia azoricae)
Cornus sanguinea L. (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Coronilla dura (Cav.) Boiss. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Coronilla glauca L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Coronilla juncea L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Coronilla minima L. subsp. minima (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Coronilla repanda (Poir.) Guss. (Malcolmietalia)
Coronilla scorpioides (L.) W.D.J. Koch (Roemerion hybridae)
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. (Polygono-Poetea annuae)
Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch. (Sclerochloo duraeCoronopodion squamati)
Corrigiola litoralis L. (Chenopodion rubri)
Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Corylus avellana L. (Betulo pendulae-Populetalia tremulae)
Corynephorus canescens (L.) P. Beauv. var. canescens (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Corynephorus canescens (L.) P. Beauv. var. maritimus Godr.
(Corynephorion maritimi)
Corynephorus fasciculatus Boiss. & Reuter (Hymenocarpo
hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Corynephorus macrantherus Boiss. & Reut. (Hymenocarpo
hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Corynephorus maritimus (see Corynephorus canescens var.
maritimus)
Cosentinia vellea (Aiton) Todaro (Asplenietalia petrarchae)
Cotula australis (Sieb. ex Spreng.) Hook f. (Polygono-Poetea
annuae)
Cotula coronopifolia L. (Spergulario-Paspalenion vaginati)
Crambe fruticosa L.f. (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
Crassula tillaea Lest.-Garl. (Polycarpion tetraphylli)
Crassula vaillantii (Willd.) Roth (Isoetetalia)
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Crepis andryaloides Lowe (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion
glutinosi)
Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Crepis divaricata (Lowe) F.W. Schultz (Euphorbio paraliaeLotion floridis)
Crepis foetida L. (Chenopodio-Stellarienea)
Crepis lampsanoides (Gouan) Tausch (Querco-Fagetea)
Crepis pulchra L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Crepis pusilla (Sommier) Merxm. (Polycarpion tetraphylli)
Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill. (Sisymbrietalia officinalis)
Crepis vesicaria subsp. haenseleri (see Crepis taraxacifolia)
Cressa cretica (see Cressa villosae var. villosa)
Cressa cretica L. var. villosa Hoffmanns. & Link (TheroSuaedion)
Crithmum maritimum L. (Crithmo-Limonietea)
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (G. Nicholson) N.E. Br. (Ageratinio adenophorae-Ipomaeion acuminatae)
Crocus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut. (Campanulo herminiiNardion strictae)
Crucianella angustifolia L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Crucianella maritima L. (Crucianelletalia maritimae)
Cruciata glabra (L.) Eherend. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea
sanguinei)
Cruciata laevipes Opiz (Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae)
131
Crupina vulgaris Cass. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Crypsis aculeata (L.) Aiton (Verbenion supinae)
Crypsis alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Schrad. (Verbenion
supinae)
Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam. (Verbenion supinae)
Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R.Br. ex Hooker (Dryopteridion
oreadis)
Ctenidium molluscum (Hedwg.) Mitt. (Polypodion cambrici)
Ctenopsis delicatula (Lag.) Paunero (Molineriellion laevis)
Cucubalus baccifer L. (Calystegietalia sepium)
Cullen americanum (L.) Rydb. (Thero-Brometalia)
Cutandia maritima (L.) W. Barbey (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn., B. Mey. & Schreb. (Parietarietalia)
Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Asch. (Halodulo wrightii-Thalassietea testudinum)
Cynanchum acutum L. (Senecionion fluviatilis)
Cynara algarbiensis Mariz (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion sempervirentis)
Cynara cardunculus L. var. cardunculus (Urtico piluliferaeSilybion mariani)
Cynara cardunculus L. var. ferocissima Lowe (Scolymo
maculati-Cynaretum ferocissimae)
Cynara ferocissima (see Cynara cardunculus var. ferocissima)
Cynara humilis L. (Onopordion castellani)
Cynara tournefortii Boiss. & Reut. (Onopordion castellani)
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion)
Cynoglossum cheirifolium L. (Carthametalia lanati)
Cynoglossum clandestinum Desf. (Carthametalia lanati)
Cynoglossum creticum Mill. (Carthametalia lanati)
Cynomorium coccineum L. (Salsolo oppositifoliae-Suaedion
pruinosae)
Cynosurus cristatus L. (Cynosurion cristati)
Cyperus badius (see Cyperus longus subsp. badius)
Cyperus capitatus Vandelli (Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea arundinaceae)
Cyperus difformis L. (Oryzo sativae-Echinochloion oryzoides)
Cyperus distachyos (see Cyperus laevigatus subsp. distachyos)
Cyperus eragrostis Lam. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Cyperus flavescens L. (Nano-Cyperetalia)
Cyperus fuscus L. (Nano-Cyperion)
Cyperus laevigatus L. subsp. distachyos (All.) Ball (Trifolio
fragiferi-Cynodontion)
Cyperus longus L. subsp. badius (Desf.) Bonnier & Layens
(Potentillo anserinae)
Cyperus longus L. subsp. longus (Magno-Caricion elatae)
Cyperus michelianus (L.) Link (Nano-Cyperetalia)
Cyperus rotundus L. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C. Presl. (Parietarietalia)
Cystopteris diaphana (Bory) Blasdell (Thelypterido pozoiWoodwardion radicantis)
Cystopteris dickieana R. Sim. (Androsacetalia vandellii)
Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. (Asplenietea trichomanes)
Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L. subsp. hypocistis (Lavanduletalia
stoechadis)
Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L. subsp. macranthus Wettst. (CistoLavanduletea)
Cytinus macranthus (see Cytinus hypocistis subsp. macranthus)
Cytinus ruber Fourr. ex Fritsch (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Cytisus baeticus (Webb) Steud. (Cytisetea-scopario striati)
Cytisus bourgaei (see Cytisus scoparius subsp. bourgaei)
Cytisus cabezudoi (see Cytisus grandiflorus subsp. cabezudoi)
Cytisus eriocarpus (see Cytisus striatus subsp. eriocarpus)
Cytisus grandiflorus (Brot.) DC. subsp. cabezudoi Talavera
(Retamion monospermae)
Cytisus grandiflorus (Brot.) DC. subsp. grandiflorus (Cytisetalia scopario-striati)
Cytisus multiflorus (L’Hér.) Sweet (Cytisetalia scopariostriati)
132
J.C. Costa & al.
Cytisus oromediterraneus Rivas Mart., T.E. Díaz, Fern.
Prieto, Loidi & Penas (Cytisetalia scopario-striati)
Cytisus oxyphyllus (see Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius var.
oxyphyllus)
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link subsp. bourgaei (Boiss.) Rivas
Mart., Fern. Gonz. & Sánchez Mata (Retamion sphaerocarpae)
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link subsp. scoparius var. oxyphyllus
(Boiss.) Briq. (Ulici europaei-Cytision striati)
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link subsp. scoparius var. scoparius
(Cytisetalia scopario-striati)
Cytisus striatus (Hill) Rothm subsp. striatus (Ulici europaeiCytision striati)
Cytisus striatus (Hill) Rothm. subsp. eriocarpus (Boiss.&
Reut.) Rivas Mart. (Genistion floridae)
Daboecia azorica Tutin ex E.F. Warb. (Daboecion azoricae)
Daboecia cantabrica (Huds.) C. Koch (Daboecion cantabricae)
Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. glomerata (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. lusitanica (Stebbins & Zohary)
Rivas Mart. & Izco (Stipo-Agrostietea castellanae)
Dactylis hispanica Roth (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Dactylis hylodes (see Dactylis smithii subsp. hylodes)
Dactylis lusitanica (see Dactylis glomerata subsp. lusitanica)
Dactylis marina Borril (Crithmo-Armerion maritimae)
Dactylis smithii Link subsp. hylodes Parker (Hyparrhenion
sinaicae)
Dactylorhiza caramulensis (see Dactylorhiza maculata subsp.
caramulensis)
Dactylorhiza elata (Poir.) Soó subsp. sesquipedalis (Willd.)
Soó (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Dactylorhiza foliosa (Verm.) Soó (Ranunculo cortusifoliiGeranion canariensis)
Dactylorhiza insularis (Sommier) Laudwehr (Trifolio mediiGeranietea sanguinei)
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp. caramulensis Vermeulen (Cynosurion cristati)
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp. maculata (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Damasonium alisma Mill. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Damasonium bourgaei Coss. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Damasonium polyspermum Coss. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. (Nardetalia strictae)
Daphne gnidium L. (Quercetea ilicis)
Daphne gnidium L. var. maritima Rozeira (Dactylo maritimae-Ulicion maritimi)
Daphne laureola L. subsp. laureola (Querco-Fagetea)
Datura stramonium L. (Chenopodion muralis)
Daucus azoricus (Franco) Rivas Mart., Lousã, Fern. Prieto,
Dias, J.C. Costa & Aguiar (Euphorbio azoricae-Festucion
petraeae)
Daucus carota L. subsp. carota (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Daucus crinitus Desf. (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Daucus durieua Lange in Willk & Lange (Brachypodion
distachyi)
Daucus gummifer Sime (Crithmo-Armerion maritimae)
Daucus halophilus Brot. (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Daucus maximus Desf. (Onopordion castellani)
Daucus muricatus (L.) L. (Hordeion leporini)
Daucus setifolius Desf. (Festucion duriotaganae)
Davallia canariensis (L.) Sm. (Anomodonto-Polypodietalia)
Delphinium gracile DC. (Stellarietea mediae)
Delphinium halteratum Sm. subsp. halteratum (Stellarietea
mediae)
Delphinium halteratum Sm. subsp. verdunense (Balb.)
Graebn. (Stellarietea mediae)
Delphinium pentagynum Lam. (Roemerion hybridae)
Delphinium verdunense (see Delphinium halteratum subsp.
verdunense)
Deschampsia argentea (Lowe) Lowe (Deschampsion argenteae)
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. caespitosa
(Molinietalia caeruleae)
Deschampsia flexuosa (see Avenella flexuosa subsp. flexuosa)
Deschampsia foliosa (see Avenella foliosa)
Deschampsia gallaecica (Cervi & Romo) García Suárez,
Fernández-Carvajal & Fernández Prieto (Juncion acutiflori)
Deschampsia iberica (see Avenella flexuosa subsp. iberica)
Deschampsia maderensis (Hack & Bornm.) Buschm. (Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae)
Deschampsia stricta (see Avenella stricta)
Dianthus armeria L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Dianthus barbatus (see Dianthus cintranus subsp. barbatus)
Dianthus broteri Boiss. & Reut. subsp. broteri (Phagnalo
saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati)
Dianthus broteri Boiss. & Reut. subsp. hinoxianus (Galego)
Rivas Mart. (Coremation albi)
Dianthus caespitosifolius (see Dianthus laricifolius subsp.
caespitosifolius)
Dianthus cintranus Boiss. & Reut. subsp. barbatus R. Fernandes & Franco (Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion linkiani)
Dianthus cintranus Boiss. & Reuter subsp. cintranus
(Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Dianthus crassipes R. Roem. subsp. crassipes (Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Dianthus hinoxianus (see Dianthus broteri subsp. hinoxianus)
Dianthus langeanus Willk. in Willk. & Lange (Festucetalia
curvifoliae)
Dianthus laricifolius Boiss. & Reut. subsp. caespitosifolius
(Planellas) Laínz (Festucion duriotaganae)
Dianthus laricifolius Boiss. & Reut. subsp. laricifolius (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Dianthus laricifolius Boiss. & Reut. subsp. marizii (Samp.)
Franco (Armerion eriophyllae)
Dianthus lusitanus Brot. (Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Dianthus marizii (see Dianthus laricifolius subsp. marizii)
Dicranum scottianum Turn. (Dicrano scottiani-Adiantetum
capilli-veneris)
Didymodon spadiceus (Mitt.) Limpr. (Adiantion capilli-veneris)
Didymodon tophaceus (Brid.) Lisa (Adiantetalia capilli-veneris)
Digitalis amandiana (see Digitalis purpurea subsp. amandiana)
Digitalis carpetana (see Digitalis purpurea subsp. carpetana)
Digitalis heywoodii (see Digitalis purpurea subsp. heywoodii)
Digitalis mariana (see Digitalis purpurea subsp. mariana)
Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. amandiana (Samp.) Hinz (Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. carpetana (Rivas Mateos) RivasMart., Fern. Gonz. & Sánchez Mata (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. heywoodii P. Silva & M. Silva
(Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. mariana (Boiss) Rivas Goday
(Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. purpurea (Carici piluliferaeEpilobion angustifolii)
Digitalis thapsi L. (Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Digitalis tomentosa Hoffmanns. & Link (Quercenion broteroi)
Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Polygono-Chenopodion
polyspermi)
Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik. (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Diphasiastrum maderense (J.H. Wilce) Holub (Daboecion
azoricae)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia
convolvuli)
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Diplotaxis siifolia G. Kunze (Chenopodio-Stellarienea)
Diplotaxis virgata (Cav.) DC. (Hordeion leporini)
Dipsacus comosus Hoffmanns. & Link (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Dipsacus fullonum L. (Balloto-Conion maculati)
Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Dittrichia maritima Brullo & De Marco (Crithmo-Daucion
halophili)
Dittrichia revoluta (see Dittrichia viscosa subsp. revoluta)
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter subsp. revoluta (Hoffmanns. &
Link) P. Silva & Tutin (Bromo-Piptatherion miliacei)
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter subsp. viscosa (Bromo-Piptatherion miliacei)
Doronicum plantagineum L. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. subsp. pentaphyllum (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Dorycnium rectum (L.) Ser. (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris)
Draba muralis L. (Cardamino hirsutae-Geranietea purpurei)
Dracaena draco (L.) L. (Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetea cerasiformis)
Drepanolejeunea hamatifolia (Hook.) Schiffn. (AnomodontoPolypodietalia)
Drosera intermedia Hayane (Rhynchosporion albae)
Drosera rotundifolia L. (Oxycocco-Sphagnetea)
Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link (Stauracanthion boivinii)
Drusa glandulosa (Poir.) Bornm. (Geranio purpurei-Torilidion
neglectae)
Dryopteris aemula (Aiton) Kuntze (Pulmonario longifoliaeQuercion roboris)
Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk. subsp. affinis (QuercoFagetea)
Dryopteris aitoniana Pic. Serm (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Dryopteris azorica (Christ) Alston (Dryopterido azoricaeLaurion azoricae)
Dryopteris borreri (Newman) Newman ex Oberholzer &
Tavel (Querco-Fagetea)
Dryopteris crispifolia Rasbach, Reichst. & Vida (Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae)
Dryopteris dilatata (Hofm.) A. Gray (Querco-Fagetea)
Dryopteris expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy (Dryopteridion oreadis)
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Querco-Fagetea)
Dryopteris maderensis Alston (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Dryopteris oreades Fomin (Dryopteridion oreadis)
Dryopteris x furadensis Bennert (Sibthorpio peregrinaeClethrion arboreae)
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Echinaria capitata (L.) Desf. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (Digitario ischaemi-Setarienion
viridis)
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. crus-galli (Digitario ischaemi-Setarienion viridis)
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.)P. Beauv. subsp. hispidula (Retz)
Honda (Oryzo sativae-Echinochloion oryzoidis)
Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch subsp. oryzicola (Vasinger) Rivas Mart. (Oryzo sativae-Echinochloion oryzoidis)
Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch subsp. oryzoides (Oryzo
sativae-Echinochloion oryzoidis)
Echinops strigosus L. (Onopordion castellani)
Echinospartum ibericum Rivas Mart., Sánchez Mata & Sancho subsp. ibericum (Cytisenion multiflori)
Echinospartum ibericum Rivas Mart., Sánchez Mata & Sancho subsp. pulviniformis (Rivas Mart.) Rivas Mart. (Cytision oromediterranei)
133
Echinospartum pulviniformis (see Echinospartum ibericum
subsp. pulviniformis)
Echium boissieri Steud. (Onopordion castellani)
Echium candicans L.fil. (Bystropogono punctati-Telinion
maderensis)
Echium creticum L. subsp. algarbiensis R. Fernandes (Onopordion castellani)
Echium creticum L. subsp. coincyanum (Laicata) R. Fernandes (Carthametalia lanati)
Echium gaditanum Boiss. (Corynephorion maritimi)
Echium lusitanicum L. subsp. lusitanicum (Dauco-Melilotion)
Echium nervosum Dryand. (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
Echium plantagineum L. (Echio plantaginei-Galactition tomentosae)
Echium portosanctensis J.A. Carvalho, Pontes, Batista-Marques & R. Jardim (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
Echium rosulatum Lange (Dauco-Melilotion)
Echium tuberculatum Hoffmanns. & Link (Carthametalia
lanati)
Echium vulgare L. (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Elaeoselinum gummiferum (Desf.) Tutin (Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae)
Elaeoselinum tenuifolium (Lag.) Lange in WilK. & Lange
(Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Elaphoglossum semicylindricum (Bowed.) Benl. (Hymenophyllion tunbrigensis)
Elatine alsinastrum L. (Nano-Cyperion)
Elatine hexandra (Lapierre) DC. (Eleocharition acicularis)
Elatine macropoda Guss. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Elatine triandra Schkuhr (Nano-Cyperetalia)
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem & Schultz (Eleocharition
acicularis)
Eleocharis multicaulis (Sm.) Desv. (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult subsp. palustris
(Glycerio-Sparganion)
Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. subsp. vulgaris
Walters (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea australis)
Eleocharis vulgaris (see Eleocharis palustris subsp. vulgaris)
Eleogiton fluitans (L.) Link (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (Chamaesycion prostratae)
Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam. (Chamaesycion prostratae)
Elodea canadensis Michx. (Potametalia)
Elymus caninus (L.) L. (Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Elymus elongatus (see Elytrigia elongata)
Elymus farctus subsp. boreali-atlanticus (see Elytrigia juncea
subsp. boreatlantica)
Elymus farctus subsp. farctus (see Elytrigia juncea subsp. juncea)
Elytrigia atherica (Link) Kerguélen ex Carreras (Elytrigion
athericae)
Elytrigia boreatlantica (see Elytrigia juncea subsp. boreatlantica)
Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski (Juncetalia maritimi)
Elytrigia juncea (L.) Nevski subsp. boreoatlantica (Simonet
& Guin.) Hyl. (Elytrigienion boreoatlanticae)
Elytrigia juncea (L.) Nevski subsp. juncea (Elytrigietum
junceo-boreoatlanticae)
Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski (Elytrigietalia repentis)
Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Encalypta streptocarpa Hedwg (Polypodion cambrici)
Ephedra dissoluta (see Ephedra fragilis var. dissoluta)
Ephedra fragilis Desf. var. dissoluta Stapf.(dif. Rhamno
crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis)
Ephedra fragilis Desf. var. fragilis (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Epilobium angustifolium L. (Epilobietea angustifoliae)
Epilobium hirsutum L. (Calystegietalia sepium)
134
J.C. Costa & al.
Epilobium lanceolatum Sebast. & Mauri (Androsacetalia alpinae)
Epilobium obscurum Schreb. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Epilobium palustre L. (Caricetalia nigrae)
Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. (Calystegietalia sepium)
Epilobium tetragonum L. subsp. tetragonum (Potentillo
anserinae)
Epilobium tetragonum L. subsp. tournefortii (Michalet)
Rouy & E. G. Camus (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Epipactis duriensis Bernardos, D. Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich
(Querco-Fagetea)
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz subsp. helleborine (QuercoFagetea)
Epipactis lusitanica Tyteca (Quercenion broteroi)
Epipactis phyllanthes G.E. Sm. (Pulmonario-Quercion roboris)
Epipactis tremolsii C. Pau (Aceri granatensis-Quercion fagineae)
Equisetum arvense L. (Elytrigietalia repentis)
Equisetum palustre L. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. ((Populetalia albae)
Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. (Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau (Solano nigrae-Polygonetalia
convolvuli)
Eragrostis minor Host (Matricario-Polygonion arenastri)
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. (Matricario-Polygonion arenastri)
Erica andevalensis Cabezudo & Ribera (Ericenion terminalierigenae)
Erica aragonensis (see Erica australis subsp. aragonensis)
Erica arborea L. (Ericion arboreae)
Erica australis L. subsp. aragonensis (Willk) Cout. (Ericenion aragonensis)
Erica australis L. subsp. australis (Ericion umbellatae)
Erica azorica Hochst. (Ericetalia azoricae)
Erica canariensis Rivas-Mart., Martín Osorio & Wildpret
(Pruno hixa-Lauretea novocanariensis)
Erica ciliaris Loef. ex L. (Daboecion cantabricae)
Erica cinerea L. (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Erica erigena R. Ross (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion
vulgaris)
Erica lusitanica Rudolphi (Genistion micrantho-anglicae)
Erica maderensis (DC.) Bornm. (Bystropogono punctatiTelinion maderensis)
Erica maderincola (see Erica platycodon subsp. maderincola)
Erica platycodon (Webb & Berthel.) Rivas Mart., Wildpret, Del
Arco, O. Rodríguez, P. Pérez, García-Gallo, Acebes, T.E. Díaz
& Fern. Gonz. subsp. maderincola (D.C. McClint.) Rivas
Mart., Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim & Sequeira
(Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Erica scoparia L. (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Erica tetralix L. (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi)
Erica umbellata L. (Ericion umbellatae)
Erigeron acer L. (Festuco-Brometea)
Erigeron karwinskianus DC. (Parietarietalia)
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck (Caricetalia nigrae)
Erodium bipinnatum Willd. (Malcolmietalia)
Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Erodium chium (L.) Willd. (Hordeion leporini)
Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willk. (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Erodium malacoides (L.) L’Hér (Stellarietea mediae)
Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Hér. (Chenopodio-Stellarienea)
Erodium primulaceum Welw. ex Lange (Plantaginion serrariae)
Erophila verna (L.) Chevall (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. in Hegi
(Stellarietea mediae)
Eryngium campestre L. (Onopordenea acanthii)
Eryngium corniculatum Lam. (Menthion cervinae)
Eryngium dilatatum Lam. (Teucrio pseudochamaepityos-Brachypodion retusi)
Eryngium galioides Lam. (Agrostion pourretii)
Eryngium juresianum (Laínz) Laínz (Eryngio juresiani-Betuletum celtibericae)
Eryngium maritimum L. (Ammophiletalia)
Eryngium tenue Lam. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Eryngium viviparum Gay (Cicendion)
Erysimum arbuscula (Lowe) Snog. (Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae)
Erysimum bicolor (Hornem.) DC. (Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis)
Erysimum lagascae Rivas Goday & Bellot (Rumici-Dianthion
lusitani)
Erysimum linifolium (Pourr. ex Pers.) J.Gay (Rumici-Dianthion lusitani)
Erysimum maderense Polatschek (Soncho ustulati-Artemision
argenteae)
Erysimum merxmuelleri Polatschek (Linarion triornithophorae)
Erythronium dens-canis L. (Nardenalia strictae)
Eucladium verticillatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. (Adiantetalia capilli-veneris)
Euonymus europaeus L. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Eupatorium cannabinum L. (Bromo ramosi-Eupatorion cannabini)
Euphorbia amygdaloides L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Euphorbia anachoreta (see Euphorbia desfoliata)
Euphorbia angulata Jacq. (Quercetalia roboris)
Euphorbia azorica Hochst. (Euphorbio azoricae-Festucion
petraeae)
Euphorbia boetica Boiss. (Helichrysion picardii)
Euphorbia characias L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Euphorbia clementei Boiss. (Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis)
Euphorbia desfoliata (Menezes) Monod (Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis)
Euphorbia dulcis L. (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Euphorbia exigua L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Euphorbia falcata L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Euphorbia hirsuta L. (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion
vulgaris)
Euphorbia hyberna L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Euphorbia matritensis Boiss. (Artemisio-Santolinion rosmarinifoliae)
Euphorbia mellifera Aiton (Euphorbion melliferae)
Euphorbia monchiquensis Franco & P. Silva (Quercenion
broteroi)
Euphorbia nicaeensis All. var. nicaeensis (Rosmarinetalia
officinalis)
Euphorbia oxyphylla Boiss. in DC. (Agrostio castellanaeCelticion giganteae
Euphorbia paralias L. (Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea
arundinaceae)
Euphorbia pedroi Molero & Rovira (Asparago-Rhamnion
oleoidis)
Euphorbia peplis L. (Cakiletea maritimae)
Euphorbia peplus L. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Euphorbia piscatoria Aiton (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion
maderensis)
Euphorbia portlandica L. (Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea
arundinaceae)
Euphorbia santamariae (see Euphorbia stygiana subsp. santamariae)
Euphorbia segetalis L. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Euphorbia stygiana H.C. Watson subsp. santamariae Schäfer
(Culcito macrocarpae-Juniperenion brevifoliae)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Euphorbia stygiana H.C. Watson subsp. stygiana (Ericetalia
azoricae)
Euphorbia sulcata Lens ex Loisel. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Euphorbia transtagana Boiss. (Quercion lusitanicae)
Euphorbia uliginosa Welw ex Boiss. (Genistion micranthoanglicae)
Euphrasia azorica Wats (Festucion francoi)
Euphrasia grandiflora Hochst. (Festucion francoi)
Euphrasia hirtella Jord. ex Reut. (Nardetalia strictae)
Eurhynchium speciosum (Brid.) Jur. (Adiantion capilli-veneris)
Evax carpetana Lange (Evacenion carpetanae)
Evax lusitanica Samp. (Malcolmietalia)
Evax pygmaea (L.) Brot. subsp. pygmaea (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Evax pygmaea (L.) Brot. subsp. ramosissima (Mariz) R. Fernandes & Nogueira (Malcolmietalia)
Evax ramosissima (see Evax pygmaea subsp. ramosissima)
Exaculum pusillum (Lam.) Caruel in Parl. (Cicendion)
Exormotheca pustulosa Mitt. (Bartramio strictae-Polypodion
cambrici)
Fagonia cretica L. (Pegano-Salsoletea)
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve (Stellarienea mediae)
Fedia cornucopia (L.) Gaertn. (Cerintho-Fedion cornucopiae)
Fedia scorpioides Dufresne (Cerintho-Fedion cornucopiae)
Ferula communis L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Festuca ampla Hack. subsp. ampla (Agrostion castellanae)
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. subsp. arundinacea (Agrostion
stoloniferae)
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. subsp. fenas (Lag.) Arcangeli
(Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris)
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. subsp. mediterranea (Hack.) K.
Richt. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Festuca brigantina (Markgr.-Dann.) Markgr.-Dann. (Armerion eriophyllae)
Festuca donax Lowe (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Festuca durandoi Clauson subsp. livida (Hack.) Rivas Ponce
& Cebolla (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Festuca duriotagana Franco & Rocha Afonso (Festucion duriotaganae)
Festuca elegans Boiss. subsp. merinoi (Pau) Fuente & Ortúnez (Festucion merinoi)
Festuca fenas (see Festuca arundinacea subsp. fenas)
Festuca francoi Fern. Prieto, C. Aguiar, E. Dias & M. I. Gut.
(Festucion francoi)
Festuca henriquesii Haeckel (Campanulo herminii-Nardion
strictae)
Festuca iberica (Hack.) K. Richt. (Campanulo herminii-Nardenalia strictae)
Festuca jubata Lowe (Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion
albidae)
Festuca litoralis (see Festuca rubra subsp. litoralis)
Festuca livida (see Festuca durandoi subsp. livida)
Festuca mediterranea (see Festuca arundinacea subsp. mediterranea)
Festuca microphylla (see Festuca nigrescens subsp. microphylla)
Festuca multispiculata (see Festuca paniculata subsp. multispiculata)
Festuca nigrescens Lam. subsp. microphylla (St.-Yves)
Markgr.-Dann. (Nardetalia strictae)
Festuca paniculata (L.) Schinz & Thell. subsp. multispiculata
Rivas Ponce & Cebolla (Stipo-Agrostietea castellanae)
Festuca petraea Guthnick ex Seub. (Euphorbio azoricaeFestucion petraeae)
Festuca pruinosa Hack (Juncetea maritimi)
Festuca rivularis Boiss. (Nardetalia strictae)
Festuca rothmaleri (Litard.) Maekgr.-Dann. (Campanulo
herminii-Nardion strictae)
135
Festuca rubra L. subsp. litoralis (G. Mey.) Auquier (Armerion maritimae)
Festuca summilusitana Franco & Rocha Afonso subsp. summilusitana (Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis)
Festuca trichophylla (Ducros ex Gaudin) K. Richt. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Ficus carica L. (Parietarietalia)
Filago lutescens Jord. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Filago pyramidata L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. (Filipendulion ulmariae)
Filipendula vulgaris Moench (Festuco-Brometea)
Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani (Verbenion supinae)
Flueggea tinctoria (L.) G.L. Webster (Flueggeion tinctoriae)
Foeniculum piperitum (see Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum)
Foeniculum vulgare Miller subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Cout.
(Carthametalia lanati)
Foeniculum vulgare Miller subsp. vulgare (Artemisietalia
vulgaris)
Fontinha, Jardim & Sequeira (Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranion
canariensis)
Fragaria vesca L. (Epilobietea angustifoliae)
Frangula alnus Mill. subsp. alnus (Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Frangula azorica Grubov (Dryopterido azoricae-Laurion azoricae)
Frankenia boissieri Reut. ex Boiss. (Juncenion maritimi)
Frankenia hebecaulon (see Frankenia laevis var. hebecaulon)
Frankenia laevis L. var. hebecaulon Lowe (Helichrysion
obconico-devium)
Frankenia laevis L. var. laevis (Limonio ovalifolii-Frankenion
laevis)
Frankenia pulverulenta L. (Frankenietalia pulverulentae)
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl subsp. angustifolia (Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris)
Fritillaria lusitanica Wikström subsp. stenophylla (Boiss. &
Reuter) Cout. (Coremation albidae)
Frullania tamarisci (L.) Dumort. (Anomodonto-Polypodietalia)
Fumana ericoides (Cav.) Gand subsp. ericoides (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Fumana laevipes (L.) Spach (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Fumana procumbens Dunal subsp. procumbens (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Fumana thymifolia (L.) Spach ex Webb (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Fumaria agraria Lag. (Fumarion wirtgenii-agrariae)
Fumaria bastardii Bor. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Fumaria capreolata L. (Cardamino hirsutae-Geranietea
purpurei)
Fumaria densiflora DC. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Fumaria laeta (see Fumaria muralis var. laeta)
Fumaria lowei (see Fumaria muralis var. lowei)
Fumaria muralis Slonder ex Koch var. laeta Lowe (Vicio
costei-Echietum plantaginei)
Fumaria muralis Slonder ex Koch var. lowei Pugsley (Galinsogo quadriradiatae-Fumarietum lowei)
Fumaria muralis Sonder ex Koch var. muralis (Stellarienea
mediae)
Fumaria officinalis L. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Fumaria parviflora Lam. (Fumarion wirtgenio-agrariae)
Fumaria vaillantii Loisel in Desv. (Polygono-Chenopodion
polyspermi)
Fumaria wirtgenii Koch (Fumarion wirtgenio-agrariae)
Gagea lusitanica A. Terracc. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Gagea pratensis (Pers.) Dumort. (Festuco-Brometea)
Gagea soleirolii F.W. Schultz (Nardetea strictae)
Galactites tomentosa Moench (Echio plantaginei-Galactition
tomentosae)
136
J.C. Costa & al.
Galeopsis tetrahit L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) Blake (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavón (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Galium album Mill. (Arrhenatherion elatioris)
Galium aparine L. (Galio-Urticetea)
Galium belizianum Ortega Oliv., Deveza & T. Rodr. (Quercenion robori-pyrenaicae)
Galium broterianum Boiss. (Caricion reuterianae)
Galium concatenatum Cosson (Brachypodion phoenicoidis)
Galium debile Desv. (Brizo-Holoschoenenion)
Galium divaricatum Pourr. ex Lam. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Galium elongatum C. Presl. (Magno-Caricetalia)
Galium lucidum All. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Galium minutulum Jord. (Parietarion lusitanico-mauritanicae)
Galium murale (L.) All. (Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
Galium palustre L. (Magno-Caricetalia)
Galium parisiense L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Galium productum Lowe (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion
glutinosi)
Galium rivulare Boiss. & Reut. (Juncion acutiflori)
Galium rotundifolium L. (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Galium saxatile L. subsp. saxatile (Nardetalia strictae)
Galium saxatile L. subsp. vivianum (Kliphuis) Ehrhend.
(Nardetalia strictae)
Galium spurium L. (Cardaminetea hirsutae)
Galium tricornutum Dandy (Centaureetalia cyani)
Galium verrucosum Hudson (Roemerion hybridae)
Galium verum L. var. verum (Festuco-Brometea)
Galium vivianum (see Galium saxatile subsp. vivianum)
Gastridium phleoides (Ness & Meyen) C.E Hubb. (TheroBrometalia)
Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan.) Schinz & Thell. (Echio
plantaginei-Galactition tomentosae)
Gaudinia coarctata (Link) Dur. & Schinz (Ornithopo pinnatae-Gaudinion coarctatae)
Gaudinia fragilis (L.) P. Beauv. var. fragilis P. Beauv. (StipoAgrostietea castellanae)
Gaudinia fragilis (L.) P. Beauv. var. verticola Rivas Mart. A.
Galán (Gaudinio verticolae-Hordeion bulbosae)
Gaudinia verticola (see Gaudinia fragilis var. verticola)
Genista algarbiensis (see Genista hirsuta subsp. algarbiensis)
Genista ancistrocarpa Spach (Genistion micrantho-anglicae)
Genista anglica L. (Genistion micrantho-anglicae)
Genista berberidea Lange (Genistion micrantho-anglicae)
Genista cinerascens Lange (Genistion floridae)
Genista falcata Brot. (Quercion pyrenaicae)
Genista florida L. subsp. florida (Genistion floridae)
Genista florida L. subsp. polygaliphylla (Brot.) Cout. (Cytision multiflori)
Genista hirsuta Vahl. subsp. algarbiensis (Cout.) Rivas Mart.,
T.E. Díaz & Fern. Gonz. (Saturejo-Thymbrion capitatae)
Genista hirsuta Vahl. subsp. hirsuta (Ulici argentei-Cistion
ladaniferi)
Genista hystrix Lange (Cytisetalia scopario-striati)
Genista micrantha Ortega (Genistion micrantho-anglicae)
Genista polyanthos R. Roem. ex Willk. (Retamion sphaerocarpae)
Genista polygaliphylla (see Genista florida subsp. polygaliphylla)
Genista scorpius (L.) DC. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Genista tenera (Jacq. ex Murr.) Kuntze (Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae)
Genista tournefortii Spach (Quercion broteroi)
Genista triacanthos Brot (Ericion umbellatae)
Gennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. (Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion
sylvestris)
Gentiana lutea L. subsp. aurantiaca M. Laínz (Campanulo
herminii-Nardion strictae
Gentiana pneumonanthe L. subsp. pneumonanthe (Nardetalia strictae)
Geranium columbinum L. (Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
Geranium dissectum L. (Cardaminetea hirsutae)
Geranium lucidum L. (Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
Geranium lusitanicum (see Geranium pyrenaicum subsp. lusitanicum)
Geranium molle L. (Sisymbrietalia officinalis)
Geranium palmatum Cav. (Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranion
canariensis)
Geranium purpureum Vill. (Cardamino hirsutae-Geranietea
purpurei)
Geranium pusillum L. (Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. subsp. lusitanicum (Samp.)
S. Ortiz (Arction lappae)
Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. f. subsp. pyrenaicum (Arction
lappae)
Geranium robertianum L. (Galio-Alliarion petiolatae)
Geranium rotundifolium L. (Cardaminetea hirsutae)
Geranium rubescens Yao (Galio-Alliarion petiolatae)
Geranium sanguineum L. (Origanetalia vulgaris)
Geum urbanum L. (Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae)
Gladiolus illyricus Koch (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Gladiolus italicus Mill. (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Glaucium corniculatum (L.) J.H. Rudolph Crantz (Stellarienea mediae)
Glaucium flavum Crantz (Cakiletea maritimae)
Glaux maritima L. (Juncetea maritimi)
Glechoma hederacea L. (Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae)
Glinus lotoides L. (Verbenion supinae)
Globularia alypum L. (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Globularia salicina Lam. (Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia
cerasiformis)
Globularia vulgaris L. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Glossopappus macrotus (Durieu) Briq. (Cerintho majorisFedion cornucopiae)
Glyceria declinata Bréb. (Glycerienion fluitantis)
Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea australis)
Glyceria spicata (Viv.) Guss. (Glycerienion fluitantis)
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Populion albae)
Gnaphalium luteo-album (see Pseudognaphalium luteo-album)
Gnaphalium uliginosum L. (Nano-Cyperetalia)
Goodyera macrophylla Lowe (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Grammitis marginella (Sw.) Sw. subsp. azorica (Ericetalia
azoricae)
Gratiola linifolia Vahl. (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea
australis)
Gratiola officinalis L. (Magno-Caricion elatae)
Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr. (Ranunculion fluitantis)
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Gymnocolea inflata (Huds.) Dumort. (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi)
Gymnostomum calcareum Nees & Hornsch (Adiantetalia
capilli-veneris)
Gymnostyles stolonifera (Brot.) Tutin (Polygono-Poetea
annuae)
Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl. (Poetea bulbosae)
Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter (Hordeion marini)
Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen (Sarcocornietalia fruticosae)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Halimium alyssoides (Lam.) C. Koch (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Halimium calycinum (L.) K. Koch (Coremation albi)
Halimium halimifolium (L.) Willk. subsp. halimifolium
(Coremation albi)
Halimium halimifolium (L.) Willk. subsp. multiflorum (Dunal) Maire (Coremation albi)
Halimium lasianthum (Lam.) Spach (Stauracanthion boivinii)
Halimium multiflorum (see Halimium halimifolium subsp.
multiflorum)
Halimium ocymoides (Lam.) Willk. (Ericion umbellatae)
Halimium umbellatum (L.) Spach (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Halimium verticillatum (Brot.) Senn. (Coremation albi)
Halimium viscosum (Willk.) P. Silva (Cisto-Lavanduletea)
Halopeplis amplexicaulis (Vahl) Ung.-Stenb. (Thero-Salicornietalia)
Heberdenia excelsa (Aiton) Banks ex DC. (Pruno hixae-Lauretalia novocanariensis)
Hedera azorica (Gand.) Fern. Prieto, C. Aguiar, Dias & Nava
(Ericetalia azoricae)
Hedera hibernica Bean (Quercetalia roboris)
Hedera iberica (see Hedera maderensis subsp. iberica)
Hedera maderensis K. Koch subsp. iberica Mc Allister (Arbuto unedonis-Laurion nobilis)
Hedera maderensis K. Koch subsp. maderensis (Sibthorpio
peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Hedychium gardnerianum Sheppard ex Ker Gawl (Myrico
fayae-Pittosporion undulati)
Hedypnois arenaria (Schousb.) DC. (Linarion pedunculatae)
Hedypnois cretica (L.) Dumont-Courset (Thero-Brometalia)
Hedysarum coronarium L. (Cerintho-Fedion cornucopiae)
Hedysarum glomeratum F. Dietr. (Cerintho-Fedion cornucopiae)
Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Helianthemum apenninum (L.) Mill. subsp. apenninum
(Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Helianthemum apenninum (L.) Mill. subsp. rothmaleri
(Rothm) Mayor & Fdez Benito (Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis)
Helianthemum bethuricum (see Helianthemum hirtum subsp.
bethuricum)
Helianthemum cinereum (Cav.) Pers. subsp. rotundifolium
(Dunal) Greuter & Burdet. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Helianthemum croceum (Desf.) Pers. subsp. stoechadifolium
(Brot.) M.B. Crespo & Fabregat (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Helianthemum hirtum (L.) Mill. subsp. bethuricum Rivas
Goday ex Rivas Mart., T.E. Díaz & Fern. Gonz. (SaturejoThymbrion capitatae)
Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Helianthemum marifolium (L.) Mill. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Helianthemum origanifolium (Lam.) Pers. (Saturejo-Thymbrion capitatae)
Helianthemum rothmaleri (see Helianthemum apenninum subsp.
rothmaleri)
Helianthemum rotundifolium (see Helianthemum cinereum subsp.
rotundifolium)
Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Helianthemum sanguineum (Lag.) Lag. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Helianthemum stoechadifolium (see Helianthemum croceum
subsp. stoechadifolium)
Helianthemum violaceum (Cav.) Pers. (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Helichrysum decumbens Cambess. (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Helichrysum devium J. Y. Johnson (Helichrysion obconicodevium)
Helichrysum italicum (L.) Moench subsp. serotinum (Boiss.)
(Helichryso stoechadis-Santolinetalia squarrosae)
Helichrysum melaleucum Rchb. ex Holl (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
137
Helichrysum monizii Lowe (Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae)
Helichrysum obconicum DC. (Helichrysion obconico-devium)
Helichrysum picardii Boiss. & Reut. (Helichrysion picardii)
Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench subsp. stoechas (Helichryso stoechadis-Santolinetalia squarrosae)
Helictotrichon hackelii (Henriq.) Henrard subsp. hackelii
(Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae)
Helictotrichon hackelii (Henriq.) Henrard subsp. stenophylla
Franco (Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae)
Heliotropium europaeum L. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Heliotropium supinum L. (Verbenion supinae)
Helleborus foetidus L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. sphondylium (Arrhenatherion elatioris)
Herniaria algarvica Chaudri (Linarion pedunculatae)
Herniaria ciliolata Melderis subsp. robusta Chaudhri (Corynephorion maritimi)
Herniaria cinerea DC. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Herniaria glabra L. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Herniaria maritima Link (Corynephorion maritimi)
Herniaria robusta (see Herniaria ciliolata subsp. robusta)
Herniaria scabrida Boiss. var. scabrida (Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis)
Herniaria scabrida Boiss. var. unamunoana (Sennen) Chaudri (Corynephorion maritimi)
Herniaria unamunoana (see Herniaria scabrida var. unamunoana)
Hieracium amplexicaule L. (Asplenietea trichomanis)
Hieracium castellanum Boiss. & Reut. (Jasiono sessilifloraeKoelerietalia crassipedis)
Hieracium lachenalii C. C. Gmelin (Quercetalia roboris)
Hieracium laevigatum Willd. (Quercetalia roboris)
Hieracium maculatum Sm. (Quercetalia roboris)
Hieracium murorum L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Hieracium myriadenum Bois. & Reuter (Festucetalia curvifoliae)
Hieracium peleteranum Mérat. (Brachypodion phoenicoidis)
Hieracium pilosella L. subsp. tricholepium Naegeli & Peter
(Campanulo herminii-Nardenalia)
Hieracium sabaudum L. (Quercetalia roboris)
Hieracium schmidtii Tausch (Androsacetalia vandellii)
Hieracium tricholepium (see Hieracium pilosella subsp. tricholepium)
Hieracium umbellatum L. (Quercetalia roboris)
Hieracium vahlii Fröelich in DC. (Festucetalia curvifoliae)
Hieracium virescens Koch (Linarion triornithophorae)
Hieracium vulgatum Fries (Linarion triornithophorae
Hippocrepis biflora Sprengel (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Hippocrepis ciliata Willd. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Hippocrepis multisiliquosa L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Hippuris vulgaris L. (Potametalia)
Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. (Hordeion leporini)
Hispidella hispanica (Lam.) Barnades (Molineriellion laevis)
Holcus annuus Salzm. ex C.A. Mey subsp. annuus (Agrostion
castellanae)
Holcus annuus Salzm. ex C.A. Mey subsp. duriensis (P.
Silva) Franco & Rocha Afonso (Molineriellion laevis)
Holcus duriensis (see Holcus annuus subsp. duriensis)
Holcus gayanus Boiss. (Molineriellion laevis)
Holcus lanatus L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Holcus mollis L. (Quercetalia roboris)
Holcus reuteri Boiss. in Boiss. & Reut. (Caricion reuterianae)
Holcus rigidus Hochst (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi)
Holoschoenus romanus subsp. australis (see Scirpoides holoschoenus subsp. australis)
Holoschoenus romanus subsp. holoschoenus (see Scirpoides
holoschoenus subsp. holoschoenus)
Holosteum umbellatum L. subsp. umbellatum (Stellarietea
mediae)
138
J.C. Costa & al.
Homalia lusitanica Schimp. (Adiantion capilli-veneris)
Homalothecium sericeum (Hedwg.) Schimp. (AnomodontoPolypodietalia)
Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh (Elytrigienion boreoatlanticae)
Hordeum bulbosum L. (Gaudinio verticolae-Hordeion bulbosae)
Hordeum leporinum (see Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum)
Hordeum marinum Huds. (Hordeion marini)
Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang.
Hordeion leporini)
Hordeum murinum L. subsp. murinum (Sisymbrion officinalis)
Hornungia petraea (L.) Rchb. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Humulus lupulus L. (Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Huperzia dentata (Harter) Holub (Daboecion azoricae)
Huperzia suberecta (Lowe) Tardieu (Daboecion azoricae)
Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. (Quercion broteroi)
Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm. (QuercoFagetea)
Hyacinthoides transtagana (see Hyacinthoides vicentina subsp.
transtagana)
Hyacinthoides vicentina (Hoffmanns & Link) Rothm. subsp.
transtagana Franco & Rocha Afonso (Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion dactyli
Hyacinthoides vicentina (Hoffmanns & Link) Rothm. subsp.
vicentina (Eryngio-Ulicenion erinacei)
Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (Littorelletalia)
Hygrohypnum luridum (Hedw.) Jenn. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Hymenocarpos cornicina (Desf.) Viv. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Hymenocarpos hamosus (Desf.) Vis. (Malcolmietalia)
Hymenocarpos lotoides (L.) Vis. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutt. (Frankenion pulverulentae)
Hymenophyllum maderense Gibby & Lovis (Hymenophyllion
tunbrigensis)
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm. (Hymenophyllion
tunbrigensis)
Hymenophyllum wilsonii Hooker (Hymenophyllion tunbrigensis)
Hymenostylium recurvirostrum (Hedw.) Dixon (Adiantion
capilli-veneris)
Hyoscyamus albus L. (Parietarietalia)
Hyoscyamus niger L. (Onopordenea acanthii)
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf in Prain (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Hyparrhenia sinaica (Delile) Llauradó ex G. López (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Hypecoum imberbe Sm. L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Hypecoum littorale Wulfen (Linarion pedunculatae)
Hypecoum procumbens L. (Roemerion hybridae)
Hypericum androsaemum L. (Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris)
Hypericum canariense L. var. floribundum (Aiton) Bornm.
(Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis)
Hypericum elodes L. (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Hypericum floribundum (see Hypericum canariense var. floribundum)
Hypericum foliosum Aiton (Ericetalia azoricae)
Hypericum glandulosum (L.) Webb & Berthel. (Pruno hixaeLauretea novocanariensis)
Hypericum grandifolium Choisy (Pruno hixae-Lauretea
novocanariensis)
Hypericum humifusum L. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Hypericum montanum L. (Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae)
Hypericum perfoliatum L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Hypericum perforatum L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Hypericum pubescens Boiss. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Hypericum pulchrum L. (Quercetalia roboris)
Hypericum tomentosum L. (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris)
Hypericum undulatum Schousb. ex Willd. (Juncion acutiflori)
Hypericum x inodorum Mill. (Parietario-Galion muralis)
Hypochaeris glabra L. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Hypochaeris radicata L. subsp. radicata (Plantaginetalia
majoris)
Iberis microcarpa (Franco & P.Silva) Rivas Mart. (Ulici
densi-Thymion sylvestris)
Iberis procumbens Lange (Helichrysion picardii)
Iberis welwitschii Boiss. (Coremation albi)
Ilex aquifolium L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Ilex azorica Loes (Dryopterido azoricae-Laurion azoricae)
Ilex canariensis Poir. (Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis)
Ilex perado Aiton (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Illecebrum verticillatum L. (Cicendion)
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Nerio-Tamaricetea)
Inula conyza DC. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Inula crithmoides L. (Sarcocornietea fruticosae)
Inula montana L. (dif. Festuco-Brometea)
Inula salicina L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Ipomaea acuminata (Vahl) Roem. & Schultes (Ageratinio
adenophorae-Ipomaeion acuminatae)
Iris boissieri Henriq. (Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii)
Iris foetidissima L. (Populion albae)
Iris pseudacorus L. (Phragmitetalia)
Iris subbiflora Brot. (Teucrio pseudochamaepityos-Brachypodion retusi)
Isoetes azorica Durieu ex Milde (Littorellion uniflorae)
Isoetes duriaei Bory (Isoetion)
Isoetes histrix Bory (Isoetion)
Isoetes setaceum Lam. (Menthion cervinae)
Isoetes velatum A. Braun in Bory & Durieu subsp. velatum
(Menthion cervinae)
Isolepis cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. (Nano-Cyperion)
Isolepis pseudosetacea (Duveau) Vasc. (Cicendion)
Isolepis setacea (L.) R.Br. (Nano-Cyperion)
Isoplexis sceptrum (L.f.) Loud. (Euphorbion melliferae)
Jasione blepharodon Boiss & Reut. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Jasione carpetana (see Jasione laevis subsp. carpetana)
Jasione centralis (see Jasione crispa subsp. centralis)
Jasione crispa (Pourr.) Samp. subsp. centralis (Rivas Mart.)
Tutin (Festucetalia curvifoliae)
Jasione gracilis (see Jasione montana subsp. gracilis)
Jasione laevis Lam. subsp. carpetana (Boiss. & Reut.) Rivas
Mart. (Campanulo herminii-Nardion strictae)
Jasione lusitanica A. DC. (Helichrysion picardii)
Jasione mariana Willk. (Cheilanthion hispanicae)
Jasione montana L. subsp. gracilis (Lange) Rivas Mart. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Jasione montana L. subsp. montana (Tuberarion guttatae)
Jasione serpentinicola (see Jasione sessiliflora subsp. serpentinicola)
Jasione sessiliflora Boiss. & Reut. subsp. serpentinicola (P.
Silva) Rivas Mart. & Sánchez Mata (Armerion eriophyllae)
Jasione sessiliflora Boiss. & Reut. subsp. sessiliflora (Jasiono
sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis)
Jasminum azoricum L. (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
Jasminum fruticans L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Jasminum odoratissimum L. (Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia
cerasiformis)
Jasonia tuberosa (L.) DC. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Jonopsidium acaule (Desf.) Rchb. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Jonopsidium abulense (Pau) Rothmaler (Jonopsidio abulensis-Sedetum maireani)
Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffmanns. subsp. acutiflorus
(Molinietalia caeruleae)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffmanns. subsp. rugosus
(Steudel) Cout. (Juncion acutiflori)
Juncus acutus L. (Juncetalia maritimi)
Juncus ambiguus Guss. (Isoeto-Nano-Juncetea)
Juncus articulatus L. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Juncus bufonius L. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Juncus bulbosus L. (Littorelletalia)
Juncus capitatus Weigel (Isoetetalia)
Juncus compressus Jacq. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Juncus conglomeratus L. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Juncus effusus L. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Juncus emmanuelis A. Fernandes & Garcia (Eleocharition
multicaulis)
Juncus fontanesii Gay (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Juncus heterophyllus Dufour (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Juncus hybridus Brot. (Isoetetalia)
Juncus inflexus L. (Potentillo anserinae)
Juncus maritimus Lam. (Juncetea maritimi)
Juncus perpusillus (see Juncus tenageia subsp. perpusillus)
Juncus pygmaeus Rich. (Isoetetalia)
Juncus rugosus (see Juncus acutiflorus subsp. rugosus)
Juncus sphaerocarpus Nees (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Juncus squarrosus L. (Nardetalia strictae)
Juncus subnodulosus Schrank. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Juncus subulatus Forssk. (Juncion maritimi)
Juncus tenageia L.f. subsp. tenageia (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Juncus tenageia L.f. subsp. perpusillus Fern-Cav. & F. Navarro (Menthion cervinae)
Juncus tenuis Willd. (Lolio perennis-Plantaginion majoris)
Juncus valvatus Link. (Juncion acutiflori)
Juniperus alpina (see Juniperus communis subsp. alpina)
Juniperus badia (see Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. lagunae)
Juniperus brevifolia (Seub.) Antoine (Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae)
Juniperus canariensis (see Juniperus turbinata subsp. canariensis)
Juniperus cedrus Webb & Berthel. subsp. maderensis (Menezes) Rivas Mart., Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Fontinha, Jardim & Sequeira (Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion canariensis)
Juniperus communis L. subsp. alpina (Suter) Celakn (Cytision oromediterranei)
Juniperus communis L. subsp. hemisphaerica (C. Presl) Nyman
(Juniperetalia hemisphaericae)
Juniperus communis subsp. nana (see Juniperus communis
subsp. alpina)
Juniperus lagunae (see Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. lagunae)
Juniperus maderensis (see Juniperus cedrus subsp. maderensis)
Juniperus navicularis Gand (Juniperion turbinatae)
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. lagunae (Pau ex Vicioso)
Rivas Mart. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus (Pistacio lentisciRhamnetalia alaterni)
Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. badia (see Juniperus oxycedrus
subsp. lagunae)
Juniperus turbinata Guss. subsp. canariensis (Guyot in
Mathou & Guyot) Rivas Mart., Wildpret & P. Pérez
(Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis)
Juniperus turbinata Guss. subsp. turbinata (Pistacio lentisciRhamnetalia alaterni)
Jurinea humilis (Desf.) DC. (Festucetea indigestae)
Kickxia cirrhosa (L.) Frisch (Cicendion)
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Kickxia integrifolia (see Kickxia spuria. subsp. integrifolia)
Kickxia lanigera (Desf.) Hand.-Mazz. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. subsp. integrifolia (Brot.) R.
Fern. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Knautia arvensis (L.) Coulter (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Koeleria caudata (Link) Steudel subsp. crassipes (Lange)
Rivas Mart. (Festucetea indigestae)
139
Koeleria vallesiana (Honk.) Gaudin (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Kundmannia sicula (L.) DC. (Smyrnienion olusatri)
Lactuca chondrilliflora Boreau (Andryaletalia ragusinae)
Lactuca saligna L. (Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion)
Lactuca serriola L. (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Lactuca viminea (L.) J. & C. Presl. (Andryaletalia ragusinae)
Lactuca virosa L. (Onopordetalia acanthii)
Lactuca watsoniana Trelease (Pericallion malvifoliae)
Lagurus ovatus L. (Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion alopecuroris)
Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Lamium amplexicaule L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Lamium flexuosum Ten. (Populetalia albae)
Lamium hybridum Vill. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Lamium maculatum L. (Galio-Urticetea)
Lamium purpureum L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr.) J. Groves (Charion
canescentis)
Lantana camara L. (Ageratinio adenophorae-Ipomaeion acuminatae)
Lapsana communis L. (Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae)
Laserpitium prutenicum L. subsp. doufourianum (Rouy &
E. G. Camus) Braun-Blanquet (Daboecion cantabricae)
Laserpitium thalictrifolium Samp. (Quercion pyrenaicae)
Lathyrus angulatus L. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Lathyrus aphaca L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Lathyrus cicera L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Lathyrus clymenum L. (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Lathyrus latifolius L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Lathyrus linifolius (Reichard) Bässler (Quercetalia roboris)
Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh. (Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae)
Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. (Roemerion hybridae)
Lathyrus pratensis L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Lathyrus setifolius L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Lathyrus sphaericus Retz. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Lathyrus sylvestris L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Launaea arborescens (Batt.) Murb. (Pegano-Salsoletea)
Laurus azorica (Seub.) Franco (Frangula azoricae-Lauretalia
azoricae)
Laurus nobilis L. (Arbuto unedonis-Laurion nobilis)
Laurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart., Lousã, Fern. Prieto, E.
Dias, J.C. Costa & C. Aguiar (Pruno hixae-Lauretalia novocanariensis)
Lavandula latifolia Medik. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Lavandula luisieri (Rozeira) Rivas Mart. (Ulici argentei-Cistion ladaniferi)
Lavandula lusitanica (see Lavandula sampaioana subsp. lusitanica)
Lavandula multifida L. (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Lavandula pedunculata (Mill.) Cav. (Cistion laurifolii)
Lavandula pinnata L.f. (Forsskaoleo angustifoliae-Rumicetalia lunariae)
Lavandula sampaioana (Rozeira) Rivas Mart., T.E. Díaz & Fern.
Gonz. subsp. lusitanica (Chatyor) Rivas Mart., T.E. Díaz &
Fern. Gonz. (Coremation albi)
Lavandula sampaioana (Rozeira) Rivas Mart., T.E. Díaz &
Fern. Gonz. subsp. sampaioana (Ulici argentei-Cistion ladaniferi)
Lavandula viridis L’Hér.(Ericion umbellatae)
Lavatera arborea L. (Brassico oleraceaeae-Lavateretalia
arboreae)
Lavatera cretica L. (Malvenion parviflorae)
Lavatera maritima Gouan (Parietarietalia)
Lavatera mauritanica Durieu subsp. davaei (Cout.) Cout.
(Malvenion parviflorae)
Lavatera trimestris L. (Cerintho majoris-Fedion cornucopiae)
Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (Digitario ischaemi-Setarienion
viridis)
140
J.C. Costa & al.
Legousia hybrida (L.) Delarbre (Centaureetalia cyani)
Lemna gibba L. (Lemnion minoris)
Lemna minor L. (Lemnetalia minoris)
Lemna trisulca L. (Lemnion trisulcae)
Leontodon autumnalis L. (Cynosurion cristati)
Leontodon bourgaeanus (see Leontodon hispidus subsp. bourgaeanus)
Leontodon cantabricus (see Leontodon pyrenaicus subsp. cantabricus)
Leontodon carpetanus Lange subsp. carpetanus (Campanulo
herminii-Nardion strictae)
Leontodon filii (Hochst.) Paiva & Ormonde (Festucion francoi)
Leontodon herminicus (see Leontodon pyrenaicus subsp. herminicus)
Leontodon hispidus L. subsp. bourgaeanus (Willk.) RivasMart. & C. Sáenz (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Leontodon hispidus L. subsp. hispidus (Festuco-Brometea)
Leontodon longirostris (see Leontodon taraxacoides subsp.
longirostris)
Leontodon pyrenaicus Gouan subsp. cantabricus (Widder)
M. Laínz (Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion caespitosae)
Leontodon pyrenaicus Gouan subsp. herminicus Franco
(Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion caespitosae)
Leontodon rigens (Dryand.) Paiva & Ormonde (Festucion
francoi)
Leontodon salzmannii (Sch. Bip.) Ball. (Thero-Brometalia)
Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill) Merat subsp. taraxacoides
(Crucianelletalia maritimae)
Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Merat subsp. longirostris
Finch & P.D. Sell (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Leontodon tuberosus L. (Poetea bulbosae)
Lepidium graminifolium L. (Sisymbrietalia officinalis)
Lepidium latifolium L. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Lepidium ruderale L. (Matricario-Polygonion arenastri)
Leucanthemopsis alpestre (see Leucanthemopsis flaveola
subsp. alpestre)
Leucanthemopsis flaveola (Hoffmanns. & Link) Heywood
subsp. alpestre (Mariz) Franco (Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion
caespitosae)
Leucanthemopsis flaveola (Hoffmanns. & Link) Heywood
subsp. flaveola (Festucetalia curvifoliae)
Leucanthemopsis pulverulenta (Lag.) Heywood (Hieracio
castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Leucanthemum sylvaticum (Brot.) Nyman (Linarion triornithophorae)
Leucojum autumnale L. (Poetea bulbosae)
Leucojum trichophyllum Schousb. (Malcolmietalia)
Leuzea conifera (L.) DC. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Leuzea longifolia Hoffmanns. & Link (Genistion micranthoanglicae)
Leuzea rhaponticoides Graells (Quercenion pyrenaicae)
Ligustrum vulgare L. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Lilium martagon L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw. (Querco-Fagetea)
Limodorum trabutianum (Batt.) Rouy (Quercetalia ilicis)
Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. (Limoniastrion
monopetali)
Limonium algarvense Erben (Limonion lanceolato-algarvensis)
Limonium auriculatae-ursifolium (Pourr.) Durce (Juncetea
maritimi)
Limonium binervosum (G.E. Sm.) C.E. Salmon (GlaucoPuccinellietalia)
Limonium callibotyrum (see Limonium papillatum var. callibotyrum)
Limonium daveaui Erben (Limonion lanceolato-algarvensis)
Limonium diffusum (see Myriolimon diffusum)
Limonium dodartii (Girard) Kuntze (Limonio ovalifolii-Frankenion laevis)
Limonium echioides (L.) Mill. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Limonium ferulaceum (see Myrolimon ferulaceum)
Limonium lanceolatum (Hoffmanns. & Link) Franco (Limonion lanceolato-algarvensis)
Limonium laxiusculum Franco (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Limonium lowei R. Jardim, M. Seq., Capelo & J.C. Costa
(Helichrysion obconico-devium)
Limonium multiflorum Erben (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Limonium nydeggeri Erben (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Limonium ovalifolium (Poir.) Kuntze (Limonio ovalifoliiFrankenion laevis)
Limonium papillatum (Webb & Berthel.) Kuntze var. callibotyrum (Traganion moquini)
Limonium plurisquamatum Erben (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Limonium virgatum (Willd.) Fourr. (Crithmo-Limonietea)
Limonium vulgare Mill. (Glauco-Puccinellietalia)
Linaria algarviana Chav. (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion
trilobae)
Linaria amethystea (Vent.) Hoffmanns & Link (Scleranthenion annui)
Linaria bipunctata (L.) Chaz. subsp. glutinosa (Hoffmanns.
& Link) D. A. Sutton (Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion alopecuroris)
Linaria caesia subsp. decumbens (see Linaria polygalifolia)
Linaria elegans Cav. (Molineriellion laevis)
Linaria ficalhoana Rouy (Linarion pedunculatae)
Linaria glabrescens (see Linaria saxatilis subsp. glabrescens)
Linaria haenseleri Boiss & Reut. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Linaria hirta (L.) Moench (Roemerion hybridae)
Linaria lamarckii Rouy (Helichrysion picardii)
Linaria micrantha (Cav.) Hoffmanns. & Link (Brachypodion
distachyi)
Linaria munbyana Boiss. & Reut. subsp. pygmaea (Samp.)
Rivas Mart. (Linarion pedunculatae)
Linaria navarroi (see Linaria polygalifolia)
Linaria pedunculata (L.) Chaz. (Linarion pedunculatae)
Linaria polygalifolia Hoffmanns. & Link (Helichrysion picardii)
Linaria pygmaea (see Linaria munbyana subsp. pygmaea)
Linaria ricardoi Cout. (Arnoseridenion minimae)
Linaria saxatilis (L.) Chaz. subsp. glabrescens (Lange) M.
Laínz (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Linaria saxatilis (L.) Chaz. subsp. saxatilis (Tuberarietalia
guttatae)
Linaria simplex (Willd.) DC. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Linaria spartea (L.) Chaz. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Linaria supina (L.) Mill. (Thlaspietea rotundifoliae)
Linaria triornithophora (L.) Willd. (Linarion triornithophorae)
Linaria viscosa (L.) Chaz. (Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion
alopecuroris)
Linum angustifolium Huds. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Linum bienne Mill. (Stipo-Agrostietea castellanae)
Linum catharticum L. (Festuco-Brometea)
Linum narbonense L. (Lygeo-Stipetalia)
Linum spicatum (see Linum strictum var. spicatum)
Linum strictum L. var. spicatum Pers. (Brachypodietalia
distachyi)
Linum strictum L. var. strictum (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Linum tenue Desf. (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion
vulgaris)
Linum trigynum L. (Tuberarienion guttatae)
Lithodora lusitanica (Samp.) Holub. (Ulici argentei-Cistion
ladaniferi)
Lithodora prostrata (Loisel) Griseb. (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Lithospermum officinale L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. (Littorelletalia)
Lobelia urens L. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Lobularia canariensis (DC.) Borgen subsp. rosula-venti
(Svent.) Borgen (Traganion moquini)
Loeflingia baetica Lag. var. baetica (Hymenocarpo hamosiMalcolmion trilobae)
Loeflingia baetica Lag. var. micrantha (Boiss. & Reuter)
Samp. (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Loeflingia baetica Lag. var. tavaresiana (Samp. ex Nobre)
Rivas Mart. (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Loeflingia hispanica L. (Corynephoro articulatae-Malcolmion
trilobae)
Loeflingia micrantha (see Loeflingia baetica var. micrantha)
Loeflingia tavaresiana (see Loeflingia baetica var. tavaresiana)
Logfia gallica (L.) Coss. & Germ. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Logfia minima (Sm.) Dumort. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Lolium aristatum (Willd.) Lag. (Ornithopo pinnatae-Gaudinion coarctatae)
Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Lolium perenne L. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Lolium rigidum Gaudin (Thero-Brometalia)
Lonicera etrusca G. Santi var. etrusca L. (Quercetea ilicis)
Lonicera etrusca Santi var. glabrata Lowe (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Lonicera glabrata (see Lonicera etrusca var. glabrata)
Lonicera hispanica (see Lonicera periclymenum subsp. hispanica)
Lonicera implexa Aiton (Quercetea ilicis)
Lonicera periclymenum L. subsp. periclymenum (Quercetalia roboris)
Lonicera periclymenum L. subsp. hispanica (Boiss.& Reut.)
Nyman (Pruno-Rubion ulmifolii)
Lotus angustissimus L. (Isoetion)
Lotus arenarius Brot. (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion
patulae)
Lotus argyrodes R.P. Murray (Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae)
Lotus azoricus P.W. Ball (Tolpido succulentae-Agrostion congestiflorae)
Lotus carpetanus (see Lotus corniculatus subsp. carpetanus)
Lotus castellanus Boiss. & Reuter (Malcolmietalia)
Lotus conimbricensis Brot. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Lotus corniculatus L. subsp. carpetanus (Laicata) RivasMart.(Cistion laurifolii)
Lotus corniculatus L. subsp. corniculatus (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Lotus creticus L. (Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea australis)
Lotus edulis L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Lotus floridus (see Lotus glaucus subsp. floridus)
Lotus glaber Mill. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Lotus glaucus Aiton subsp. floridus (Lowe) R. Jardim & M.
Seq. (Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion floridis)
Lotus glaucus Aiton subsp. glaucus (Euphorbio paraliaeLotion floridis)
Lotus glaucus Aiton subsp. salvagensis (R.P. Murray) Sadral
& D.D. Sokolff (Traganion moquini)
Lotus hispidus Desf. ex DC. in Lam. & DC. (Malcolmietalia)
Lotus lancerottensis Webb & Berthel (Traganion moquini)
Lotus loweanus Webb & Berthel. (Helichrysion obconicodevium)
Lotus macranthus Lowe (Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae)
Lotus ornithopodioides L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Lotus parviflorus Desf. (Agrostion pourretii)
Lotus pedunculatus Cav. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Lotus salvagensis (see Lotus glaucus subsp. salvagensis)
Lotus subbiflorus (see Lotus hispidus)
Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott (Nano-Cyperion)
Lupinus angustifolius L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Lupinus luteus L. (Thero-Brometalia)
141
Lupinus micranthus Guss. (Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae)
Luzula baetica (see Luzula forsteri subsp. baetica)
Luzula campestris (L.) DC. subsp. campestris (Brometalia
erecti)
Luzula campestris (L.) DC. subsp. carpetana Rivas Mart.
(Campanulo herminii-Nardion strictae)
Luzula carpetana (see Luzula campestris subsp. carpetana)
Luzula cespitosa J. Gay (Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion caespitosae)
Luzula congesta (see Luzula multiflora subsp. congesta)
Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. subsp. baetica P. Monts. (Quercion
broteroi)
Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. subsp. forsteri (Quercetalia roboris)
Luzula henriquesii Degen (Quercetalia roboris)
Luzula lactea Link ex E.H.F. Mey. (Ericenion aragonensis)
Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. subsp. congesta (Thuill.) Hyl.
(Violion caninae)
Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. subsp. multiflora (Nardetalia
strictae)
Luzula purpureo-splendens Seub. (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea
rigidi)
Luzula seubertii Lowe (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Lychnis flos-cuculi L. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Lycium barbarum L. (Pegano-Salsoletea)
Lycium europaeum L. (Pegano-Salsoletea)
Lycium intricatum Boiss. (Pegano-Salsoletea)
Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub (Rhynchosporion albae)
Lycopodium clavatum L. (Lycopodio clavati-Juniperetum
nanae)
Lycopus europaeus L. (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea
australis)
Lysimachia azorica Hoenem. ex Hook (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi)
Lysimachia ephemerum L. (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris)
Lysimachia nemorum L. (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Lysimachia vulgaris L. (Filipendulion ulmariae)
Lythrum borysthenicum (Schrank) Litv. (Isoetion)
Lythrum hyssopifolia L. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Lythrum junceum Banks & Sol (Paspalo-Polypogonion
viridis)
Lythrum portula (L.) D.A. Webb (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Lythrum salicaria L. (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea australis)
Lythrum thymifolia L. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Lythrum tribracteatum Spreng. (Nano-Cyperetalia)
Magydaris panacifolia (Vahl) Lange (Balloto-Conion maculati)
Malcolmia gracilima (see Malcolmia triloba subsp. gracilima)
Malcolmia lacera (see Malcolmia triloba subsp. triloba)
Malcolmia littorea (L.) Br. (Crucianelletalia maritimae)
Malcolmia patula (see Malcolmia triloba subsp. patula)
Malcolmia ramosissima (Desf.) Thell. (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Malcolmia triloba (L.) Spreng. subsp. gracilima (Samp.)
Franco (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Malcolmia triloba (L.) Spreng. subsp. patula (Lag. ex DC.)
Rivas Mart. & G. Navarro (Corynephoro articulatae-Malcolmion patulae)
Malcolmia triloba (L.) Spreng. subsp. triloba (Hymenocarpo
hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Malope trifida Cav. (Cerintho majoris-Fedion cornucopiae)
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. (Populetalia albae)
Malva colmeiroi Willk. (Linarion triornithophorae)
Malva hispanica L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Malva neglecta Wallr. (Sisymbrion officinalis)
Malva nicaeensis All. (Chenopodion muralis)
Malva parviflora L. (Malvenion parviflorae)
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J.C. Costa & al.
Malva sylvestris L. (Sisymbrietalia officinalis)
Malva tournefortiana L. (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. & Cavill. (Brachypodietalia
phoenicoidis)
Marcetella maderensis (Bornem.) Svent. (Myrico fayo-Ericion arboreae)
Marrubium vulgare L. (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Marsilea batardae Launert (Menthion cervinae)
Marsilea quadrifolia L. (Littorelletalia)
Marsupella emarginata (Ehrh.) Durmot. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Matricaria aurea Loefl. (Polycarpion tetraphylli)
Matricaria discoidea DC. (Matricario-Polygonion arenastri)
Matricaria maritima L. (Brassicion oleraceae)
Matricaria recutita L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Matthiola incana (L.) R.Br. (Parietarietalia)
Matthiola maderensis Lowe (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Matthiola parviflora (Schousb.) R.Br (Thero-Brometalia)
Matthiola sinuata (L.) Br. (Crucianelletalia maritimae)
Maytenus umbellata (R.Br.) Mabb. (Mayteno umbellataeOleion maderensis)
Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. (Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion)
Medicago falcata L. (Festuco-Brometea)
Medicago intertexta (L.) Mill. (Astragalo sesamei-Poion
bulbosae)
Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Loisel. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Medicago marina L. (Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea arundinaceae)
Medicago minima (L.) L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Medicago murex Willd. (Echio plantaginei-Galactition tomentosae)
Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal. (Thero-Brometalia)
Medicago polymorpha L. (Sisymbrietalia officinalis)
Medicago rigidula (L.) All. (Thero-Brometalia)
Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Medicago truncatula Gaetener (Thero-Brometalia)
Melampyrum pratense L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Melanoselinum decipiens (Schrad. & Wendl.) Hoffm. (Euphorbion melliferae)
Melica arrecta (see Melica minuta subsp. arrecta)
Melica ciliata L. subsp. magnolii (Gren. & Godr.) K. Richt.
(Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Melica minuta L. subsp. arrecta (G. Kunz) Breistr. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Melica minuta L. subsp. minuta (Asplenietalia petrarchae)
Melica uniflora Retz (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Melilotus albus Medicus (Dauco-Melilotion)
Melilotus elegans Salzm. ex Ser. in DC. (Echio plantagineiGalactition tomentosae)
Melilotus indicus (L.) All. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Melilotus italicus (L.) Lam. (Echio plantaginei-Galactition
tomentosae)
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. (Dauco-Melilotion)
Melilotus segetalis (Brot.) Ser. subsp. segetalis (Stellarietea
mediae)
Melilotus siculus (Turra) B.D. Jacks. (Juncetalia maritimi)
Melilotus spicatus (Sm.) Breistr. (Thero-Brometalia)
Melilotus sulcatus Desf. (Thero-Brometalia)
Melitis melissophyllum L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Mentha aquatica L. (Phragmitetalia)
Mentha cervina L. (Menthion cervinae)
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (Potentillo anserinae)
Mentha pulegium L. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (Potentillo anserinae)
Menyanthes trifoliata L. (Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea
nigrae)
Mercurialis ambigua L. f. (Stellarietea mediae)
Mercurialis annua L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Mercurialis elliptica Poir. in Lam. (Parietarion lusitanicomauritanicae)
Mercurialis perennis L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Mercurialis tomentosa L. (Salsolo vermiculatae-Peganetalia
harmalae)
Merendera filifolia Cambess. (Plantaginion serrariae)
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (Mesembryanthemion
crystallini)
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. (Mesembryanthemion
crystallini)
Mibora minima (L.) Desv. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Micromeria cacuminicolae (see Micromeria varia subsp. thymoides var. cacuminicolae)
Micromeria graeca var. micrantha (see Satureja graeca var.
micrantha)
Micromeria juliana (L.) Lange (Parietario-Galion muralis)
Micromeria varia Benth subsp. thymoides (Sol. ex Lowe) P.
Pérez var. thymoides (Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae)
Micromeria varia Benth subsp. thymoides Sol. ex Lowe var.
cacuminicolae (P. Pérez) Rivas. Mart. (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Micropus supinus L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Micropyrum patens (Brot.) Pilger (Molineriellion laevis)
Micropyrum tenellum (L.) Link (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Minuartia hybrida (Vill.) Schischk. subsp. hybrida (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Minuartia recurva (All.) Schinz & Thell. subsp. juressi
(Willd. ex Schlecht) Mattf. (Festucetalia curvifoliae)
Misopates orontium (L.) Rafin. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia
convolvuli)
Moehringia pentandra J. Gay (Quercetalia ilicis)
Moehringia trinervia (L.). Clairrv. (Fagetalia)
Moenchia erecta (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey & Soherb. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Molineriella australis (see Molineriella minuta subsp. australis)
Molineriella laevis (Brot.) Rouy (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Molineriella minuta (Brot.) Rouy subsp. australis (Paunero)
Rivas Mart. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Molineriella minuta (Brot.) Rouy subsp. minuta (Tuberarion
guttatae)
Molinia arundinacea (see Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea)
Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench subsp. arundinacea (Schrank)
Soják (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris)
Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench subsp. caerulea (Molinietalia
caeruleae)
Mollugo cervina (L.) Ser. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Monanthes lowei P. Pèrez & Acebes (Aichryso laxi-Monanthion laxiflorae)
Monizia edulis Lowe (Sinapidendro angustifoliae-Aeonion
glutinosi)
Monotropa hypopitys L. (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Montia fontana L. subsp. amporitana Senne (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Murbeckiella boryi (Boiss.) Rothm. subsp. herminii Rivas
Mart. (Saxifragion willkommianae)
Murbeckiella herminii (see Murbeckiella boryi subsp. herminii)
Murbeckiella sousae Rothm. (Murbeckiello sousae-Silenetum
acutifoliae)
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. (Stellarietea mediae)
Musschia aurea (L.f) Dumort. (Sinapidendro angustifoliiAeonion glutinosi)
Musschia wollastonii Lowe (Euphorbion melliferae)
Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Myosotis azorica Wats. (Festucion francoi)
Myosotis caespitosa C. F. Schultz (Glycerio-Sparganion)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Myosotis canariensis (see Myosotis discolor subsp. canariensis)
Myosotis debilis Pomel (Menthion cervinae)
Myosotis discolor Pers. subsp. canariensis (Pit.) Grau (Geranio purpurei-Torilidion neglectae)
Myosotis discolor Pers. subsp. discolor (Arnoseridenion minimae)
Myosotis lusitanica Schuster (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Myosotis maritima Hochst. ex Steud. (Euphorbio azoricaeFestucion petraeae)
Myosotis ramosissima Rachel in subsp. ramosissima (Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
Myosotis retusifolia Rocha Afonso (Isoetion)
Myosotis stolonifera (DC) J. Gay ex Leresche & Levier (Myosotidion stoloniferae)
Myosotis sylvatica (Ehrh.) Hoffm. (Epilobietea angustifoliae)
Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench (Senecionion fluviatilis)
Myrica faya Aiton (Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis)
Myrica gale L. (Alnetea glutinosae)
Myriolimon diffusum (Pourr.) Lledó, Erben & Crespo (Limonion lanceolato-algarvensis)
Myriolimon ferulaceum (L.) Lledó, Erben & Crespo (Arthrocnemion macrostachyi)
Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. (Littorelletalia)
Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Potametea)
Myriophyllum verticillatum L. (Nymphaeion albae)
Myrrhoides nodosa (L.) Cannon (Galio-Alliarion petiolatae)
Myrsine retusa Aiton (Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae)
Myrtus communis L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Najas marina L. (Zannichellion pedicellatae)
Narcissus bulbocodium L. subsp. nivalis (Graells) Cout.
(Campanulo herminii-Nardion strictae)
Narcissus bulbocodium L. subsp. obesus Salisb.) Maire (Brachypodion phoenicoidis)
Narcissus calcicola Mendonça (Asplenion petrarchae)
Narcissus confusus (see Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp.
confusus)
Narcissus cyclamineus DC. (Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion
roboris)
Narcissus henriquesii (see Narcissus jonquilla var. henriquesii)
Narcissus jonquilla L. var. henriquesii Samp. (Festucion
duriotaganae)
Narcissus nivalis (see Narcissus bulbocodium subsp. nivalis)
Narcissus obesus (see Narcissus bulbocodium subsp. obesus)
Narcissus pallidulus (see Narcissus triandrus subsp. pallidulus)
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. confusus (Pugsley) A.
Fernandes (Campanulo herminii-Nardion strictae)
Narcissus rupicola Dufour (Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Narcissus serotinus L. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Narcissus triandrus L. subsp. pallidulus (Graells) Rivas
Goday ex Fern. Casas (Lavanduletalia stoechadis)
Narcissus willkommii (Samp.) A. Fernandes (Agrostion castellanae)
Nardia compressa (Hook.) Gray (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Nardus stricta L. (Nardetalia strictae)
Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. (Trichophorenion germanici)
Neatostema apulum (L.) I.M. Johnst. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Neckera crispa Hedwg. (Polypodion cambrici)
Neckera pumila Hedwg. (Polypodion cambrici)
Neotinea maculata (Desf.) Stearn. (Quercetea ilicis)
Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Nepeta coerulea Aiton subsp. sanabrensis (Losa) Ubera &
Valdés (Linarion triornithophorae)
Nepeta latifolia DC. (Arction lappae)
143
Nepeta tuberosa L. subsp. tuberosa (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Nerium oleander L. (Nerio-Tamaricetea)
Neslia apiculata Fish, C.A. Mey. & Av´r-Lall. (Centaureetalia
cyani)
Nicotiana glauca Graham (Nicotiano glauci-Ricinion communis)
Nigella atlantica (Murb.) Rivas Mart. (Roemerion hybridae)
Nigella damascena L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Nigella gallica Jord. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Nigella papillosa G. López (Ridolfion segetum)
Nitella batrachosperma (Recbh.) A. Braun (Nitelletalia flexilis)
Nitella capillaris (Krock.) J. Gr. & Bullock-Webester (Nitelletalia flexilis)
Nitella flexilis (L.) Agardh (Nitellion flexilis)
Nitella gracilis (Smith) C. Agardh (Nitellion flexilis)
Nitella hyalina (DC.) Agardh (Nitellion flexilis)
Nitella mucronata (Nitelletalia flexilis)
Nitella opaca (Bruz.) Agardh (Nitelletalia flexilis)
Nitella syncarpa (Thuill.) Chev. (Nitellion syncarpo-tenuissimae)
Nitella tenuissima (Desv.) Kutz (Nitellion syncarpo-tenuissimae)
Nitella translucens (Pers.) Agardh (Nitelletalia flexilis)
Nonea vesicaria (L.) Rchb. (Thero-Brometalia)
Normania triphylla (Lowe) Lowe (Sibthorpio peregrinaeClethrion arboreae)
Notholaena marantae (L.) Desv. subsp. marantae (Cheilanthetalia maranto-maderensis)
Notholaena marantae (L.) Desv. subsp. subcordata (Cav.)
Kunk. (Cheilanthion pulchellae)
Notholaena subcordata (see Notholaena marantae subsp.
subcordata)
Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. (Onopordion castellani)
Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. (Nymphaeion albae)
Nymphaea alba L. (Nymphaeion albae)
Ocotea foetens (Aiton) Benth. & Hook.f. (Pruno hixae-Lauretalia novocanariensis)
Odontites holliana (Lowe) Benth. (Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
Odontites verna (Bellardi) Dumort. (Scleranthion annui)
Oenanthe crocata L. (Phalaridenion arundinaceae)
Oenanthe divaricata (R. Br.) Mabb. (Deschampsion argenteae)
Oenanthe fistulosa L. (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea
australis)
Oenanthe globulosa L. (Glycerio-Sparganion)
Oenanthe lachenalii G. Gmel. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Oenothera affinis Camb. (Elytrigietalia repentis)
Oenothera biennis L. (Elytrigietalia repentis)
Oenothera glazioviana Micheli (Elytrigietalia repentis)
Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill.) Rouy ex Hegi (Quercetea ilicis)
Olea maderensis (Lowe) Rivas Mart. & Del Arco (Mayteno
umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
Omphalodes kuzinskyanae Willd. (Omphalodo kuzinskyanaeEvacietum lusitanicae)
Omphalodes linifolia (L.) Moench (Brachypodion distachyi)
Omphalodes nitida Hoffmanns. & Link (Linarion triornithophorae)
Onobrychis humilis (L.) G. López (Periballio-Trifolion subterranei)
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop (Brachypodietalia erecti)
Ononis baetica Clemente (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion
trilobae)
Ononis breviflora (see Ononis viscosa subsp. breviflora)
Ononis broteroana DC. (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion
trilobae)
144
J.C. Costa & al.
Ononis cintrana Brot. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Ononis cossoniana Boiss. & Reut. (Linarion pedunculatae)
Ononis dentata Sol. ex Lowe (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Ononis diffusa Ten. (Malcolmietalia)
Ononis hackelii Lange (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion
trilobae)
Ononis pinnata Brot. (Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion alopecuroris)
Ononis pubescens L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Ononis pusilla L. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Ononis ramosissima Desf. (Crucianelletalia maritimae)
Ononis reclinata L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Ononis spinosa L. subsp. spinosa (Brachypodietalia erecti)
Ononis variegata L. (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Ononis viscosa L. subsp. breviflora (DC.) Nyman (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Onopordum acanthium L. subsp. acanthium (Onopordenea
acanthii)
Onopordum illyricum L. (Onopordetalia acanthii)
Onopordum macrocanthum Schous. (Onopordion castellani)
Onopordum nervosum Boiss. subsp. nervosum (Onopordion
castellani)
Ophioglossum azoricum C. Presl. (Nardetea strictae)
Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. (Isoetetalia)
Ophrys apifera Huds. (Festuco-Brometea)
Ophrys bombyliflora Link in Schrad. (Teucrio pseudochamaepityos-Brachypodion retusi)
Ophrys drys Maire (Lygeo-Stipetalia)
Ophrys fusca Link in Schrad. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Ophrys lutea Cav. (Lygeo-Stipetalia)
Ophrys scolopax Cav. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Ophrys speculum Link (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Ophrys tenthredinifera Willd. (Teucrio pseudochamaepityosBrachypodion retusi)
Ophrys vernixia Brot. (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Orchis champagneuxii (see Orchis morio subsp. champagneuxii)
Orchis conica Willd. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Orchis coriophora L. subsp. coriophora (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Orchis coriophora L. subsp. fragrans (Pollini) K. Richt.
(Brachypodion phoenicoidis)
Orchis coriophora L. subsp. martrinii (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman
(Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Orchis fragrans (see Orchis coriophora subsp. fragrans)
Orchis italica Poir. in Lam. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Orchis langei K. Richt (Querco-Fagetea)
Orchis laxiflora Lam. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Orchis martrinii (see Orchis coriophora subsp. martrinii)
Orchis mascula (L.) L. subsp. mascula (Brometalia erecti)
Orchis mascula (L.) L. subsp. olbiensis (Reut. ex Gren.) Asch.
& Graebn. (Cisto-Lavanduletea)
Orchis morio L. subsp. champagneuxii (Barn.) Camus (CistoLavanduletea)
Orchis morio L. subsp. morio (Brometalia erecti)
Orchis morio L. subsp. picta (Loisel.) Arcang. (Cisto-Lavanduletea)
Orchis olbiensis (see Orchis mascula subsp. olbiensis)
Orchis picta (see Orchis morio subsp. picta)
Orchis scopulorum Summerh. (Deschampsio maderensisParafestucion albidae)
Origanum macrostachyum (see Origanum virens var. macrostachyum)
Origanum virens Hoffmanns. & Link var. macrostachyum
(Hoffmanns. & Link) Cout. (Origanion virentis)
Origanum virens Hoffmanns. & Link var. virens (Origanion
virentis)
Origanum vulgare L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Ornithogalum baeticum (see Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp.
baeticum)
Ornithogalum broteroi Laínz (Sedion anglici)
Ornithogalum concinnum (Salisb.) Cout. (Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis)
Ornithogalum narbonense L. (Lygeo-Stipetalia)
Ornithogalum orthophyllum Ten subsp. baeticum (Boiss.)
Zahar. (Poetea bulbosae)
Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L. (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Ornithopus compressus L. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Ornithopus isthmocarpus Coss. (Malcolmietalia)
Ornithopus perpusillus L. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Ornithopus pinnatus (Mill.) Druce (Tuberarion guttatae)
Ornithopus sativus Brot. (Malcolmietalia)
Orobanche gracilis Sm. (Festuco-Brometea)
Orobanche latisquama (F.W. Schultz) Batt. (Rosmarinetalia
officinalis)
Orobanche rapum-genistae Thuill. (Cytisetalia scopariostriati)
Ortegia hispanica Loef. ex L. (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Osmunda regalis L. (Populetalia albae)
Osyris alba L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Osyris quadripartitae Decne (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia
alaterni)
Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmann. & Link (Ammophiletalia
arundinaceae)
Oxalis acetosella L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Oxalis articulata Savigny in Lam. (Urtico piluliferae-Silybion
mariani)
Oxalis corniculata L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Oxalis latifolia Kunth (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Oxalis pes-caprae L. (Fumarion wirtgenii-agrariae)
Paeonia broteroi Boiss. & Reut. (Quercion broteroi)
Palhinhaea cernua (L.) Vasc. & Franco (Daboecion azoricae)
Pancratium maritimum L. (Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea arundinaceae)
Panicum repens L. (Nerio-Tamaricetea)
Papaver argemone L. (Scleranthion annui)
Papaver dubium L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Papaver hybridum L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Papaver pinnatifidum Moris (Roemerion hybridae)
Papaver rhoeas L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Papaver somniferum L. subsp. setigerum (DC.) Arcang.
(Stellarienea mediae)
Paradisea lusitanica (Cout.) Samp. (Bromo ramosi-Eupatorion cannabini)
Parafestuca albida (Lowe) Alexeev (Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae)
Parapholis filiformis (Roth) C.E. Hubb. (Frankenietalia pulverulentae)
Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb. (Saginetea maritimae)
Parapholis strigosa (Dumort.) C.E. Hubb. (Saginetea maritimae)
Parentucellia latifolia (L.) Caruel in Parl. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Parietaria debilis Forster f. (Geranio purpurei-Torilidion
neglectae)
Parietaria judaica L. (Parietarietalia)
Parietaria lusitanica L. (Parietarion lusitanico-mauritanicae)
Parietaria mauritanica Durieu (Parietarion lusitanico-mauritanicae)
Parnassia palustris L. (Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea
nigrae)
Paronychia argentea Lam. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Paronychia cymosa (L.) DC. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Paronychia echinulata Charter (Tuberarienion guttatae)
Paronychia polygonifolia (Vill.) DC. (Androsacetalia alpinae)
Paspalum dilatatum Poir. in Lam. (Paspalo distichi-Polypogonenion viridis)
Paspalum distichum L. (Paspalo distichi-Polypogonenion
viridis)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Paspalum paspalodes (see Paspalum distichum)
Paspalum vaginatum Sw. (Spergulario-Paspalenion vaginati)
Patellifolia patellaris (Moq.) A. J. Scott, Ford-Lloyd & J. T.
William (Chenopodio-Stellarienea)
Patellifolia procumbens (C. Sm. ex Hornem) A. J. Scott,
Ford-Lloyd & J. T. Williams (Mesembryanthemion crystallini)
Pedicularis lusitanica (see Pedicularis sylvatica subsp. lusitanica)
Pedicularis palustris L. subsp. palustris (Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea nigrae)
Pedicularis sylvatica L. subsp. lusitanica (Hoffmanns. &
Link) Cout. (Stauracanthion boivinii)
Pedicularis sylvatica L. subsp. sylvatica (Nardetalia strictae)
Pellia endiviifolia (Dicks.) Dumort. (Adiantetalia capilli-veneris)
Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. (Hyparrhenion sinaicae)
Pentaglottis sempervirens (L.) Tausch ex L.H. Bailey (Alliarienion petiolatae)
Periballia involucrata (Cav.) Janka (Molineriellion laevis)
Pericallis aurita (L’Her.) B. Nord. (Ranunculo cortusifoliiGeranion canariensis)
Pericallis malvifolia (L’Her.) B. Nord. (Pericallion malvifoliae)
Periploca laevigata Aiton (Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis)
Persea indica (L.) K. Spreng. (Pruno hixae-Lauretalia novocanariensis)
Petrorhagia nanteuilii (Burnat) P.W. Ball & Heywood (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link (Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis)
Peucedanum lancifolium Lange (Salici atrocinereae-Alnenion
glutinosae
Peucedanum lowei (Coss.) Menezes (Deschampsion argenteae)
Phagnalon bennetii (see Phagnalon loweii)
Phagnalon loweii DC. (Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae)
Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. (Asplenietalia petrarchae)
Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. subsp. saxatile (Lygeo-Stipetea)
Phalacrocarpon hoffmannseggii (Samp.) Laínz (Festucion
merinoi)
Phalacrocarpon oppositifolium (Brot.) Willk. (Festucion
merinoi)
Phalaris aquatica L. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Phalaris arundinacea L. (Phalaridenion arundinaceae)
Phalaris brachystachys Link in Schrad. (Thero-Brometalia)
Phalaris canariensis L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Phalaris coerulescens Desf. subsp. coerulescens (Gaudinio
verticolae-Hordeion bulbosi)
Phalaris coerulescens Desf. subsp. lusitanica Rocha Afonso
& Franco (Gaudinio verticolae-Hordeion bulbosi)
Phalaris lusitanica (see Phalaris coerulescens subsp. lusitanica)
Phalaris minor Retz (Thero-Brometalia)
Phalaris paradoxa L. (Ridolfion segeti)
Phegopteris connectilis (Michaux) Watt (Polystichetalia
lonchitidis)
Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Phillyrea latifolia L. subsp. latifolia (Quercetalia ilicis)
Phillyrea latifolia L. subsp. media (L.) Fourn. (Quercetea ilicis)
Phillyrea media (see Phillyrea latifolia subsp. media)
Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Philonotis seriata Mitt. (Cardamino amarae-Montion fontanae)
Philonotis tomentella Molendo (Cardamino amarae-Montion
fontanae)
Phleum arenarium L. (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Phleum bertolonii (see Phleum pratense subsp. bertolonii)
Phleum phleoides (L.) Karsten (Festuco-Brometea)
Phleum pratense L. subsp. bertolonii (DC.) Bornm. (MolinioArrhenatheretea)
145
Phleum pratense L. subsp. pratense (Cynosurion cristati)
Phlomis lychnitis L. (Teucrio pseudochamaepityos-Brachypodion retusi)
Phlomis purpurea L. (Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis)
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Magno-Carici
elatae-Phragmitetea australis)
Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. (Apio leptophyllae-Oxalidetum
pes-caprae)
Phyllis nobla L. (Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis)
Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman (Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris)
Phymatoceros bulbiculosus (Brot. .) Prosk (Isoetion)
Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) Hamp. (Nano-Cyperetalia)
Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC. (Quercion pyrenaicae)
Picconia azorica (Tutin) Knobl. (Myrico fayae-Pittosporion
undulati)
Picconia excelsa (Aiton) DC. (Visneo mocanerae-Apollonion
barbujanae)
Picris algarbiensis Franco (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion sempervirentis)
Picris echioides L. (Artemisienea vulgaris)
Picris hieracioides L. subsp. longifolia (Boiss. & Reuter) P.D.
Sell (Linarion triornithophorae)
Picris spinifera Franco (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion
sempervirentis)
Pilularia globulifera L. (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Pilularia minuta Durieu in Bory & Durieu (Isoetion)
Pimpinella villosa Schousb. (Malcolmietalia)
Pinguicula lusitanica L. (Anagallido-Juncion bulbosi)
Pinguicula vulgaris L. (Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea
nigrae)
Pinus halepensis Mill. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Pinus pinaster Aiton subsp. atlantica Villar (Pistacio lentisciRhamnetalia alaterni)
Pinus sylvestris L. var. iberica Svob. (Junipero sabinae-Pinetea sylvestris)
Piptatherum coerulescens (Desf.) P. Beauv. (Parietarietalia)
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. subsp. miliaceum (BromoPiptatherion miliacei)
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. subsp. thomasii (Duby)
Freitag (Bromo-Piptatherion miliacei)
Piptatherum paradoxum (L.) P. Beauv. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Piptatherum thomasii (see Piptatherum miliaceum subsp. thomasii)
Pistacia lentiscus L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Pistacia terebinthus L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Pittosporum coriaceum Dryand. ex Aiton (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (Myrico fayae-Pittosporion
undulati)
Plagiochila spinulosa (Dick) Dumort. (Anomodonto-Polypodietalia)
Plantago acanthophylla (see Plantago radicata subsp. acanthophylla)
Plantago afra L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Plantago albicans L. (Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae)
Plantago almogravensis Franco (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Plantago arborescens Poir. subsp. costae (Menezes) M. Seq.
& R. Jardim (Bystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis)
Plantago bellardii All. (Tuberarienion guttatae)
Plantago coronopus L. subsp. coronopus (Polygono arenastri-Poetalia annuae)
Plantago coronopus L. subsp. occidentalis (Pigler) Franco
(Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Plantago costae (see Plantago arborescens subsp. costae)
Plantago lagopus L. (Hordeion leporini)
Plantago lanceolata L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Plantago leiopetala Lowe (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion
glutinosi)
146
J.C. Costa & al.
Plantago loeflingii L. (Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae)
Plantago macrorhiza Poir. (Crithmo-Limonietea)
Plantago maderensis Decne. (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion
maderensis)
Plantago major L. subsp. major (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Plantago malato-belizii Lawalree (Bystropogono punctatiTelinion maderensis)
Plantago maritima L. (Juncetea maritimi)
Plantago monticola (see Plantago radicata subsp. monticola)
Plantago occidentalis (see Plantago coronopus subsp. occidentalis)
Plantago radicata Hoffmanns. & Link subsp. acanthophylla
(Decne.) Franco (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Plantago radicata Hoffmanns. & Link subsp. monticola
Franco (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Plantago radicata Hoffmanns. & Link subsp. radicata (Festucetea indigestae)
Plantago sempervirens Crantz (Helichryso stoechadis-Santolinetalia squarrosae)
Plantago serraria L. (Plantaginion serrariae)
Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. (Querco-Fagetea)
Platanthera micrantha (Hochst. ex Seub.) Schlecht. (Lauro
azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae)
Platycapnos spicata (L.) Berhn. subsp. spicata (Diplotaxion
erucoidis)
Plumbago europaea L. (Pegano-Salsoletea)
Poa angustifolia L. (Elytrigietalia repentis)
Poa annua L. (Polygono arenastri-Poetalia annuae)
Poa bulbosa L. var. bulbosa (Poetalia bulbosae)
Poa bulbosa L. var. vivipara Koeler (Poetalia bulbosae)
Poa infirma Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth (Polygono arenastriPoetalia annuae)
Poa nemoralis L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Poa pratensis L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Poa supina Schrad. (Poion supinae)
Poa trivialis L. subsp. sylvicola (Guss.) H. Lindb. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Poa trivialis L. subsp. trivialis (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Pohlia wahlenbergii (F. Weber & D. Mohr) A. L. Andrews
(Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Polycarpon alsinifolium (Biv.) DC. (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Polycarpon diphyllum Cav. L. (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. (Polygono-Poetea annuae)
Polygala microphylla L. (Ericion umbellatae)
Polygala monspeliaca L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Polygala serpyllifolia J.A.C. Hose (Violion caninae)
Polygala vulgaris L. (Violion caninae)
Polygonatum odoratum (Miller) Druce (Querco-Fagetea)
Polygonum amphibium L. (Nymphaeion albae)
Polygonum arenastrum Boreau (Polygono arenastri-Poetalia
annuae)
Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygono arenastri-Poetalia annuae)
Polygonum bellardii All. (Stellarietea mediae)
Polygonum bistorta L. (Calthion palustris)
Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. & Sm. (Nerio-Tamaricetea)
Polygonum hydropiper L. (Bidentetalia tripartitae)
Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Bidentetalia tripartitae)
Polygonum maritimum L. (Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea arundinaceae)
Polygonum minus Huds. (Bidention tripartitae)
Polygonum persicaria L. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Polygonum salicifolium Brouss. ex Willd. (Magno-Caricion
elatae)
Polypodium australe (see Polypodium cambricum)
Polypodium azoricum (Vasc.) R. Fern. (Hymenophyllion tunbrigensis)
Polypodium cambricum L. (Polypodion cambrici)
Polypodium interjectum Shivas (Anomodonto-Polypodietalia)
Polypodium macaronesicum Bobrov (Anomodonto-Polypodietalia)
Polypodium serratum (see Polypodium cambricum)
Polypogon maritimus Willd. (Hordeion marini)
Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. (Paspalo distichi-Polypogonenion viridis)
Polystichum drepanum (Sw.) C. Presl (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Polystichum falcinellum (Sw.) C. Presl (Polysticho falcinelliEricion canariensis)
Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Woynar (Populetalia albae)
Polystichum x maderensis J.Y. Johnson (Polysticho falcinelliEricion canariensis)
Populus alba L. (Populetalia albae)
Populus nigra L. (Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Populus tremula L. (Betulo pendulae-Populetalia tremulae)
Porella obtusata (L.) Pfeiff. (Polypodion cambrici)
Porella platyphylla (L.) Pfeiff. (Anomodonto-Polypodietalia)
Portulaca oleracea L. (Chenopodion muralis)
Potamogeton crispus L. (Potametea)
Potamogeton gramineus L. (Potamion)
Potamogeton lucens L. (Potametalia)
Potamogeton natans L. (Nymphaeion albae)
Potamogeton nodosus Poir. (Ranunculion fluitantis)
Potamogeton perfoliatus L. (Potametalia)
Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schlecht. (Potamion)
Potamogetum pectinatus L. (Potametea)
Potamogetum polygonifolius Pourr. (Littorelletalia)
Potentilla anserina L. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. var. erecta (Nardetalia strictae)
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. var. herminii (Ficalho) Cout.
(Genistion micrantho-anglicae)
Potentilla herminii (see Potentilla erecta. var. herminii)
Potentilla montana Brot. (Potentillo montanae-Brachypodion
rupestris)
Potentilla neumanniana Rchb. (Brometalia erecti)
Potentilla reptans L. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Potentilla rupestris L. (Sedo albi-Scleranthetea biennis)
Potentilla sterilis (L.) Garcke (Fagetalia)
Prasium majus L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Prasium medium Lowe (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
Primula acaulis (L.) L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Pritzelago alpina (L.) Kunze subsp. auerswaldii (Willk.)
Greuter & Burdet (Asplenietea trichomanes)
Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler subsp. grandiflora (Brometalia erecti)
Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler subsp. pyrenaica (Gren. &
Godron) A. & O. Bolòs (Linarion triornithophorae)
Prunella laciniata (L.) L. (Festuco-Brometea)
Prunella pyrenaica (see Prunella grandiflora subsp. pyrenaica)
Prunella vulgaris L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Prunella x intermedia Link (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion sempervirentis)
Prunus avium L. (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Prunus azorica (Hort. ex Mouill.) Rivas Mart., Lousã, Fern.
Prieto, Dias, J.C. Costa & Aguiar (Dryopterido azoricaeLaurion azoricae)
Prunus hixa Willd. (Pruno hixae-Lauretalia novocanariensis)
Prunus insititia L. (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Prunus insititioides (see Prunus spinosa subsp. insititioides)
Prunus lusitanica L. (Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris)
Prunus mahaleb L. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Prunus novocanariensis (Hort. ex Mouill.) Rivas Mart.,
Lousã, Fern. Prieto, Dias, J.C. Costa & Aguiar
Prunus padus L. (Populetalia albae)
Prunus spinosa L. subsp. insititioides (Ficalho & Cout.)
Franco (Rosenion carioti-pouzinii)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Prunus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium (Thore) Rouy (Daboecion
cantabricae)
Pseudarrhenatherum pallens (Link) J. Holub (Hyparrhenion
sinaicae)
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & Burtt (NanoCyperetalia)
Pseudorlaya minuscula (Pau) Laínz (Linarion pedunculatae)
Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Grande (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Psilurus incurvus (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. (Tuberarietalia
guttatae)
Psoralea americanum (see Cullen americanum)
Psoralea bituminosa (see Bituminaria bituminosa)
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuntz var. aquilinum (Cytiseteascopario striati)
Pteris incompleta Cav. (Pruno hixae-Lauretalia novocanariensis)
Pteris vittata L. (Adiantion capilli-veneris)
Pterocephalus diandrus (Lag.) Lag. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Pterogonium gracile (Hedw.) Sm. (Bartramio strictae-Polypodion cambrici)
Pterospartum cantabricum (Spach) Willk. (Daboecion cantabricae)
Pterospartum lasianthum (Spach) Willk. (Ericion umbellatae)
Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk. (Ericenion umbellatae)
Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. (Glauco-Puccinellietalia)
Puccinellia iberica H. Lindb. (Sarcocornienion perennis)
Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. (Glauco-Puccinellietalia)
Puccinellia rupestris (With.) Fernald & Weath (Juncetea
maritimi)
Puccinellia tenuifolia (Boiss. & Reut.) H. Lindb. (Juncetalia
maritimi)
Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. var. dysenterica (Calystegietalia sepium)
Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. var. ramosissima Lec. &
Lam. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Pulicaria odora (L.) Rchb. (Quercetea ilicis)
Pulicaria paludosa Link (Agrostion pourretii)
Pulicaria ramosissima (see Pulicaria dysenterica var. ramosissima)
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. (Bidentetea tripartitae)
Pulmonaria longifolia (Bast.) Boreau (Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris)
Pyrus bourgaeana Decne (Quercion broteroi)
Pyrus cordata Desv. (Frangulo alni-Pyrion cordatae)
Pyrus pyraster Aiton (Populetalia albae)
Quercus alpestris (see Quercus faginea subsp. alpestris)
Quercus broteroana (see Quercus robur subsp. broteroana)
Quercus broteroi (see Quercus faginea subsp. broteroi)
Quercus canariensis Willd. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Quercus coccifera L. subsp. coccifera (Pistacio lentisciRhamnetalia alaterni)
Quercus coccifera L. subsp. rivas-martinezii Capelo & J.C.
Costa (Quercenion rivasmartinezii-suberis)
Quercus estremadurensis (see Quercus robur subsp. estremadurensis)
Quercus faginea Lam. subsp. alpestris (Boiss.) Maire (Aceri
granatensis-Quercion fagineae)
Quercus faginea Lam. subsp. broteroi (Cout.) A. Camus
(Quercion broteroi)
Quercus faginea Lam. subsp. faginea (Aceri granatensisQuercion fagineae)
Quercus hybrida Brot. (see Quercus faginea subsp. broteroi)
Quercus lusitanica Lam. (Quercion lusitanicae)
Quercus pyrenaica Willd. (Quercion pyrenaicae)
Quercus rivas-martinezii (see Quercus coccifera subsp. rivasmartinezii)
Quercus robur L. subsp. broteroana O. Schwartz (Quercenion robori-pyrenaicae)
147
Quercus robur L. subsp. estremadurensis (O. Schwartz) A.
Camus (Quercion broteroi)
Quercus robur L. subsp. robur (Querco-Fagetea)
Quercus rotundifolia Lam. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Quercus suber L. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Quercus x andeganvensis Hy nothosubsp. subandegavensis
(A. Camus) Vila-Viçosa, F.M. Vásquez, Meireles & PintoGomes (Quercion broteroi)
Quercus x airensis Franco & Vasc. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Quercus x andeganvensis Hy (Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris)
Quercus x andeganvensis Hy nothosubsp. henriquesii
(Franco & Vasc.) Rivas Martínez & Sáenz (Quercenion robori-pyrenaicae)
Quercus x celtica F. M. Vázquez et al. (Quercion lusitanicae)
Quercus x coutinhoi Samp. (Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion
roboris)
Quercus x coutinhoi Samp. nothosubsp. beturica F.M. Vázquez et al. (Quercion broteroi)
Quercus x coutinhoi Samp. nothosubsp. duriensis MonteiroHenriques, J.C. Costa, A. Bellu, T. Vasconcelos & Aguiar
comb. & stat. nov. (Aceri granatensis-Quercion fagineae)
Quercus x duriensis (see Quercus x coutinhoi nothosubsp.
duriensis)
Quercus x henriquesii (see Quercus x andegavensis nothosubsp. henriquesii)
Quercus x marianica C. Vicioso (Quercenion broteroi)
Quercus x mixta Villalobos ex Colmeiro (Quercetalia ilicis)
Quercus x neomairei A. Camus (Quercion pyrenaicae)
Quercus x subandegavensis (see Quercus x andeganvensis
nothosubsp. subandegavensis)
Radiola linoides Roth (Cicendion)
Ranunculus abnormis Cutanda & Willk. (Campanulo herminii-Nardion strictae)
Ranunculus aleae (see Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. aleae)
Ranunculus arvensis L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Ranunculus bulbifer (see Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. bulbifer)
Ranunculus bulbosus L. subsp. bulbifer (Jord.) Neves (Brometalia erecti)
Ranunculus bulbosus L. subsp. aleae (Willk.) Rouy & Foucaud (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris)
Ranunculus bulbosus L. subsp. cacuminalis (G. López)
Muñoz Garm. (Campanulo-Nardion strictae)
Ranunculus bullatus L. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Ranunculus bupleuroides Brot. subsp. bupleuroides (Ericenion umbellatae)
Ranunculus cacuminalis (see Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. cacuminalis)
Ranunculus carpetanus (see Ranunculus ollissiponensis subsp.
carpetanus)
Ranunculus cortusifolius Willd. (Pericallion malvifoliae)
Ranunculus cortusifolius Willd. subsp. major (Lowe) Rivas
Mart., Capelo, J.C. Costa, Lousã, Ranunculus cortusifolius
Willd. var. minor Lowe (Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion canariensis)
Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. ficaria (Populetalia albae)
Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. ficariiformis (F.W. Schult.)
Rouy & Foucaud (Populetalia albae)
Ranunculus ficariiformis (see Ranunculus ficaria subsp. ficariiformis)
Ranunculus flammula L. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Ranunculus gramineus L. (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Ranunculus hederaceus L. (Ranunculion omiophyllo-hederacei)
Ranunculus longipes Lange & Cutanda (Cicendion)
Ranunculus macrophyllus Desf. (Molinio arundinaceaHoloschoenion vulgaris)
Ranunculus major (see Ranunculus curtisifolius subsp. major)
Ranunculus minor (see Ranunculus curtisifolius var. minor)
Ranunculus muricatus L. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
148
J.C. Costa & al.
Ranunculus nigrescens Freyn in Willk. & Lange (Festucion
merinoi)
Ranunculus nodiflorus L. (Menthion cervinae)
Ranunculus ollissiponensis Pers. subsp. carpetanus (Boiss. &
Reut.) Rivas Mart. (Quercenion pyrenaicae)
Ranunculus ollissiponensis Pers. subsp. ollissiponensis (Origanion virentis)
Ranunculus ololeucos Lloyd (Littorellion uniflorae)
Ranunculus omiophyllus Ten. (Ranunculion omiophyllohederacei)
Ranunculus ophioglossifolius Vill. (Glycerio-Sparganion)
Ranunculus paludosus Poir. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Ranunculus parviflorus L. (Cardaminetea hirsutae)
Ranunculus peltatus Schrank (Ranunculion aquatilis)
Ranunculus penicillatus (Dumort.) Bab. (Ranunculion fluitantis)
Ranunculus pseudofluitans (Syme) Newbould ex Backer &
Foggitt (Ranunculion fluitantis)
Ranunculus repens L. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Ranunculus saniculifolius Viv. (Ranunculion aquatilis)
Ranunculus sceleratus L. (Bidentetalia tripartitae)
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix (Ranunculion aquatilis)
Ranunculus trilobus Desf. (Cypero micheliani-Ranunculetum
trilobi)
Ranunculus tripartitus DC. (Ranunculion aquatilis)
Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Rapistrum linnaeanum (see Rapistrum rugosum subsp. linnaeanum)
Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. subsp. linnaeanum Rouy &
Fouc. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. subsp. rugosum (Centaureetalia cyani)
Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi (Bartramio strictae-Polypodion cambrici)
Reichardia gaditana (Will.) Cout. (Linario polygalifoliaeVulpion alopecuroris)
Reichardia intermedia (Sch. Bip.) Cout. (Echio plantagineiGalactition tomentosae)
Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth (Thero-Brometalia)
Reseda alba L. subsp. alba (Hordeion leporini)
Reseda barrelieri Bertol. ex Müll. Arg. in DC. subsp. barrelieri (Carthametalia lanati)
Reseda gredensis (Cutanda & Willk.) Müll Arg. in DC. (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Reseda lutea L. subsp. lutea (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Reseda luteola L. (Onopordenea acanthi)
Reseda media Lag. (Sesamoidion suffruticosae)
Reseda phyteuma L. (Solano-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Reseda virgata Boiss. & Reut. (Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae)
Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss. (Retamion monospermae)
Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. (Cytisetea-scopario striati)
Rhagadiolus edulis Gaertn. (Geranio purpurei-Cardaminetalia hirsutae)
Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertn. subsp. stellatus (Chenopodio-Stellarienea)
Rhamnus alaternus L. subsp. alaternus f. alaternus (Quercetea ilicis)
Rhamnus alaternus L. subsp. alaternus f. neoparvifolia
Rivas-Martínez & J.M. Pizarro (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Rhamnus catharticus L. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rhamnus glandulosa Aiton (Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis)
Rhamnus laderoi (see Rhamnus lycioides subsp. laderoi)
Rhamnus lycioides L. subsp. laderoi Rivas Mart. & Pizarro
(Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Rhamnus oleoides L. (Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis)
Rhinanthus minor L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Rhododendron ponticum L. (Arbuto unedonis-Laurion nobilis)
Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl (Rhynchosporion albae)
Rhynchospora modesti-lucennoi Castrov. (Eleocharition multicaulis)
Riccia beyrichiana Hampe ex Lehm. (Isoetion)
Riccia bifurca Hoffm. (Isoetion)
Riccia ciliifera Link ex Lindenb. (Isoetion)
Riccia crystallina L. (Nano-Cyperetalia)
Ricinus communis L. (Nicotiano glauci-Ricinion communis)
Ridolfia segetum Moris (Ridolfion segeti)
Romulea bulbocodium (L.) Sebastiani & Mauri subsp. bulbocodium (Poetea bulbosae)
Romulea gaditana (see Romulea ramiflora subsp. gaditana)
Romulea ramiflora Ten. subsp. gaditana (G. Kuntz) Marais
(Malcolmietalia)
Romulea ramiflora Ten. subsp. ramiflora (Poetalia bulbosae)
Rorippa amphibia (L.) Besser (Magno-Carici elatae-Phragmitetea australis)
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek (Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici)
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser (Bidentetalia tripartitae)
Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser (Agrostion stoloniferae)
Rosa agrestis Savi (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rosa andegavensis Bastard (Pruno-Rubion ulmifolii)
Rosa arvensis Huds. (Querco-Fagetea)
Rosa canina L. (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Rosa corymbifera Borkh. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rosa deseglisei Boeau (Rosenion carioti-pouzinii)
Rosa mandonii Desegl. (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion
arboreae)
Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Sm. (Pruno-Rubion ulmifolii)
Rosa nitidula Besser (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rosa pouzinii Tratt. (Pruno-Rubion ulmifolii)
Rosa sempervirens L. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Rosa squarrosa (A. Rau) Borreau (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rosa stylosa Desv. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rosa tomentosa Sm. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rosa villosa L. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rosa vosagiaca Desp. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Rosmarinus palaui (Bolòs & Molin.) Rivas-Mart. & M.J.
Costa (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Rostraria azorica Henderson (Ornithopo pinnatae-Gaudinion
coarctatae)
Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev (Hordeion leporini)
Rotala indica (Willk.) Kohne (Oryzo sativae-Echinochloion
oryzoides)
Rubia agostinhoi Dans. & P. Silva (Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion
sylvestris)
Rubia fruticosa Aiton subsp. fruticosa (Rhamno crenulataeOleetea cerasiformis)
Rubia fruticosa Aiton subsp. melanocarpa (Bornm.) Bramwell (Kleinio-Euphorbietea canariensis)
Rubia longifolia (see Rubia peregrina subsp. longifolia)
Rubia melanocarpa (see Rubia fruticosa Aiton subsp. melanocarpa)
Rubia peregrina L. subsp. longifolia (Poir.) O. Bolòs (Quercetea ilicis)
Rubia peregrina L. subsp. peregrina (Quercetea ilicis)
Rubia tinctorum L. (Balloto-Conion maculati)
Rubus bollei Focke (Rubio periclymeni-Rubion ulmifolii)
Rubus brigantinus Samp. (Lonicero periclymeni-Rubenion
ulmifolii)
Rubus caesius L. (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Rubus canescens DC. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rubus castellarnaui Pau (Rosenion carioti-pouzinii)
Rubus cintranus (see Rubus henriquesii subsp. cintranus)
Rubus corylifolius (see Rubus lainzii)
Rubus grandifolius Lowe (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion
arboreae)
Rubus henriquesii Samp. subsp. cintranus (Rosenion cariotipouzinii)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Rubus henriquesii Samp. subsp. henriquesii (Cout.) Franco
(Lonicero periclymeni-Rubenion ulmifolii)
Rubus hochstettorum Seub. (Ericetalia azoricae)
Rubus lainzii H.E. Weber (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rubus radula Weihe ex Boenn Kalt (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rubus sampaioanus Sudre ex Samp. (Frangulo alni-Pyrion
cordatae)
Rubus ulmifolius Schott (Pruno-Rubion ulmifolii)
Rubus vigoi Roselló, Peris & Stübing (Prunetalia spinosae)
Rumex acetosa L. subsp. acetosa (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Rumex acetosella L. (Sedo albi-Scleranthetea biennis)
Rumex angiocarpus Murb. L. (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Rumex azoricus Rech. f. (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi)
Rumex bucephalophorus L. subsp. bucephalophorus (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Rumex bucephalophorus L. subsp. canariensis (Steinh.)
Rech.f. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Rumex bucephalophorus L. subsp. fruticescens Bornm.
(Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae)
Rumex bucephalophorus L. subsp. gallicus (Steinh.) Rech. f.
(Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Rumex bucephalophorus L. subsp. hispanicus (Steinh.)
Rech. f. (Malcolmietalia)
Rumex canarienses (see Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. canarienses)
Rumex conglomeratus Murray (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Rumex crispus L. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Rumex fruticescens (see Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. fruticescens)
Rumex gallicus (see Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. gallicus)
Rumex hispanicus (see Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. hispanicus)
Rumex induratus Boiss. & Reut. (Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati)
Rumex intermedius D.C. subsp. lusitanicus Franco (Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion linkiani)
Rumex lusitanicus (see Rumex intermedius subsp. lusitanicus)
Rumex maderensis Lowe (Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranion
canariensis)
Rumex obtusifolius L. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Rumex papillaris Boiss. & Reut. (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Rumex pulcher L. subsp. pulcher (Sisymbrietalia officinalis)
Rumex pulcher L. subsp. woodsii (De Not.) Arcang. (Hordeion leporini)
Rumex roseus L. (Malcolmietalia)
Rumex suffruticosus J. Gay ex Willk. (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Rumex woodsii (see Rumex pulcher subsp. woodsii)
Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande (Ruppion maritimae)
Ruppia maritima L. (Ruppion maritimae)
Ruscus aculeatus L. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Ruscus streptophyllus Yeo (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion
arboreae)
Ruta angustifolia Pers. (Pegano-Salsoletea)
Ruta chalepensis L. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Ruta montana (L.) L. (Helichryso stoechadis-Santolinetalia
squarrosae)
Saccogyna viticulosa (L.) Dumort. (Hymenophyllion tunbrigensis)
Sagina apetala Ard. (Polygono arenastri-Poetalia annuae)
Sagina maritima G. Don (Saginetea maritimae)
Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl (Saginion maritimae)
Sagina procumbens L. (Saginion procumbentis)
Sagittaria sagittifolia L. (Phragmitetalia)
Salicornia fragilis P.W. Ball & Tutin (Salicornion dolichostachyo-fragilis)
Salicornia patula Duval-Juve (Salicornion trilobae)
Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods (Salicornion europaeoramosissimae)
Salix alba L. (Salicetalia purpureae)
149
Salix arenaria (see Salix repens subsp. arenaria)
Salix argentea (see Salix repens subsp. arenaria)
Salix atrocinerea Brot. (Populetalia albae)
Salix australis (see Salix salviifolia Brot. australis)
Salix canariense Ch.P.Sm. ex Link (Salicion canariensis)
Salix caprea L. (Betulo pendulae-Populetalia tremulae)
Salix discolor (see Salix triandra subsp. discolor)
Salix fragilis L. (Salicetalia purpureae)
Salix lambertiana (see Salix purpurea subsp. lambertiana)
Salix neotricha Goerz (Populenion albae)
Salix pedicellata Desf. (Salicetalia purpureae)
Salix purpurea L. subsp. lambertiana (Sm.) A. Neumann ex
Rech. fil. (Salicetalia purpureae)
Salix repens L. subsp. arenaria (L.) Hiitonen (Salicetalia
arenariae)
Salix repens L. subsp. repens (Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea nigrae)
Salix salviifolia Brot. subsp. australis Franco (Salicion salviifoliae)
Salix salviifolia Brot. subsp. salviifolia (Salicion salviifoliae)
Salix triandra L. subsp. discolor (Koch) Arcangeli (Salicetalia purpureae)
Salix x multidentata T.E. Díaz & Llamas (Salicetalia purpureae)
Salix x pseudosalviifolia T.E. Díaz & Llamas (Salicion salviifoliae)
Salix x rubens Schrank. (Salicetalia purpureae)
Salix x secalliana Pau & C. Vicioso (Salicion salviifoliae)
Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baillon (Nicotiano glauciRicinion communis)
Salsola kali L. subsp. kali (Cakiletea maritimae)
Salsola soda L. (Thero-Suaedion)
Salsola vermiculata L. subsp. vermiculata (Salsolo vermiculatae-Peganetalia harmalae)
Salvia aethiopis L. (Artemisietalia vulgaris)
Salvia argentea L. (Carthametalia lanati)
Salvia sclareoides Brot. (Brachypodion phoenicoidis)
Salvia verbenaca L. subsp. verbenaca (Artemisietea vulgaris)
Salvia viridis L. (Cerintho majoris-Fedion cornucopiae)
Sambucus ebulus L. (Balloto-Conion maculati)
Sambucus lanceolata R. Br. (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion
arboreae)
Sambucus nigra L. (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Sanguisorba ancistroides (Desf.) Ces. (Asplenietalia petrarchae)
Sanguisorba hybrida (L.) Font Quer (Quercenion broteroi)
Sanguisorba minor Scop. subsp. minor (Festuco-Brometea)
Sanguisorba rupicola (Boiss. & Reut.) A. Braun & C.D.
Bouché (Asplenietea trichomanes)
Sanguisorba verrucosa (Link ex G. Don) Ces. (Stipo-Agrostietea castellanae)
Sanicula azorica Guthnick ex Seub. (Dryopterido azoricaeLaurion azoricae)
Sanicula europaea L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Santolina impressa Hoffmann. & Link (Artemisio glutinosaeSantolinion rosmarinifoliae)
Santolina rosmarinifolia L. subsp. rosmarinifolia (Artemisio
glutinosae-Santolinion rosmarinifoliae)
Santolina rosmarinifolia L. subsp. semidentata (Hoffmanns.
& Link) Valdés Berm. (Artemisio glutinosae-Santolinion
rosmarinifoliae)
Santolina semidentata (see Santolina rosmarinifolia subsp.
semidentata)
Saponaria officinalis L. (Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Sarcocornia alpini (Lag.) Rivas Mart. (Sarcocornienion alpini)
Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) A.J. Scott (Sarcocornion fruticosae)
Sarcocornia perennis (Mill.) A.J. Scott subsp. (Sarcocornienion perennis)
150
J.C. Costa & al.
Satureja graeca L. var. micrantha (Brot.) Briq. (SaturejoThymbrion capitatae)
Saxifraga cintrana Willk. (Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion
linkiani)
Saxifraga continentalis (see Saxifraga fragosoi)
Saxifraga fragosoi Sennen (Saxifragion fragosoi)
Saxifraga granulata L. (Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati)
Saxifraga lepismigenae Planellas (Caricion remotae)
Saxifraga maderensis D. Don var. maderensis (Sinapidendro
angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Saxifraga maderensis D. Don var. pickeringii (C. Simón)
D.A. Webb & Press (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Saxifraga portosanctana Boiss. (Davallio canariensis-Saxifragetum portosanctanae)
Saxifraga spathularis Brot. (Quercetalia roboris)
Saxifraga tridactylites L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Scabiosa atropurpureae L. (Bromo-Piptatherion miliacei)
Scabiosa columbaria L. subsp. columbaria (Festuco-Brometea)
Scabiosa nitens Roem. & Schult. (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea
rigidi)
Scabiosa stellata L. subsp. simplex (Desf.) Coult.
Scabiosa stellata L. subsp. stellata (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Scandix australis L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Scandix pecten-veneris L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Scapania undulata (L.) Dumort. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Schizogyne sericea (L.f.) DC. (Forsskaoleo angustifoliaeRumicetalia lunariae)
Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla (Phragmitetalia)
Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrader) Palla (Bolboschoenion
compacti)
Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla (Oryzo sativae-Echinochloion oryzoides)
Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla (Magno-Carici elataePhragmitetea australis)
Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla (Oryzetea sativae)
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmelin) Palla
(Phragmitetalia)
Schoenus nigricans L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Scilla autumnalis L. (Poetea bulbosae)
Scilla madeirensis Menezes var. madeirensis (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
Scilla madeirensis Menezes var. melliodora Svent. (KleinioEuphorbietea canariensis)
Scilla melliodora (see Scilla madeirensis var. melliodora)
Scilla monophyllos Link (Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris)
Scilla odorata Link (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Scilla verna Huds. (Nardetea strictae)
Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják subsp. australis (Murray)
Soják (Brizo-Holoschoenenion)
Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják subsp. holoschoenus
(Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Scirpus fluitans (see Eleogiton fluitans)
Scirpus holoschoenus subsp. australis (see Scirpoides holoschoenus subsp. australis)
Scirpus holoschoenus subsp. holoschoenus (see Scirpoides
holoschoenus subsp. holoschoenus)
Scirpus lacustris (see Schoenoplectus lacustris)
Scirpus litoralis (see Schoenoplectus litoralis)
Scirpus maritimus var. compactus (see Bolboschoenus maritimus var. compactus)
Scirpus maritimus var. maritimus (see Bolboschoenus maritimus var. maritimus)
Scirpus mucronatus (see Schoenoplectus mucronatus)
Scirpus pungens (see Schoenoplectus pungens)
Scirpus tabernaemontani (see Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani)
Scleranthus annuus L. (Scleranthion annui)
Scleranthus delortii Gren. in F.W. Schultz (Tuberarion guttatae)
Scleranthus perennis L. (Sedo albi-Scleranthetea biennis)
Scleranthus polycarpos L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Scleranthus verticillatus Tausch. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Scolymus hispanicus L. (Carthametalia lanati)
Scolymus maculatus L. (Onopordion castellani)
Scorpiurus muricatus L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Scorpiurus vermiculatus L. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Scorzonera angustifolia (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Scorzonera crispatula (see Scorzonera hispanica subsp. crispatula)
Scorzonera fistulosa Brot. (Juncion acutiflori)
Scorzonera hispanica L. subsp. crispatula (Boiss.) Nyman
(Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Scorzonera humilis L. (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Scorzonera laciniata L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Scorzonera transtagana Cout. (Quercion lusitanicae)
Scrophularia auriculata Loefl. ex L. (Calystegietalia sepium)
Scrophularia balbisii Hoernem. subsp. balbisii (Bromo ramosi-Eupatorion cannabini)
Scrophularia canina L. subsp. canina (Andryaletalia ragusinae)
Scrophularia frutescens L. (Crucianelletalia maritimae)
Scrophularia grandiflora DC. (Smyrnienion olusatri)
Scrophularia herminii Hoffmans & Link (Arction lappae)
Scrophularia hirta Lowe (Salicion canariensis)
Scrophularia montana (see Scrophularia schousboei subsp.
montana)
Scrophularia peregrina L. (Smyrnienion olusatri)
Scrophularia racemosa Lowe (Salicion canariensis)
Scrophularia schousboei Lange subsp. schousboei (RumiciDianthion lusitani)
Scrophularia schousboei Lange subsp. montana Franco
(Hieracio-Plantaginion radicatae)
Scrophularia scorodonia L. (Osmundo-Alnion)
Scrophularia sublyrata Brot. (Brassicion oleraceae)
Scrophularia valdesii Ortega Oliv. & Devesa (Rumici-Dianthion lusitani)
Scutellaria galericulata L. (Alnetea glutinosae)
Scutellaria minor Huds. (Juncion acutiflori)
Securinega tinctoria (see Flueggea tinctoria)
Sedum acre L. (Sedo albi-Scleranthetea biennis)
Sedum album L. (Sedo albi-Scleranthetea biennis)
Sedum amplexicaule DC. (Sedo albi-Scleranthetea biennis)
Sedum andegavense (DC.) Desv. (Sedion pedicellato-andegavensis)
Sedum anglicum Hudson subsp. anglicum (Sedion anglici)
Sedum anglicum Hudson subsp. pyrenaicum (Lange) Laínz
(Sedion pyrenaici)
Sedum arenarium Brot. (Sedion pedicellato-andegavensis)
Sedum brevifolium DC. (Sedo albi-Scleranthetea biennis)
Sedum brissemoretii Raym.-Hamet (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Sedum caespitosum (Cav.) DC. (Sedenion caespitosi)
Sedum farinosum Lowe (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion
glutinosi)
Sedum forsterianum Sm. (Querco-Fagetea)
Sedum fusiforme Lowe (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion
glutinosi)
Sedum hirsutum All. subsp. hirsutum (Phagnalo saxatilisRumicetalia indurati)
Sedum maireanum Sennen (Cicendion)
Sedum mucizonia (Ortega) Raym.-Hamet (Phagnalo-Rumicetalia indurati)
Sedum nudum Aiton (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion
glutinosi)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Sedum pedicellatum Boiss. & Reut. (Sedion pedicellato-andegavensis)
Sedum pedicellatum subsp. lusitanicum (see Sedum willkommianum)
Sedum pruinatum Brot. (Sedion anglici)
Sedum pyrenaicum (see Sedum anglicum subsp. pyrenaicum)
Sedum rubens L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau (Sedion micrantho-sediformis)
Sedum tenuifolium (Sibbth & Sm.) Strobl (Sedo albi-Scleranthetea biennis)
Sedum willkommianum R. Fern. (Sedion pedicellato-andegavensis)
Selaginella azorica Spring (Thelypterido pozoi-Woodwardion
radicantis)
Selaginella denticulata (L.) Spring (Anomodonto-Polypodietalia)
Selaginella kraussiana (G. Kunze) A. Br.(Selaginello denticulatae-Anogrammion leptophyllae)
Selinum broteri Hoffmann. & Link (Selino broteri-Molinietum caeruleae)
Semele androgyna (L.) Kunth (Visneo mocanerae-Apollonion
barbujanae)
Senecio aquaticus Hill (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Senecio caespitosus (see Senecio pyrenaicus subsp. caespitosus)
Senecio foliosus (see Senecio jacobea var. foliosus)
Senecio gallicus Vill. in Chaix. (Thero-Brometalia)
Senecio incrassatus Lowe (Mesembryanthemion crystallini)
Senecio jacobea L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Senecio jacobea L. var. foliosus (Salzm. ex DC.) Cout. (Senecio foliosae-Phalaridetum coerulescentis)
Senecio lividus L. (Chenopodio-Stellarienea)
Senecio lopezii Boiss. (Quercenion broteroi)
Senecio minutus (Cav.) DC. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Senecio pyrenaicus L. subsp. caespitosus (Brot.) Franco
(Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Senecio sylvaticus L. (Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii)
Senecio vulgaris L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Serapias cordigera L. (Juncion acutiflori)
Serapias lingua L. (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Serapias parviflora Parl. (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Serapias vomeracea (Burm.) Briq. (Brizo-Holoschoenenion)
Serratula alcalae Cosson subsp. aristata Franco (Quercion
lusitanicae)
Serratula algarbiensis (see Serratula monardii var. algarbiensis)
Serratula aristata (see Serratula alcalae subsp. aristata)
Serratula baetica Boiss. & DC. subsp. lusitanica Cantó (Saturejo-Thymbrion capitatae)
Serratula estremadurensis Franco (Ulici densi-Thymion
sylvestris)
Serratula flavescens (L.) Poir. subsp. leucantha (Cav.) Cantó
& M.J. Costa (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Serratula leucantha (see Serratula flavescens subsp. leucantha)
Serratula lusitanica (see Serratula baetica subsp. lusitanica)
Serratula monardii Dufour var. algarbiensis Cantó (Quercion
lusitanicae)
Serratula monardii Dufour var. monardii (Quercion lusitanicae)
Serratula pinnatifida (Cav.) Poir. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Serratula seoanei (see Serratula tinctoria var. seoanei)
Serratula tinctoria L. var. seoanei (Willk.) Laínz (Violion
caninae)
Sesamoides latifolia (see Sesamoides suffruticosa subsp. latifolia)
Sesamoides purpurascens (L.) G. López (Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis)
Sesamoides spathulifolia (Relevière ex Boreau) Rothm. (Corynephorion maritimi)
151
Sesamoides suffruticosa (Lange) Kuntz subsp. latifolia (Merino) Rivas Mart. (Crithmo-Armerion maritimae)
Sesamoides suffruticosa (Lange) Kuntz subsp. suffruticosa
(Sesamoidion suffruticosae)
Seseli peixoteanum Samp. (Armerion eriophyllae)
Seseli tortuosum L. (Crucianelletalia maritimae)
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia
convolvuli)
Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia
convolvuli)
Sherardia arvensis L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Sibthorpia europaea L. (Caricion remotae)
Sibthorpia peregrina L. (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion
arboreae)
Sideritis algarbiensis Obón & Rivera subsp. algarbiensis
(Eryngio-Ulicenion erinacei)
Sideritis algarbiensis Obón & Rivera subsp. lusitanica (Font
Quer) Rivas Mart., T.E. Díaz & Fern. Gonz. (SaturejoThymbrion capitatae)
Sideritis bubanii Font Quer (Sideritido incanae-Salvion lavandulifoliae)
Sideritis candicans Aiton var. candicans (Bystropogono punctatiTelinion maderensis)
Sideritis candicans Aiton var. multiflora (Bornm.) Mend.Heur (Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis)
Sideritis chamaedrifolia Hoffmann. & Link (see Sideritis hirsuta subsp. hirtula)
Sideritis hirsuta var. hirtula (see Sideritis hirsuta subsp. hirtula)
Sideritis hirsuta L. subsp. hirtula (Brot.) P. Silva (Ulici densiThymion sylvestris)
Sideritis hirsuta L. subsp. hirsuta (Helichryso stoechadisSantolinetalia squarrosae)
Sideritis hirtula (see Sideritis hirsuta subsp. hirtula)
Sideritis lusitanica (see Sideritis algarbiensis subsp. lusitanica)
Sideritis multiflora (see Sideritis candicans var. multiflora)
Sideritis romana L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Sideroxylon mirmulans R. Br. (Visneo mocanerae-Apollonion
barbujanae)
Silene acutifolia Link ex Rohrb. (Saxifragion willkommianae)
Silene boryi Boiss. subsp. duriensis (Samp.) Cout. (XeroAphyllanthenion)
Silene ciliata Pourr. subsp. elegans (Link ex Brot.) Rivas Mart.
(Festucetalia curvifoliae)
Silene colorata Poir. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Silene conica L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Silene coutinhoi Rothm. & P. Silva (Linarion triornithophorae)
Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. (Galio-Alliarion petiolatae)
Silene duriensis (see Silene boryi subsp. duriensis)
Silene elegans (see Silene ciliata subsp. elegans)
Silene foetida Link subsp. foetida (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Silene fuscata Link ex Brot. (Echio plantaginei-Galactition
tomentosae)
Silene gallica L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Silene gracilis DC. (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae)
Silene inaperta L. subsp. inaperta (Andryaletalia ragusinae)
Silene laeta (Aiton) Godron (Juncion acutiflori)
Silene latifolia Poir. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Silene legionensis Lag. (Hieracio-Plantaginion radicatae)
Silene littorea Brot. subsp. littorea (Linarion pedunculatae)
Silene longicaulis Pourr. ex Lag. (Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion alopecuroris)
Silene longicilia (Brot.) Otth in DC. (Calendulo lusitanicaeAntirrhinion linkiani)
Silene marizii Samp. (Rumici-Dianthion lusitani)
152
J.C. Costa & al.
Silene mellifera Boiss. & Reuter subsp. mellifera (Origanion
virentis)
Silene micropetala Lag. (Malcolmietalia)
Silene muscipula L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Silene nicaeensis All. (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Silene nocturna L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Silene nutans L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Silene obtusifolia Willd. (Crithmo-Daucion halophili)
Silene portensis L. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Silene psammitis Link ex Spreng. subsp. psammitis (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Silene ramosissima Desf. L. (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Silene rothmaleri P. Silva (Astragalion tragacanthae)
Silene rubella L. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Silene scabriflora Brot. subsp. scabriflora (Tuberarietalia
guttatae)
Silene scabriflora Brot. subsp. tuberculata (Ball) Talavera
(Echio plantaginei-Galactition tomentosae)
Silene sclerocarpa Dufour (Malcolmietalia)
Silene stricta L. (Ridolfion segeti)
Silene tuberculata (see Silene scabriflora subsp. tuberculata)
Silene uniflora Roth subsp. uniflora (Crithmo-Armerion
maritimae)
Silene x montistellensis Ladero, Rivas Mart., A. Amor, M.T.
Santos, M.T. Alonso (Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaetn. (Urtico piluliferae-Silybion
mariani)
Simethis mattiazzi (Vand.) Sacc. (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Sinapidendron angustifolium (DC.) Lowe (Sinapidendro
angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Sinapidendron frutescens (Sol. in Aiton) Lowe var. frutescens (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Sinapidendron frutescens (Sol. in Aiton) Lowe var. succulentum Lowe (Helichrysion obconico-devium)
Sinapidendron gymnocalyx (Lowe) Rustan (Sinapidendro
angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Sinapidendron rupestre Lowe (Sinapidendro angustifoliiAeonion glutinosi)
Sinapidendron succulentum (see Sinapidendron frutescens var.
succulentum)
Sinapis arvensis L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Sisymbrella aspera (L.) Spach (Menthion cervinae)
Sisymbrium contortum Cav. (Alysso granatensis-Brassicion
barrelieri)
Sisymbrium crassifolium Cav. (Roemerion hybridae)
Sisymbrium erysimoides Desf. (Malvenion parviflorae)
Sisymbrium irio L. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. (Sisymbrietalia officinalis)
Sisymbrium orientale (L.) Scop. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Sisymbrium runcinatum Lag. ex DC. (Malvenion parviflorae)
Smilax altissima (see Smilax aspera var. altissima)
Smilax aspera L. var. aspera (Quercetea ilicis)
Smilax aspera L. var. altissima Moris & De Not (Querco
rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris)
Smilax canariensis Willd. (Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis)
Smilax divaricata Sol. ex H.C. Watson (Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae)
Smilax pendulina Lowe (Visneo mocanerae-Apollonion barbujanae)
Smyrnium olusatrum L. (Smyrnienion olusatri)
Smyrnium perfoliatum L. (Galio-Alliarion petiolatae)
Solanum dulcamara L. (Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.M. Jaeger (Salsolo vermiculatae-Peganetalia harmalae)
Solanum luteum Mill. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Solanum mauritianum Scop. (Ageratinio adenophorae-Ipomaeion acuminatae)
Solanum nigrum L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Solanum villosum Mill. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Solenopsis laurentia (L.) C. Persl (Isoetion)
Solidago azorica (see Solidago sempervirens subsp. azorica)
Solidago fallit-tirones (see Solidago virgaurea subsp. fallittirones)
Solidago sempervirens L. subsp. azorica (Hochst. ex Seub.)
Semple (Euphorbio azoricae-Festucion petraeae)
Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. fallit-tirones (Font Quer) Rivas
Mart., Fern. Gonz. & Sánchez Mata (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. virgaurea (Querco-Fagetea)
Sonchus aquatilis Pourr. (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris)
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. subsp. asper (Stellarietea mediae)
Sonchus fruticosus L.f. (Euphorbion melliferae)
Sonchus maderensis (see Sonchus ustulatus subsp. maderensis)
Sonchus maritimus L. (Juncetalia maritimi)
Sonchus oleraceus L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Sonchus pinnatus Aiton (Euphorbion melliferae)
Sonchus tenerrimus L. (Parietarietalia)
Sonchus ustulatus Lowe subsp. maderensis Aldrige (Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Sonchus ustulatus Lowe subsp. ustulatus (Sinapidendro
angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi)
Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz (Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae)
Sorbus aucuparia L. (Betulo pendulae-Populetalia tremulae)
Sorbus latifolia (Lam.) Pers. (Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae)
Sorbus maderensis (Lowe) Dode (Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion
canariensis)
Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae)
Southbya tophacea (Spruce) Spruce (Adiantetalia capilli-veneris)
Sparganium angustifolium Michaux (Littorelletalia)
Sparganium emersum Rehmann (Phragmition communis)
Sparganium erectum L. subsp. erectum (Magno-Carici
elatae-Phragmitetea australis)
Sparganium erectum L. subsp. microcarpum (Newman)
Domino (Glycerio-Sparganienion)
Sparganium erectum L. subsp. neglectum (Beeby) K. Richt.
(Glycerio-Sparganion)
Sparganium microcarpum (see Sparganium erectum subsp. microcarpum)
Sparganium neglectum (see Sparganium erectum subsp. neglectum)
Spartina densiflora Brongr. (Spartinetea maritimae)
Spartina maritima (Courtis) Fernald (Spartinion maritimae)
Spartina versicolor Fabre (Juncetalia maritimi)
Spergula arvensis L. (Scleranthion annui)
Spergula morisonii Bureau (Thero-Airion)
Spergularia australis (Samp.) Prain in B.D. Jackson (CrithmoDaucion halophili)
Spergularia azorica Willk. (Euphorbio azoricae-Festucion petraeae)
Spergularia bocconei (Scheele) Graeben. (Saginetea maritimae)
Spergularia capillacea (Kindb) Willk. in Willk & Lange (Poion
supinae)
Spergularia fallax Lowe (Mesembryanthemion crystallini)
Spergularia marina (L.) Besser (Saginetea maritimae)
Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl. (Juncetea maritimi)
Spergularia purpurea (Pers.) G. Don f. (Polycarpion tetraphylli)
Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl & K Presl var. rubra (Polygono arenastri-Poetalia annuae)
Spergularia rupicola Lebel ex Le Jolis (Crithmo-Armerion
maritimae)
Spergularia segetalis (L.) G. Don (Scleranthion annui)
Sphagnum angustifolium (Russ.) C.E.O. Jensen (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi)
Sphagnum auriculatum Schimp. (Sphagno-Utricularion)
Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh) Hedw. (Erico tetralicisSphagnetalia papillosi)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Sphagnum centrale C.E.O. Jansen (Oxicocco-Sphagnetea)
Sphagnum compactum DC. (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia
papillosi)
Sphagnum cuspidatum Hoffm. (Rhynchosporion albae)
Sphagnum denticulatum Brid. (Alnetea glutinosae)
Sphagnum flexuosum Dozy & Molk. (Caricetalia nigrae)
Sphagnum inundatum Russow (Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea nigrae)
Sphagnum molle Sull. (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi)
Sphagnum papillosum Lind. (Oxicocco-Sphagnetea)
Sphagnum platyphyllum (Braitwh.) Warnst. (Scheuchzerio
palustris-Caricetea nigrae)
Sphagnum rubellum Wilson (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia
papillosi)
Sphagnum russowii Warnest. (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia
papillosi)
Sphagnum squarrosum Crome (Alnetea glutinosae)
Sphagnum subnitens Russow & Warnst. (Erico tetralicisSphagnetalia papillosi)
Sphagnum subsecudum Ness. var. subsecudum (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi)
Sphagnum tenellum (Brid) Brid. (Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi)
Sphenopus divaricatus (Gouan) Rchb. (Frankenion pulverulentae)
Spiranthes aestivalis (Poiret) Rich. (Scheuchzerio palustrisCaricetea nigrae)
Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. (Festuco-Brometea)
Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. (Lemnetalia minoris)
Sporobolus arenarius (Gouan) Duval-Juve (Sporobolion
arenarii)
Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Stachys algeriensis (see Stachys officinalis subsp. algeriensis)
Stachys arvensis (L.) L. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Stachys germanica L. subsp. lusitanica (Hoffmanns. & Link)
Cout. (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion sempervirentis)
Stachys lusitanica (see Stachys germanica subsp. lusitanica)
Stachys ocymastrum (L.) Briq. (Stellarietea media)
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan subsp. algeriensis (De Noé)
Franco (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion sempervirentis)
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan subsp. officinalis (QuercoFagetea)
Stachys palustris L. (Filipendulion ulmariae)
Stachys sylvatica L. (Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani)
Staehelina dubia L. (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Stauracanthus boivinii (Webb) Samp. (Stauracanthion boivinii)
Stauracanthus genistoides (Brot.) Samp. (Coremation albi)
Stauracanthus spectabilis Webb subsp. spectabilis (Coremation albi)
Stauracanthus spectabilis Webb subsp. vicentinus (Daveau
ex Cout.) T.E. Díaz, Rivas Mart. & Fern. Gonz. (Stauracanthion boivinii)
Stauracanthus vicentinus (see Stauracanthus spectabilis subsp.
vicentinus)
Stegnogramma pozoi ( see Thelypteris pozoi)
Stellaria alsine Grimm. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Stellaria graminea L. (Nardetalia strictae)
Stellaria holostea L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (Stellarietea mediae)
Stellaria neglecta Weihe (Galio-Urticetea)
Stenogramma pozoi (Lag.) Iwatsuki (Populetalia albae)
Stipa bromoides (L.) Dörfler (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Stipa capensis Thunb. (Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae)
Stipa gigantea (see Celtica gigantea subsp. gigantea)
Stipa lagascae Rhoem. & Schultz (Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae)
153
Stipa offneri Breistr. (Lygeo-Stipetalia)
Stipa tenacissima Loefl. ex L. (Stipion tenacissimae)
Suaeda albescens Lázaro Ibiza (Thero-Suaedion)
Suaeda maritima (see Suaeda albescens)
Suaeda spicata (Willd.) Moq. (Thero-Suaedion)
Suaeda splendens (Pourr.) Gren. & Godr. (Thero-Suaedion)
Suaeda vera Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel. (Suaedion verae)
Succisa pratensis Moench (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (TaeniatheroAegilopion geniculatae)
Tamarix africana Poir. var. africana (Nerio-Tamaricetea)
Tamarix africana Poir. var. fluminensis (Maire) Baum (Tamaricion africanae)
Tamarix canariensis Willd. (Nerio-Tamaricetea)
Tamarix gallica L. (Tamaricion africanae)
Tamarix mascatensis Bunge L. (Nerio-Tamaricetea)
Tamus communis L. (Rhamno-Prunetea)
Tamus edulis Lowe (Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis)
Tanacetum annuum L. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Tanacetum microphyllum DC. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. (Artemisienea vulgaris)
Tanacetum vulgare L. (Artemisietalia vulgaris)
Taraxacum obovatum (Wild.) DC. (Poetalia bulbosa)
Taraxacum officinale Weber (Arrhenatheretalia elatioris)
Targionia hypophylla L. (Bartramio strictae-Polypodion
cambrici)
Taxus baccata L. (Querco-Fagetea)
Teesdalia coronopifolia (J.P. Bergeret) Thell. (Tuberarion
guttatae)
Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R. Br. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Teesdaliopsis conferta (Lag.) Rothm. (Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion
caespitosae)
Teline maderensis Webb & Berthel. var. maderensis (Bystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis)
Teucrium abutiloides L’Hér. (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae)
Teucrium algarbiensis (Cout.) Cout. (Saturejo-Thymbrion
capitatae)
Teucrium betonicum L’Hér. (Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion
arboreae)
Teucrium capitatum L. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. chamaedrys (Festuco-Brometea)
Teucrium francoi M. Seq., Capelo, J.C. Costa & R. Jardim
(Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranion canariensis)
Teucrium fruticans L. (Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni)
Teucrium haenseleri Boiss. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Teucrium heterophyllum L’Hér. (Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis)
Teucrium lusitanicum Schreber (Saturejo-Thymbrion capitatae)
Teucrium pseudochamaepitys L. (Teucrio pseudochamaepityos-Brachypodion retusi)
Teucrium salviastrum Shreb. (Cytisenion multiflori)
Teucrium scordium L. subsp. scordioides (Schreb.) Maire &
Petitmenglin (Agrostion stoloniferae)
Teucrium scorodonia L. subsp. scorodonia (Quercetalia
roboris)
Teucrium spinosum L. (Diplotaxion erucoidis)
Teucrium vicentinum Rouy (Eryngio-Ulicenion erinacei)
Thalictrum minus L. subsp. majus (Crantz) Rouy & Foucaud
(Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Thalictrum speciosissimum L. in Loef. (Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris)
154
J.C. Costa & al.
Thamnobryum alopecurum (Hedw.) Gangulee (Adiantion
capilli-veneris)
Thapsia dissecta (Bois.) Arán & G. Mateo (Lygeo-Stipetalia)
Thapsia maxima Mill. (Paeonio broteroi-Quercenion rotundifoliae)
Thapsia meridionalis (see Thapsia nitida subsp. meridionalis)
Thapsia minor Hoffmanns. & Link (Agrostion castellanae)
Thapsia nitida Laicata subsp. meridionalis (Asparago albiRhamnion oleoides)
Thapsia nitida Laicata subsp. nitida (Quercenion broteroi)
Thapsia transtagana Brot. (Flueggeion tinctoriae)
Thapsia villosa L. (Agrostietalia castellanae)
Theligonum cynocrambe L. (Parietarion lusitanico-mauritanicae)
Thelypteris palustris Schott (Alnetea glutinosae)
Thelypteris pozoi (Lag.) Morton (Thelypterido pozoi-Woodwardion radicantis)
Thesium humifusum DC. (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Thesium humile Vahl (Thero-Brometalia)
Thesium. divaricatum Jan ex Mert. & Koch (Rosmarinetea
officinalis)
Thlaspi perfoliatum L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Thuidium tamariscinum (Hedwg.) Schimp. (AnomodontoPolypodietalia)
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (Saturejo-Thymbrion capitatae)
Thymelaea broteriana Cout. (Ericion umbellatae)
Thymelaea coridifolia (Lam.) Endl. subsp. dendrobryum
(Rothm.) M. Laínz (Genistion micrantho-anglicae)
Thymelaea dendrobryum (see Thymelaea coridifolia subsp.
dendrobryum)
Thymelaea passerina (L.) Coss. & Germ. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Thymelaea procumbens A. Fern. & R. Fern. (Ericion umbellatae)
Thymelaea ruizii Loscos (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Thymelaea villosa (L.) Endel. (Ericenion umbellatae)
Thymus albicans Hoffmanns & Link subsp. albicans (Coremation albi)
Thymus albicans Hoffmanns & Link subsp. donyanae (R.
Morales) Rivas Mart. (Coremation albi)
Thymus caespititius Brot. (Sedion anglici)
Thymus camphoratus Hoffmanns & Link subsp. camphoratus (Coremation albi)
Thymus camphoratus Hoffmanns & Link subsp. congestus
Pinto-Gomes, Vasquez, Paiva Ferreira, Ramos & Doncel
(Lavandulo luisieri-Cistenion albidi)
Thymus capitellatus Hoffmanns & Link (Coremation albi)
Thymus carnosus Boiss. (Helichrysion picardii)
Thymus congestus (see Thymus camphoratus subsp. congestus)
Thymus donyanae (see Thymus albicans subsp. donyanae)
Thymus lotocephalus G. López & R. Moráles (SaturejoThymbrion capitatae)
Thymus lusitanicus Boiss. (Ericenion umbellatae)
Thymus mastichina (L.) L. (Helichryso stoechadis-Santolinetalia squarrosae)
Thymus micans Lowe (Thymenion micans)
Thymus pulegioides L. (Festuco-Brometea)
Thymus sylvestris Hoffmans. & Link (Ulici densi-Thymion
sylvestris)
Thymus villosus L. (Ericenion umbellatae)
Tolpis azorica (Nutt.) P. Silva (Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea
rigidi)
Tolpis barbata (L.) Gaertn. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Tolpis macrorhiza (Lowe) Lowe (Sinapidendro angustifoliiAeonion glutinosi)
Tolpis succulenta (Dryand. in Aiton) Lowe (Tolpido succulentae-Agrostion congestiflorae)
Tolpis umbellata Bertold. (Tuberarion guttatae)
Tolypella glomerata (Desv.) Leonh. (Charion vulgaris)
Tolypella prolifera (Ziz ex A. Braun) Leonh. (Nitellion syncarpo-tenuissimae)
Torilis arvensis (Hudson) Link subsp. neglecta Thell. (Cardaminetea hirsutae)
Torilis elongata Hoffmanns. & Link (Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. (Galio-Alliarion petiolatae)
Torilis leptophylla (L.) Recb. f. (Cardamino hirsutae-Geranietea purpurei)
Torilis neglecta (see Torilis arvensis subsp. neglecta)
Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. (Cardaminetea hirsutae)
Tortella tortuosa (Hedwg.) Limp. (Polypodion cambrici)
Trachelium caeruleum L. (Cymbalario-Asplenion)
Tradescantia fluminensis Velloso (Smyrnienion olusatri)
Tragopogon crocifolius L. (Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis)
Tragopogon dubius Scop. (Brachypodion phoenicoidis)
Tribulus terrestris L. (Chenopodion muralis)
Trichocolea tomentella (Ehrh.) Dumort. (Montio-Cardaminetalia)
Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm. subsp. germanicum
(Palla) Hegi (Trichophorenion germanici)
Trifolium angustifolium L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Trifolium arvense L. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Trifolium bocconei Savi (Periballio-Trifolion subterranei)
Trifolium campestre L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Trifolium cernuum Brot. (Agrostion castellanae)
Trifolium cherleri L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Trifolium dubium Sibth. (Arrhenatheretalia elatioris)
Trifolium fragiferum L. (Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion)
Trifolium gemellum Pourr. ex Willd. (Periballio-Trifolion
subterranei)
Trifolium glomeratum L. (Periballio-Trifolion subterranei)
Trifolium hirtum All. (Thero-Brometalia)
Trifolium lappaceum L. (Holoschoenetalia vulgaris)
Trifolium medium L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Trifolium nevadensis (see Trifolium repens subsp. nevadensis)
Trifolium nigrescens Viv. L. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Trifolium occidentale D.E. Coombe (Crithmo-Armerion
maritimae)
Trifolium ochroleucon Viv. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Trifolium ornithopodioides L. (Cicendion)
Trifolium oxaloides (see Trifolium subterraneum subsp. oxaloides)
Trifolium phleoides Willd. subsp. willkommii (Chab.) Muñoz
Rodr. (Molineriellion laevis)
Trifolium pratense L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Trifolium repens L. subsp. nevadensis (Boiss.) Coombe (Campanulo herminii-Nardenalia strictae)
Trifolium repens L. subsp. repens (Cynosurion cristati)
Trifolium resupinatum L. (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea)
Trifolium retusum L. (Agrostion castellanae)
Trifolium scabrum L. (Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae)
Trifolium squamosum L. (Juncenion maritimi)
Trifolium stellatum L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Trifolium striatum L. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Trifolium strictum L. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Trifolium subterraneum L. subsp. oxaloides Nyman (Poetalia bulbosae)
Trifolium subterraneum L. subsp. subterraneum (Periballio-Trifolion subterranei)
Trifolium suffocatum L. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Trifolium sylvaticum L. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Trifolium tomentosum L. (Poetalia bulbosae)
Trifolium willkommii (see Trifolium phleoides subsp. willkommii)
Triglochin barrelieri (see Triglochin bulbosa subsp. barrelieri)
Triglochin bulbosa L. subsp. barrelieri (Loisel.) Rouy (Sarcocornietalia fruticosae)
Triglochin maritima L. (Juncetea maritimi)
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Trigonella monspeliaca L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Trigonella polyceratia L. (Thero-Brometalia)
Triplachne nitens (Guss.) Link L. (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) M. Laínz (Elytrigion
athericae)
Trisetum dufourei Boiss. (Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion
trilobae)
Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. (Arrhenatheretalia elatioris)
Trisetum hispidum Lange Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Trisetum ovatum (Cav.) Pers. (Molineriellion laevis)
Trisetum paniceum (Lam.) Pers. (Thero-Brometalia)
Trisetum scabriusculum (Lag.) Coss. ex Willk. (Brachypodion distachyi)
Tropaeolum majus L. (Nicotiano glauci-Ricinion communis)
Tuberaria bupleurifolia (Lam.) Willk. (Hymenocarpo hamosiMalcolmion trilobae)
Tuberaria globulariifolia (Lam.) Willk. (Ericion umbellatae)
Tuberaria guttata (L.) Fourr. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Tuberaria lignosa (Sweet) Samp. (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Tuberaria major (Willk.) P. Silva & Rozeira (Stauracanthion
boivinii)
Tulipa sylvestris L. subsp. australis (Link) Pamp. (LygeoStipetalia)
Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Typha angustifolia L. (Phragmitenion communis)
Typha domingensis (Pers.) Steud. (Phragmitetalia)
Typha latifolia L. (Phragmition communis)
Ulex airensis Espírito Santo, Cubas, Lousã, C. Pardo & J.C.
Costa (Lavandulo luisieri-Cistenion albidi)
Ulex argenteus Welw. ex Webb (Ulici argentei-Cistion ladaniferi)
Ulex australis Clemente subsp. australis (Coremation albi)
Ulex australis Clemente subsp. welwitschianus (Planche)
Espírito Santo, Cubas, Lousã, C. Pardo & J.C. Costa (Coremation albi)
Ulex congestus (see Ulex jussiaei subsp. congestus)
Ulex densus Welw. ex Webb (Ulici densi-Thymion sylvestris)
Ulex erinaceus Welw. ex Webb (Eryngio-Ulicenion erinacei)
Ulex eriocladus C. Vicioso (Ulici argentei-Cistion ladaniferi)
Ulex europaeus L. subsp. europaeus (Ulici europaei-Cytision
striati)
Ulex europaeus L. subsp. latebracteatus (Mariz) Rothm.
(Ulici europaei-Cytision striati)
Ulex europaeus L. subsp. latebracteatus (Mariz) Rothm. f.
humilis (Cout.) Cubas (Dactylo maritimae-Ulicion maritimi)
Ulex humilis (see Ulex europaeus subsp. latebracteatus f.
humilis)
Ulex jussiaei Webb subsp. congestus Espírito Santo & Lousã
(Dactylo maritimae-Ulicion maritimi)
Ulex jussiaei Webb subsp. jussiaei (Ericenion umbellatae)
Ulex latebracteatus (see Ulex europaeus subsp. latebracteatus)
Ulex lusitanicus (see Ulex minor var. lusitanicus)
Ulex micranthus Lange (Ericenion umbellatae)
Ulex minor Roth var. lusitanicus (Webb) C. Vicioso (Genistion micrantho-anglicae)
Ulex minor Roth var. minor (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Ulex subsericeus (Cout.) Rivas Mart., T.E. Díaz & Fern. Gonz.
(Coremation albi)
Ulex welwitschianus (see Ulex australis subsp. welwitschianus)
Ulmus glabra Huds. (Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani)
Ulmus minor Mill. (Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris)
Umbilicus gaditanus Boiss. (Parietarietalia)
Umbilicus heylandianus Webb & Berthel. (Parietarietalia)
Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy (Parietarietalia)
Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W. Schmidt (TheroBrometalia)
Urtica dioica L. (Galio-Urticetea)
Urtica membranacea Poir in Lam. (Smyrnienion olusatri)
Urtica morifolia Poir. (Rubo bollei-Salicetalia canariensis)
Urtica portosanctana Press (Malvenion parviflorae)
155
Urtica urens L. (Chenopodietalia muralis)
Utricularia australis R. Br. (Utricularion)
Utricularia gibba L. subsp. exoleta (R. Br.) P. Taylor (Utricularion)
Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rausch. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Vaccinium cylindraceum J.E. Sm. (Ericetalia azoricae)
Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Quercetalia roboris)
Vaccinium padifolium Sm. ex Rees (Sibthorpio peregrinaeClethrion arboreae)
Vaccinium uliginosum L. subsp. microphyllum (Lange)
Tolm. (Cytision oromediterranei)
Valantia hispida L. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Valantia muralis L. (Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
Valeriana dioica L. (Molinietalia caeruleae)
Valeriana tuberosa L. (Rosmarinetea officinalis)
Valerianella coronata (L.) DC. (Centaureetalia cyani)
Valerianella dentata (L.) Pollich (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Valerianella discoidea (L.) Loisel. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Valerianella echinata (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. (Roemerion
hybridae)
Valerianella eriocarpa Desv. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. (Stellarietea mediae)
Valerianella microcarpa Loisel. (Brachypodietalia distachyi)
Valerianella pumila (L.) DC. (Roemerion hybridae)
Vandenboschia speciosa (Willd.) Kunkel (Hymenophyllion
tunbrigensis)
Velezia rigida Loefl. ex L (Brachypodion distachyi)
Veratrum album L. (Saxifrago spathularis-Betuletum celtibericae)
Verbascum litigiosum Samp. (Bromo-Piptatherion miliacei)
Verbascum montanum (see Verbascum thapsus subsp. montanum)
Verbascum pulverulentum Vill. (Onopordenea acanthii)
Verbascum sinuatum L. (Carthametalia lanati)
Verbascum thapsus L. subsp. montanum (Schrad.) Bonnier
& Layens (Onopordetalia acanthii)
Verbascum thapsus L. subsp. thapsus (Epilobietea angustifoliae)
Verbascum thapsus subsp. crassifolium (see Verbascum thapsus subsp. montanum)
Verbascum virgatum Stokes (Onopordenea acanthii)
Verbena officinalis L. (Plantaginetalia majoris)
Verbena supina L. (Verbenion supinae)
Veronica acinifolia L. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Veronica agrestis L. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (Magno-Carici elataePhragmitetea australis)
Veronica anagalloides Guss. (Isoeto- Nano-Juncetea)
Veronica arvensis L. (Stellarietea mediae)
Veronica beccabunga L. (Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici)
Veronica catenata Pennell (Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici)
Veronica chamaedrys L. (Origanetalia vulgaris)
Veronica cymbalaria Bodard (Cardaminetea hirsutae)
Veronica dabneyi Hochst (Festucion francoi)
Veronica hederifolia L. (Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi)
Veronica humifusa (see Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. humifusa)
Veronica langei Lacaita (Myosotidion stoloniferae)
Veronica micrantha Hoffmann. & Link (Quercetalia roboris)
Veronica montana L. (Fagetalia sylvaticae)
Veronica officinalis L. (Quercetalia roboris)
Veronica persica Poir. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Veronica polita Fr. (Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli)
Veronica scutellata L. (Littorelletalia)
Veronica serpyllifolia L. subsp. humifusa (Dicks.) Syme (Poion
supinae)
Veronica serpyllifolia L. subsp. serpyllifolia (Cynosurion cristati)
Veronica triphyllos L. (Scleranthion annui)
Viburnum lantana L. (Prunetalia spinosae)
156
J.C. Costa & al.
Viburnum opulus L. (Prunetalia spinosae)
Viburnum tinus L. (Quercetalia ilicis)
Viburnum tinus subsp. subcordatum (see Viburnum treleasei)
Viburnum treleasei Gand (Ericetalia azoricae)
Vicia angustifolia L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Vicia capreolata Lowe (Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis)
Vicia costae A. Ansen (Vicio costei-Echietum plantaginei)
Vicia cracca L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Vicia disperma DC. L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Vicia ferreirensis Goyder (Vicio costei-Echietum plantaginei)
Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray (Centaureetalia cyani)
Vicia lathyroides L. (Tuberarietea guttatae)
Vicia orobus DC. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Vicia sativa L. (Stellarienea mediae)
Vicia sepium L. (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Vicia tenuifolia Roth (Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei)
Vicia villosa Roth (Stellarienea mediae)
Vinca difformis Pourr. (Populetalia albae)
Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench (Quercetea ilicis)
Viola arborescens L. (Rosmarinetalia officinalis)
Viola arvensis Murray subsp. arvensis (Stellarietea mediae)
Viola canina L. (Violion caninae)
Viola hirta L. (Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae)
Viola juresii (see Viola palustris subsp. juresii)
Viola lactea Sm. (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Viola langeana Valentine (Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani)
Viola palustris L. subsp. juresii (Link ex Wein) W. Becker ex
Cout. (Caricion fuscae)
Viola palustris L. subsp. palustris (Caricetalia nigrae)
Viola paradoxa Lowe (Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranion canariensis)
Viola riviniana Rchb. (Querco-Fagetea)
Visnea mocanera L.f. (Visneo mocanerae-Apollonion barbujanae)
Vitex agnus-castus L. (Rubo ulmifolii-Nerion oleandri)
Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (C.C. Gmel.) Hegi (Salici
purpureae-Populetea nigrae)
Vulpia alopecuros (Schob.) Dumort. (Linario polygalifoliaeVulpion alopecuroris)
Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Vulpia ciliata Dumort (Thero-Brometalia)
Vulpia fasciculata (Forssk.) Fritsch (Cutandietalia maritimae)
Vulpia fontquerana Melderis & Stace (Hymenocarpo hamosiMalcolmion trilobae)
Vulpia geniculata (L.) Link (Echio plantaginei-Galactition
tomentosae)
Vulpia membranacea (L.) Durmort. (Malcolmietalia)
Vulpia muralis (Kunth) Nees (Tuberarienion guttatae)
Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. (Tuberarietalia guttatae)
Wahlenbergia hederacea (L.) Rchb. (Anagallido-Juncion
bulbosi)
Wahlenbergia lobelioides (L.f.) Link subsp. lobelioides (Tuberarion guttatae)
Warnstorfia exammulata (Schimp.) Loeske (Scheuchzerio
palustris-Caricetea nigrae)
Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy (Salsolo vermiculatae-Peganetalia harmalae)
Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimmer (Lemnetalia minoris)
Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm. (Thelypterido pozoi-Woodwardion radicantis)
Xanthium italicum (see Xanthium strumarium subsp. italicum)
Xanthium spinosum L. (Chenopodion muralis)
Xanthium strumarium L. subsp. italicum (Moretti) D. Löve
(Bidentetalia tripartitae)
Xanthium strumarium L. subsp. strumarium (Solano nigriPolygonetalia convolvuli)
Xeranthemum cylindraceum Sibth. & Sm. (Brachypodietalia
distachyi)
Xolantha bupleurifolia (see Tuberaria bupleurifolia)
Xolantha globulariifolia (see Tuberaria globulariifolia)
Xolantha guttata (see Tuberaria guttata)
Xolantha lignosa (see Tuberaria lignosa)
Xolantha major (see Tuberaria major)
Zannichellia palustris L. (Potametalia)
Zannichellia peltata Bertol (Potametalia)
Zostera marina L. (Zosteretea marinae)
Zostera noltii Hornem. (Zosteretea marinae)
Zygophyllum fontanesii Webb & Berthel. (Polycarpaeo niveae-Traganetea moquini)
Acknowledgments
We thank Professor Salvador Rivas-Martínez help in
reviewing the text and syntaxonomical suggestions and
clarifications. To the Professors Jesus Izco, Miguel Ladero, Angel Penas, Tomás Emílio Díaz, Javier Loidi,
José António Fernández Prieto, Manuel Costa, Alfredo
Asensi and Blanca Díez-Garretas for the hiking, expeditions and friendship allong the years, and with whom we
learn this science.
Aguiar C, Capelo J. 1995. Anotação sobre a posição dos Medronhais do Alto Minho. Silva Lusit. 3 (1): 123-125.
Aguiar C, Capelo J, Costa JC, Espírito Santo MD, Lousã M.
1995. Tipologia das geosséries ripícolas mediterrânicas de
Portugal. Actas do Congresso Nacional de Conservação da
Natureza. Ecossistemas Ribeirinhos. Lisboa, pp. 25-32.
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Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
SYNTAXA NAMES ALPHABETIC INDEX
Aceri granatensis-Quercion fagineae ......................... 71
Achyrantho siculae-Bidentetum pilosae ............................... 32
Adenocarpo anisochili-Cytisetum scoparii ........................... 32
Adenocarpo anisochili-Cytisetum striati .............................. 59
Adiantetalia capilli-veneris .................................................. 19
Adiantetea ............................................................................. 19
Adiantetum reniformis .......................................................... 20
Adiantion capilli-veneris ...................................................... 19
Adianto capilli-veneris-Parietarietum judaicae ................... 21
Aegilopo neglectae-Stipetum capensis................................... 33
Ageratino adenophorae-Ipomaeion acuminatae .................. 35
Agropyrenion junceiformis ................................................... 12
Agropyretalia repentis .......................................................... 25
Agropyrion junceiformis ....................................................... 12
Agropyrion pungentis ........................................................... 25
Agropyro junceiformis-Otanthetum agropyro-crucianelletosum .................................................................................... 12
Agropyro junceiformis-Otanthetum ammophiletosum arenariae ................................................................................... 12
Agrostietalia castellanae ...................................................... 46
Agrostio azoricae-Angelicetum lignescentis ......................... 53
Agrostio castellanae-Arrhenatheretum bulbosi .................... 49
Agrostio castellanae-Celticion giganteae ............................. 47
Agrostio castellanae-Stipion giganteae ................................ 47
Agrostio hespericae-Nardetum strictae ................................ 52
Agrostio hespericae-Ulicetum minoris ................................. 55
Agrostio pseudopungentis-Paspaletum vaginati ................... 50
Agrostio stoloniferae-Juncetum maritimi ............................. 15
Agrostio truncatulae-Sedetum lusitanici ............................... 41
Agrostio-Cynosuretum cristati .............................................. 50
Agrostion castellanae ........................................................... 46
Agrostion pourretii ................................................................. 6
Agrostion salmanticae ............................................................ 6
Agrostion stoloniferae .......................................................... 51
Aichrysetum divaricato-villosi .............................................. 22
Aichrysetum dumosi ........................................................ 23, 76
Aichryso laxi-Monanthion laxiflorae .................................... 23
Airo praecocis-Radioletum linoidis ...................................... 40
Airo praecocis-Sedetum anglici ............................................ 45
Airo praecocis-Sedetum arenarii .......................................... 41
Alismato plantaginis-aquaticae-Sparganietum microcarpi .... 9
Alnetalia glutinosae .............................................................. 61
Alnetea glutinosae ................................................................ 61
Alnion glutinosae .................................................................. 61
Alysso granatensis-Brassicion barrelieri ............................. 33
Alysso lusitanici-Santolinetum semidentatae ........................ 28
Alliarienion petiolatae .......................................................... 34
Alliarion petiolatae ............................................................... 34
Allio scorzonerifolii-Angelicetum laevis ............................... 35
Allio triquetri-Urticetum membranaceae ............................. 35
Amarantho-Chenopodietum botryoidis ................................... 5
Ammophilenion arundinaceae .............................................. 12
Ammophilenion australis ...................................................... 12
Ammophiletalia arundinaceae .............................................. 12
Ammophiletea arenariae ...................................................... 12
Ammophilion arundinaceae .................................................. 12
Anacyclo radiatae-Chrysanthemetum coronarii ................... 34
Anacyclo radiatae-Hordeetum leporini ................................ 34
Anacyclo radiatae-Papaveretum rhoeadis ........................... 34
Anachorto-Arenarietum algarbiensis ................................... 41
Anagallido tenellae-Juncetum bulbosi .................................. 11
Anagallido tenellae-Juncion bulbosi .................................... 11
Anarrhinetum longipedicellati ........................................ 24, 76
Androsacetalia alpinae ......................................................... 24
Androsacetalia vandellii ....................................................... 19
Andryaletalia ragusinae ....................................................... 24
Andryalo laxiflorae-Hyparrhenietum hirtae ......................... 46
169
Andryalo pinnatifidae-Ericetalia canariensis ...................... 73
Angelico sylvestris-Filipendulum ulmariae .......................... 35
Anogrammo leptophyllae-Davallietum canariensis ............. 21
Anogrammo leptophyllae-Parietarietum lusitanicae ........... 36
Anogrammo leptophyllae-Umbilicetum rupestris ................ 21
Anomodonto viticulosae-Polypodietalia cambrici ............... 21
Anomodonto viticulosae-Polypodietea cambrici .................. 21
Anomogrammo leptophyllae-Umbilicetum rupestris ............ 21
Anthemido nobilis-Cynosuretum cristati .............................. 49
Anthemido nobilis-Menthetum pulegii ................................... 6
Anthoxantho aristati-Holcetum setiglumis ........................... 40
Anthoxantho aristati-Micropyretum patentis ....................... 40
Anthyllido hamosae-Malcolmietum patulae ......................... 41
Anthyllido lusitanicae-Brachypodietum distachyi ................ 42
Anthyllido lusitanicae-Tuberarietum guttatae ...................... 40
Anthyllido maurae-Ulicetum jussiaei ................................... 56
Antirrhino linkiani-Parietarietum judaicae .......................... 21
Aperenion spicae-venti ......................................................... 30
Aperetalia spicae-venti ......................................................... 30
Apio leptophyllae-Oxalidetum pes-caprae ........................... 31
Arabido lusitanicae-Hordeetum bulbosae ............................ 50
Arbuto unedonis-Laurenion nobilis ...................................... 69
Arbuto unedonis-Laurion nobilis ......................................... 69
Arbuto unedonis-Quercetum pyrenaicae .............................. 70
Arbuto-Cistetum populifolii ................................................. 68
Arction lappae ...................................................................... 25
Arenario conimbricensis-Sedetum maireani .......................... 6
Arenario fontqueri-Armerietum langei ................................. 38
Arenario fontqueri-Armerietum marizii nova........................ 38
Arenario querioidis-Festucetum summilusitanae ........... 39, 94
Arenario querioidis-Sedetum brevifolii .......................... 39, 77
Arenario-Cerastietum ramosissimi ................................ 40, 77
Argyranthemo montani-Ericetum maderensis ...................... 74
Argyranthemo suculenti-Calendulion maderensis ............... 28
Arisaro simorrhini-Quercetum broteroi ............................... 65
Arisaro simorrhini-Quercetum pyrenaicae .................... 70, 78
Arisaro vulgare-Quercetum pyrenaicae ......................... 70, 78
Aristolochio baeticae-Arbutetum unedonis .......................... 68
Aristolochio baeticae-Juniperetum turbinatae ..................... 67
Armerietum eriophyllae ....................................................... 38
Armerio daveaui-Agrostietum castellanae ........................... 46
Armerio francoi-Arrhenatheretum sardoi ............................ 47
Armerio macrophyllae-Celticetum giganteae ...................... 47
Armerio maderensis-Parafestucetum albidae ...................... 48
Armerio miscellae-Festucetum littoralis .............................. 14
Armerio pubigerae-Festucetum pruinosae ........................... 14
Armerio transmontanae-Plantaginetum radicatae ............... 39
Armerio welwitschii-Crucianelletum maritimae .................. 13
Armerion eriophyllae ........................................................... 38
Armerion maritimae ............................................................. 15
Arnicetum atlanticae ............................................................ 11
Arnoseridenion minimae ...................................................... 30
Aro italici-Oleetum sylvestris ............................................... 66
Aro italici-Ulmetum minoris ................................................ 63
Aro neglecti-Oleetum sylvestris ........................................... 66
Aro neglecti-Quercetum suberis ........................................... 66
Aro-Ulmetum minoris .......................................................... 63
Arrhenatheretalia elatioris ................................................... 49
Arrhenatherion elatioris ....................................................... 49
Arrhenathero baetici-Celticetum giganteae ......................... 47
Arrhenathero baetici-Stipetum giganteae ............................ 47
Arrhenathero bulbosi-Armerietum beiranae ............ 47, 77, 78
Arrhenathero erianthi-Celticetum giganteae ........... 47, 77, 78
Artemisienea vulgaris .......................................................... 25
Artemisietalia vulgaris ......................................................... 25
Artemisietea vulgaris ........................................................... 24
Artemisio argenteae-Genistetum tenerae ............................. 72
Artemisio crithmifoliae-Armerietum pungentis .................... 13
Artemisio glutinosae-Santolinion rosmarinifoliae ............... 28
170
Arthrocnemenion fruticosae ................................................. 16
Arthrocnemenion macrostachyi ............................................ 17
Arthrocnemenion perennis ................................................... 17
Arthrocnemion glauci ........................................................... 17
Arthrocnemion macrostachyi ............................................... 17
Arundini donacis-Convolvuletum sepium ............................. 36
Asparago albi-Oleetum sylvestris ......................................... 66
Asparago albi-Quercetum cocciferae ................................... 67
Asparago albi-Rhamnetum oleoides ..................................... 67
Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis ........................................ 67
Asparago aphylli-Calicotometum villosae ............................ 67
Asparago aphylli-Myrtetum communis ................................. 67
Asparago aphylli-Quercetum suberis ........................... 67, 100
Asphodelo aestivi-Armerietum gaditanae ............................. 46
Asphodelo arrondeaui-Epilobietum angustifolii ................... 28
Asphodelo cerasiferi-Armerietum gaditanae ........................ 46
Asplenietalia glandulosi ....................................................... 20
Asplenietalia petrarchae ....................................................... 20
Asplenietea trichomanis ....................................................... 19
Asplenietum marini ............................................................... 21
Asplenio azoricae-Cymbalarietum muralis .......................... 21
Asplenio billotii-Cheilanthetum duriensis ............................ 19
Asplenio billotii-Cheilanthetum hispanicae .......................... 19
Asplenio billotii-Cheilanthetum tinaei .................................. 19
Asplenio ceterach-Cheilanthetum acrosticae ....................... 20
Asplenion glandulosi ............................................................ 20
Asplenion marini .................................................................. 21
Asplenion petrarchae ............................................................ 20
Astragalenion massiliensis ................................................... 14
Astragaletum vicentini .......................................................... 14
Astragaletum vicentinum ...................................................... 14
Astragalion tragacanthae ..................................................... 14
Astragalo sesamei-Poetum bulbosae .................................... 44
Astragalo sesamei-Poion bulbosae ....................................... 44
Atractylo cancellatae-Stipetum capensis .............................. 33
Atriplicion littoralis .............................................................. 13
Atropetalia belladonae ......................................................... 27
Avenulo hackelii-Celticetum sterilis ..................................... 47
Avenulo lodunensis-Celticetum giganteae ............................ 47
Avenulo lusitanicae-Hordeetum leporini .............................. 34
Avenulo occidentalis-Celticetum giganteae .......................... 47
Avenulo sulcatae-Stipetum giganteae ................................... 47
Azorinetum vidalii ................................................................ 15
Balloto foetidae-Arctietum minoris ...................................... 25
Balloto-Conion maculati ...................................................... 35
Bartramio strictae-Polypodienion cambrici ......................... 21
Bartramio-Polypodion serrati .............................................. 21
Bartsio asperae-Origanetum virentis ............................. 37, 78
Bellevalio hackelii-Stipetum tenacissimae ............................ 46
Betulenion fontqueri-celtibericae ......................................... 71
Betulion fontqueri-celtibericae ............................................. 71
Betulo pendulae-Populetalia tremulae ................................. 71
Bidentetalia tripartitae ........................................................... 5
Bidentetea tripartitae .............................................................. 5
Bidenti pilosi-Ageratinetum adenophorae ............................ 36
Bidenti tripartitae-Polygonetum lapathifolii .......................... 5
Bidention tripartitae ............................................................... 5
Bituminario bituminosae-Phalaridetum coerulescentis .............
.................................................................................. 50, 78, 79
Bolboschoenetalia compacti ................................................. 10
Bolboschoenetum compacti .................................................. 10
Bolboschoenion compacti ..................................................... 10
Bolboschoenion maritimi ........................................................ 9
Bolboschoeno compacti-Phragmitetum australis ................. 10
Bolboschoeno compacti-Scirpetum litoralis ......................... 10
Bolboschoeno compacti-Scirpetum tabernaemontani ........... 10
Bourgaeo humilis-Galactitetum tomentosae ......................... 26
Brachypodietalia distachyi ................................................... 42
Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis ............................................. 43
Brachypodion distachyi ........................................................ 42
J.C. Costa & al.
Brachypodion phoenicoidis .................................................. 43
Brassicion oleraceae ............................................................ 25
Brassico oleraceae-Lavateretalia arboreae ......................... 25
Brizo minoris-Holoschoenenion vulgaris ............................. 49
Brizo minoris-Trifolietum subterranei ................................. 44
Brometalia erecti .................................................................. 43
Brometalia rubenti-tectorum ................................................ 32
Bromo madritensis-Piptatherion miliacei ............................ 26
Bromo ramosi-Eupatorion cannabini .................................. 35
Bromo scoparii-Hordeetum leporini .................................... 34
Bromo tectorum-Stipetum capensis ...................................... 33
Bromo-Oryzopsion miliaceae ............................................... 26
Bryo argentei-Saginetum procumbentis ............................... 29
Bupleurenion fruticosi .......................................................... 68
Bupleuro fruticosae-Arbutetum unedonis ............................. 68
Bupleuro lancifolii-Ridolfietum segeti ................................. 30
Bystropogono punctati-Telinetum maderensis ..................... 74
Bystropogono punctati-Telinion maderensis ........................ 74
Cakiletalia integrifoliae ....................................................... 13
Cakiletea maritimae ............................................................. 13
Cakilion maritimae .............................................................. 13
Calendulo algarbiensis-Parietarietum judaicae .................. 25
Calendulo lusitanicae-Antirrhinion linkiani ........................ 23
Calendulo maderensis-Suaedetum verae ............................. 28
Calthion palustris ................................................................. 48
Calystegietalia sepium ......................................................... 35
Calystegion sepium .............................................................. 35
Callitrichetum regis-jubae ................................................... 28
Callitricho brutiae-Ranunculetum peltati .............................. 3
Callitricho brutiae-Ranunculetum pseudofluitantis ............... 4
Callitricho lusitanicae-Ranunculetum penicillati ................... 4
Callitricho stagnalis-Ranunculetum saniculifolii ................... 3
Calluno vulgaris-Rhododendretum baetici .......................... 69
Calluno vulgaris-Rhododendretum pontici .......................... 69
Calluno vulgaris-Sphagnetum capillifolii ............................ 11
Calluno vulgaris-Ulicetea minoris ....................................... 53
Calluno-Ulicetalia minoris .................................................. 53
Campanulo erini-Wahlenbergietum lobelioidis ................... 40
Campanulo herminii-Festucetum henriquesii ...................... 52
Campanulo herminii-Festucetum rivularis .......................... 52
Campanulo herminii-Nardenalia strictae ............................ 52
Campanulo herminii-Nardion strictae ................................. 52
Campanulo primulifoliae-Alnetum glutinosae ..................... 63
Campanulo primulifoliae-Rhododendretum pontici ............. 63
Cardaminetea hirsutae ......................................................... 36
Cardaminetum caldeirari ...................................................... 37
Cardamino amarae-Montion fontanae ................................... 8
Cardamino flexuosae-Chrysosplenietum oppositifolii ........... 8
Cardamino hirsutae-Myosotidetum ramosissimae ... 36, 79, 80
Carduo bourgeani-Silybetum mariani .................................. 26
Carduo carpetani-Cirsion odontolepidis ............................. 26
Carduo carpetani-Onopordetum acanthii ............................ 26
Carduo platypi-Festucetum durandii ................................... 37
Caricetalia nigrae ................................................................ 11
Caricetum carpetanae .......................................................... 11
Caricetum echinato-nigrae .................................................. 11
Caricetum pseudocypero-lusitanicae ................................... 10
Carici asturicae-Ericetum aragonensis ............................... 54
Carici cedercreutzii-Juncetum effusi .................................... 48
Carici depressae-Hyparrhenietum hirtae ............................. 46
Carici depressae-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae ......................... 46
Carici hochstetterianae-Picconietum azoricae .................... 64
Carici lowei-Woodwardietum radicantis ....................... 22, 80
Carici lusitanicae-Alnetum glutinosae ................................. 61
Carici lusitanicae-Salicetum atrocinereae ........................... 61
Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii .............................. 27
Carici piluliferae-Genistetum triacanthi .............................. 54
Carici reuterianae-Betuletum celtibericae ........................... 63
Caricion broterianae ............................................................ 10
Caricion fuscae .................................................................... 11
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Caricion nigrae .................................................................... 11
Caricion remotae .................................................................... 8
Caricion reuterianae ............................................................ 10
Carlino corymbosae-Carthametum lanati ............................ 26
Carlino hispanicae-Carthametum lanati .............................. 26
Caro verticillati-Cynosuretum cristati .................................. 49
Caro verticillati-Glycerietum fluitantis .................................. 9
Carthametalia lanati ............................................................ 26
Carthamo arborescentis-Salsolion oppositifoliae ................ 27
Carthamo lanati-Onopordetum macracanthi ....................... 26
Catapodietum patentis .......................................................... 30
Cenchro ciliaris-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae .......................... 46
Centaureetalia cyani ............................................................ 29
Centaureo coutinhoi-Agrostietum castellanae ...................... 46
Centaureo coutinhoi-Dactyletum lusitanici .......................... 47
Centaureo crocatae-Quercetum lusitanicae ......................... 68
Centaureo exilis-Agrostietum castellanae ............................ 46
Centaureo geresensis-Rumicetum indurati ..................... 23, 80
Centaureo lusitanae-Pseudarrhenatheretum longifolii .............
.................................................................................. 47, 80, 81
Centaureo ornatae-Festucetum duriotaganae ...................... 39
Centaureo rothmaleranae-Celticetum giganteae .................. 47
Centaureo sphaerocephalae-Retametum monospermae ....... 60
Centaurio scilloides-Deschampsietum foliosae .................... 52
Centranthetum rubri ............................................................. 20
Centrantho rubri-Antirrhinetum linkiani .............................. 20
Cerastio diffusi-Vulpietum fontqueranae .............................. 41
Cerastio vulgare-Juniperetum brevifoliae ............................ 64
Ceratophyllion demersi .......................................................... 4
Cerintho majoris-Fedion cornucopiae ................................. 33
Cicendion ............................................................................... 6
Cirsio filipenduli-Ericetum ciliaris ....................................... 54
Cirsio palustris-Juncetum rugosi ......................................... 49
Cirsio palustris-Paradiseetum lusitanicae ........................... 35
Cirsio welwitschii-Ericetum ciliaris ..................................... 55
Cistancho phelypaeae-Arthrocnemetum fruticosae .............. 16
Cistancho phelypaeae-Sarcocornietum fruticosae ............... 16
Cistancho phelypaeae-Suaedetum verae .............................. 17
Cistetum bourgaeani ............................................................ 57
Cistetum libanotidis .............................................................. 57
Cistion hirsuti ....................................................................... 53
Cistion laurifolii ................................................................... 56
Cisto ladaniferi-Genistetum hystricis ................................... 56
Cisto ladaniferi-Ulicetum argentei ....................................... 56
Cisto monspeliensis-Micromerietalia hyssopifoliae ............. 72
Cisto populifolii-Arbutetum unedonis ................................... 68
Cisto psilosepali-Ericetum lusitanici .................................... 55
Cisto salviifolii-Ulicetum humilis ......................................... 54
Cisto-Lavanduletea ............................................................... 55
Cisto-Ulicetum minoris ........................................................ 54
Citro-Oxalidetum pedis-caprae ............................................ 31
Cladietum marisci .................................................................. 9
Clematido campaniflorae-Celtidetum australis ........ 62, 80, 82
Clematido campaniflorae-Rubetum ulmifolii ....................... 60
Clematido campaniflorae-Salicetum neotrichae .................. 62
Clematido cirrhosae-Pistacietum lentisci ....................... 67, 97
Clethro arboreae-Ocoteetum foetentis ................................. 74
Clinopodio villosae-Origanetum virentis ............................. 37
Clinopodio villosae-Origanetum virentis helleboretosum
foetidi .................................................................................... 37
Coincyo setigerae-Brassicetum barrelieri ............................ 33
Coincyo transtaganae-Brassicetum barrelieri ...................... 33
Coleostepho myconis-Galactitetum tomentosae ................... 33
Community of Brachypodium rupestre ................................ 43
Community of Eleocharis acicularis ...................................... 7
Community of Erica madirincola e Erica arborea ........ 74, 99
Community of Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus pyrenaica ..................................................................................... 63
Community of Monizia edulis .............................................. 22
171
Community of Plantago almogravensis ............................... 14
Community of Solanum mauritianum .................................. 36
Community of Woodwardia radicans .................................. 22
Conocephalo-Woodwardietum radicantis dicranetosum scottiani ..................................................................................... 19
Convolvuletalia sepium ........................................................ 35
Convolvulion sepium ............................................................ 35
Convolvulo fernandesii-Euphorbietum pedroi ..................... 67
Convolvulo meonanthi-Hedysaretum coronarii ................... 33
Coremation albi ................................................................... 56
Coremetum taganum ............................................................ 57
Coremetum vicentini ............................................................ 57
Corynephorion maritimi ................................................. 42, 81
Corynephoro articulatae-Malcolmion patulae ..................... 41
Cotulo coronopifoliae-Triglochinetum barrelieri ................ 15
Crassulo tillaeae-Saginetum apetalae .................................. 29
Cressetum creticae ............................................................... 18
Cressetum villosae ............................................................... 18
Crithmo maritimae-Limoniteum ovalifolli ........................... 14
Crithmo maritimi-Armerietum pubigerae ............................ 14
Crithmo maritimi-Armerion maritimae ................................ 14
Crithmo maritimi-Daucion halophili ................................... 13
Crithmo maritimi-Helichrysetum obconici ........................... 14
Crithmo maritimi-Limonietalia ............................................. 13
Crithmo maritimi-Limonietea .............................................. 13
Crithmo-Armerietalia ........................................................... 14
Crithmo-Helichrysion .......................................................... 14
Crithmo-Limonietum lanceolati ........................................... 14
Crithmo-Staticetalia ............................................................. 13
Crithmo-Staticetea ............................................................... 13
Crucianelletalia maritimae .................................................. 13
Crypsio schoenoidis-Fimbristyletum bisumbellatae ............... 7
Crypsio-Paspaletalia distichi ............................................... 50
Cryptogrammo-Dryopteridetum oreadis .............................. 24
Ctenopsietum delicatulae ..................................................... 40
Culcito macrocarpae-Ilicetum azoricae ............................... 64
Culcito macrocarpae-Juniperenion brevifoliae ................... 64
Culcito macrocarpae-Juniperion brevifoliae ....................... 64
Cutandietalia maritimae ...................................................... 42
Cymbalarietum muralis ........................................................ 21
Cymbalario muralis-Adiantetum capilli-veneris .................. 21
Cymbalario-Asplenion ......................................................... 21
Cymbalario-Trachelietum caerulei ...................................... 21
Cymodoceetum nodosae ......................................................... 4
Cymodoceion nodosae ........................................................... 5
Cynomorio coccinei-Lycietum intricati ................................ 28
Cynosurion cristati ............................................................... 49
Cypero badii-Menthetum suaveolentis ................................. 51
Cypero badii-Preslietum cervinae .......................................... 6
Cypero difformis-Ammannietum coccineae ......................... 27
Cypero difformis-Echinochloetalia oryzoides ...................... 27
Cypero eragrostis-Bidentetum frondosae ............................... 5
Cypero micheliani-Heleochloetum alopecuroidis .................. 7
Cypero micheliani-Ranunculetum trilobi ......................... 5, 86
Cytisenion multiflori ............................................................ 59
Cytisetalia scopario-striati ................................................... 58
Cytisetea scopario-striati ..................................................... 58
Cytisetum cabezudoi ............................................................ 60
Cytisetum multifloro-eriocarpi ............................................. 58
Cytision multiflori ................................................................ 59
Cytision oromediterranei ..................................................... 65
Cytiso eriocarpi-Juniperetum lagunae ................................. 67
Cytiso grandiflori-Arbutetum unedonis .................... 68, 85, 86
Cytiso multiflori-Retametum sphaerocarpae ....................... 59
Cytiso multiflori-Sarothamnetum eriocarpi ......................... 58
Cytiso oromediterranei-Genistetum cinerascentis ............... 58
Cytiso scopario-Genistetum polygaliphyllae ........................ 59
Cytiso striati-Genistetum polygaliphyllae ............................ 59
Chamaemeletum mixti .......................................................... 33
172
Chamaemelo fuscati-Sedetum andegavensis ........................ 41
Chamaemelo mixti-Vulpietum alopecuroris ......................... 33
Chamaesycion prostratae ..................................................... 29
Charetalia hispidae ................................................................ 2
Charetea fragilis ..................................................................... 2
Charetum asperae .................................................................. 2
Charetum canescentis ............................................................. 2
Charetum conniventis ............................................................. 2
Charetum fragilis ................................................................... 2
Charetum hispidae .................................................................. 2
Charetum vulgaris .................................................................. 2
Charion canescentis ............................................................... 2
Charion fragilis ...................................................................... 2
Charion vulgaris ..................................................................... 2
Cheilanthetalia maranto-maderensis ................................... 20
Cheilanthion hispanicae ....................................................... 19
Cheilanthion pulchellae ........................................................ 20
Chelidonio majoris-Smyrnietum olusatri .............................. 35
Chenopodienion muralis ....................................................... 32
Chenopodietalia muralis ...................................................... 31
Chenopodietum muralis ........................................................ 32
Chenopodio ambrosioidis-Polygonetum lapathifolii .............. 5
Chenopodio muralis-Malvetum parviflorae ......................... 32
Chenopodion muralis ........................................................... 31
Chenopodion rubri ................................................................. 5
Chenopodio-Stellarienea ...................................................... 31
Chrozophoro tinctoriae-Teucrietum spinosi ......................... 31
Chrozophoro-Heliotropietum europaei ................................ 31
Chrysanthemo myconis-Anthemidetum fuscatae .................. 30
Chrysanthemo segeti-Raphanetum microcarpi ..................... 30
Daboecietum azoricae .......................................................... 55
Daboecion azoricae .............................................................. 55
Daboecion cantabricae ........................................................ 54
Dactylido hylodis-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae ........................ 46
Dactylo marinae-Armerietum majoris .................................. 14
Dactylo marinae-Limonietum plurisquamati ........................ 14
Dactylo maritimae-Ulicion maritimi .................................... 54
Damasonio alismatis-Crypsietum aculeatae .................... 7, 86
Damasonio bourgaei-Crypsietum aculeatae .................... 7, 86
Daphno gnidii-Juniperetum navicularis ............................... 68
Daphno maritimi-Ulicetum congesti .................................... 54
Daphno-Ericetum azoricae ................................................... 64
Dauco criniti-Hyparrhenietum sinaicae ............................... 46
Dauco gummiferi-Festucetum pruinosae .............................. 14
Dauco halophili-Astragaletum vicentini ............................... 14
Dauco-Melilotion ................................................................. 25
Davallio canariensis-Polypodietum macaronesici ............... 21
Davallio canariensis-Saxifragetum portosanctanae ............. 21
Deschampsietum argenteae .................................................. 10
Deschampsio gallaecicae-Juncetum effusi ........................... 49
Deschampsio hispanicae-Juncetum effusi ............................ 49
Deschampsio maderensis-Parafestucion albidae ................. 48
Deschampsion argenteae ...................................................... 10
Diantho caespitosifolii-Festucetum duriotaganae ................ 39
Diantho cintrani-Daucetum halophili .................................. 14
Diantho laricifolii-Petrorhagietum saxifragae ..................... 39
Dicrano scottiani-Adiantetum capilli-veneris ....................... 19
Didymodon spadicei-Adiantetum capilli-veneris .................. 19
Digitali carpetanae-Leontodontetum bourgaeani ................ 24
Digitali thapsi-Dianthetum lusitani ...................................... 23
Digitario ischaemi-Setarienion viridis ................................. 31
Digitario-Galinsogetum parviflorae ..................................... 31
Diplazio caudati-Perseetum indicae ..................................... 74
Diplazio caudati-Woodwardietum radicantis ....................... 22
Diplotaxion erucoidis ........................................................... 31
Dittrichietum maritimi .......................................................... 14
Dittrichietum revolutae ........................................................ 27
Dittrichio viscosae-Piptatheretum miliacei .......................... 27
Drosero intermediae-Ericetum ciliaris ................................. 55
Dryopteridion oreadis .......................................................... 24
J.C. Costa & al.
Dryopterido azoricae-Lauretum azoricae ............................ 64
Dryopterido azoricae-Laurion azoricae ............................... 64
Echinospartetum iberici ....................................................... 59
Echio gaditanae-Corynephoretum maritimi ......................... 42
Echio plantaginei-Galactition tomentosae ........................... 32
Echio rosulati-Picridetum echioidis ..................................... 25
Elaphoglosso semicylindrici-Polypodietum azoricae ........... 22
Eleocharitetum multicaulis .................................................. 11
Eleocharition acicularis ......................................................... 7
Eleocharition multicaulis ....................................................... 7
Eleocharito multicaulis-Caricetum cedercrutzii .................. 11
Eleocharito multicaulis-Rhynchosporetum albae ................ 11
Elytrigietalia intermedio-repentis ........................................ 25
Elytrigietum junceo-boreoatlanticae .................................... 13
Elytrigion athericae ............................................................. 25
Emici spinosae-Malvetum parviflorae ................................. 32
Enteromorpho intestinalidis-Ruppietum maritimae ............... 4
Epilobietea angustifolii ........................................................ 27
Ericenion aragonensis ......................................................... 53
Ericenion arboreae .............................................................. 68
Ericenion terminali-erigenae ............................................... 50
Ericenion tetralicis ............................................................... 11
Ericenion umbellatae ........................................................... 53
Ericetalia azoricae ............................................................... 64
Ericion arboreae .................................................................. 68
Ericion tetralicis .................................................................. 11
Ericion umbellatae ............................................................... 53
Erico arboreae-Buxetum sempervirentis .............................. 68
Erico australis-Cistetum populifolii ..................................... 54
Erico ciliaris-Ulicetum lusitanicae ...................................... 55
Erico scopariae-Arbutetum unedonis ................................... 68
Erico scopariae-Cytisetum grandiflori ................................ 59
Erico scopariae-Quercetum lusitanicae ............................... 68
Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetalia papillosi ................................ 10
Erico tetralicis-Sphagnetum capillifolii ............................... 11
Erico tetralicis-Trichophoretum germanici ......................... 11
Erico umbellatae-Pterospartetum tridentati ........................ 54
Erico umbellatae-Ulicetum welwitschiani ........................... 54
Eryngio corniculati-Isoetetum setacei .................................... 6
Eryngio corniculati-Preslietum cervinae ............................... 6
Eryngio juresiani-Betuletum celtibericae ....................... 71, 88
Eryngio maritimae-Honckenyetum peploidis ....................... 12
Eryngio-Ulicenion erinacei .................................................. 57
Eryngio-Ulicion erinacei ..................................................... 57
Erysimo arbusculae-Artemisietum argenteae ...................... 73
Eucladio-Adiantetum capilli-veneris .................................... 19
Euphorbietum acuminato-merinoi ....................................... 42
Euphorbietum anachoretae .................................................. 72
Euphorbietum chamaesyco-prostratae ................................. 29
Euphorbietum piscatoriae .................................................... 72
Euphorbio azoricae-Festucion petraeae .............................. 15
Euphorbio monchiquensis-Quercetum canariensis .............. 65
Euphorbio oxyphyllae-Cistetum ladanifer ........................... 56
Euphorbio paraliae-Agropyretum juncei ............................. 12
Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea arundinaceae ................ 12
Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea australis ....................... 12
Euphorbio paraliae-Elytrigietum boreoatlanticae ............... 12
Euphorbio paraliae-Lotetum floridi ............................... 73, 88
Euphorbio paraliae-Lotetum glauci ............................... 73, 88
Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion floridi ........................................ 73
Euphorbio paraliae-Lotion glauci ........................................ 73
Euphorbio transtaganae-Celticetum giganteae .................... 48
Euphorbion melliferae ......................................................... 75
Euphorbion peplis ................................................................ 13
Euphorbion prostratae ......................................................... 29
Euphrasio grandiflorae-Viburnetum subcardati .................. 64
Euphrasio grandiflorae-Viburnetum trelaesei ..................... 64
Eu-Polygono-Chenopodienion polyspermi .......................... 31
Evacenion carpetanae .......................................................... 40
Fagetalia sylvaticae ............................................................. 69
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Fedio cornucopiae-Diplotaxietum erucoidis ........................ 31
Fedio cornucopiae-Sinapietum albae ................................... 33
Fedio cornucopiae-Sinapietum mairei ................................. 33
Feruletum communis ............................................................ 27
Festucetalia curvifoliae ........................................................ 38
Festucetalia indigestae ......................................................... 38
Festucetea indigestae ........................................................... 38
Festucetum francoi ......................................................... 52, 88
Festucetum jubatae ......................................................... 52, 88
Festucetum petraeae ............................................................. 15
Festucion duriotaganae ........................................................ 39
Festucion francoi ............................................................ 52, 88
Festucion jubatae ........................................................... 52, 88
Festucion merinoi .................................................................. 47
Festuco amplae-Agrostietum castellanae ............................. 46
Festuco amplae-Brachypodietum phoenicoidis .................... 49
Festuco amplae-Poetum bulbosae ........................................ 44
Festuco multispiculatae-Agrostietum curtisii ....................... 47
Festuco petraeae-Agrostietum congestiflorae ...................... 53
Festuco petraeae-Coremetum azoricae ................................ 64
Festuco petraeae-Juncetum acuti ......................................... 15
Festuco petraeae-Pericallietum malvifoliae ......................... 53
Festuco-Brometea ................................................................. 43
Festuco-Corematetum albidi ................................................ 54
Ficario ranunculoidis-Fraxinetum angustifoliae .................. 62
Ficario ranunculoidis-Fraxinetum angustifoliae quercetosum broteroi ................................................................... 63, 89
Filaginello uliginosae-Bidentetum tripartitae ........................ 5
Filipendulion ulmariae ......................................................... 35
Flueggeion tinctoriae ........................................................... 62
Fontinali antypireticae-Ranunculetum lusitanici ................... 7
Fontinali antypireticae-Ranunculetum ololeuci ..................... 7
Forsskaoleo angustifoliae-Rumicetalia lunariae .................. 28
Frangulo alni-Prunetum lusitanicae .................................... 62
Frangulo alni-Pyretum cordatae .......................................... 61
Frangulo alni-Pyrion cordatae ............................................. 61
Frangulo azoricae-Lauretalia azoricae ................................ 63
Frankenietalia pulverulentae ................................................ 16
Frankenio laevis-Salsoletum vermiculatae ........................... 28
Frankenio-Astydamietum latifoliae ...................................... 14
Frankenio-Astydamion latifoliae .......................................... 14
Frankenion pulverulentae ..................................................... 16
Fraxino angustifoliae-Aceretum monspessulani ....... 71, 87, 88
Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmenion minoris ............................. 62
Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmetum glabrae .............................. 69
Frutici-Quercion .................................................................. 68
Fumario capreolatae-Veronicetum persicae ........................ 31
Fumarion wirtgenii-agrariae ............................................... 31
Galactito tomentosae-Brachypodietum distachyi ................. 32
Galactito tomentosae-Cynaretum humilis ............................ 26
Galactito tomentosae-Vulpietum membranaceae ................. 33
Galinsogo quadriradiatae-Fumarietum lowei ...................... 31
Galio aparinellae-Anthriscetum caucalidis .......................... 36
Galio aparines-Alliarietalia petiolatae ................................ 34
Galio aparines-Conietum maculati ...................................... 35
Galio aparines-Torilidetum neglectae .................................. 36
Galio broteriani-Alnetum glutinosae .................................... 63
Galio broteriani-Caricetum broterianae .............................. 10
Galio broteriani-Caricetum reuterianae .............................. 10
Galio concatenati-Brachypodietum phoenicoidis ................. 43
Galio palustris-Caricetum lusitanicae .................................. 10
Galio palustris-Juncetum maritimi ....................................... 49
Galio saxatilis-Nardetum ..................................................... 52
Galio-Alliarion petiolatae .................................................... 34
Galio-Logfietum minimae ..................................................... 41
Galio-Urticetea .................................................................... 34
Gastridio ventricosi-Trifolietum scabri ................................ 33
Gaudinio fragilis-Agrostietum castellanae ........................... 46
Gaudinio fragilis-Agrostietum stoloniferae .......................... 51
173
Gaudinio verticolae-Hordeion bulbosae .............................. 50
Genistenion polygaliphyllae ................................................. 59
Genistetum polyanthi ........................................................... 59
Genistion floridae ................................................................ 58
Genistion micrantho-anglicae .............................................. 55
Genistion polygaliphyllae .................................................... 59
Genisto anglicae-Ericetum tetralicis .................................... 55
Genisto anglicae-Nardetum strictae .................................... 52
Genisto berberideae-Ericetum tetralicis .............................. 55
Genisto falcatae-Adenocarpetum anisochili .................. 59, 89
Genisto falcatae-Adenocarpetum lainzii ......................... 59, 89
Genisto falcatae-Ericetum arboreae .................................... 59
Genisto falcatae-Quercetum pyrenaicae .............................. 70
Genisto hirsutae-Cistetum ladaniferi ................................... 56
Genisto hystricis-Cytisetum multiflori .................................. 59
Genisto hystricis-Echinospartetum iberici ........................... 59
Genisto hystricis-Quercetum rotundifoliae .......................... 66
Genisto hystricis-Quercetum rotundifoliae juniperetosum oxycedri ..................................................................................... 66
Genisto triacanthi-Cistetum palhinhae ................................ 55
Genisto triacanthi-Stauracanthetum vicentini ...................... 55
Gennario diphyllae-Euphorbietum piscatoriae .............. 72, 89
Gentiano pneumonanthes-Genistetum ancistrocarpae ......... 55
Geranio lusitanici-Scrophularietum herminii ...................... 25
Geranio purpurei-Cardaminetalia hirsutae ......................... 36
Geranio purpurei-Cardaminetea hirsutae ........................... 36
Geranio purpurei-Galietum minutuli ................................... 36
Geranio purpurei-Torilidion neglectae ................................ 36
Geranio pusilli-Anthriscion caucalidis ................................ 36
Geranio pusilli-Theligonetum cynocrambes ........................ 36
Geranio robertiani-Caryolophetum sempervirentis ............. 36
Geranio rotundifolii-Theligonetum cynocrambes ................ 36
Glaucion flavi ....................................................................... 24
Glauco maritimae-Juncion maritimi .................................... 15
Glauco-Puccinellietalia ....................................................... 15
Glino lotoidis-Verbenetum supinae ........................................ 7
Globulario salicinae-Ericetum arboreae ....................... 74, 89
Globulario salicinae-Ericetum canariensis ................... 74, 89
Glycerienion fluitantis ............................................................ 9
Glycerio declinatae-Antinorietum agrostideae ...................... 9
Glycerio declinatae-Apietum nodiflori ................................... 9
Glycerio declinatae-Apietum repentis .................................... 9
Glycerio declinatae-Eleocharitetum palustris ........................ 9
Glycerio declinatae-Oenanthetum crocatae ........................... 9
Glycerio fluitantis-Sparganienion neglecti ............................ 9
Glycerio fluitantis-Sparganion negleti ................................... 9
Gnaphalio uliginosi-Spergularietum capillaceae ................... 6
Gnaphalio-Isolepidetum pseudosetacei .................................. 6
Greenovio-Aeonietea ........................................................... 22
Gymnogrammo leptophyllae-Davallietum canariensis ........ 21
Halimio alyssoidis-Pterospartetum cantabrici ..................... 55
Halimio alyssoidis-Pterospartetum tridentatae .................... 55
Halimio calycini-Ericetum australis .................................... 54
Halimio halimifolii-Stauracanthetum genistoidis ................ 57
Halimio lasianthi-Ulicetum minoris ..................................... 54
Halimio ocymoidis-Cistetum hirsuti ..................................... 54
Halimio ocymoidis-Cistetum psilosepali .............................. 54
Halimio ocymoidis-Ericetum umbellatae ............................. 54
Halimio umbellati-Ulicetum minoris..................................... 54
Halimio verticillati-Stauracanthetum genistoidis ................ 57
Halimionetum portulacoidis ................................................. 17
Halimiono portulacoidis-Salicornietum patulae .................. 17
Halimiono portulacoidis-Salicornietum ramosissimae ........ 17
Halimiono portulacoidis-Sarcocornietum alpini .................. 17
Halimio-Ulicion ................................................................... 53
Halodulo wrightii-Thalassietea testudinum ........................... 4
Hedero hibernicae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae ...................... 63
Hedero hibernicae-Quercetum fagineae .................. 71, 89, 90
Hedychio gardnerani-Pittosporetum undulati ...................... 64
174
Heleochloo schoenoidis-Fimbristyletum bisumbellatae ......... 7
Helianthemenion guttati ....................................................... 40
Helianthemetalia guttati ....................................................... 39
Helianthemetea guttati ......................................................... 39
Helianthemion guttati ........................................................... 40
Helianthemo stoechadifolii-Limonietum virgati ................... 14
Helichrysenion picardii ........................................................ 13
Helichrysion obconico-devium ............................................. 14
Helichrysion picardii ............................................................ 13
Helichryso melaleuci-Sideroxyletum mirmulans .................. 74
Helichryso stoechadis-Santolinetalia squarrosae ................ 74
Heliotropio europaei-Amaranthetum albi ............................ 31
Heliotropio supini-Crypsietum schoenoides ........................... 7
Heliotropio supini-Paspaletum paspalodis ........................... 50
Helosciadietum nodiflori ........................................................ 9
Herniario algarvicae-Linarietum ficalhoanae ...................... 42
Herniario maritimae-Corynephoretum maritimi ............ 42, 82
Herniario robustae-Corynephoretum maritimi .............. 43, 82
Herniario unamunoanae-Corynephoretum maritimi ...... 43, 82
Hieracio castellani-Plantaginion radicatae ......................... 38
Hieracio laevigati-Linarietum triornithophorae .................. 37
Hispidello hispanicae-Tuberarietum guttatae ...................... 40
Holco annui-Brachypodietum distachy ................................ 40
Holco annui-Micropyretum tenellae ..................................... 40
Holco gayani-Bryetum alpini ................................................. 6
Holco mollis-Betuletum celtibericae .................................... 71
Holco mollis-Quercetum pyrenaicae .................................... 70
Holco rigidi-Brachypodietum gaditanae .............................. 53
Holco setiglumis-Anthoxanthetum aristati ........................... 40
Holoschoenetalia vulgaris .................................................... 49
Holoschoeno australis-Salicetum arenariae ......................... 61
Holoschoeno australis-Salicion arenariae ........................... 61
Holoschoeno-Juncetum acuti ................................................ 50
Holosteo umbellati-Veronicetum persicae ............................ 31
Honckenyo peploidis-Elytrigienion boreoatlanticae ............ 12
Honckenyo peploidis-Elytrigion boreoatlanticae ................. 12
Honckenyo-Euphorbietum peplis .......................................... 13
Hordeion leporini ................................................................. 34
Hordeion marini ................................................................... 16
Hordeo leporini-Glossopappetum macroti ........................... 34
Hornungio petraeae-Linarietum haenseleri ......................... 42
Huperzio dentatae-Callunetum vulgaris ............................... 55
Hymenocarpo hamosi-Malcolmion trilobae ......................... 41
Hymenophylletum tunbrigensis-maderensis ......................... 22
Hymenophyllion tunbrigensis ............................................... 22
Hyosciamo albi-Malvetum parviflorae ................................. 32
Hyoscyamo nigri-Malvetum neglectae ................................. 34
Hyparrhenietalia hirtae ........................................................ 46
Hyparrhenion hirtae ............................................................. 46
Hyparrhenion sinaicae ......................................................... 46
Hyperico androsaemi-Quercetum roboris ............................ 70
Hyperico elodis-Potametum oblongi ...................................... 7
Hyperico elodis-Rhynchosporetum modesti-lucennoi ....... 7, 89
Hyperico elodis-Rhynchosporetum rugosae ..................... 7, 89
Hyperico elodis-Scirpetum fluitantis ................................ 7, 89
Hyperico humifusi-Cicendietum filiformis .............................. 6
Hyperico perforati-Ferulion communis ................................ 26
Hyperico undulati-Juncetum acutiflori ................................. 49
Hyperico undulati-Juncetum conglomerati .......................... 49
Hypochaerido glabrae-Agrostietum castellanae .......... 47, 102
Iberidetum procumbentis ...................................................... 13
Iberido microcarpae-Stipetum offneri .................................. 45
Illecebro verticillatae-Lotetum parviflorae ............................ 6
Inuletum revolutae ................................................................ 27
Inulo crithmoidis-Arthrocnemetum macrostachyi ................ 17
Inulo crithmoidis-Elymetum pycnanthi ................................. 25
Inulo crithmoidis-Elytrigietum athericae ............................. 25
Inulo crithmoidis-Limonietum ferulacei ......................... 18, 91
Inulo crithmoidis-Myriolimetum ferulacei ...................... 18, 91
Inulo viscosae-Oryzopsietum miliaceai ................................ 27
J.C. Costa & al.
Ipomaeo acuminatae-Argeratinion adenophorae ................. 35
Irido pseudacori-Caricetum lusitanicae ............................... 10
Irido-Polygonetum salicifolii ................................................. 9
Isoetetalia ............................................................................... 5
Isoetetum azoricae ................................................................. 7
Isoetetum durieui .................................................................... 5
Isoetion ................................................................................... 5
Isoeto setacei-Scirpetum maritime eryngietosum corniculati ... 6
Isoeto-Cicendietum ................................................................ 6
Isoeto-Littorelletea ................................................................. 7
Isoeto-Nanojuncetea .............................................................. 5
Isoplexido sceptri-Euphorbietum melliferae ........................ 75
Jasiono centralis-Minuartietum bigerrensis ........................ 38
Jasiono centralis-Minuartietum juressi ................................ 38
Jasiono sessiliflorae-Koelerietalia crassipedis .................... 38
Jonopsidio abulensis-Sedetum maireani ................................ 6
Juncenion maritimi .............................................................. 15
Juncetalia maritimi .............................................................. 15
Juncetea maritimi ................................................................. 15
Juncetum acutifloro-valvati .................................................. 49
Juncetum macri .................................................................... 51
Juncetum perpusilli ................................................................ 6
Juncetum rugoso-effusi ........................................................ 49
Juncetum tenuis .................................................................... 51
Juncion acutiflori ................................................................. 48
Juncion maritimi .................................................................. 15
Junco capitati-Isoetetum histricis .......................................... 5
Junco emmanuelis-Eleocharitetum multicaulis ...................... 7
Junco pygmaei-Isoetetum velati ............................................. 6
Junco rugosi-Ericetum andevalensis .................................... 50
Junco squarrosi-Sphagnetum compacti ............................... 11
Juniperetalia hemisphaericae .............................................. 65
Juniperion turbinatae ........................................................... 68
Junipero lagunae-Quercetum suberis .................................. 65
Junipero nanae-Ericetum aragonensis ................................. 53
Junipero navicularis-Quercetum lusitanicae ....................... 68
Junipero sabinae-Pinetea ibericae ....................................... 64
Kickxio lanigerae-Tanacetum annui .................................... 31
Klaseo lusitanicae-Thymion sylvestris ................................. 58
Kleinio neriifoliae-Euphorbietalia canariensis .................... 71
kleinio neriifoliae-Euphorbietea canariensis ....................... 71
Kleinio neriifoliae-Euphorbion canariensis ......................... 71
Lactuco chondrilliflorae-Andryaletum ragusinae ................ 24
Lactuco watsonianae-Tolpidetum azoricae .......................... 53
Lamio bifidi-Anthriscetum caucalidis .................................. 36
Lamprothamnetum papulosi ................................................... 2
Laserpitio eliasii-Corylenion avellanae ............................... 71
Laurentiae-Anthocerotetum dichotomi ................................... 6
Laurentiae-Juncetum tingitanae ............................................ 5
Lauro azoricae-Juniperetea brevifoliae ............................... 63
Lauro nobilis-Quercetum rivasmartinezii .................... 67, 101
Lavanduletalia stoechadis .................................................... 55
Lavandulo luisieri-Ulicetum jussiaei .................................... 54
Lavandulo pedunculatae-Genistetum hystricis .................... 56
Lavandulo sampaioanae-Cistetum albidi ............................. 56
Lavandulo sampaioanae-Cistetum populifolii ...................... 56
Lavandulo sampaioanae-Cytisetum multiflori ..................... 60
Lavandulo sampaioanae-Stauracanthetum lusitanicae ........ 56
Lavandulo viridis-Cytisetum striati ...................................... 60
Lavandulo viridis-Ericetum lusitanici .................................. 55
Lavandulo viridis-Quercetum suberis .......................... 67, 101
Lemnetalia minoris ................................................................ 3
Lemnetea ................................................................................ 2
Lemnetum gibbae ................................................................... 3
Lemnetum minoris .................................................................. 3
Lemnetum trisulcae ................................................................ 3
Lemnion minoris .................................................................... 3
Lemnion trisulcae ................................................................... 3
Lemno gibbae-Azolletum filiculoidis ...................................... 3
Lemno-Spirodeletum polyrhizae ............................................ 3
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Leontodonto longirostris-Ornithopodetum perpusilli ........... 40
Leontodonto longirostris-Vulpietum bromoidis .................... 40
Leucanthemo sylvatici-Cheirolophetum sempervirentis ....... 37
Leucojo autumnalis-Thymetum caespititii ............................ 45
Limoniastrion monopetali ..................................................... 17
Limonietalia ......................................................................... 17
Limonietum daveaui ................................................. 18, 91, 92
Limonietum lanceolati .................................................... 18, 92
Limonietum lowei ........................................................... 14, 91
Limonietum multifloro-virgati .............................................. 14
Limonietum pyramidati .................................................. 14, 91
Limonio binervosi-Frankenietum laevis ............................... 15
Limonio vulgaris-Juncetum subulati .................................... 17
Limonio-Juncetum maritimi ................................................. 15
Limonion algarvensi-lanceolati ...................................... 17, 91
Linario amethysteae-Calenduletum arvensis ........................ 30
Linario elegantis-Anthoxanthetum aristati ........................... 30
Linario hirtae-Galietum tricornuti ....................................... 30
Linario polygalifoliae-Vulpion alopecuroris ........................ 33
Linario polygaliphyllae-Corynephoretum canescentis ......... 43
Linario polygaliphyllae-Corynephoretum maritimi .............. 43
Linario saxatilis-Senecionion carpetani ............................... 24
Linario viscosae-Carduetum meonanthi ............................... 33
Linario viscosae-Vulpion alopecuroris ................................ 33
Linarion pedunculatae .......................................................... 42
Linarion triornithophorae .................................................... 37
Linario-Vulpion alopecuroidis ............................................. 13
Lino stricti-Stipetum capensis ............................................... 33
Littorelletalia uniflorae .......................................................... 7
Littorelletea uniflorae ............................................................. 7
Littorellion uniflorae .............................................................. 7
Loeflingio hispanicae-Malcolmietum patulae ...................... 41
Loeflingio micranthae-Erodietum aethiopici ........................ 41
Lolietum perennis ................................................................. 51
Lolio perennis-Plantaginetum majoris ................................. 51
Lolio-Plantaginion majoris .................................................. 51
Lonicero hispanicae-Rubetum ulmifolii ................................ 60
Lonicero implexae-Quercetum rotundifoliae ........................ 66
Lonicero periclymeni-Rubenion ulmifolii ............................. 60
Lotetum loweani ................................................................... 14
Loto cretici-Ammophiletum arundinaceae ........................... 12
Loto cretici-Ammophiletum australis ................................... 12
Loto hispidi-Chaetopogonetum fasciculati ............................. 6
Loto macranthi-Phagnaletum lowei ......................... 73, 92, 93
Loto pedunculati-Juncetum conglomerati ............................ 48
Loto pedunculati-Plantaginetum majoris ............................. 51
Loto salvagensis-Elytrigietum junceae ........................... 73, 92
Loto subbiflori-Chaetopogonetum fasciculati ........................ 6
Ludwigio palustris-Cyperetum micheliani .............................. 6
Ludwigio palustris-Potametum polygonifolii ......................... 7
Lupino rothmaleri-Ornithopetum isthmocarpae ................... 40
Luzulo henriquesii-Prunetum lusitanicae ............................. 63
Lycopodio clavati-Juniperetum nanae .................................. 65
Lygeo-Stipetalia .................................................................... 45
Lygeo-Stipetea ...................................................................... 45
Lysimachio azoricae-Holcetum rigidi .................................. 52
Lythro thymifoliae-Crassuletum vaillantii .............................. 5
Magnocaricetalia ................................................................... 9
Magnocarici elatae-Phragmitetea australis ........................... 8
Magnocaricion elatae ............................................................. 9
Malcolmietalia ...................................................................... 41
Malvenion neglectae ............................................................. 34
Malvenion parviflorae .......................................................... 32
Malvo parviflorae-Urticetum portosanctanae ...................... 32
Matricario-Polygonion arenastri ......................................... 29
Mayteno umbellatae-Oleetum maderensis ............................ 72
Mayteno umbellatae-Oleion maderensis .............................. 72
Medicagini rigidulae-Aegilopetum geniculatae .................... 33
Melampyro-Holcetalia ......................................................... 37
175
Melico arrectae-Quercetum cocciferae ................................ 67
Melico magnolii-Celticetum giganteae ................................ 48
Melico magnolii-Stipetum giganteae .................................... 48
Menthion cervinae .................................................................. 6
Mentho pulegii-Cyperetum badii .......................................... 51
Mentho suaveolentis-Holcetum lanati .................................. 51
Mentho suaveolentis-Juncetum inflexi ................................. 51
Mentho-Juncion inflexi ......................................................... 51
Mesembryanthemetum crystallini ......................................... 32
Mesembryanthemion crystallini ........................................... 32
Miboro minimae-Arabidopsietum thalianae ........................ 30
Micromerio hyssopifoliae-Cistetalia canariensis ................. 72
Micromerio-Coridothymion ................................................. 57
Micropyro tenelli-Anthoxanthetum aristati .......................... 40
Minuartio hybridae-Saxifragetum tridactylitae .................... 42
Minuartio juressi-Festucetum summilusitanae .............. 39, 94
Minuartio recurvae-Silenetum acutifoliae ........................... 39
Molineriellion laevis ............................................................ 40
Molinerion laevis ................................................................. 40
Molinietalia caeruleae ......................................................... 48
Molinio arundinacea-Holoschoenion vulgaris ..................... 49
Molinio-Arrhenatheretea ..................................................... 48
Monanthetum lowei .............................................................. 23
Montio amporitanae-Ranunculetum hederacei ...................... 8
Montio fontanae-Cardaminetalia amarae .............................. 8
Montio fontanae-Cardaminetea amarae ................................ 8
Mucizonio hispidae-Cheilanthetum tinaei ............................ 19
Murbeckiello sousae-Silenetum acutifoliae .................... 19, 95
Musschiaetum aureae .......................................................... 22
Myosotidetum stoloniferae ..................................................... 8
Myosotidion stoloniferae ........................................................ 8
Myosotido stoloniferae-Ranunculetum omiophylli ................. 8
Myrico fayae-Arbutetum unedonis ....................................... 69
Myrico fayae-Ericion arboreae ............................................ 74
Myrico fayae-Ericion canariensis ........................................ 74
Myrico fayae-Pittosporetum undulati .................................. 64
Myrico fayae-Pittosporion undulati ..................................... 64
Myriolimetum ferulacei ........................................................ 14
Myriolimo diffusi-Limonietum algarvensis .............. 18, 92, 93
Myriophyllo alterniflori-Potametum crispi ............................ 3
Myriophyllo alterniflori-Potametum natantis ........................ 3
Myrrhoidi nodosae-Alliarietum petiolatae ........................... 34
Myrtillo-Quercetum roboris ................................................. 70
Myrto communis-Hypericetum canariensis .......................... 72
Myrto communis-Quercetum rotundifoliae .......................... 66
Myrto communis-Quercetum suberis ................................... 69
Najadetum marinae ................................................................ 4
Nanocyperetalia ..................................................................... 6
Nanocyperion flavescentis ..................................................... 6
Narcisso calcicolae-Asplenietum rutae-murariae ................ 20
Narcisso calcicolae-gaditanae ............................................. 20
Narcisso cyclaminei-Alnetum glutinosae ............................. 63
Narcisso willkommii-Festucetum amplae ............................. 47
Nardenalia strictae .............................................................. 52
Nardetalia strictae ............................................................... 51
Nardetea ............................................................................... 51
Narthecio ossifragi-Sphagnetum tenelli ............................... 11
Nasturtio-Glycerietalia .......................................................... 9
Nasturtion officinalis .............................................................. 9
Neckero pumilae-Polypodietum interjecti ............................ 21
Nepetum boivinii .................................................................. 55
Nerio oleandri-Populetum albae .......................................... 62
Nerio-Tamaricetea ............................................................... 61
Nicotiano glaucae-Ricinetalia communis ............................. 28
Nicotiano glauci-Ricinion communis ................................... 28
Nitelletalia flexilis .................................................................. 2
Nitelletum flexilis ................................................................... 2
Nitelletum opacae .................................................................. 2
Nitellion flexilis ...................................................................... 2
176
Nitellion syncarpo-tenuissimae .............................................. 2
Notholaenetum marantae ..................................................... 20
Notholaenetum subcordatae ................................................. 20
Notholaeno marantae-Cheilanthetalia maderensis .............. 20
Notobasio syriacae-Scolymetum maculati ............................ 26
Nymphaeetum albae-luteae .................................................... 3
Nymphaeion albae .................................................................. 3
Nymphaeo albae-Nupharetum luteae ..................................... 3
Oenantho crocatae-Nerietum oleandri ................................. 62
Oenantho crocatae-Phalaridetum arundinaceae .................... 9
Oenantho crocatae-Quercetum pyrenaicae .......................... 63
Oleo maderensis-Maytenetum umbellatae ............................ 72
Oleo maderensis-Maytenion umbellatae .............................. 72
Oleo sylvestris-Pistacietum lentisci ................................ 67, 97
Oleo sylvestris-Quercetum suberis ....................................... 66
Oleo-Rhamnetalia crenulatae ............................................... 72
Oleo-Rhamnetea crenulatae ................................................. 72
Omphalodo kuzinskyanae-Evacietum ramosissimae ............ 41
Omphalodo nitidae-Coryletum avellanae ............................. 71
Omphalodo nitidae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae ................ 63, 95
Omphalodo nitidae-Lauretum nobilis ................................... 69
Omphalodo nitidae-Linarietum triornithophorae ................. 37
Ononido variegatae-Linarietum pedunculatae ..................... 42
Onopordenea acanthii .......................................................... 25
Onopordetalia acanthii ........................................................ 26
Onopordion castellani .......................................................... 26
Onopordion nervosi .............................................................. 26
Opopanaco chironii-Ulmetum minoris ................................. 63
Origanenion virentis ............................................................. 37
Origanetalia vulgaris ........................................................... 37
Origanion virentis ................................................................ 37
Origano virentis-Leucanthemetum sylvatici ......................... 37
Ornithogalo broteroi-Armerietum odoratae ......................... 45
Ornithopo pinnatae-Gaudinietum coarctatae ....................... 41
Ornithopo pinnatae-Gaudinion coarctatae .......................... 41
Ortegio hispanicae-Agrostietum truncatulae ........................ 39
Oryzetea sativae ................................................................... 27
Oryzo sativae-Echinochloetum crus-galli ............................. 27
Oryzo sativae-Echinochloion oryzoidis ................................ 27
Osmundo-Alnion ................................................................... 63
Osyrio quadripartitae-Juniperetum turbinatae .................... 68
Otantho maritimi-Ammophiletum arundinaceae .................. 12
Oxycocco-Sphagnetea .......................................................... 10
Paeonio broteroi-Quercenion rotundifoliae ......................... 66
Parafestucetalia albidae ....................................................... 48
Parapholido incurvae-Catapodietum marini ........................ 16
Parapholido incurvae-Frankenietum pulverulentae ............. 16
Parietarietalia judaicae ........................................................ 20
Parietarietea judaicae .......................................................... 20
Parietarietum judaicae ......................................................... 20
Parietario judaicae-Centranthion rubri ............................... 20
Parietario judaicae-Chelidonietum majoris ......................... 20
Parietario-Galion muralis .................................................... 20
Parietarion lusitanico-mauritanicae .................................... 36
Paronychio cymosae-Pterocephaletum diandri .................... 40
Paspaletum dilatato-distichi ................................................. 50
Paspalo distichi-Agrostietum verticillatae ........................... 50
Paspalo distichi-Polypogonenion viridis .............................. 50
Paspalo distichi-Polypogonetum viridis ............................... 50
Paspalo-Agrostion verticillati .............................................. 50
Paspalo-Heleochloetalia ...................................................... 50
Paspalo-Polypogonenion semiverticillati ............................. 50
Paspalo-Polypogonion viridis .............................................. 50
Paspalum vaginatum et Ranunculus sceleratus .................... 50
Pegano-Salsoletea ................................................................ 27
Pentaglottido sempervirentis-Scrophularietum herminii ...... 34
Pentaglottido sempervirentis-Scrophularietum reuteri ........ 34
Peplido erectae-Agrostietum salmanticae .............................. 6
Periballio laevis-Illecebretum verticillati ............................... 6
Periballio minutae-Airopsietum tenellae .............................. 40
J.C. Costa & al.
Periballio-Trifolion subterranei ........................................... 44
Pericallido auritae-Geranietum palmatae ........................... 38
Pericallion malvifoliae ......................................................... 53
Peucedano lancifolii-Juncetum acutiflori ............................ 49
Peucedano lowei-Oenanthetum divaricatae ......................... 10
Phagnalo saxatilis-Cheilanthion maderensis ....................... 20
Phagnalo saxatilis-Dianthetum barbati ......................... 23, 97
Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati .............................. 23
Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetum indurati ............................... 23
Phagnalo-Rumicetea indurati .............................................. 23
Phalacrocarpo hoffmannseggii-Festucetum elegantis ... 47, 97
Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Festucetum elegantis ............... 47
Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Rumicetum suffruticosi ........... 24
Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Saxifragetum continentalis ...... 23
Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Saxifragetum fragosoi ............. 23
Phalacrocarpo oppositifolii-Silenetum acutifoliae ......... 19, 97
Phalaridenion arundinaceae .................................................. 9
Phalarido coerulescentis-Juncetum acuti ............................ 50
Phillyreo angustifoliae-Arbutetum unedonis ........................ 68
Phlomido lychnitidis-Brachypodietum phoenicoidis ............ 43
Phlomido purpureae-Cistetum albidi ................................... 56
Phlomido purpureae-Juniperetum turbinatae ...................... 67
Phlomido purpureae-Pistacietum lentisci ...................... 67, 97
Phragmitenion australis ......................................................... 8
Phragmitetalia australis ......................................................... 8
Phragmition australis ............................................................ 8
Phragmito australis-Bolboschoenetum maritimi .................... 9
Physospermo cornubiensis-Quercetum suberis .................... 65
Picrido algarbiensis-Cheirolophetum sempervirentis .......... 37
Picrido filii-Euphorbietum stygianae ................................... 64
Picrido hieracioidis-Eupatorietum cannabini ...................... 35
Pimpinello villosae-Origanetum virentis ............................. 37
Pino-Juniperetea .................................................................. 64
Piptathero miliacei-Foeniculetum vulgaris .......................... 27
Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni ................................. 67
Pistacio terebinthi-Quercetum broteroi ............................... 66
Plantaginetalia majoris ........................................................ 50
Plantagini coronopodi-Trifolietum fragiferi ........................ 51
Plantagini radicatae-Armerietum odoratae ......................... 39
Plantaginion serrariae ......................................................... 44
Poetalia bulbosae ................................................................. 44
Poetea bulbosae ................................................................... 44
Poion supinae ....................................................................... 51
Polycarpaeo niveae-Euphorbion paraliae ........................... 73
Polycarpaeo niveae-Traganetea moquini ............................ 73
Polycarpion tetraphylli ........................................................ 29
Polycarpo diphylli-Evacietum ramosissimae ....................... 41
Polycarpo tetraphylli-Coronopodetum squamati ................. 29
Polycarpo tetraphylli-Cotuletum australis ........................... 29
Polycarpo-Alternantheretum ................................................ 29
Polygalo microphyllae-Cistetum populifolii ........................ 54
Polygono arenastri-Matricarietum discoideae .................... 29
Polygono arenastri-Poetalia annuae ................................... 28
Polygono convolvuli-Chenopodion polyspermi .................... 31
Polygono equisetiformis-Juncetum maritimi ........................ 15
Polygono equisetiformis-Limoniastretum monopetali .......... 17
Polygono equisetiformis-Tamaricetum africanae ................ 62
Polygono maritimae-Lotetum glauci .................................... 73
Polygono maritimi-Euphorbietum paraliae ......................... 73
Polygono-Poetea annuae ..................................................... 28
Polypodienion cambrici ....................................................... 21
Polypodietum cambrici ........................................................ 21
Polypodietum serrati ............................................................ 21
Polypodion cambrici ............................................................ 21
Polypodion serrati ................................................................ 21
Polypogono maritimi-Hordeetum marini ............................. 16
Polystichetalia lonchitidis .................................................... 24
Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum arboreae ........................ 75, 99
Polysticho falcinelli-Ericetum canariensis ..................... 75, 99
Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion arboreae ........................... 75, 99
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Polysticho falcinelli-Ericion canariensis ........................ 75, 99
Polytricho-Agrostietum truncatulae ..................................... 39
Poo bulbosae-Astragaletum sesamei .................................... 44
Poo bulbosae-Astragalion sesamei ....................................... 44
Poo bulbosae-Onobrychidetum humilis ................................ 44
Poo bulbosae-Trifolietum subterranei .................................. 44
Populenion albae .................................................................. 62
Populetalia albae ................................................................. 62
Populion albae ..................................................................... 62
Potametalia pectinati .............................................................. 3
Potametea ............................................................................... 3
Potametum lucentis ................................................................ 3
Potametum pectinati ............................................................... 3
Potametum perfoliato-crispi ................................................... 3
Potamion lutescentis ............................................................... 3
Potamion pectinati .................................................................. 3
Potamo pectinati-Myriophylletum spicati ............................... 3
Potamo-Ceratophylletum demersi .......................................... 4
Potentillion anserinae .......................................................... 51
Potentillo herminii-Callunetum ............................................ 55
Potentillo montanae-Brachypodienion rupestris .................. 43
Potentillo montanae-Brachypodion rupestris ....................... 43
Potentillo rectae-Agrostietum castellanae ............................ 52
Potentillo-Agrostietum azoricae ............................................ 52
Poterio agrimonioidis-Quercetum suberis ........................... 66
Preslion cervinae .................................................................... 6
Prunetalia spinosae .............................................................. 60
Pruno hixae-Lauretalia novocanariensis ............................. 74
Pruno hixae-Lauretea novocanariensis ................................ 73
Pruno lusitanicae-Arbutetum unedonis ................................ 69
Pruno spinosae-Rubion ulmifolii .......................................... 60
Pseudarrhenathero longifolii-Stipetum giganteae .......... 48, 99
Pseudorlayo minusculae-Polycarpetum alsinifolii ............... 42
Pteridio aquilini-Ericenion azoricae .................................... 64
Pteridio aquilini-Ericetum azoricae ..................................... 64
Pteridio aquilini-Ericetum maderincolae ....................... 74, 99
Pteridio pubescentis-Ericenion azoricae .............................. 64
Pteridio pubescentis-Ericetum azoricae ............................... 64
Pterosparto lasianthi-Ericetum aragonensis ........................ 53
Pterosparto lasianthi-Ericetum cinereae .............................. 54
Pterosparto tridentati-Ericetum australis ............................. 54
Puccinellio ibericae-Sarcocornietum perennis ..................... 17
Puccinellio maritimae-Arthrocnemetum perennis ................ 17
Puccinellio maritimae-Juncetum maritimi ........................... 15
Puccinellio maritimae-Salicornietum fruticosae .................. 16
Puccinellio maritimae-Sarcocornietum fruticosae ............... 16
Puccinellio maritimae-Sarcocornietum perennis ................. 17
Puccinellio tenuifoliae-Limonietum daveaui ................... 15, 99
Puccinellio tenuifoliae-Limonietum plurisquamati ......... 15, 99
Pulicario paludosae-Agrostietum pourretii ............................ 6
Pulicario uliginosae-Agrostietum salmanticae ....................... 6
Pulmonario longifoliae-Quercion roboris ............................ 69
Pyro bourgaeanae-Flueggeetum tinctoriae .......................... 62
Pyro bourgaeanae-Quercetum rotundifoliae ........................ 66
Pyro bourgaeanae-Securinegetum tinctoriae ....................... 62
Pyro bourgeanae-Quercetum pyrenaicae ............................. 70
Pyro cordatae-Quercetum pyrenaicae .................................. 70
Quercenion broteroi ............................................................. 65
Quercenion pyrenaicae ......................................................... 70
Quercenion rivasmartinezii-suberis ............................... 66, 99
Quercenion robori-pyrenaicae ............................................. 70
Quercetalia ilicis .................................................................. 65
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae .......................................... 70
Quercetalia roboris .............................................................. 70
Quercetea ilicis ..................................................................... 65
Quercetum alpestris-broteroi ............................................... 66
Quercetum coccifero-airensis ............................................... 67
Quercion broteroi ................................................................. 65
Quercion fagineae ................................................................ 65
177
Quercion fagineo-suberis ..................................................... 65
Quercion lusitanicae ............................................................ 68
Quercion pyrenaicae ............................................................ 70
Quercion robori-pyrenaicae ................................................ 70
Quercion roboris-broteroanae ............................................. 70
Querco cocciferae-Juniperetum turbinatae .......................... 68
Querco lusitanicae-Stauracanthetum boivinii ...................... 55
Querco pyrenaicae-Fraxinetum angustifoliae ...................... 63
Querco rotundifoliae-Oleenion sylvestris ............................ 66
Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris ................................ 66
Querco-Cistetum laurifolii ................................................... 56
Querco-Fagetea sylvaticae .................................................. 69
Ranunculetum omiophylli ....................................................... 8
Ranunculetum tripartiti .......................................................... 3
Ranunculion aquatilis ............................................................ 3
Ranunculion fluitantis ............................................................ 3
Ranunculion omiophyllo-hederacei ....................................... 8
Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranion canariensis ...................... 38
Ranunculo scelerati Paspaletum distichi ............................. 50
Ranunculo scelerati-Paspaletum paspalodis ........................ 50
Raphano raphanistri-Diplotaxietum catholicae ................... 30
Retamion monospermae ....................................................... 60
Retamion sphaerocarpae ..................................................... 59
Retamo sphaerocarpae-Cytisetum bourgaei ........................ 59
Rhamno catharticae-Prunetea spinosae ............................... 60
Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetalia cerasiformis ......................... 72
Rhamno crenulatae-Oleetea cerasiformis ............................ 72
Rhamno glandulosi-Sambucetum lanceolati ........................ 74
Rhamno laderoi-Quercetum rotundifoliae ........................... 66
Rhamno oleoidis-Quercetum rotundifoliae .......................... 66
Rhododendrenion baeticae ................................................... 69
Rhododendrenion pontici ..................................................... 69
Rhynchosporion albae .......................................................... 11
Ridolfio segeti-Capnophylletum peregrini ........................... 30
Ridolfion segeti .................................................................... 30
Roemerion hybridae ............................................................. 30
Rorippion nasturtii-aquatici ................................................... 9
Rorippo microphyllae-Sparganietum erecti ........................... 9
Rosenion carioti-pouzinii ..................................................... 60
Rosmarinetalia officinalis .................................................... 57
Rosmarinetea officinalis ....................................................... 57
Rubetum ulmifolio-vigoi ....................................................... 60
Rubi ulmifolii-Nerion oleandri ............................................. 62
Rubio agostinhoi-Rubetum bollei ......................................... 75
Rubio longifoliae-Coremation albi ...................................... 68
Rubio longifoliae-Coremetum albi ....................................... 68
Rubio periclymeni-Rubion ulmifolii ..................................... 75
Rubo bollei-Salicetalia canariensis ...................................... 75
Rubo corylifolii-Salicetum atrocinereae .............................. 63
Rubo ulmifolii-Ageratinetum adenophorae .......................... 36
Rubo ulmifolii-Nerietum oleandri ........................................ 62
Rubo ulmifolii-Prunetum insititioides .................................. 60
Rubo ulmifolii-Rosetum corymbiferae .................................. 60
Rubo ulmifolii-Securinegetum tinctoriae ............................. 62
Rubo vigoi-Sambucetum nigrae ........................................... 60
Rumicetum azoricae ............................................................... 9
Rumici angiocarpi-Coleostephetum myconis ....................... 33
Rumici bucephalophori-Arnoseridetum minimae ................. 30
Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani ...................................... 23
Rumici obtusifolii-Oenanthetum crocatae ............................ 51
Ruppietalia maritimae ............................................................ 4
Ruppietea ............................................................................... 4
Ruppion maritimae ................................................................. 4
Rusco aculeati-Juniperetum lagunae ................................... 66
Rusco aculeati-Quercetum roboris ...................................... 70
Rusco aculeati-Quercetum suberis quercetosum suberis ..... 65
Saginetalia maritimae .......................................................... 16
Saginetea maritimae ............................................................ 15
Saginion maritimae .............................................................. 16
178
Saginion procumbentis ......................................................... 28
Sagino maritimae-Cochlearietum danicae ........................... 16
Sagino procumbentis-Sibthorpietum europaeae ..................... 8
Sagino-Bryetum argentei ...................................................... 29
Salicetalia arenariae ............................................................ 61
Salicetalia purpureae ........................................................... 63
Salicetum atrocinereo-arenariae .......................................... 61
Salicetum atrocinereo-australis ............................................ 63
Salicetum salviifoliae ............................................................ 63
Salici atrocinereae-Alnenion glutinosae ............................... 61
Salici atrocinereae-Populetum albae ................................... 62
Salici neotrichae-Populetum nigrae ..................................... 62
Salici purpureae-Populetea nigrae ....................................... 62
Salicion canariensis .............................................................. 75
Salicion salviifoliae .............................................................. 63
Salicornietalia fruticosae ..................................................... 16
Salicornietea fruticosae ........................................................ 16
Salicornietum fragilis ........................................................... 18
Salicornion dolichostachyo-fragilis ...................................... 18
Salicornion europaeo-ramosissimae .................................... 18
Salicornion fruticosae .......................................................... 16
Salicornion patulae .............................................................. 19
Salsolo kali-Cakiletum aegyptiacae ...................................... 13
Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae ........................................ 13
Salsolo kali-Minuartion peploidis ........................................ 13
Salsolo oppositifoliae-Suaedion pruinosae ........................... 27
Salsolo vermiculatae-Lycietum intricati ............................... 28
Salsolo vermiculatae-Peganetalia harmalae ........................ 27
Salvio sclareoidis-Ulicetum densi ........................................ 58
Sambucion ebuli ................................................................... 35
Sanguisorbo hybridae-Quercetum broteroi .......................... 66
Sanguisorbo hybridae-Quercetum suberis ........................... 66
Santolinetum impressae ........................................................ 28
Sarcocornienion alpini ......................................................... 17
Sarcocornienion fruticosae ................................................... 16
Sarcocornienion perennis ..................................................... 17
Sarcocornietalia fruticosae .................................................. 16
Sarcocornietea fruticosae ..................................................... 16
Sarcocornio perennis-Puccinellietum convolutae ................ 17
Sarcocornio perennis-Salicornietum ramosissimae ............. 18
Sarcocornion fruticosae ....................................................... 16
Saturejo micranthae-Thymbrenion capitatae ....................... 57
Saturejo micranthae-Thymbrion capitatae ........................... 57
Saturejo-Coridothymenion ................................................... 57
Saturejo-Coridothymion capitati .......................................... 57
Saxifragetum lepismigenae ..................................................... 8
Saxifragion continentalis ...................................................... 23
Saxifragion fragosoi ............................................................. 23
Saxifragion willkommianae .................................................. 19
Saxifrago spathularis-Betuletum celtibericae ....................... 71
Saxifrago spathularis-Murbeckielletum herminii ................. 19
Saxifrago tridactylitae-Hornungietum petraeae ................... 42
Scirpenion maritimi ................................................................ 9
Scirpetalia compacti ............................................................. 10
Scirpetum compacti .............................................................. 10
Scirpetum compacto-litoralis ............................................... 10
Scirpetum compacto-tabernaemontani ................................. 10
Scirpetum maritimi ................................................................. 9
Scirpetum pungentis ............................................................. 10
Scirpion compacti ................................................................. 10
Scirpo compacti-Phragmitetum australis ............................. 10
Scirpo fluitantis-Juncetum heterophylli .................................. 7
Scleranthenion annui ............................................................ 30
Scleranthion annui ................................................................ 30
Sclerochloo durae-Coronopodion squamati ......................... 29
Scolymo maculati-Cynaretum ferocissimae .......................... 26
Scrophulario auriculatae-Epilobietum hirsutae ................... 35
Scrophulario frutescentis-Vulpietum alopecuroris ............... 33
Scrophulario grandiflorae-Smyrnietum olusatri .......... 35, 101
Scrophulario hirtae-Salicetum canariensis .......................... 75
J.C. Costa & al.
Scrophulario scorodoniae-Alnetum glutinosae .................... 63
Scrophulario sublyratae-Lavateretum arboreae .......... 25, 100
Scrophulario sublyratae-Suaedetum verae .......................... 17
Scheuchzerietalia palustris .................................................. 11
Scheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea nigrae ............................. 11
Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae ............................................ 11
Secalino-Stellarienea mediae ............................................... 29
Securinegion buxifoliae ........................................................ 62
Securinego buxifoliae-Pyretum “marianicum” .................... 62
Sedenion caespitosi .............................................................. 41
Sedetum brevifolio-pyrenaici ............................................... 45
Sedetum caespitoso-arenarii ................................................ 41
Sedetum micrantho-sediformis ............................................. 45
Sedion anglici ....................................................................... 44
Sedion caespitosi .................................................................. 41
Sedion micranthi .................................................................. 45
Sedion micrantho-sediformis ................................................ 45
Sedion pedicellato-andegavensis ......................................... 41
Sedion pyrenaici ................................................................... 45
Sedo albi-Scleranthetalia biennis ......................................... 44
Sedo albi-Scleranthetea biennis ........................................... 44
Sedo anglici-Thymetum caespititii ....................................... 45
Sedo caespitosi-Tillaeetum muscosae .................................. 41
Sedo elegantis-Agrostietum castellanae ............................... 47
Sedo forsterani-Agrostietum castellanae ............................. 47
Sedo hirsuti-Saxifragetum continentalis ............................... 23
Sedo hirsuti-Saxifragetum fragosoi ...................................... 23
Sedo nudi-Aeonietum glutinosi ............................................. 22
Sedo pruinati-Thymetum caespititii ...................................... 45
Sedo sediformis-Corynephoretum maritimi ................... 43, 82
Selaginello azoricae-Stegnogrammetum pozoi .................... 22
Selaginello denticulatae-Anogrammetum leptophyllae ........ 22
Selaginello denticulatae-Anogrammion leptophyllae ........... 22
Selaginello denticulatae-Cystopteridetum virudulae ........... 22
Selino broteri-Molinietum caeruleae ................................... 49
Semele androgynae-Apollonietum barbujanae .................... 74
Senecio foliosae-Phalaridetum coerulescentis ..................... 50
Senecio incrassati-Mesembryanthemetum crystallini .......... 32
Senecio lopezii-Cheirolophetum sempervirentis .................. 37
Senecioni aquatici-Juncetum acutiflori ................................ 49
Senecioni bayonensis-Alnetum glutinosae ........................... 63
Senecionion fluviatalis ......................................................... 33
Serratulo estremadurensis-Thymenion sylvestris ................. 58
Serratulo flavescentis-Celticetum giganteae ........................ 48
Sesamoidion suffruticosae .................................................... 24
Sesamoido suffruticosae-Anarrhinetum bellidifolii .............. 24
Sesamoido suffruticosae-Anarrhinetum durimini ................. 24
Seseli peixotoani-Avenuletum lusitanicae ............................ 43
Setario glaucae-Echinochloetum colonae ............................ 31
Setario verticillatae-Echinochloetum cruris-galli ................ 31
Sibthorpio europaea-Pinguiculetum lusitanicae .................. 11
Sibthorpio peregrinae-Clethrion arboreae .......................... 74
Sideritido incanae-Salvion lavandulifoliae .......................... 58
Siderito lusitanicae-Genistetum algarbiensis ....................... 58
Sileno acutifoliae-Dianthetum lusitani ................................. 23
Sileno acutifoliae-Holcetum gayanae .................................. 20
Sileno acutifoliae-Umbilicetum rupestris ..................... 21, 101
Sileno duriensis-Aphyllanthetum monspeliensis .................. 58
Sileno longiciliae-Antirrhinetum linkiani ............................. 23
Sileno montistellensis-Dianthetum lusitani .......................... 23
Silybo-Urticion ..................................................................... 26
Simethido mattiazi-Asphodeletum ovoidei ........................... 27
Sinapidendro angustifolii-Aeonion glutinosi ........................ 22
Sinapidendro frutescentis-Aeonietum glandulosi ................. 22
Sinapidendro gymnocalycis-Sedetum brissemoretii ............. 22
Sisymbrietalia officinalis ...................................................... 33
Sisymbrio irionis-Lavateretum creticae ............................... 32
Sisymbrio irionis-Malvetum parviflorae .............................. 32
Sisymbrio officinalis-Hordeetum murini .............................. 34
Sisymbrion officinalis ........................................................... 34
Vascular plant communities in Portugal (Continental, Azores and Madeira)
Smilaco asperae-Quercetum suberis .................................... 66
Smilaco mauritanicae-Quercetum rotundifoliae .................. 66
Smyrnienion olusatri ............................................................ 35
Solano mauritiani-Ipomaeetum acuminatae .......................... 36
Solano nigri-Polygonetalia convolvuli ................................. 30
Solenopsio laurentiae-Juncetum hybridi ................................ 5
Solenopsio laurentiae-Juncetum pygmaei .............................. 5
Solenopsio laurentiae-Phymatoceretum bulbiculosi ............... 6
Solivetum stoloniferae .......................................................... 29
Sonchetum pinnati ................................................................ 75
Soncho acaulis-Aeonietalia .................................................. 22
Soncho maderensis-Asplenietum marini ............................... 21
Soncho ustulati-Artemision argenteae .................................. 72
Soncho-Sempervivetalia ....................................................... 22
Sparganio angustifolii-Isoetetum lereschi .............................. 7
Spartinetalia alterniflorae .................................................... 18
Spartinetalia maritimae ........................................................ 18
Spartinetea maritimae .......................................................... 18
Spartinetum densiflorae ........................................................ 18
Spartinetum maritimae ......................................................... 18
Spartinion maritimae ............................................................ 18
Spergularietum azoricae ....................................................... 15
Spergulario bocconei-Mesembryanthemetum nodiflori ........ 32
Spergulario capillaceae-Poetum supinae ............................. 51
Spergulario marinae-Paspalenion vaginati .......................... 50
Spergulario rubrae-Matricarietum aureae ........................... 29
Spergulario rupicolae-Armerietum berlengensis .................. 15
Spergulario rupicolae-Limonietum virgatae ........................ 14
Spergulo pentandrae-Arabidopsienion thalianae ................. 30
Sphagno papillosi-Ericetalia tetralicis ................................. 10
Sphagno-Utricularion ........................................................... 12
Sporoboletum arenarii .......................................................... 13
Sporobolion arenarii ............................................................ 13
Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophenion sempervirentis ........... 37
Stachyo lusitanicae-Origanetum virentis .............................. 37
Stauracanthion boivinii ........................................................ 55
Stauracantho genistoidis-Corematetum albi ........................ 57
Stauracantho genistoidis-Halimietalia commutati ............... 56
Stellarietea mediae ............................................................... 29
Stellario alsines-Saxifragetum alpigenae ............................... 8
Stellario uliginosae-Montietum variabilis .............................. 8
Stipion tenacissimae ............................................................. 45
Stipo giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae ............................... 46
Stipo giganteae-Stauracanthetum vicentini .......................... 57
Suaedion verae ..................................................................... 17
Suaedo splendentis-Salicornietum patulae ........................... 19
Suaedo splendentis-Salsoletum sodae .................................. 18
Suaedo verae-Limonietum callibotryi ................................... 73
Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae .................................... 33
Tamaricetalia africanae ....................................................... 61
Tamaricion africanae ........................................................... 61
Tamo communis-Rubetum ulmifolii ...................................... 60
Teesdaliopsio-Luzulion caespitosae ..................................... 38
Tetralico-Narthecietum ossifragi .......................................... 11
Teucrio baeticae-Quercetum suberis senecietosum lopezii 67, 108
Teucrio baetici-Quercetum suberis .............................. 67, 100
Teucrio capitati-Thymetum sylvestris ................................... 58
Teucrio francoi-Origanetum virentis ............................ 38, 101
Teucrio pseudochamaepityos-Brachypodion retusi .............. 45
Teucrio salviastri-Echinospartetum pulviniformis ............... 65
Teucrio salviastri-Quercetum rotundifoliae ......................... 66
Teucrio salviastri-Quercetum suberis .................................. 66
Thalassio testudinum-Syringodietalia filiformis ..................... 4
Thelypterido pozoi-Woodwardion radicantis ....................... 22
Thero-Airion ......................................................................... 40
Thero-Brachypodietalia ........................................................ 45
Thero-Brachypodietea .......................................................... 45
Thero-Brachypodion ramosi ................................................. 45
Thero-Brometalia ................................................................. 32
179
Thero-Salicornietalia ........................................................... 18
Thero-Salicornietea ............................................................. 18
Thero-Suaedetalia ................................................................ 18
Thero-Suaedetea .................................................................. 18
Thero-Suaedion .................................................................... 18
Thlaspietea rotundifolii ........................................................ 24
Thymelaeo broterianae-Juniperetum alpinae .............. 53, 102
Thymetum congesti ............................................................... 56
Thymetum micans ................................................................. 45
Thymion micans ................................................................... 45
Thymo camphorati-Stauracanthetum spectabilis ................. 57
Thymo capitellati-Stauracanthetum genistoidis ................... 57
Thymo lotocephali-Coridothymetum capitati ....................... 58
Thymo sylvestris-Ulicetum densi .......................................... 58
Thymo villosi-Ulicetum airensis ........................................... 54
Thymo villosi-Ulicetum latebracteati ........................... 54, 102
Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani ............................... 69
Tolpidetum azoricae ............................................................. 52
Tolpidetum azoricae subassoziation von Lactuca watsoniana .................................................................................... 52
Tolpido azoricae-Holcetea rigidi ......................................... 52
Tolpido barbatae-Tuberarietum bupleurifoliae ................... 41
Tolpido succulentae-Agrostion congestiflorae ..................... 53
Tolpido succulentae-Parietarietum judaicae ....................... 20
Tolypelletum glomeratae ........................................................ 2
Tolypelletum proliferae .......................................................... 2
Torilido nodosae-Parietarietum mauritanicae ..................... 36
Trachelio caerulei-Adiantetum capilli-veneris ..................... 19
Trachynietalia distachyae .................................................... 42
Trachynion distachyae ......................................................... 42
Traganion moquini ............................................................... 73
Trichophorenion germanici ................................................. 11
Trifolio cherleri-Plantaginetum bellardii ............................. 40
Trifolio cherleri-Taeniatheretum capitis-medusae ............... 33
Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontetum dactyli ............................... 51
Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontion dactyli .................................. 51
Trifolio medii-Geranietea sanguinei ..................................... 37
Trifolio pratensis-Phalaridetum lusitanicae ........................ 50
Trifolio resupinati-Caricetum chaetophyllae ....................... 51
Trifolio resupinati-Holoschoenetum vulgaris ...................... 50
Trifolio subterranei-Periballion ........................................... 44
Trifolio subterranei-Plantaginetum serrariae ...................... 44
Trifolio subterranei-Poetum bulbosae ................................. 44
Triglochino maritimae-Sarcocornietum alpini ..................... 17
Triglochino striatae-Cotuletum coronopifoliae .................... 50
Tropaeolo majoris-Ricinetum communis ............................. 28
Tuberarienion guttatae ......................................................... 40
Tuberarietalia guttati ........................................................... 39
Tuberarietea guttatae ........................................................... 39
Tuberario majoris-Stauracanthetum boivinii ....................... 55
Tuberarion guttatae ............................................................. 40
Typho angustifoliae-Phragmitetum australis ......................... 9
Typho-Schoenoplectetum glauci ............................................ 9
Typho-Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani ........................... 9
Ulicetalia minoris ................................................................ 53
Ulicetum erinacei ................................................................. 57
Ulicetum latebracteato-minoris ........................................... 54
Ulicetum latebracteato-minoris thymetosum villosi ............. 54
Ulici airensis-Ericetum scopariae ........................................ 56
Ulici argentei-Cistenion ladaniferi ...................................... 56
Ulici argentei-Cistion ladaniferi .......................................... 56
Ulici densi-Thymion sylvestris ............................................. 58
Ulici eriocladi-Cistetum ladaniferi ...................................... 56
Ulici eriocladi-Ericetum andevalensis ................................. 54
Ulici eriocladi-Ericetum umbellatae .................................... 54
Ulici europaei-Cytision striati ............................................. 59
Ulici latebracteati- Corematetum albi ................................. 54
Ulici latebracteati-Cytisetum striati ........................ 59, 60, 76
Ulici micranthi-Pterospartetum ........................................... 54
180
Ulici minoris-Ericetum aragonensis ..................................... 54
Ulici minoris-Ericetum umbellatae ...................................... 55
Ulici minoris-Ericetum umbellatae pterospartetosum tridentatae ................................................................................ 54
Ulici minoris-Ericetum umbellatae tubarietosum lignosae .. 54
Ulici subsericei-Cistetum bourgeani .................................... 57
Ulici welwitschiani-Quercetum broteroi .............................. 66
Umbilico gaditani-Asplenietum marini ................................ 21
Umbilico violacei-Asplenietum corunnensis ......................... 20
Umbilico-Asplenietum cuneifolii .......................................... 20
Urtico dioicae-Sambucetum ebuli ........................................ 35
Urtico dubiae-Anthriscetum caucalidis ................................ 36
Urtico membranaceae-Anthriscetum caucalidis ................... 36
Urtico membranaceae-Smyrnietum olusatri ......................... 35
Urtico piluliferae-Silybion mariani ...................................... 26
Urtico urentis-Malvetum neglectae ...................................... 34
Utricularietalia ....................................................................... 4
Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris ..................................... 12
Utricularietea intermedio-minoris ........................................ 12
Utricularietum exoleto-australis ............................................ 4
Utriculario exoletae-Sphagnetum auriculati ........................ 12
Utricularion vulgaris ............................................................... 4
Vaccinio myrtilli-Quercetum roboris .................................... 70
Vaccinio padifolii-Ericetum maderincolae ........................... 74
Valerianello discoideae-Bupleuretum lancifolii ................... 30
Velezio rigidae-Asteriscetum aquaticae ............................... 42
Verbasco litigiosi-Ononidetum ramosissimae ...................... 27
J.C. Costa & al.
Verbenion supinae .................................................................. 7
Verbeno supinae-Gnaphalietum ............................................. 7
Viburno tini-Oleetum sylvestris ............................................ 66
Viburno tini-Quercetum cocciferae .............................. 67, 100
Viburno tini-Quercetum rivasmartinezii ...................... 67, 100
Viburno tini-Quercetum roboris ................................... 70, 102
Vicio capreolatae-Odontitetum hollianae ............................ 36
Vicio costei-Echietum plantaginei ........................................ 33
Vincetoxico nigri-Origanetum virentis ................................. 37
Vinco difformis-Ceratonietum siliquae ................................ 66
Vinco difformis-Lauretum nobilis ........................................ 69
Vinco difformis-Ulmetum minoris ........................................ 63
Violetum langeanae .............................................................. 24
Violion caninae .................................................................... 52
Violo henriquesii-Silenetum littoreae ................................... 42
Violo rivinianae-Agrostietum castellanae .................... 47, 102
Visneo mocanerae-Apollonion barbujanae .......................... 74
Viti sylvestris-Salicetum atrocinereae .................................. 61
Woodwardio radicantis-Prunetum azoricae ........................ 64
Xanthio italici-Polygonetum persicariae ............................... 5
Xero-Aphyllanthenion .......................................................... 58
Zannichellion pedicellatae ..................................................... 4
Zosteretalia ............................................................................ 5
Zosteretea marinae ................................................................ 4
Zosteretum marinae ............................................................... 5
Zosteretum noltii .................................................................... 5
Zygophyllo fontanesii-Polycarpaetalia niveae ................... 73
Carlos Aguiar