Mélanges Cécile Morrisson ORIENT ET MÉDITERRANÉE (UMR 8167) – BYZANCE COllègE DE FRANCE – INsTITUT D’ÉTUDEs BYZANTINEs TRAVAUX ET MÉMOIRES Fondés par Paul lemerle Continués par gilbert Dagron Comité de rédaction : Jean-Claude Cheynet, Vincent Déroche, Denis Feissel, Bernard Flusin, Constantin Zuckerman secrétariat de rédaction, relecture et composition : Emmanuelle Capet Avec le concours de Delphine lauritzen ©Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance – 2010 IsBN 978-2-916716-28-2 IssN 0577-1471 COllègE DE FRANCE – CNRs CENTRE DE RECHERCHE D’HIsTOIRE ET CIVIlIsATION DE BYZANCE TRAVAUx ET MÉMOIREs 16 Mélanges Cécile Morrisson Ouvrage publié avec le concours de la fondation Ebersolt du Collège de France et de l’université Paris-Sorbonne Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance 52, rue du Cardinal-lemoine – 75005 Paris 2010 ABRÉVIATIONS ACO ACO, ser. sec. AIIN AJA AJN AnatSt AnBoll Annales ESC Année épigr. ANRW ANSMN AnTard APF BAH BASOR BCH BEFAR BGU BIFAO BMC BMGS BNC 1 et 2 BSFN BSl. Byz. Byz. Forsch. BZ CArch CCsg CCsl CEFR CFHB CIL Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum, ed. instituit E. schwartz, continuavit J. straub, Berlin 1914-1940. Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum. Series secunda, ed. R. Riedinger, Berlin 1984-. Annali dell’Istituto italiano di numismatica Roma. Roma. American journal of archaeology. Boston. American journal of numismatics. New York. Anatolian studies. london. Analecta Bollandiana. Bruxelles. Annales, économie, sociétés, civilisations. Paris. L’Année épigraphique. Paris. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt : Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, hrsg. von H. Temporini et al., Berlin 1972-. American numismatic society. Museum notes. New York. Antiquité tardive. Turnhout. Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete. München – leipzig. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique. Beyrouth. 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Cahiers archéologiques. Paris. Corpus christianorum. series graeca. Turnhout. Corpus christianorum. series latina. Turnhout. Collection de l’École française de Rome. Rome. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae. Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin 1963-. xII CJ CNI CPG CPR CR CRAI CRIPEL CsCO CsHB DChAE DOC I DOC II, 1 DOC III, 1 DOC III, 2 DOC IV DOC V DOP DOs DOSeals 1-6 DOT DTC ABRÉVIATIONs Corpus iuris ciuilis. 2, Codex Justinianus, rec. P. Krüger, Berlin 1877. Corpus nummorum Italicorum. Roma 1910-. Clavis patrum Graecorum. Turnhout 1974-2003. Corpus Papyrorum Raineri. Wien 1895-. Classical Review. Oxford. Comptes rendus. Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. Paris. Cahiers de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et d’égyptologie de Lille. Villeneuved’Ascq. Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientalium. louvain. Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae. Bonn. Δελτίον τῆς Χριστιανικῆς ἀρχαιολογικῆς ἑταιρείας. Athènes. A. R. Bellinger, Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection and in the Whittemore collection. 1, Anastasius I to Maurice 491-602, Washington DC 1966. Ph. grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection and in the Whittemore collection. 2, Phocas to Theodosius III, 602-717. 1, Phocas and Heraclius, 602-641, Washington DC 1968. Ph. grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection and in the Whittemore collection. 3, Leo III to Nicephorus III, 717-1081. 1, Leo III to Michael III, 717-867, Washington DC 1973. Ph. grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection and in the Whittemore collection. 3, Leo III to Nicephorus III, 717-1081. 2, Basil I to Nicephorus III, 867-1081, Washington DC 1993. M. Hendy, Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection and in the Whittemore collection. 4, Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081-1261. 1, Alexius I to Alexius V (1081-1204) ; 2, The emperors of Nicaea and their contemporaries (12041261), Washington DC 1999. Ph. grierson, Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection and in the Whittemore collection. 5, Michael VIII to Constantine XI, 1258-1453, Washington DC 1999. Dumbarton Oaks papers. Washington Dumbarton Oaks studies. Cambridge Mass. Catalogue of Byzantine seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. 1, Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea, ed. by J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides, Washington DC 1991 ; 2, South of the Balkans, the Islands, South of Asia Minor, ed. by J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides, Washington DC 1994 ; 3, West, Northwest, and Central Asia Minor and the Orient, ed. by J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides, Washington DC 1996 ; 4, he East, ed. by E. Mcgeer, J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides, Washington DC 2001 ; 5, he East (continued), Constantinople and environs, unknown locations, addenda, uncertain readings, ed. by E. Mcgeer, J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides, Washington DC 2005 ; 6, Emperors, patriarchs of Constantinople, addenda, ed. by J. Nesbitt, Washington DC 2009. Dumbarton Oaks texts. Washington. Dictionnaire de théologie catholique : contenant l’exposé des doctrines de la théologie catholique, leurs preuves et leur histoire, commencé sous la dir. de A. Vacant, continué sous celle de E. Mangenot, Paris, 1899-1968. ABRÉVIATIONs EEBS EHB EKEE EO FHG GRBS HBN IG IGLS ILS IRAIK JESHO JHS JNG JÖB JRA JRS MEC MEFRA MEFRM MgH MIB I MIB II MIB III MIBE I MIBE II MM MUSJ NAC NC xIII Ἐπετηρὶς Ἑταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν σπουδῶν. Athènes. The economic history of Byzantium : from the seventh through the fifteenth century, A. E. laiou, ed.-in-chief (DOs 39), Washington DC 2002. Επετηρίδα του Κέντρου επιστημονικών ερευνών. Nicosie. Échos d’Orient : revue d’histoire, de géographie et de liturgie orientales. Bucarest. Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum, Paris 1841-1872. Greek, Roman and Byzantine studies. Durham. Hamburger Beiträge zur Numismatik. Hamburg. Inscriptiones Graecae. Berlin 1903-. Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie, Beyrouth – Paris 1929-. H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae selectae, Berlin 1892-1916. Izvestija Russkogo arheologičeskogo instituta v Konstantinopole. sofija. Journal of the economic and social history of the Orient. leiden. The Journal of Hellenic studies. london. Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte. München. Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik. Wien. Journal of Roman archaeology : an international journal. Portsmouth. The Journal of Roman studies. london. Ph. grierson and M. Blackburn, Medieval European coinage : with a catalogue of the coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. 1, The early Middle Ages (5th-10th centuries), Cambridge 1986. Ph. grierson, l. Travaini, Medieval European coinage. 14, Italy. 3, South Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Cambridge 1998. Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Antiquité. Rome – Paris. Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. Moyen Âge. Rome – Paris. Monumenta germaniae historica. Berlin. W. Hahn, Moneta Imperii Byzantini. 1, Von Anastasius I. bis Justinianus I. (491-565) : einschliesslich der ostgotischen und vandalischen Prägungen (Veröffentlichungen der numismatischen Kommission 1), Wien 1973. W. Hahn, Moneta Imperii Byzantini. 2, Von Justinus II bis Phocas (565-610) : einschliesslich der Prägungen der Heraclius-Revolte und mit Nachträgen zum 1. Band (Veröffentlichungen der numismatischen Kommission 4), Wien 1975. W. Hahn, Moneta Imperii Byzantini. 3, Von Heraclius bis Leo III./ Alleinregierung (610-720) (Veröffentlichungen der numismatischen Kommission 10), Wien 1981. M. A. Metlich, Money of the incipient Byzantine Empire. Anastasius I – Justinian I, 491-565 (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Numismatik und geldgeschichte der Universität Wien 6), Wien 2000. W. Hahn et M. A. Metlich, Money of the incipient Byzantine Empire. Justin II – Revolt of the Heraclii, 565-610 (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Numismatik und geldgeschichte der Universität Wien 13), Wien 2009. Acta et diplomata Graeca Medii Aevi sacra et profana collecta, ed. F. Miklosich et J. Müller, Athènes – Wien 1860-1867. Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph. Beyrouth. Quaderni ticinesi di numismatica e antichità classiche. lugano. The Numismatic chronicle. london. xIV NCirc Néos Hell. Nov. NSA OCA OCP ABRÉVIATIONs Numismatic circular. london. Νέος Ἑλληνομνήμων. Athènes. Corpus iuris civilis. 3, Novellae, rec. R. schoell, absolvit g. Kroll, Berlin 1895. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Notizie degli scavi di antichità. Roma. Orientalia Christiana analecta. Roma. Orientalia Christiana periodica : commentarii de re orientali aetatis christianae sacra et profana. Roma. ODB Oxford dictionary of Byzantium, A. P. Kazhdan ed. in chief, New York 1991. PBE Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire. 1, 614–867, ed. by J. R. Martindale, Aldershot 2001. Pg Patrologiae cursus completus. series graeca, accur. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1856-1866. PLP Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, erstellt von E. Trapp, unter Mitarbeit von R. Walther und H.-V. Beyer ; mit einem Vorwort von H. Hunger. Wien 1976-. PLRE The Prosopography of the later Roman Empire, by A. H. M. Jones, J. R. Martindale & J. Morris, Cambridge 1971-1992. Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. Berlin 1998-. PmbZ PO Patrologia Orientalis. Paris. RA Revue archéologique. Paris. Rallès-Potlès Σύνταγμα τῶν θείων καὶ ἱερῶν κανόνων, éd. g. A. Rallès & M. Potlès, Athènes 1852-1859. RBN Revue belge de numismatique. Bruxelles. RE Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, stuttgart – München 1894-1997. REA Revue des études anciennes. Bordeaux. REB Revue des études byzantines. Paris. RIN Rivista italiana di numismatica e scienze affini. Milano. RN Revue numismatique. Paris. ROC Revue de l’Orient chrétien. Paris. SBS Studies in Byzantine sigillography. sC sources chrétiennes. Paris. SEG Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum. stT studi e testi. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Città del Vaticano. Syn. CP Synaxarium Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae e codice Sirmondiano nunc Berolinensi, adiectis synaxariis selectis, Propylaeum ad Acta Sanctorum Novembris, éd. H. Delehaye, Bruxelles 1902. TIB Tabula Imperii Byzantini. Wien. Tll Thesaurus linguae latinae. TM Travaux et mémoires. Paris. VTIB Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für die Tabula Imperii Byzantini. Wien. VV Vizantijskij Vremennik. Moscou. Zepos Jus Graecoromanum, cur. J. et P. Zepos, Athènes 1931. ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Bonn. ZRVI Zbornik radova Vizantološkog Instituta. Beograd. REASSESSING THE GOLD COINAGE OF BASIL I : THE TESTIMONY OF AN UNKNOWN BYZANTINE “PATTERN” COIN by Vasiliki Penna The present study is based on a rare copper “pattern” coin, at least designated as such by the auction house from which it was purchased;1 this piece is today in the coin collection of the Greek Welfare Foundation for Social and Cultural Affairs at Athens.2 The formerly circular shape of the coin has been modified, since its circumference had been clipped. On the obverse is a frontal bust of Christ, with cross behind head, raising his right hand in benediction and holding in his left a Gospel-book adorned with precious stones. This is clearly the iconographic type of Christ that appears on the solidi struck during the reign of Michael III, perhaps after the Triumph of Orthodoxy in 843.3 The accompanying legend reads InSuSX-RISÙOS, and it is the same as the one on these solidi. On the reverse are two facing imperial busts with diadem surmounted by cross; to left Basil I, bearded, wearing loros over divitision, and to right his son and co-emperor Constantine, smaller and beardless, wearing chlamys; they hold between them a labarum ornamented with four pellets in cross shape and streamers. The accompanying legend, only partially preserved due to the clipping, reads [+bASI]LIOSeÙCOnSÙAnÙ΄ΑuBB΄ (fig. 1).4 1. Classical Numismatic Group, Mail Bid Sale 69 (8 June 2005), lot 1866. 2. The numismatic collection of the Welfare Foundation for Social and Cultural Affairs (K.I.K.P.E.) comprises approx. 3,000 coins, which were acquired in Western Europe and USA at various sales held by auction houses. The main core of the collection is constitued of ancient Greek and Byzantine bronze/ copper coins. The K.I.K.P.E. coin collection has been assigned to the Benaki Museum, to put it to good use, in reciprocitation for the Museum’s manifold activity in Greece and abroad. The curatorial management and the publication of the Foundation’s coin collection has been undertaken by the author with the assistance of Yannis Stoyas, archaeologist-numismatist. 3. DOC III, 1, p. 164-165, 454-455, 463-464. Grierson dates the coins issued in the name of Michael III and his mother Theodora (Class II) in the period 843(?)-856, and those only in Michael’s name (Class III) to the years 856-867. For a different dating see F. Füeg, Corpus of the nomismata from Anastasius II to John I in Constantinople 713-976 : structure of the issues, corpus of coin finds, contribution to the iconographic and monetary history, Lancaster 2007, p. 29-30; the author dates Grierson’s Class II to 850-856. 4. The lower part of the letters of the syllables ЄÙCOn is barely visible. Mélanges Cécile Morrisson, Travaux et Mémoires 16, Paris 2010, p. 663-673. 664 VAsIlIKI PENNA Although the emission in question undoubtedly belongs to Basil I (867–886), it does not correspond to any known gold or copper coin issue of the founder of the Macedonian dynasty. Therefore, as already mentioned, it has been considered a mint “pattern” for a proposed solidus of Basil I. Its iconography however resembles that of the gold and lead imperial seals of Basil I, except for a few minor variations in the accompanying legend of the reverse and in the decoration of the labarum5. More precisely, great affinity can be observed with the 4-solidi gold bulla kept in the British Museum; on the latter, however, Constantine’s face is more rounded and gives the impression of an older man than the one on the “pattern” coin6. The reverse legend on the bulla is worn at a certain point, but Basil’s name is inscribed fully in latin (bASILIuS), while on the “pattern” coin it reads as [bASIL]IOS, the regular form of the numismatic types, and lead seals too; on the “pattern” coin the abbreviation stroke at the end of the legend is also discernible, while on the gold bulla it is omitted (fig. 2). A “pattern” coin is a coin produced for the purpose of evaluating a proposed coin design which, in the end, was not approved for release. The existence of “pattern” coins during the Byzantine period is not attested in literary sources and was documented for the first time by Philip grierson, who in his commentary in Vol. III of the Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection gives a brief discussion on “pattern” coins of the Middle Byzantine period, and more precisely of the 10th and 11th centuries.7 The almost square shape of the said piece in its present condition obviously derives from intentional clipping when, in second use, it was probably remodelled as a devotional object. The transformation of coins into devotional or even apotropaic objects is well attested through the ages.8 The way in which the coin was clipped, the lack of a hole for hanging it from a chain and its small size suggest that in its second use it was probably set in a frame with a suspension loop, so that it could be worn as a pendant.9 The obverse with Christ is more worn than the reverse with the imperial portraits, indicating that the former was the 5. g. Zacos and A. Veglery, Byzantine lead seals, Basel 1972, vol. 1, part 1, p. 51-52. 6. W. Wroth, Catalogue of the imperial Byzantine coins in the British Museum, London 1908, vol. II, p. 435, no. 1, pl. L. 10; see also Ph. Grierson, Byzantine gold bullae, with a catalogue of those at Dumbarton Oaks, DOP 20, 1966, p. 241; 244. My sincerest thanks are due to Dr. Barrie Cook, Curator in the Department of Coins and Medals of the British Museum, for providing me with a high quality photograph of the bulla. 7. DOC III, 1, p. 98-99 where nine “pattern” coins are listed, covering the period from the reign of Alexander up to Romanus IV (912-1071); six of them are copper; see also BNC 2, p. 651, pl. XC, 12. F. Füeg describes these “pattern” coins as medallions, see Füeg, Corpus of the nomismata (cit. n. 3), p. 81, 1.M (copper); 82, 1.M (silver); 86, 9.M.1 (copper) – 9.M.2 (copper) – 9.M.3 (copper). On this matter see DOC III, 1, p. 99, n. 305. 8. H. Maguire, Money and magic in the early Middle Ages, Speculum 72, 1997, p. 1037-1054. M. M. Fulghum, Coins used as amulets in late antiquity, in Between magic and religion : interdisciplinary studies in ancient Mediterranean religion and society, ed. by S. R. Asirvatham, C. O. Pache, and J. Watrous, Lanham 2001, p. 139-149. See also C. Morrisson and S. Bendall, Byzantine “medals” : coins, amulets and piety, in Byzantine religious culture : studies in honor of Alice-Mary Talbot, D. Sullivan, E. Fisher and E. Papaioannou eds (forthcoming). I would like to express here my warmest thanks to Cécile Morrisson, for making available to me the finalized text of this interesting study before its publication. 9. The dimensions of the coin in its current condition are 17.5 x 18mm; its weight is 4.16g. REAssEssINg THE gOlD COINAgE OF BAsIl I 665 Fig. 1 – Basil I, copper “pattern” coin, K.I.K.P.E. coin collection (scale: 2/1). Fig. 2 – Basil I, gold bulla, British Museum, Department of Coins & Medals. non-visible side of the pendant, i.e. the one affected by friction with the wearer’s clothes.10 The figure of Christ, hidden against the wearer’s chest, is perceived as an invisible talisman against any invisible threat, while the visible imperial figures, aloof and sketchy, can be looked upon as an expression of legitimacy and as an attempt to seek protection from everyday dangers and threats in earthly life, through evocation of high authority, as well as to obtain personal power and prestige, via the imperial likenesses. The possible later use of the piece for devotional or apotropaic purposes is intriguing. The clipping of the initial circumference of the coin is rather clumsy, as it can be viewed better on the side bearing the imperial busts; the right section preserves almost intact the circular shape and accordingly the larger part of the legend with the name of the co-emperor Constantine. Although this could be fortuitous or just the outcome of bad calculation during the clipping of the coin in order to make it square, the possibility that it was done intentionally cannot be precluded; in the last case the piece would become some sort of 10. In certain cases where there is a suspension hole, the visible side of a coin used as a pendant can be readily identified by the fact that the obverse axis (12 h) does not correspond to the reverse axis (6 h). In these cases also the wear is greater on the surface which is not visible. For an analytical overview of this matter see Morrisson – Bendall, Byzantine “medals” (cit. n. 8). 666 VAsIlIKI PENNA Constantinaton,11 in the sense that this appellation was used later—and even today—by Eastern folklore to designate Byzantine (mostly gold) coins bearing two imperial figures, regardless of their gender, holding between them usually a cross; the term was applied in an interpretation that the depicted persons were Constantine I and his mother Helen, who had been canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church.12 This custom was evidently observed during the 12th century, since it is testified in a well-known letter of Michael Italikos (†1157) addressed to the aktouarios Michael Pantechnes, in which is described a gold piece with Constantine and Helen on one side and Jesus Christ on the other: however, we should bear in mind that this is a fictional coin.13 Moreover, the statistical study made by Morrisson and Bendall highlighted that this practice was intensified after Iconoclasm.14 The remodelling of the copper “pattern” coin of Basil I into an amulet is difficult to date. However, the base metal, in conjunction with its square shape after clipping, which points rather to a mindful modification for mounting in a frame instead of the more usual practice of perforation for suspension, implies that its owner had a special connection with this object, which alas eludes us. Within this context, a dating of the transformation of the coin into a devotional/apotropaic object during the 9th century, not long after it had been issued, is possible. The fact that initially it was most probably a “pattern” coin, having a highly restricted circulation, adds weight to this hypothesis. If this is indeed the case, then the remodelling of the “pattern” coin of Basil I is one of the earliest post-Iconoclasm examples of the practice of fashioning amulets out of coins with the images (on one side) of two emperors, who were rather confused with Constantine I and his mother Helen or even with a broader ideology of the Constantinian archetype.15 11. A coin with Constantine the great. The term Constantinata refers mainly to gold coins, although silver and copper coins are not excluded; see W. Hasluck, Constantinata, in Essays and studies presented to William Ridgeway, Cambridge 1913, p. 635-636. For copper cast coin-like objects of the same category see Morrisson and Bendall, Byzantine “Medals” (cit. n. 8). For a thorough essay on the history and the imperial symbolism of the depiction of Constantine and Helena see J.-M. Spieser, Hélène, mère de Constantin, in La Madre/The Mother (= Micrologus 17, 2009), p. 129-148. Many thanks are due to my colleague and friend Jean-Michel Spieser, who scanned and sent by e-mail a PDF of his article, which it was impossible to find in Athens. 12. In Western sources from the 13th century onwards, Byzantine coins of a similar category are quoted as santalene. On this topic see L. Travaini, Les frontières de l’Éternité ? : le cas d’une monnaie : santalene, RN 164, 2008, p. 169-183, with more bibliography. 13. Michel Italikos, Lettres et discours, éd. par P. Gautier, Paris 1972, p. 208-210; Maguire, Money and magic (cit. n. 8), p. 1044-1045; C. Perassi, Un prodigioso filatterio monetale nella Constantinopoli del XII secolo : l’epistola 33 di Michele Italico, Aevum 79, 2, 2005, p. 363-405. In these studies an attempt is made to identify the coin described by Michael Italikos. The predominant view is that it could be a solidus minted during the second reign of Justinian II Rhinotmetos (705-711). On the obverse of this issue is a bust of Christ with short beard and short curly hair, and on the reverse are Justinian II with his son Tiberius, holding a cross on steps between them. 14. Morrisson and Bendall, Byzantine “medals” (cit. n. 8). 15. It is telling that during this period an attempt was made to consolidate a dynastic theory claiming that Constantine the Great was an ancestor of Basil I; in Basil’s Vita the origin of his mother is associated to the lineage of Constantine: Theophanes Continuatus, recogn. I. Bekker (CSHB 33), Bonn 1838, p. 215. On this matter and more generally on the revival of the Constantinian model there is ample bibliography; indicatively see: S. Paschalidis, The ideal emperor : Constantine the Great in Middle-Byzantine hagiography and political ideology (in Greek with English abstract), in Niš i Vizantija : peti naučni skup, Niš, 3-5 Jun 2006 : sbornik radova = Niš and Byzantium : fifth symposium, REAssEssINg THE gOlD COINAgE OF BAsIl I 667 On this early specimen the reference to the Cross, a characteristic feature in the religious iconography of Constantine and his mother, is made indirectly through the cross-shaped ornament of the victorious labarum. The authenticity of the “pattern” coin cannot be easily disputed, on the grounds of its whole fabric and execution. Thus, as far as we can tell, this may be the earliest piece of its kind dated in the Middle Byzantine period, enriching the catalogued “pattern” coins from the reigns of the Macedonian dynasty;16 without doubt, it constitutes a valuable source for the better understanding of Basil I’s coin production, helping more particularly to resolve chronological problems of his gold issues, as well as of other emissions of his reign.17 During the reign of Basil I three types of solidi were issued in Constantinople.18 On the obverse of the first type (DOC, Class I)19 is the seated figure of Christ on a small lyre-backed throne, while on the reverse is the standing figure of Basil I wearing loros and holding in his right hand globus cruciger and in his left akakia.20 The issue is dated by almost all numismatists to the very beginning of the reign (23/24 september 867) up to Constantine’s coronation as co-emperor between 5 November 867 and 12 February 868.21 Niš, 3-5 June 2006, ur. M. Rakocija, Niš 2007, p. 8-10; A. Markopoulos, Constantine the Great in Macedonian historiography: models and approaches, in P. Magdalino ed., New Constantines : the rhythm of imperial renewal in Byzantium, 4th-13th centuries, Aldershot 1994, p. 159-170. G. Dagron, Emperor and priest : the imperial office in Byzantium, Cambridge 2003, p. 193; 200-202. See also B. Krsmanović, N. Radoševič, Legendary genealogies of Byzantine emperors and their families (in Serbian with English translation), Zvornik radova byzantoloskog Instituta 41, 2004, p. 71-98. Noteworthy too in this context is the admiration of Empress Eudokia, Basil I’s second wife, for Constantine’s mother Helen; N. Maes, The dynastic role of the empresses of the Macedonian dynasty : birth, life and death in Philomathestatos : studies in Greek patristic and Byzantine texts presented to Jacques Noret for his sixtyfifth birthday, ed. by B. Janssens, B. Roosen and P. van Deun (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta 137), Louvain 2004, p. 398-399, n. 46. 16. DOC III, 1, p. 98: Grierson stresses the fact that half of the small number of the recorded “pattern” coins come from the reign of the “art-loving Constantine VII”, while “pattern” coins are also recorded from the reigns of Alexander, Zoe and Romanos IV. According to Grierson “the first of the known pattern coins is one of Alexander, but similar coins of Leo VI and Basil I may well come to light”. 17. In general the bibliography referring to various aspects of the reign of Basil I is quite large; see PmbZ, no. 832. For basic articles on chronological details see DOC III, 2, p. 473, n. 1; 474-476 and BNC 2, p. 537, n. 1; among else it is noteworthy to mention, besides the classic monograph of A. Vogt, Basile Ier empereur de Byzance (867-886), Paris 1908, especially the essays: N. Adontz, L’âge et l’origine de l’empereur Basile Ier, Byz. 8, 1933, p. 475-550; 9, 1934, p. 223-260; V. Grumel, Notes de chronologie byzantine : la date de naissance de Léon VI le Sage, EO 35, 1936, p. 331-333; F. Halkin, Trois dates historiques précisées grâce au Synaxaire, Byz. 24, 1954, p. 7-17; R. J. H. Jenkins, The chronological accuracy of the “Logothète” for the years AD 867-913, DOP 19, 1965, p. 91-112. Among recent works one should mention I. Ševčenko, La biographie de l’empereur Basile Ier, Storia letteraria, la civiltà bizantina dal IX all XI secolo : aspetti e problemi : corsi di studi dell’Università di Bari, Bari 1978, p. 91-127; see also above n. 15). 18. In the description of the types Grierson’s arrangement has been used, as it is appeared in DOC III, 2. 19. See table 1, Emission C. 20. DOC III, 2, p. 480; 487 (Class I); BNC 2, p. 538; 541 (Type 1); Füeg, Corpus of the nomismata (cit. n. 3), p. 30-31; 77, no. 1. 21. For the date of Constantine’s coronation see DOC III, 2, p. 474; BNC 2, p. 537; A. Kazhdan and A. Cutler, Constantine, in ODB 1, p. 498. For a different date of Constantine’s coronation see 668 VAsIlIKI PENNA Based on the dating of this issue to the beginning of the reign of Basil I, the solidi of this type have been identified with the senzaton coins mentioned by Theophanes Continuatus. As laurent has shown, the term refers to the enthroned Christ and derives from the word senzos, which is used frequently in the Book of Ceremonies for the imperial throne.22 On the obverse of the second type (DOC, Class II)23 there is still the seated figure of Christ, whereas on the reverse there are the busts of Basil I and his son Constantine; both figures hold a patriarchal cross with the right hand and wear the loros and a cloak respectively.24 There is some debate concerning the duration of this specific issue; grierson has suggested that it may have ended just after Constantine’s death in 879.25 Morrisson dated the end of the issue to 6 January 870, when leo, Basil I’s second son, was proclaimed co-emperor and when a new copper issue appeared in the names of Basil, Constantine and leo.26 However, the solidi of the second type are very common and it is unlikely that their issue was limited within the span of two years. The striking of copper coins in the names of Basil, Constantine and leo after 870 does not require that the minting of the solidi in the names of Basil and his beloved first-born son Constantine necessarily ceased. Constantine was, in the eyes of his father, the ideal successor, for perfectly rational reasons, but possibly also for personal and family ones of which however we cannot be certain.27 The iconography of the copper coins, which were destined for wide circulation and for everyday transactions, could be readily affected by major events, such as the coronation of a co-emperor; such events involved current practical matters and not a notional and symbolic approach of the imperial power and hierarchy. Moreover, certain gaps are noted in the copper coin series of Basil I’s reign, such as the lack of ordinary folles with the inclusion of Alexander, Basil’s younger son who was crowned co-emperor in 879, after Constantine’s death.28 A. Christophilopoulou, Ἐκλογὴ, ἀναγόρευσις καὶ στέψις τοῦ βυζαντινοῦ αὐτοκράτορος, Athens 1956, p. 93; the proposed chronology by Christophilopoulou has been revised. 22. Theophanes Continuatus (ed. Bonn), p. 173. V. Laurent, To σενζάτον : nom de monnaie au xe siècle, REB 12, 1954, p. 193-197; V. Laurent, L’argument iconographique et les noms de monnaies, REB 14, 1956, p. 205-207. Grierson suggests that the enthroned Christ on Basil I’s solidi derived from the great mosaic in the Chrysotriklinos, which had been restored by Michael III between 856 and 866; DOC III, 1, p. 154-158. For a connection of the enthroned Christ on Basil I’s solidi to the dome mosaic of the Ascension in Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki see D. M. O’Hara, The seated Christ of Basil I, in D. J. Crowther, Coin lists, 1967, no. 4, p. 2-4 and Füeg, Corpus of the nomismata (cit. n. 3), p. 138-139. 23. See table 1, Emission A. 24. DOC III, 2, p. 481; 487-489 (Class II); BNC 2, p. 538; 542 (Type 3); Füeg, Corpus of the nomismata (cit. n. 3), p. 31-32; 78-79, nos. 3.A-3.D. 25. DOC III, 2, p. 474; p. 481. For Constantine’s death see also Halkin, Trois dates historiques (cit. n. 17). 26. BNC 2, p. 538. See table 1, copper Emission 3. 27. There is a long debate concerning the parentage of Basil I’s sons. Indicatively see S. Tougher, The reign of Leo VI (886-912) : politics and people, Leiden 1997, p. 42-68, with additional bibliography. 28. There are however some rare fractional copper coins in crude style (half folles?) showing Leo and Alexander on the reverse (table 1, copper Emission 4); they might be considered as ceremonial for the latter’s ascension as co-emperor; DOC III, 2, p. 479; 485; 501-502, nos. 13a.1-13b.2. For a different view see BNC 2, p. 540; p. 547, no. 34/X/AE/O7. Morrisson considers the specific denominations as folles and assigns them to a provincial mint; see also below n. 34. For an enigmatic follis in the names REAssEssINg THE gOlD COINAgE OF BAsIl I 669 Recently, Füeg has suggested that the issue continued in use after Constantine’s death.29 This view is rather interesting and merits further discussion.30 Füeg’s remark is based on a large number of surviving dies, which point to a massive and prolonged issue. It is also true that until Basil I’s reign it was unusual for a living and a dead ruler to be shown side-by-side sharing the imperial insignia. It was equally unusual for a dead member of the imperial family to be depicted in preference to other co-rulers who were still living, and whose appearance on the solidi would have been inevitable to ensure normal succession and stability. However, as has been mentioned, this period showcases several novelties regarding the illustration and symbolism of the imperial protocol, which fact may well have led to some changes in the traditional practices of selecting the iconography of the gold coinage. Inevitably, the incident of the attempt to canonize the young Constantine after his death comes to mind.31 Viewing the affairs of the court from behind the curtains, an apocryphal approach to perpetuate the presence of the late Constantine on the solidi could be supposed. Officially, this presence could be perceived as an indirect reference to the Constantinian model and to the dynastic consolidation and longevity through it.32 Consequently, by combining the aforementioned theoretical and hermeneutical approach with the numismatic evidence, as analysed by Füeg, we could make the provisional presumption that DOC, Class II continued in use after Constantine’s death.33 The rare fractional gold and copper in the names of Basil, leo and Alexander were obviously ceremonial issues for distribution to the people on the day of Alexander’s coronation in 879.34 Additionally, it should be taken into account that there are numerous lead seals in the names of Basil I and Constantine, while no seals with the names of the two other co-emperors are recorded so far.35 of Basil, Constantine and Alexander, see D. M. Metcalf, Basile, Constantine, and Alexander : an enigmatic Byzantine follis of the ninth century, Situla 14-15, 1974, p. 269-273. 29. Füeg, Corpus of the nomismata (cit. n. 3), p. 31-32; 164. 30. In an earlier study I have argued that the issue might have ended in 879, within the context of an imperial policy to reduce coin production, which was particularly high at the beginning of the reign, in order to keep the circulation of gold coins at normal levels; see V. Penna, Byzantine coinage : medium of transaction and manifestation of imperial propaganda (in Greek and in English), Nicosia 2002, p. 123-124. 31. Dagron, Emperor and priest (cit. n. 15), p. 202. K. Mentzou-Meimare, Ο αυτοκράτωρ Βασίλειος Α΄ και η Νέα Εκκλησία. Αυτοκρατορική Ιδεολογία και Εικονογραφία, Βυζαντιακά 13, 1993, p. 83-87. 32. For the development of the Constantinian model during Basil I’s reign see indicatively Dagron, Emperor and priest (cit. n. 15), p. 193; 200; P. Magdalino, Observations on the Nea Ekklesia of Basil I, JÖB 37, 1987, p. 59-60. See also above n. 15. 33. The same might apply to the miliaresia of Basil I. There are silver issues only in the names of Basil and Constantine. The Antalya hoard, composed exclusively of Basil I’s miliaresia, provides important evidence concerning the mint output. The identification of eight distinct stylistic groups in the hoard indicates that miliaresia were minted in large quantities. D. M. Metcalf, The Antalya hoard of miliaresia of Basil I, NC 17, 1977, p. 113-125; according to the stylistic groups of the miliaresia in the hoard, the author estimates their output at about 24,000,000. 34. DOC III, 2, p. 490, no. 5 (semissis); 491, no. 6 (tremissis); p. 501-502, nos. 13a.1-13b.2; see also above n. 28. See table 1, Emission D for gold and Emission 4 for copper. 35. Zacos – Veglery, Byzantine lead seals (cit. n. 5), p. 52. 670 VAsIlIKI PENNA The third type (DOC, Class III) of solidi shows Basil on the obverse and Eudokia and Constantine on the reverse.36 Constantine is on the left, beardless, wearing loros and holding globus cruciger in his right hand; Eudokia is on the right, also wearing loros and holding a cross sceptre in her left hand.37 This issue is considered as a ceremonial emission, connected either with Constantine’s coronation as co-emperor, between 5 November 867 and 12 February 868,38 or with the commemoration of Basil’s two beloved persons after the death of Eudokia, in 882.39 Nevertheless, the existence of a tremissis of the same type,40 a coin normally distributed at celebrations, argues against the commemoration of the dead. Two more datings could be alternatively proposed. First, based on the testimony of Theophanes Continuatus that Basil paid his accessional donatives (χρήματα πολλά) from his own fortune and that Eudokia did the same, we could surmise that at the beginning of Basil’s reign a limited ceremonial coin series was launched on the initiative of the imperial couple, to celebrate the ascension to the throne.41 This rare issue seems to fit very well to the case in point. Moreover, the emperor’s effigy on the obverse of this type is strongly reminiscent of that on Michael III’s copper coinage, where Basil is represented as co-ruler on the reverse.42 However, it is remarkable that leo, Basil’s second son, born in 866, is not included among the two other members of the imperial family, at this very crucial moment for the fate of Basil’s reign, although Theophanes Continuatus mentions his name in the accessional festivities, alongside his mother and brother. Moreover, on the numismatic evidence, the absence of any title for both Eudokia and Constantine in the accompanying legend does not constitute a sufficient proof that the specific issue might have been minted in the opening months of Basil’s reign, namely before Constantine’s proclamation as co-emperor.43 A second and more plausible date for the specific issue could be the autumn of 879, just before Constantine’s sudden death, when Basil and his son returned to Constantinople 36. see table 1, Emission C. 37. DOC III, 2, p. 481; 489 (Class III); BNC 2, p. 541 (Type 2); Füeg, Corpus of the nomismata (cit. n. 3), p. 77, no. 2. 38. BNC 2, p. 538. Füeg, Corpus of the nomismata (cit. n. 3), p. 31. 39. DOC III, 2, p. 476. 40. DOC III, 2, p. 490, no. (4). BNC 2, p. 542. See table 1, Emission C. 41. Theophanes Continuatus (ed. Bonn), p. 256; see also M. McCormick, Eternal victory : triumphal rulership in late antiquity, Byzantium and the early medieval West, Paris 1990, p. 152-153, n. 78, 79. Some scholars argue, based on the Genesius’ testimony, that there was a second coronation for Basil I, after he had murdered Michael III; they think that this coronation took place in the church of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel, in the very beginning of Basil’s sole reign; see Dagron, Emperor and priest (cit. n. 15), p. 198, n. 23. For a different view see McCormick, Eternal victory, p. 157, n. 95. 42. DOC III, 1, p. 466-467, nos. 8.1-8.7. On those folles Basil is also depicted wearing loros and holding in his right hand a patriarchal cross on a globe and in his left akakia. 43. A lack of titles is also observed in the legends of the family ceremonial solidi of Theophilus with Theodora and their daughters; see DOC III, 1, p. 428, no. 4. Similarly, no titles appear on the solidi of Theodora’s regency on behalf of her son Michael, although the latter had adopted the title of augustus; see DOC III, 1, p. 461-462, nos. 1a.1-1f (on the obverse of this issue Theodora is described as despoina; no titles are given to Michael and Thecla on the reverse); 463, nos. 2.1-2.6. REAssEssINg THE gOlD COINAgE OF BAsIl I 671 from a campaign to syria and Constantine shared an illustrious triumph with his father.44 The presence of Eudokia is not recorded in the specific triumph, but on a such an occasion, which actually seems to have taken on the dimension of a new beginning of the reign, a family ceremonial issue is not unlikely.45 As noted above, our “pattern” coin provides some new evidence on the chronology of the gold coinage of Basil I. Evidently, it indicates that the type of solidi with Basil and Constantine (DOC, Class II) could be the first coinage of Basil (table 1, Emission A). The rejection of the “pattern” obviously reflects Basil’s attempt from the very beginning of his reign to cut off any ties of the new regime with the past and with the memory 46 of the murdered Michael. Thus, the “pattern” coin was not approved for release and then a new partly revised type was chosen; on the obverse the bust of Christ, which was introduced by Michael III after the end of Iconoclasm or a little later47 was replaced by the enthroned Christ while the imperial busts remained on the reverse except that now they are depicted holding between them a patriarchal cross instead of a labarum;48 the True Cross epitomizes the religious and political background of the imperial propaganda. Consequently, the senzaton mentioned by Theophanes Continuatus should be identified with this type of solidi, which might have been introduced soon after Constantine’s coronation, between 5 November 867 and February 868, and continued, as argued above, up to the end of Basil I’s reign in 886. The dating of this issue in the beginning of Basil’s reign spotlights a break in the coin production lasting from three to six months, namely for the period of Basil’s sole reign, before Constantine’s coronation as co-emperor. However, a similar recess occurs in the miliaresia49 and copper series.50 Most probably, during the first months of his reign, Basil I, on finding 44. Tougher, The reign of Leo VI (cit. n. 27), p. 52. McCormick, Eternal victory (cit. n. 41), p. 155-157, n. 97 and 98; the author thinks it plausible that a second coronation for Basil I took place in the framework of this triumph; see also above n. 41. 45. See above n. 41. 46. The preservation of the old type on the seals could be interpreted as due to the fact that Basil had already used Christ’s image for his personal seal during his co-regency with Michael. In any case, a similar bust of Christ continues to appear on imperial seals until the end of the 10th century. 47. See above n. 3. 48. The rendering of the imperial busts holding the labarum on the reverse of the “pattern” coin is very close to the style of the copper coins where, however, both the figures wear chlamys; see below n. 50. 49. Grierson has suggested that Basil’s delay in issuing miliaresia was probably due to the fact that he used for his immediate needs the nine sacks that he found in the treasury. 50. For the copper coinage of Basil I see DOC III, 2, p. 482-485; 493-502; BNC 2, p. 538; 540; 544-547; D. M. Metcalf, Ražba follů Basilia I a organisace jejich mincoven, Numismatický sbornik 9, 1965-1966, p. 95-128; Id., Corinth in the ninth century : the numismatic evidence, Hesperia 42, 1973, p. 232-249. The general fabric and style of folles with Basil I and Constantine holding a labarum between them (DOC III/Constantinople, Class 1; BNC 2/Provincial mint, Type 1) show close affinities to the “pattern” coin under discussion, hinting at a same mint of issue, that of Constantinople, and at a contemporary date of issue. Most probably, as Grierson has suggested, the folles of this emission (Emission 1) were minted at Constantinople, representing a hasty and short-lived issue in the winter months of 867/8. The folles with Basil and Constantine enthroned (DOC III/Constantinople, Class 2; BNC 2/Constantinople, Type 2) might represent the subsequent emission (Emission 2), thus covering the rest of the period until the coronation of Leo in January 870. For the existence of provincial mints for copper currency during the 9th century see briefly Penna, Byzantine coinage (cit. n. 29), p. 42; 672 VAsIlIKI PENNA that Michael III had left an entirely inadequate gold reserve of only 300 pounds of gold and nine sacks of miliaresia, worked on the restoration of the government’s solvency.51 In this climate of intensive moves to secure information and recovery of government revenues, it is likely that the issue of substantial currency was postponed for some months. Finally, the extremely rare DOC, Class I, previously considered as the senzaton, might be a special issue of purely ceremonial character, not intended for extensive circulation (table 1, Emission C).52 This specific issue is characterized by an elaborate style as far as the standing effigy of the emperor is concerned; the impression is that the emperor’s representation might have been influenced by a monumental prototype, something similar to the mosaic panel with the later emperor Alexander, in the north gallery of Hagia sophia. At the same time, the stylized facing imperial figure, wearing loros adorned with precious stones and holding an oversized globus cruciger, seems imposing and aloof, as if levitating between earth and heaven. A guardian of the Empire, under divine anointment, an earthly king of kings, designated as such by the accompanying legend, juxtaposed to the obverse legend Rex Regnantium that accompanies Christ’s effigy. This particular issue could be deemed as historic, in the sense that it seemingly illustrates a special moment in Basil’s imperial career. The connection of the issue with the dedication of the Nea Ekklesia, on 1 May 880, is more than likely.53 The ceremony on that day, as Magdalino states, “was a personal and imperial triumph for Basil, who wore his loros for the occasion and distributed largesse”.54 In this instance, the likeness of the emperor on these extremely rare solidi possibly alludes to the renowned imperial “icon” in the woman’s side of the Nea Ekklesia. Most probably this was a wall mosaic similar to the slightly later one depicting his son Alexander in Hagia sophia.55 The small copper “pattern” coin in the K.I.K.P.E. collection, in its initial and its second use has been framed within Basil’s world, reflecting the rise of the Macedonian Renaissance and providing an advantageous angle for reassessing the gold coinage, and not only, of the dynasty’s founder (table 1). Today, this small copper piece, in a third use, has become a token gift to Cécile, who has dedicated the greater part of her life to investigating the unknown world of coins. V. Penna, Michael and Theophilos : re-examination of the coinage of the ninth century, in Coinage in the Balkans 40 years on : papers in honour of D. M. Metcalf, E. Oberländer-Târnoveanu and J. Baker, ed. (forthcoming). In conclusion and in the light of our study on Theophilus’ copper coinage, the existence of provincial mint(s) during Basil I’s reign seems extremely dubious. The different stylistic groups of the copper coinage of the 9th century might simply imply a massive production of money and consequently the employment in the mint of unequally skilled die-engravers. 51. Theophanes Continuatus (ed. Bonn), p. 173; 255. 52. The style of the enthroned Christ of Emission A and Emission C presents very few differences and cannot constitute a criterion for their chronological classification. In any case, there are specimens of the very common Emission A on which the rendering of Christ displays a certain clumsiness and stylization in comparison with specimens of the same issue; this may due to its prolonged minting. 53. Similarly, the copper issues showing Basil alone (Emission 5) might be influenced by the same event; they have a rather elaborate style, very much reminiscent of that of the gold issues. 54. Magdalino, Observations on the Nea Ekklesia (cit. n. 32), p. 55. 55. Mentzou-Meimare, Ο αυτοκράτωρ Βασίλειος Α΄ και η Νέα Εκκλησία (cit. n. 31), p. 55-78. The author believes that Basil I’s icon was a portable one. For a different view see A. Weyl Carr, Court culture and cult icons in Middle Byzantine Constantinople, in Byzantine court culture from 829 to 1204, ed. by H. Maguire, Washington DC 1997, p. 86, n. 31. 673 REAssEssINg THE gOlD COINAgE OF BAsIl I Gold issues solidus Basil, Constantine Emission A solidus, Tremissis Basil, Eudokia, Constantine Emission B, ceremonial issue solidus Basil alone Emission C, ceremonial issue Tremissis, semissis Basil, leo, Alexander Emission D, ceremonial issue 5.11.867/12.2.86829.8.886 Autumn of 879 (?) May of 880 879 DOC, Class II BNC 2, Type 3 Füeg, 3.A-3.D DOC, Class III BNC 2, Type 2 Füeg, 2 DOC, Class I BNC 2, Type 3 Füeg, 1 DOC, Class IV BNC 2, Type 4 868-879 10.2.868-6.1.870 5.11.867-29.8.886 882 (?) 10.2.868-6.1.870 5.11.867-12.2.868 868 (?) 23.9.867-10.2.868 24.11-867-5.11.867/ 12.2.868 879-886 3.9.877-28.8.886 Copper issues Follis Basil, Constantine (busts) Emission 1 Follis Basil, Constantine (seated) Emission 2 Follis Basil, Constantine, leo Emission 3 ½ follis Basil, leo, Alexander Emission 4, ceremonial issue Follis Basil alone Emission 5 867/868 867/868-870 870-879 879, after Constantine’s death 879-886 DOC, Class 1 BNC 2, Type 1 (provincial mint) DOC, Class 2 BNC 2, Type 2 868-870 10.2.868-6.1.870 868-870 10.2.868-6.1.870 DOC, Classes 3 & 4 870-879 BNC 2, Type 3 6.1.870-3.9.877 DOC, Half follis BNC 2, Type 2 (provincial mint) DOC, Class 5 BNC 2, Type 1 879-886 3.9.877-28.8.886 879-886 23.9.867 Table 1 – A revised chronology for the coinage of Basil I. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Hommage à Cécile Morrisson ............................................................................................... V Tabula gratulatoria .............................................................................................................. VII Abréviations .......................................................................................................................... xI Bibliographie des travaux de Cécile Morrisson de 1966 à 2011 ........................................... xV Ermanno Arslan, Produzione e circolazione dei nominali inferiori in rame nel VI secolo in Italia, tra Longobardi e Bizantini : il complesso di Brescello (RE) .................................. 1 Julian Baker, Un trésor médiéval de Corinthe à la Bibliothèque nationale ........................... 35 Simon Bendall, Some graffiti on eleventh century histamena of Michael VII (1071–1078) 51 Gabriela Bijovsky, A single die solidi hoard of Heraclius from Jerusalem ............................. 55 Pierre-Marie Blanc cf. Jean-Pierre Sodini Marc Bompaire, Le mythe du besant ? ................................................................................. 93 Maurizio Buora and John Nesbitt, A new gold seal of Alexios I Komnenos from the upper castle at Attimis (Udine, Italy) ....................................................................... 117 Bruno Callegher, Annotazioni su folles bizantini siracusani (ca. 641/842-845) : da un probabile ripostiglio della Sicilia orientale ............................................................ 123 Béatrice Caseau, La marque de propriété d’un commerciaire du vie siècle .......................... 139 John Casey, A lead sealing of the joint reign of Constantine and Licinius .......................... 151 Daniele Castrizio, Emissioni monetali in oro e bronzo della zecca di Reggio sotto Basilio I e Leone VI ............................................................................................... 157 Jean-Claude Cheynet, Les gestionnaires des biens impériaux : étude sociale (xe-xiie siècle) ... 163 Marie-Hélène Congourdeau et Olivier Delouis, La Supplique à la très pieuse augusta sur l’intérêt de Nicolas Cabasilas ..................................................................................... 205 Gilbert Dagron, Quelques remarques sur le cérémonial des fêtes profanes dans le De cerimoniis ...................................................................................................... 237 Olivier Delouis cf. Marie-Hélène Congourdeau Vincent Déroche, Thésaurisation et circulation monétaire chez les moines d’après la littérature édifiante de l’Antiquité tardive ....................................................................... 245 Denis Feissel, Trois notes sur l’empereur Maurice ............................................................ 253 Franz Füeg, The beginning of the concavely struck histamena ........................................... 273 Mélanges Cécile Morrisson, Travaux et Mémoires 16, Paris 2010, p. 891-893. 892 TABlE DEs MATIèREs Thierry Ganchou, L’ultime testament de Géôrgios Goudélès, hommes d’affaires, mésazôn de Jean V et ktètôr (Constantinople, 4 mars 1421) .............. Jean Gascou, Ostraca byzantins d’Edfou et d’autres provenances ...................................... Maria Gerolymatou, À propos des origines des monastères de la Vierge de l’Alsos et de la Vierge tôn Spondôn sur l’île de Cos ................................................................... Vera Guruleva, Trebizond coins in Crimea ...................................................................... Robert Halleux, Nouveaux textes sur la métallurgie du zinc et du laiton dans l’Antiquité et le haut Moyen Âge ........................................................................... Vujadin Ivanišević, La monnaie paléobyzantine dans l’Illyricum du nord ......................... Michel Kaplan, L’économie du monastère de la Kosmosôteira fondé par Isaac Comnène d’après le typikon (1152) ................................................................................................ Stavros Lazaris, Des chevaux, des textes et des images dans l’Antiquité tardive et à Byzance ................................................................................................................... Chris Lightfoot, Coinage of the Amorian dynasty found at Amorium ............................. Giacomo Manganaro, Fontane ed edifici termali nella Catina « bilingue » tardo-antica e l’editto di Eumathios del 434 d. C. ................................................................................ Jean-Marie Martin, De l’usage des dignités impériales en Italie (fin du viiie-début du xiie siècle) ....................................................................................................................... Nicholas J. and Susan J. Mayhew, Monetisation in late Roman and early Anglo-Saxon England ......................................................................................................................... D. Michael Metcalf, “First to Öland, then to Gotland…” : the arrival and dispersal of late Roman and Byzantine solidi in Sweden and Denmark ............................................ Sophie Métivier et Vivien Prigent, La circulation monétaire dans la Cappadoce byzantine d’après les collections des musées de Kayseri et de Niğde ............................... John Nesbitt cf. Maurizio Buora Catherine Otten-Froux, Les droits du consul des Vénitiens à Famagouste au xve siècle ... Arietta Papaconstantinou, A preliminary prosopography of moneylenders in early Islamic Egypt and South Palestine ..................................................................... Pagona Papadopoulou, Le chichaton et les noms de monnaies à la fin du xie siècle ........... Vasiliki Penna, Reassessing the gold coinage of Basil I : the testimony of an unknown Byzantine “pattern” coin ................................................. Dominique Pieri cf. Jean-Pierre Sodini Brigitte Pitarakis, La cruche en cuivre du trésor monétaire de Kocamustafapaşa à Istanbul (xie siècle) ...................................................................................................... Henri Pottier, L’empereur Justinien survivant à la peste bubonique (542) ....................... Vivien Prigent cf. Sophie Métivier Alessia Rovelli, Naples, ville et atelier monétaire de l’Empire byzantin : l’apport des fouilles récentes ........................................................................................... Guillaume Saint-Guillain, Comment les Vénitiens n’ont pas acquis la Crète : note à propos de l’élection impériale de 1204 et du partage projeté de l’Empire byzantin ...... Werner Seibt, Der byzantinische Rangtitel Sebastos in vorkomnenischer Zeit ................... 277 359 387 401 413 441 455 485 503 513 533 549 561 577 619 631 649 663 675 685 693 713 759 TABlE DEs MATIèREs Jonathan Shepard, Hard on heretics, light on Latins : the balancing-act of Alexios I Komnenos ..................................................................................................................... Kostis Smyrlis, “Our lord and father” : peasants and monks in mid-fourteenth-century Macedonia ..................................................................................................................... Jean-Pierre Sodini, Pierre-Marie Blanc, Dominique Pieri, Nouvelles eulogies de Qal‘at Sem‘an (fouilles 2007-2010) ............................................................................... Alan M. Stahl, Bowls and cups : concave coins in medieval Italy and in Byzantium ......... Stanisław Suchodolski, Le type byzantin aux origines du monnayage en Pologne ............ Alice-Mary Talbot, Personal poverty in Byzantine monasticism : ideals and reality ........... Lucia Travaini, Some thoughts on mints from unpublished notes by Philip Grierson ....... Alicia Walker, Numismatic and metrological parallels for the iconography of early Byzantine marriage jewelry : the question of the crowned bride ......................... Constantin Zuckerman, On the titles and office of the Byzantine βασιλεύς ..................... 893 765 779 793 813 821 829 843 849 865 Table des matières .............................................................................................................. 891 LES PUBLICATIONS DE L’ASSOCIATION ACHCByz 52, rue du Cardinal-Lemoine – 75005 Paris email : achcbyz@college-de-france.fr vente en ligne sur vente en ligne sur http://www.achcbyz.com http://www.abebooks.fr Bilans de recherche 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 J. Lefort, Société rurale et histoire du paysage à Byzance, 524 p., 2006. M.-Fr. Auzépy, L’histoire des iconoclastes, XV-386 p., 2007. J.-Cl. Cheynet, La société byzantine : l’apport des sceaux, 2 vol., XVIII-735 p., 2008. J. Gascou, Fiscalité et société en Égypte byzantine, 496 p., XL pl. h.-t., 2008. G. Dagron, V. Déroche, Juifs et chrétiens en Orient byzantin, 524 p., 2010. J. Beaucamp, Femmes, patrimoines, normes à Byzance, XLIX-557 p., 2010. D. Feissel, Documents, droit, diplomatique de l’Empire romain tardif, XIV-593 p., 2010. Travaux et Mémoires (Vol. 1 à 13 diffusés par De Boccard, 11 rue de Médicis, 75006 Paris) 14 Mélanges Gilbert Dagron, XXIII-644 p., relié pleine toile, 2002. 15 Mélanges Jean-Pierre Sodini, XXVI-725 p., relié pleine toile, 2005. 16 Mélanges Cécile Morrisson, XXX-893 p., relié pleine toile, 2010. Monographies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 (Vol. 1 à 12 diffusés par De Boccard, 11 rue de Médicis, 75006 Paris) J. Lefort, Villages de Macédoine. Notices historiques et topographiques sur la Macédoine orientale au Moyen Âge. 1, La Chalcidique occidentale, 218 p., 13 cartes couleur en dépliant, 1982. C. Mango, Le développement urbain de Constantinople (IVe-VIIe siècles), 76 p., 8 ill., 1985 (rééd. augmentée, 81 p., 1990). P. Bellier, R.-C. Bondoux, J.-C. Cheynet, B. Geyer, J.-P. Grélois et V. 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Jouanno, Discours annuels en l’honneur du patriarche Georges Xiphilin, 235 p., 2005. B. Mondrain, éd., Lire et écrire à Byzance, 196 p., 2006. D. Feissel, Chroniques d’épigraphie byzantine (1987-2004), XXII-433 p., 2006. K. Smyrlis, La fortune des grands monastères byzantins (fin du Xe-milieu du XIVe siècle), 304 p., 2006. V. Ivanišević, M. Kazanski et A. Mastykova, Les nécropoles de Viminacium à l’époque des Grandes Migrations, 352 p., 2006. B. Caseau, J.-C. Cheynet et V. Déroche, éd., Pèlerinages et lieux saints dans l’Antiquité et le Moyen Âge : mélanges offerts à Pierre Maraval, XXII-490 p., 2006. S. Agusta-Boularot, J. Beaucamp, A.-M. Bernardi et E. Caire, éd., Recherches sur la Chronique de Jean Malalas. 2, 288 p., 2006. C. Zuckerman, éd., La Crimée entre Byzance et le Khaganat khazar, 232 p., 2006. M.-H. Congourdeau, L’embryon et son âme dans les sources grecques (VIe s. av. J.-C.-Ve s. apr. J.-C.), 358 p., 2007. M. Detoraki, Le Martyre de saint Aréthas et de ses compagnons (BHG 166), avec la collab. de J. Beaucamp et A. Binggeli, 320 p., 2007. J.-P. Grélois, Pierre Gilles, itinéraires byzantins : Lettre à un ami ; Du Bosphore de Thrace ; De la topographie de Constantinople et de ses antiquités, 512 p., 2007. M.-Fr. Auzépy et G. Saint-Guillain, éd., Oralité et lien social au Moyen Âge (Occident, Byzance, Islam) : parole donnée, foi jurée, serment, 384 p., 2008. E. Cuozzo, V. Déroche, A. Peters-Custot et V. Prigent, éd., Puer Apuliae : mélanges offerts à Jean-Marie Martin, 2 vol., XXXII-400, 417 p., 2008. D. Barthélemy et J.-Cl. Cheynet, éd., Guerre et société au Moyen Âge : Byzance – Occident (VIIIeXIIIe siècle), 219 p., 2010. J. Beaucamp, Fr. Briquel-Chatonnet et Chr. J. Robin, éd., Le massacre de Najrân. 2, Juifs et chrétiens en Arabie aux Ve et VIe siècles : regards croisés sur les sources, 302 p., 2010. J.-Cl. Cheynet et D. Theodoridis, Sceaux byzantins de la collection D. Theodoridis. Les sceaux patronymiques, IV-274 p., 2010. A. Mardirossian, La Collection canonique d’Antioche : droit et hérésie à travers le premier recueil de législation ecclésiastique (IVe siècle), 394 p., 2010. Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire (Vol. 1 diffusé par les éditions du CNRS ; vol. 2 diffusé par De Boccard) S. Destephen, Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire. 3, Diocèse d’Asie (325-641), 1 056 p., relié pleine toile, 2008. Occasional Monographs (Occasional Monographs published by the Ukrainian national committee for Byzantines studies) I. Kiev-Cherson-Constantinople, Ukrainian Papers at the XXth International Congress of Byzantine Studies (Paris, 19-25 August 2001), A. Aibabin and H. Ivakin, eds. with a foreword by I. Ševčenko, 288 p., Kiev-Simferopol-Paris 2007. II. C. Zuckerman, éd., Collectanea Borisoglebica. 1 = Борисо-глебский сборник. Выпуск. 1, ред. К. Цукерман, 363 p., Paris 2009.