On the Physicochemical Characteristics and Applications of an “Undesirable” Pyrenean Thorny Cushion Dwarf: Echinospartum horridum (Vahl) Roth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Fuel Characterization and Biomass Combustion Properties
2.1.1. Elemental Analysis
2.1.2. Higher Heating Values Derived from Elemental Analysis Data
2.1.3. Component Percentages
2.1.4. HHV Values Derived from Component Percentages
2.1.5. Thermal Analysis
2.1.6. Ash Content
2.1.7. Lower Heating Values
2.2. Vibrational Spectroscopy Characterization
2.3. High Added-Value Products Characterization and Quantification
2.3.1. Identification
2.3.2. Genkwanin Quantification
2.4. Opportunities for Valorization
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Sampling
3.2. Fuel Characterization and Biomass Combustion Properties
Calorific Values Calculation
3.3. Vibrational Characterization
3.4. Extraction Process and High-Added Value Products Characterization and Quantification
3.4.1. Extraction Process
3.4.2. Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF MS) Characterization
3.4.3. Genkwanin Quantification
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | %C | %H | %N | %S | C/N Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaflets/green stems | 48.27 | 6.53 | 2.08 | 0.00 | 23.2 |
Brown stems | 49.88 | 6.51 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 55.4 |
Little branches (twigs) | 50.27 | 6.56 | 1.05 | 0.00 | 47.9 |
Sulfamethazine standard | 51.86 | 5.05 | 20.13 | 11.41 | |
Sulfamethazine sample | 51.75 | 5.09 | 20.49 | 11.83 |
Sample | Fraction | Mass Fraction (wt%) | Fresh Weight (g) | Dry Weight (g) | Moisture (g) | Moisture Content (wt%) | Moisture Content (wt%, Weighted Average) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Green stems | 15 | 73.94 | 55.07 | 18.87 | 34.27 | 18.50 |
Brown stems | 80 | 119.1 | 103.33 | 15.78 | 15.27 | ||
Twigs | 5 | 51.66 | 42.07 | 9.59 | 22.80 | ||
2 | Green stems | 21 | 63.17 | 48.73 | 14.44 | 29.63 | 16.40 |
Brown stems | 75 | 97.68 | 86.73 | 10.95 | 12.63 | ||
Twigs | 4 | 37.41 | 31.78 | 5.63 | 17.72 | ||
3 | Green stems | 28 | 30.21 | 25.12 | 5.09 | 20.26 | 13.50 |
Brown stems | 70 | 69.50 | 62.75 | 6.75 | 10.76 | ||
Twigs | 2 | 15.51 | 13.51 | 2.00 | 14.80 | ||
4 | Green stems | 27 | 30.80 | 25.75 | 5.05 | 19.61 | 13.22 |
Brown stems | 70 | 64.21 | 58.09 | 6.12 | 10.54 | ||
Twigs | 3 | 20.38 | 17.24 | 3.14 | 18.21 |
Fraction | Purge Gas | Weight Loss (%) | DTG (°C) | DSC (°C) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves/ green stems | N2 | 24.9 | 75.4 | 350.4 | 420 | 458 | 75.4 endo | 354 exo | ||||
O2 | 3.65 | 78.5 | 339.1 | 460 | 73.5 | 347 exo | 483 exo | |||||
Brown stems | N2 | 23.3 | 70 | 374.7 | 425.5 | 463.3 | 76.6 endo | 405 exo | ||||
O2 | 2.7 | 70 | 347.3 | 437 | 450.5 | 512 | 68 | 365 exo | 465 exo | 515.5 exo | ||
Little branches (twigs) | N2 | 58.9 | 66 | 374.5 | 422 | 462.7 | 69 endo | |||||
O2 | 4.5 | 73 | 333.0 | 441 | 505 | 352 exo | 448 exo | 505 exo |
Species, Fraction, Purge Gas | Holocellulose (Cellulose + Hemicellulose) Tpeak (°C) | Lignin Tpeak (°C) |
---|---|---|
E. horridum, green stems, O2 | 347 | 483 |
E. horridum, brown stems, O2 | 365 | 465 |
E. horridum, twigs, O2 | 352 | 448 |
C. ladanifer, air | 365 | 455 |
E. arborea, air | 376 | 527 |
Wavenumber (cm−1) | Vegetal Component | Bonds | Assignments |
---|---|---|---|
3288–3308 | OH | ||
2917–2927 | Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin | CH stretch | |
2849–2850 | Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin | CH stretch | Symmetric CH2 valence vibration |
1727–1733 | Hemicellulose, lignin | C=O | Ester linkage of the carboxylic group of p-coumaric and ferulic acids |
1648–1652 | Flavone nucleus | Conjugated double bond | |
1621–1625 | Cellulose, lignin | O−H, C−O | O–H and conjugated C–O |
1612–1614 | Flavone nucleus | C=O | Conjugated and chelated γ-pyrone carbonyl |
1541–1558 | Aromatic ring | ||
1514–1516 | Lignin | C=C | Stretching vibrations of aromatic structure |
1437–1443 | Saccharide backbone | C−H | Alkane deformation relating to CH and CH2, consistent with the saccharide backbone |
1417 | C=C | C=C ring stretching | |
1363–1370 | Cellulose | C−H | In-plane bending vibration of the C−H and C−O groups of the hexose ring |
1316 | Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin | C-O, CH2 | Condensation of the guaiacyl unit and syringyl unit; syringyl unit and CH2 bending stretching; CH2 rocking vibration |
1237–1240 | Lignin | C−H | C−C plus C−O plus C=O stretching (OH plane deformation, also COOH) |
1178 | C−H | ||
1151 | Cellulose | C−H | C–O–C asymmetric valence vibration, C=O stretching in aliphatic group |
1027–1035 | Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin | C−O, C=C and C−C−O | Aromatic C–H in plane deformation; plus C−O deformation in alcohols; plus C=O stretch (unconjugated) |
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Martín-Ramos, P.; Martín-Gil, J.; Gómez-García, D.; Cuchí-Oterino, J.A. On the Physicochemical Characteristics and Applications of an “Undesirable” Pyrenean Thorny Cushion Dwarf: Echinospartum horridum (Vahl) Roth. Plants 2020, 9, 1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091180
Martín-Ramos P, Martín-Gil J, Gómez-García D, Cuchí-Oterino JA. On the Physicochemical Characteristics and Applications of an “Undesirable” Pyrenean Thorny Cushion Dwarf: Echinospartum horridum (Vahl) Roth. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091180
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartín-Ramos, Pablo, Jesús Martín-Gil, Daniel Gómez-García, and José Antonio Cuchí-Oterino. 2020. "On the Physicochemical Characteristics and Applications of an “Undesirable” Pyrenean Thorny Cushion Dwarf: Echinospartum horridum (Vahl) Roth" Plants 9, no. 9: 1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091180