SF.3-O001 Invited
CONDUCTING POLYMER NANOSTRUCTURES FOR PHOTOCATALYSIS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT
ROOM: Tulum G - 09:00:00

Hynd Remita¹, Srabanti Ghosh¹, Natalie A. Kouamé¹, Laurence Ramos², Samy Remita,^1,3 Alexandre Dazzi, ¹ Ariane Deniset-Besseau,¹ Fabrice Goubard,⁴ Pierre-Henri Aubert^4
1Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000-CNRS, Bât. 349, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, E-mail: hynd.remita@u-psud.fr, ²Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221-CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France, ³Départment CASER, Ecole SITI, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, CNAM, 292 rue Saint-Martin, 75141 Paris Cedex 03, France, ⁴Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et Interfaces (LPPI), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France

Visible-light responsive photocatalysts can directly harvest energy from solar light offering a desirable way to solve energy and environment issues.

One dimensional poly(diphenylbutadyine) (PDPB) nanostructures synthesized by photopolymerization using a soft templating approach show high photocatalytic activity under visible light without the assistance of sacrificial reagents or precious metal co-catalysts. These photocatalysts are very stable even after repeated cycling. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nano-IR characterizations reveal that the morphology and structure of the polymer nanostructures remain unchanged after many photocatalytic cycles. These stable and cheap polymer nanofibers are easy to process and can be reused without appreciable loss of activity.¹

The concept of using polymer nanostructures as a visible light active photocatalysts can be extended to other semiconducting polymers.²

Our results demonstrate that conducting polymer nanostructures offer the perspective of development of a new generation of efficient and cheap visible light driven photocatalysts for environmental protection. These polymer nanostructures could also find applications in self-cleaning surfaces, hydrogen generation and in the fields of photovoltaic and solar cells.

Keywords: Conducting Polymer Nanostructures, Visible Photocatalysis, Water treatment

References:

1. Conducting polymer nanostructures for photocatalysis under visible light.
   Ghosh, S.; Kouamé, N.A.; Ramos, L.; Remita, S.; Dazzi, A.; Deniset-Besseau, A..Beaunier, P.;Goubard, F.; Aubert, P.-H.; Remita, H. Nature Materials (2015) 14, 505 – 511.
2. Visible-light active conducting polymer nanostructures with superior photocatalytic activity. Ghosh, S.; Kouame, N. A.; Remita, S.; Ramos, L.; Goubard, F.; Aubert, P.-H.; Dazzi, A.; Deniset-Besseau, A.; Remita, H. Scientific Reports (2015), 5,18002.

Presenting authors email: hynd.remita@u-psud.fr

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SF.3-O002 Invited
SYNERGETIC EFFECT IN BIMETALLIC CATALYSTS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT REACTIONS
ROOM: Tulum G - 09:30:00

Rodolfo Zanella¹, Antonio Aguilar¹, Alberto Sandoval¹, Catherine Louis^2
1 Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Cd. Mx, Mexico, ² Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

Gold is catalytically active when it is dispersed as small particles on a support and especially when their size is in the range of 1-3 nm. The most remarkable catalytic properties of supported gold on oxide have been obtained for CO oxidation at ambient temperature. However, the catalysts deactivate, and deactivation has been proposed to be due to nanoparticles sintering, formation of carbonates adsorbed onto the reactive sites of the catalyst or change of gold oxidation state. A possible way to overcome the deactivation process is to use bimetallic catalysts.

Au-Ag and Au-Ir bimetallic systems are gold-based systems that present astonishing results in terms of stability and activity over the oxidation reaction of environmental importance, i.e., a synergetic effect between the metals, compared with the corresponding monometallic gold catalysts. Indeed, these bimetallic combinations present a synergetic effect. This arises from the fact that gold nanoparticles can adsorb CO molecules onto their low-coordination sites but have poor affinity for O₂ and that Ag or Ir atoms have stronger affinity toward O₂ and can dissociate it.

A sequential deposition-precipitation method to prepare Au-Ag/TiO₂ or Au-Ir/TiO₂ catalysts was used, first deposition of silver or iridium then deposition of gold using urea and HAuCl₄ as precursor [1, 2]. To characterize the samples, in situ techniques as UV-visible, DRIFTS coupled with CO adsorption and XPS after thermal treatment in adjacent treatment chamber were used; moreover the samples were characterized bay TPR, XRD, TEM, ICP and EDS.

Bimetallic nanoparticles supported on TiO₂ present higher activity and stability in both oxidation reactions at lower temperatures than monometallic catalysts. The characterization tools provided a better understanding of the chemical phenomena occurring during the preparation and the subsequent thermal reduction treatment (activation) of the catalysts, leading to the formation of bimetallic particles.

Acknowledgments: To PAPIIT105416 project.

Keywords: CO oxidation, Propene Oxidation, Gold Catalysts

References:

1. A. Sandoval, A. Aguilar, C. Louis, A. Traverse, R. Zanella, J. Catal. 281 (2011) 40-49
2. A. Aguilar-Tapia, R. Zanella, C. Calers, C. Louis, L. Delannoy, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17 (2015) 28022-28032

Presenting authors email: rodolfo.zanella@ccadet.unam.mx

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SF.3-O003 Oral Regular
IMPACT OF ANTASE CRYSTAL ORIENTATION IN TiO₂ NANOTUBES FILMS ON THE PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS UNDER VISIBLE ILLUMINATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:00:00

Harrison Sierra¹, Próspero Acevedo², Elcy Córdoba^1,3
1Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo y Tecnología de Nuevos Materiales, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.²Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química. Av. Universidad 3000, P.C. 04510. Mexico City, Mexico. ³Grupo de Investigaciones en Minerales, Biohidrometalurgia y Ambiente, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Under some special conditions of anodization (water content, fluoride concentration and doping) employed to grow TiO₂ nanotube films, the anatase crystals formed during the heat treatment may piled up in the [001] direction (normal to the plane of the Ti substrate), forming a fiber like texture structure along the tube that facilitates the transport of photogenerated electrons toward the conducting substrate. Although remains controversial, this phenomenon has been employed to obtain more efficient films for photoelectrochemical solar cells and water oxidation. Nonetheless, little (or nothing) is known about its impact in the photoelectrocatalytic removal of pollutants.
Here, for first time, TiO₂ nanotubes films with different degree of anatase crystals orientation were obtained just by varying the heating rate (from 1^ °C cm^-1 to infinitum) during the heat treatment at 450°C (30 min); obtaining oriented anatase crystals at lower rates and randomly oriented anatase crystals at an infinitum rate (evidenced by XRD). Despite this, the band-gap (measured from UV-Vis spectroscopy), wettability (measured from contact angle) and semiconducting properties (measured from Mott-Schottky) remained unaffected. Additionally, morphological changes were observed by SEM characterization of the films, related to the different contraction of the films during the heat treatment, obtaining larger lengths and pore diameter for the films treated at higher heating rates. Electrochemical characterization of the films evidenced that photocurrent variation can be directly related to the anatase crystal orientation, which favored the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of Methyl orange (increasing up to 1.9 times the discoloration efficiency); contrastingly, all the synthesized films exhibited almost the same cyanide degradation efficiency (near 85% in 3 h). This results indicates that, while a more efficient current transport through the tubes brought by the anatase crystal orientation, favored the degradation of pollutants by direct mechanism, the oxidant species formed seems to remain unchanged without affecting the degradation of pollutants by indirect mechanism.

Keywords: TiO2 nanotubes, anatase crystal orientation, photoelectrocatalysis

References:

1. Próspero Acevedo-Peña, Federico González, Gonzalo Gonzalez and Ignacio Gonzáleza, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, 16, 26213-26220.
2. Próspero Acevedo-Peña, J. Edgar Carrera-Crespo, Federico González, Ignacio González, Electrochimica Acta 140 (2014) 564–571.
3. Próspero Acevedo-Peña, Luis Lartundo-Rojas, Ignacio González, J Solid State Electrochem (2013) 17:2939–2947.

Presenting authors email: ing.harrisonsierra@hotmail.com

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SF.3-O004 Oral Regular
CHITOSAN/POLYURETHANE/ANATASE TITANIA POROUS HYBRID COMPOSITE CHARACTERIZATION FOR METAL IONS REMOVAL AND DYE DEGRADATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:15:00

Liliana Argüello¹, Ã�ngel Hernandez-Martínez³, Ã�ngel Rodríguez³, Gustavo Molina², Rodrigo Esparza³, Miriam Estevez^3
1Licenciatura en Tecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CFATA, UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, Quéretaro, México, CP 76230. ²Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CFATA, UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, Quéretaro, México, CP 76230. ³Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CFATA, UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Querétaro, Quéretaro, México, CP 76230

Metal ions removal and dye degradation from wastewater were evaluated using a chitosan-TiO₂-polyurethane based composite. In this project, morphology characterization was conducted by SEM, EDS-STEM and X-ray micro-CT techniques, Cd (II), Pb (II) and Al (III) ions removal was evaluated by ICP-MS and Azo dye photo-degradation was measured by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Removal performance was evaluated in different pH and concentration conditions in batch systems and dynamic removal was tested in a water treatment plant prototype built for this purpose. SEM, STEM and X-ray micro-CT characterization showed interconnected pores and permeability in the composite. This synthesis path showed efficient and environmental friendly pores formation. In highly acidic conditions, best removal percentages were obtained for Cd (II) and Pb (II) at 65% and 70%, respectively. This composite can be used for double function by achieving 27% Azo dyes degradation. Advantage on this composite material was showed at its high wear resistance in a multicomponent wastewater in highly acidic conditions, allowing water treatment without previous water conditioning.

Keywords: chitosan, metal ions removal, dyes degradation

Presenting authors email: liliana.arguello.tecno@gmail.com

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SF.3-O005 Oral Regular
PULSED CURRENT PROCESSING OF HIERARCHICALLY POROUS ADSORBENTS FOR DECARBONIZATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:30:00

Farid Akhtar^1
1Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden

Nanoporous materials have great potential for catalysis and gas separation applications.  These materials such as Zeolites, metal organic frameworks, activated carbons and aluminum phosphates are high surface area porous materials and are invariably produced in form of powder. These powders are required to be assembled into mechanically strong hierarchically porous macroscopic bodies for industrially important gas separation applications. In this regard, recent developments on pulsed current processing (PCP) of porous powders will be presented to produce hierarchically porous structured adsorbents to overcome the limitations of conventional adsorbent materials for decarbonization and nitrogen removal of biogas streams. We will demonstrate that PCP is a versatile tool to structure zeolites without addition of binders and outperform conventionally structured zeolites in all aspects of post-combustion decarbonization of gas streams including CO₂ uptake capacity, high CO₂ over CH₄ and CO₂ over N₂ selectivity, rapid uptake and release kinetics and mechanical stability. We will discuss structuring of ultra-thin laminates of zeolite NaX using binder-less pulsed current processing for CO₂ capture. Moreover, the limitations to consolidate porous materials by PCP in form of laminates and monoliths will be presented.

Keywords: Decarbonization, Adsorbents, Environment

References:

1. Akhtar, F, Sjöberg, E, Korelskiy, D, Rayson, M, Hedlund, J, Bergström, L. Preparation of graded silicalite-1 substrates for all-zeolite membranes with excellent CO2/H2 separation performance, Journal of Membrane
Science, 2015, 493, 206
2. Akhtar, F, Andersson, L, Ogunwumi, S, Hedin, N, Bergström, L. (2014). Structuring adsorbents and catalysts by processing of porous powders. Feature Article J Eur Ceram Soc, 2014,34, 1643.
3. Akhtar, F, Liu, Q, Hedin, N, Bergström, L. (2012). Strong and binder free structured zeolite sorbents with very high CO2-over-N2 selectivities and high capacities to adsorb CO₂ rapidly. Energ Environm Sci, 5(6), 7664.
4. Akhtar, F, Ojuva, A, Wirawan, SK, Hedlund, J, Bergström, L. (2011). Hierarchically porous binder-free silicalite-1 discs: a novel support for all-zeolite membranes. J Mater Chem, 21(24), 8822

Presenting authors email: farid.akhtar@ltu.se

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SF.3-O006 Oral Regular
SYNTHESIS OF 1D CARBON NANOMATERIALS WITH A LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PROCESS
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:45:00

D. L. García-Ruiz¹, C. J. Gutiérrez- García¹, F. G. Granados-Martínez¹, J.J Contreras-Navarrete¹, A. Durán-Navarro¹, N. Flores-Ramírez¹ S. R. Vásquez-García¹, M. de L. Mondragón-Sánchez², L. García-González³, E.Huipe-Nava¹, L. Domratcheva-Lvova^1
1Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Felicitas del Río, 58030 Morelia, Mich., México.²Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia, Avenida Tecnológico 1500. Lomas de Santiaguito 58120, Morelia, Mich., México.³Centro de Investigación en Micro y Nanotecnología de la Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río, Veracruz, México.

In new materials and devices design, dimensionality has a critical role on material properties determination due to the different on the way that electrons interact in three-dimensional (3D), two-dimensional (2D), and one-dimensional (1D) structures. 1D carbon nanomaterials show promise in high technology applications. Nowadays, research has focused in nanostructure synthesis with minor impact to environment and human health; hence, the importance to obtain nanostructures through sustainable sources and processes.
The aim of the present study is to synthesize 1D carbon nanostructures using chemical vapor deposition and three different alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol and butanol), with short chains, as green precursors. Nanostructures growth was performed in quartz reactor with a stainless steel core. A 30 ml/min argon flow rate carried the precursor to the growth zone. The temperature synthesis was 600 to 700 °C. The reaction time was 30 and 60 minutes.
SEM micrographs showed nano size structures with cylindrical and spiral shapes. The diameters obtained from ethanol, isopropanol and butanol were around 50, 70 and 90 nm respectively. It could be observed that structures with minor diameters were obtained from alcohols with minor carbon presence in their molecular structure.
FTIR spectra for the synthesized samples showed the characteristic vibrational stretch for MultiWalled Carbon Nanotubes in the range of 1445-1736 cm^-1. Signals at 2700-3000 cm^-1 are associated to the CHx stretching and at 3406 cm^-1 to the OH radical vibration. The C = C active interaction peaks were at 860-900 cm^-1. The G and D bands, typical for 1D carbon nanostructures, were observed by Raman spectroscopy for all samples around 1600 and 1300 cm^-1 respectively.
1D carbon nanostructures were synthetized using low environmental impact procedures and sustainable precursors.
Acknowledgment to CIC of Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo and PRODEP (SEP Mexico) “Nanostructured Materials� Collaboration Network.

Keywords: 1D Carbon nanomaterials, Green precursors, CVD

Presenting authors email: ladamex@yahoo.es

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SF.3-O007 Oral Regular
LIQUID NATURAL EXTRACTS AS GREEN CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR INDUSTRIAL STEELS EXPOSED TO CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
ROOM: Tulum G - 12:30:00

Héctor Herrera-Hernández,¹ Erick Monroy Barreto,¹Enrique Corona Almazán¹, José G. Miranda Hernández¹, Jorge Morales Hernández², Araceli Espinoza Vázquez^3
(1)Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, IIN área de electroquímica y corrosión de materiales, Blvd. Universitario s/n, Predio San Javier Atizapán de Zaragoza, Estado de México 54500, MÉXICO.⁽²⁾ CIDETEQ. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro s/n, Sanfandila, 76703 – Querétaro, MÉXICO.⁽³⁾Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Metalurgia, Av. Universidad No. 3000 Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán Ciudad de México 04510 - MÉXICO. Corresponding and responsible author: Professor & researcher, hherrerah@uaemex.mx Industrial engineering student (IIN) at CU UAEM Valle de México. IIN student in research program at CIDETEQ.

During the last decades, globalization has impacted the growth in demand of many steel industries, this demand requires that the industrial sector to become good leader in production and innovation, however losses by corrosion is one of the economic problems in the manufacture & metal mechanical industries, because there is not an adequate program to control & prevent the corrosion degradation of steels during they service.
According the problem mention above, in this research different liquid-extracts derived from plants of Aloe-Vera (SABILA), Morinda citrifolia (NONI), leaves of Neem and Opuntia (NOPAL) has been used as possible corrosion inhibitors in corrosive environments. The inhibition of corrosion was evaluated by using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in hydrochloric acid solution (1M HCl) as a function of inhibitor addition, uninhibited measurements were also discussed. According to EIS results the liquids-extracts can be a great alternative to solve the problem that is damaging to an entire ecosystem for the use of toxic substances derived from imidazole, thidiazol, benzimidazole among others and preventing corrosion of metals in industrial chemical processes.  

Keywords: Liquid-extracts, Electrochemical impedance, Green environment

References:

[1] Héctor Herrera-Hernández, Mara I. Franco-Tronco, José G. Miranda-Hernández Sanchéz, Araceli Espinoza-Vázquez, Gerardo Fajardo, “Gel de Aloe-Vera como potencial inhibidor de la corrosión del acero de refuerzo estructural, Avances en Ciencias e Ingngenierpia, Vol. 6, No.3, (2015), pp. 9-23.
[2]Araceli Espinoza-Vazquez, Guillermo E. Negrón-Silva, Deyanira Angeles-Beltrán, Manuel E. Palomar-Pardavé, Mario A. Romero-Romo, Héctor HerreraHernández, "Pantoprazol as Inhibitor of API 5L X52 Steel Corrosion in HCl 1M�,  ECS Transactions, 36 (1) (2011), pp. 207-216.

Presenting authors email: hherrerah@uaemex.mx

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SF.3-O008 Invited
SHAPE-REACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS IN AL HYDROXIDE NANOCLUSTERS
ROOM: Tulum G - 12:45:00

Sara E. Mason^1
1University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, W339 CB Iowa City, Iowa, USA, 52242

Hydrolysis products of aluminum that exist in aqueous solutions play an important role in controlling the fate and transport of contaminants through adsorption reactions, and are also used as coagulants for water purification. While the reactivity of these materials is empirically known, a lack of molecular-level understanding of the adsorption processes is a current limitation to further harnessing their reactive properties. Electronic structure calculations on aqueous aluminum nanoparticles are tractable, and these atomistically well-defined molecular models offer an opportunity to use quantum chemical modeling to describe bonding interactions associated with adsorption. In collaboration with experimentalists who have characterized the first Keggin-type aluminum species functionalized with organics and metal cations, we have carried out density functional theory (DFT) calculations on several Al polycation species. Contrary to conventional wisdom obtained from detailed single crystal surface studies, we find that outer-sphere adsorption is, in many instances, stronger than inner-sphere adsorption. Furthermore, gradients in the electrostatic potential as calculated within DFT can be associated with large variations in calculated adsorption energies, which we describe as a shape-reactivity relationship. Our work as also gone on to consider the comparable adsorption behavior of phosphate and arsenate species to Al nanoclusters, and suggests that experimental studies of phosphate can be extrapolated to arsenate, thus removing the need to work directly with harmul chemicals. We have also gone on to consider heteroatom subsitution in the Al nanoclusters, and discuss how metal identity affects the electronic and vibrational properties. Finally, we extend our modeling studies to non-Keggin type Al (and heteroatom analogs) to further assess the universality of shape-reactivity relationships and how they relate to which counterions can be sucessfully used in crystallization experiments.

Keywords: Aluminum, Keggin, Adsorption

Presenting authors email: sara-mason@uiowa.edu

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SF.3-O009 Oral Regular
EFFECT OF THE ANATASE-RUTILE CONTACT IN GAS PHASE TOLUENE PHOTODEGRADATION QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
ROOM: Tulum G - 13:15:00

Uriel Caudillo-Flores,¹ Mario J. Muñoz-Batista,² Francisco Ung-.Medina,¹ Anna Kubacka,²Â Ma. del Carmen Chavez-Parga,¹ José .A. Cortés,^1, and Marcos Fernández-García^2,
1Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Av. Francisco J. Mújica S/N. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México.² Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica. CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. 28049 Madrid, Spain

A series of TiO₂ samples prepared by microwave assisted method followed by spray drying and calcination, were tested in gas-phase photodegradation of toluene under UV and Sunlight-type illumination conditions. Samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, porosimetry, UV-visible and Photoluminescence spectroscopies. Their photochemical behavior was analyzed through their reaction rate and efficiency parameters, the later measured as both the apparent and true quantum efficiency. To interpret photocatalytic properties we carried out a study of the main physico-chemical variables affecting photoactivity and particularly its measurement through the efficiency parameter. In particular we focus on quantifying the catalytic effect of the anatase-rutile interface with respect to a parent anatase material prepared at different calcination temperature and in interpreting quantitatively such enhancement using the above mentioned physico-chemical analysis of the efficiency parameter. The study shows that there are some counteracting physical effects in the toluene photodegradation true quantum efficiency presented by anatase-rutile samples with respect to the anatase counterpart and that the enhancement is mostly (although not exclusively) attributed to a direct effect of recombination of charge carriers.

Keywords: Anatase-Rutile, Titania Degradation, Quantum Efficiency and Yield

References:

[1] S.E. Braslavsky, A.M. Braun, A.E. Cassano, A.V. Emeline, M.I. Litter, L. Palmisano, V.N. Parmon, N. Serpone, Pure Appl. Chem. 83 (2011) 931-1014.
[2] N. Serpone, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chemistry 104 (1997) 1-12.
[3] G. Li Puma, A. Brucato, Catal. Today 122 (2007) 78-90.

Presenting authors email: ucaudillo@gmail.com

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SF.3-O010 Oral Regular
CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBONATE FORMATION ON MORDENITE FROM CO₂ ADSORPTION INVESTIGATED BY FTIR
ROOM: Tulum G - 13:30:00

¹Aline Villarreal, ¹Jorge Ramírez, ¹Perla Castillo-Villalón, ¹Aída Gutiérrez-Alejandre
¹UNICAT, Dpto. Ingeniería Química, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México

CO₂ in the atmosphere is considered the main anthropogenic contributor to global warming [1]. To decrease this effect, one of the strategies is to capture CO₂ using feasible sorbents, such as zeolites [2].

CO₂ adsorption on zeolites involves both physical and chemical adsorption leading to carbonates [2]–[4]. Chemisorption is affected by the structure of the zeolite cavity, the exchange cations and the water presence [5]. The study of the formation of carbonates in mordenite has not been performed to date in spite that alkaline and alkaline-earth cations in mordenite can produce efficient CO₂ adsorbents.

In this study, the carbonate formation dependence on temperature, time and CO₂ concentration on MOR-Na, MOR-K, MOR-Ca and a partially exchanged MOR-Na-H zeolite was examined using CO₂ adsorption analyzed by FTIR.  

The IR spectra using MOR-Na, activated at 400°C, show that small doses of CO₂ give rise to bands of physisorbed CO₂ and monodentate carbonate. With increasing contact time other types of carbonates increase slowly [6].

In the presence of water, small doses of CO₂ give rise to bands corresponding to monodentate, bidentate and free carbonate. Upon evacuation at RT the free carbonate decreases while the bands due to mono and bidentate carbonate increase. After evacuation at 400°C only a small bidentate carbonate band remains.

Regarding the effect of exchanged cations, MOR-Ca produces more carbonates, followed by the MOR-Na, MOR-Na-H and MOR-K. According to this results, the presence of Ca²⁺ in the mordenite channels has a higher polarizing effect than Na⁺ and K⁺, which generates more carbonates [2].

In conclusion, mordenite seems a good candidate for CO₂ adsorption, especially when exchanged with Ca²⁺, which enhances formation of carbonates. On the contrary, the presence of water favors the desorption of carbonates.  Our results show also that the formation of carbonates is not an instantaneous process.

Keywords: CO2 adsorption, Mordenite, FTIR

References:

1. S. Choi, J. H. Drese, and C. W. Jones, “Adsorbent materials for carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic point sources.,� ChemSusChem, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 796–854, Jan. 2009.
2. J. Zhang, R. Singh, and P. a. Webley, “Alkali and alkaline-earth cation exchanged chabazite zeolites for adsorption based CO₂ capture,â€� Microporous Mesoporous Mater., vol. 111, pp. 478–487, 2008.
3. R. W. Stevens, R. V Siriwardane, and J. Logan, “In Situ Fourier Transform Infrared ( FTIR ) Investigation of CO₂ Adsorption onto Zeolite Materials,â€� Energy and Fuels, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 3070–3079, 2008.
4. Y. Wang and M. D. LeVan, “Adsorption Equilibrium of Binary Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor on Zeolites 5A and 13X,� J. Chem. Eng. Data, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 3189–3195, 2010.
5. D. Bonenfant, M. Kharoune, and P. Niquette, “Advances in principal factors influencing carbon dioxide adsorption on zeolites,� vol. 013007.
6. P. A. Jacobs, F. H. Van Cauwelaert, and F. Vansant, “Surface Probing of Synthetic Faujasites by Adsorption of carbon Dioxide,� J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans.1, vol. 69, p. 2130, 1973.

Presenting authors email: aline_vime@hotmail.com

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SF.3-O011 Oral Regular
TAILORING POLYSACCHARIDE-SILICA MONOLITHS AS BIOSENSORS FOR THE DETECTION OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, THROUGH THE IMMOBILIZATION OF VIBRIO FISCHERI
ROOM: Tulum G - 13:45:00

Derek García¹, Zoar Mercado¹, Natalia Rosario¹, Meraris del Mar Tolentino¹, Zomary Flores, Liz Díaz^1
1University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Campus, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Biology P.O. BOX 23346, San Juan, P.R. 00931-3346

Relevant agencies struggle to keep up with the millions of compounds that have been found or created by humankind, and thus the development of methods for their detection and remediation is very important. Most of these compounds, namely personal care products and pharmaceuticals, end up in bodies of water and affect aquatic as well as terrestrial organisms. This project aims to construct a biosensor for the detection of environmental pollution, through the synthesis of a whole-cell imprinted polysaccharide-silica matrix. For this purpose, Ulvan (a polyanionic algal polysaccharide) was extracted from Ulva lactuca and purified. BCA protein assay showed that the protein content of the extract was approximately 3%. IR Spectrum of the polysaccharide showed the characteristic ulvan peaks. After the extraction, Ulvan was used in the synthesis of a nanostructured material through the sol-gel method. Using the whole-cell imprinting technique, the material was imprinted with V. fischeri cells, for their eventual immobilization and use as the biological component of the biosensor. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of the whole cell imprinted gels showed that the material was thermally stable up to 700°C. SEM micrographs reveal that the first attempt at immobilizing the bacteria was only partly successful, as they underwent cell lysis. For the next attempts, reaction conditions must be modified to avoid this. V. fischeri, the biological component of the biosensor, was grown in the presence of various emerging contaminants, which had no effect on its growth, except when the bacteria were exposed to known antibiotics. Conversely, bioluminescence did change significantly in presence of caffeine and amlodipine besylate, which would allow V. fischeri to be used for the detection of these contaminants in water. Future work includes the supercritical drying of the gel, metabolomics of the bacteria, and testing the bacteria against other contaminants for the eventual construction of the biosensor.

Keywords: silica-polysaccharide, whole-cell imprinting, biosensors

Presenting authors email: derek.garcia@upr.edu

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SF.3-O012 Oral Regular
CERIUM-MODIFIED HALLOYSITE AS ANTICORROSIVE PIGMENT IN PAINTS
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:00:00

Sol Roselli¹, Mariana Revuelta¹, Marta Cecilia Deyá¹, Roberto Romagnoli^1
1CIDEPINT, Centre of Research and Development in Paints Technology (CICPBA-CONICET, La Plata) 52 Av. s / n between 121 and 122, La Plata, C.P. B1900AYB, Argentina.

One of the most widespread methods for corrosion protection of metals is the use of paints. Zinc phosphate and several of its derivatives as zinc polyphosphate, aluminum phosphate, etc. are among the anticorrosive pigments currently used. Since the phosphate anion is being questioned because it causes eutrophication in lakes and lagoons, these pigments are trying to be replaced. Cerium salts are among the new inhibitors, but its solubility could produce a rapid leaching of the ions from the paint.  An alternative to counteract this effect is employing minerals with high adsorption capacity or ion exchange capacity, as "carriers" of the passivating iones.
The aim of this study was to use an halloysite, an aluminosilicate of the kaolinite family, capable to adsorb ions on its surface.
In a first step, cerium ions were incorporated into the halloysite and electrochemical essays (corrosion potential and polarization curves) were performed on steel electrodes immersed in suspensions containing the modified halloysite. After 24 h of immersion, the metallic surface was characterized by SEM and EDX.
In a second stage, paints were prepared containing 1.8% of the modified halloysite by volume on the pigment mixture. Panels were painted and exposed in salt spray chamber and humidity chamber and tested by electrochemical techniques (ionic strength and corrosion potential). As controls, paints containing 10 and 30% of zinc fosfate by volume on the pigment mixture were used.
Results indicate that it is possible to use this halloysite as a "carrier" of the passivating ion in order to introduce the modified mineral in an anti-corrosive paint.

Keywords: corrosion, halloyistes, paints

Presenting authors email: s.roselli@cidepint.gov.ar

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SF.3-O013 Invited
DEVELOPMENT OF CHEAP ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR ACID AND ALKALINE FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS SUSTAINING HIGH CATALYTIC ACTIVITY
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:15:00

F.J. Rodríguez-Varela^1
1Cinvestav Unidad Saltillo

Fuel cells are highly efficient electrochemical devices for stationary and portable power applications. Either using hydrogen (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells, PEMFC) or liquid (Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells, DAFC) fuels, there is a broad number of applications for these systems. Nevertheless, one of the key issues for their commercialization is the remaining high cost of anode and cathode electrocatalysts. It is well known that the most active material for fuel cell reactions is Pt (and in some particular cases Pd). Efforts are being made to decrease the amount of such noble metals, by developing alloys or core-shell nanostructures.

The cost of fuel cell electrocatalyst can be reduced even more if cheap co-catalysts are used to promote the catalytic reactions along with Pt and Pd. Low-cost metal oxides like Fe₃O₄ and Fe₂O₃ have shown to be suitable for this type of applications. As an alternative, metal-free nanomaterials obtained from cheap sources are also showing high catalytic activities.

In this work, the development and characterization of high performance low-cost electrocatalysts for PEMFC and DAFC, both acid and alkaline, is described.

Keywords: low-cost electrocatalysts, PEMFC and DAFC, high catalytic activity

Presenting authors email: javier.varela@cinvestav.edu.mx

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SF.3-O014 Oral Regular
MICROWAVE-ASSISTED HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF PHOTOCATALYTICALLY ACTIVE MULTIFERROIC SEMICONDUCTORS UNDER VISIBLE-LIGHT IRRADIATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:45:00

Carlos Ostos¹ Juan GuillermoGarcía Posada¹. Lina Marcela Castro Zambrano¹ Raymond Oscar¹. Machorro Roberto¹. Jesus María Siqueiros Beltrones^1
1 Grupo CATALAD, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.² Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología (CNyN), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada B.C, México.

Removal of organic dye pollutants from wastewater by heterogeneous photocatalysis has attracted much attention because of its high efficiency and low cost. Titanium dioxide is one of the most studied semiconductors in photocatalysis but it is only active under UV irradiation. In this sense, the use of alternative semiconductors with a narrower band gap (i.e multiferroic BiFeO₃) are in the way to being implemented because of their great advantage of being active under direct solar radiation. Besides this, multiferroics exhibit magnetoelectric properties that could affect the optical and catalytic response of this semiconductors, for instance, spin canting originates a weak ferromagnetism and the semiconductor could be recovered from the reaction media via an external magnetic field, and the intrinsic ferroelectric polarization could reduce undesirable e-/h+ recombination processes.  Some key strategies to improve the above mentioned properties are to generate controlled structural distortions in the perovskite structure through A-site ionic substitutions with rare-earth elements, and to modify their microstructure by facile and environmental-friendly soft chemistry methods [1,2].
In this work we synthesized RE_XBi_1-XFeO₃ materials (where RE = La, Nd, Sm, Ce, Ga for 0 ≤ x ≤0.7) and Fe₃O₄@BiFeO₃ nanocomposite materials by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. The nanocomposite was obtained to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of a core-shell structure where an AFM/FM effects coexist. The hydrothermal synthesis reaction was performed in a batch reactor for 20 min at 473 K and a pressure of 50 bar under high alkaline medium. The characterization by X-ray diffraction technique showed that all materials presented a perovskite-type structure, and the R3c crystalline space-group persisted after A-site ion substitution. That means that the non-centrosymmetric characteristic was retained as well as the ferroelectric response. The SEM-TEM micrographs showed particle aggregates with average particle size of 100 nm, and the SAED analyses confirmed the high crystallinity of these samples. In the same way, the data confirmed the successful fabrication of the nanocomposite. UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements allowed us to calculate the band gap of the semiconductors via Tauc model, and the effect of the rare-earth in the optical response was clearly revealed.  The above behavior was discussed mainly in terms of charge transfer electronic transitions around the visible spectra. Finally, the photocatalytic activity for methylene orange degradation was carried out at 300 K for 1 to 8 h reaction times under simulated solar radiation using a 100 W Xe lamp for all synthetized materials. The multiferroics showed an effective catalytic response (90 % of degradation) and their activity remained after three cycles of solid recycling using an external magnetic field. Microstructure characteristics and photocatalytic performance for each family of synthesized compounds are discussed in detail.
This work was partially supported by COLCIENCIAS 111565843400 and CODI 889-2014 projects of Colombia, and CONACyT Grant 166286 and DGAPA-UNAM Grants IN110315 and IN106414 of Mexico.

Keywords: BiFeO3, photocatalysis, solar radiation

References:

[1] Kevin A. McDonnell et. al. Chemical Physics Letters 572 (2013) 78–84.
[2] Wenjea J. Tseng et. al. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 428 (2014) 95–100.

Presenting authors email: carlos.ostos@udea.edu.co

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SF.3-O015 Oral Regular
SnO₂/GRAPHENE/GRAPHENE OXIDE COMPOSITE AS PHOTO-CATALYST FOR WATER REMEDIATION: NO₃ ABATEMENT
ROOM: Tulum G - 17:00:00

Samuel Escobar^{1, 2}, Laura Mendez^{1, 2}, Frank Mendoza¹, Salvador Guavalda³_, Dionne Hernandez⁴, Amal Suleiman³, Carlos Cabrera³, Brad R. Weiner^{1, 3}, and Gerardo Morell^{1, 2
1}Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico San Juan, PR 00931, USA. ²Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931, USA. ³Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931, USA. ⁴NASA, Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, Cleveland, USA.

Hereby we report the results on the reduction of nitrate  due to the photocatalytic reaction with the semiconductor tin dioxide  incorporated within graphene/graphene oxide (G/GO) sheets. Such process is carry by exposing an aqueous nitrate solution containing the SnO₂-G/GO composite to UV radiation (~365 nm). The G/GO template expands the surface-to-volume ratio interaction of SnO₂ nanoparticles with the nitrate molecules, demonstrating an enhanced photocatalytic performance over bare SnO₂. This enhancement is attributed to the avoidance of electron ? hole pair recombination; due to the availability of lower energy states in the conduction band (CB) of the template (G/GO), which allows for photo generated electrons in the SnO₂ CB to migrate to G/GO?s owns. Results suggest that such properties are what allow this material to successfully reduce NO₃,  providing a suitable route for the control on the attenuation of such compound; lessening its unfavorable effects on the environment and on ourselves.

Keywords: Agriculture, Water, Remediation

Presenting authors email: sammy9014@gmail.com

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SF.3-O016 Invited
OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSES OF PEROVSKITE AND GERMANIUM NANOMATERIALS
ROOM: Tulum G - 09:00:00

Daniel Freppon^1,2, Brett Boote^1,2, Long Men^1,2, Himashi Andaraarachchi^1,2, Ujjal Bhattacharjee^1,2,  Jacob W. Petrich^1,2, Javier Vela^1,2, Emily A. Smith^1,2
1Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, ²U.S. Department of Energy Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA

We are using optical spectroscopy and microscopy to characterize the structural and photophysical properties of inorganic nanomaterials with the goal of optimizing these materials for a number of downstream applications. We have studied germanium and tin-doped germanium nanoparticles by Raman spectroscopy and the data reveal an increased lattice strain with tin-doping as measured by the longitudinal optical phonon mode. There is increased luminescence for tin-doped germanium nanoparticles when a tin sulfide or cadmium sulfide shell is added compared to the core nanoparticles without a shell. Additionally, a series of five methylammonium lead halide perovskites (CH₃NH₃PbX_aX_a-3, with X = I or Br) was synthesized with varying iodide and bromide anion loading. Single particle luminescence was used to study the time-correlated luminescence of the methylammonium lead halide perovskites.  We have demonstrated that these nanoparticles exhibit primarily non-blinking luminescence that can be tuned across the visible to near infrared (500 nm and 770 nm) by varying the halide loading.  While blinking was not observed, as defined by a particle intensity that drops below a threshold value, varying luminescence intensity was measured for many nanoparticles and an explanation for these varying behaviors will be discussed.  The perovskite nanoparticles will be useful in a wide-range of microscopy and energy-based applications where non-blinking luminescent probes are needed such as single particle tracking and for producing favorable photovoltaic films. Finally, as time permits, studies of organic-inorganic hybrid films by luminescence and Raman microscopy will be discussed.

Keywords: germanium nanoparticles, methylammonium lead halide perovskites, optical spectroscopy

Presenting authors email: esmith1@iastate.edu

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SF.3-O017 Invited
DYE PHOTODEGRADATION WITH NATURAL ZEOLITES AND SEMICONDUCTOR-NATURAL ZEOLITES COMPOSITES UNDER SUNLIGHT IRRADIATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 09:30:00

R. Ramirez-Bon^1
1Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados del IPN. Unidad Queretaro, Apdo. Postal 1-798, Queretaro, Qro., 76001, Mexico

Natural zeolites are low cost and large available minerals worlwide, particularly in México. The porous structure along with the cation exchange properties provide natural zeolites the great capability to be used for inclusion chemistry, allowing their easy modification for a wide diversity of important applications. In this work, we have employed natural zeolite chabazite from a deposit in Sonora, México to develop semiconductor composite photocatalysts by mixing with commercial and sol-gel processed TiO₂ powders with anatase phase, which is a well-known semiconductor photocatalyst. The TiO₂-chabazite semiconductor composites were prepared by mixing the powders of both materials and subsequently milling at high-energy or stirring in aqueous solution at acid pH. The crystalline and morphologycal properties of the semiconductor composites were studied by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The results show that the semiconductor composites were polycrystalline with good synergy between both phases. The different semiconductor composites were evaluated and compared as photocatlysts in the photodegradation of rhodamine molecules in aqueous solutions under sulight irradiation.The photodegradation kinetics of rhodamine in solution was followed by UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The results show that the photocatalytic properties of the semiconductor composites depend mainly on the quality of the TiO₂ semiconductor. Thus, the better photocatalysts were obtained with commercial TiO₂ powders. The adsorption properties of chabazite aid the photocatalysis process by acumulating rhodamine molecules nearby TiO₂ and allowing the deeper penetration of sunlight in the solution. Both, high-energy milled and acid route processed, commercial TiO₂–based composites, produced the better results for the rhodamine photodegradation under sunlight irradiation.

Keywords: natural zeolites, photocatalysis, dye degradation

Presenting authors email: rrbon@cinvestav.mx

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SF.3-O018 Oral Regular
DEVELOPMENT OF INFRARED-SENSOR DEVOTED TO WATER POLLUTION BASED ON SELENIDE WAVEGUIDE
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:00:00

^1,2Emeline Baudet, ³Aldo Gutierrez-Arrovo, ¹Marion Baillieul, ⁴Emmanuel Rinnert, ²Petr Nemec, ³Joel Charrier, ³Loic Bodiou, ⁴Florent Colas, ⁴Chantal Compere, ¹Catherine Boussard, ¹Bruno Bureau, ⁵Karine Michel, ^1,2Virginie Nazabal
¹Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Equipe Verres et Céramiques, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France. ²Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Univ. of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic. ³FOTON, UMR CNRS 6082, Enssat, 6 rue de Kerampont, BP 80518, 22305 Lannion, France. ⁴IFREMER, Laboratoire Détection, Capteurs et Mesures, Dpt. Recherches et Développements Technologiques, 29280 Plouzané, France. ⁵BRGM, Direction Eau, Environnement et Ecotechnologies, Unité Bio-Géochimie environnementale et qualité de l’Eau, 45060, Orléans, France

Development of Mid-IR sensors is a challenge of great importance for the detection of biochemical molecules. Mid-infrared range (4000-400 cm-1) contains the absorption bands related to the vibrations of organic molecules. Considering this specific spectral window, the optical sensors are expected to be more and more sensitive, selective and compact. One of the main research steps is the fabrication of micro-optic components used as optical waveguides. Chalcogenide glasses are an important class of amorphous materials appropriate for sensing applications. Indeed, they are mainly studied and used for their wide transparency in the infrared range (2-15 μm for seleniure glasses) and their high refractive index (between 2 and 3). The aims of this study are to synthetize and characterize chalcogenide thin films for developing mid-IR optical waveguides. For this study, chalcogenide glasses with composition
(GeSe2)100-x(Sb2Se3)x, where x=5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70, were prepared using the conventional melting and quenching method. Among these compositions, two bulk glasses were chosen for their mid-IR transparency, stability against crystallization, and refractive index contrast suitable for mid-IR optical wave-guiding. The two selenide compositions were selected as target for radiofrequency magnetron sputtering (RF-M) sputtering deposition. The study of the influence of different sputtering parameters (time deposition, power and Ar pressure) on thin films characteristics (chemical composition, deposition rate, surface roughness, refractive index in near-IR and mid-IR and band gap energy) will allow controlling the structure of the optical waveguide. In order to characterize chalcogenide waveguide, spectroscopic ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements were employed to study refractive index, surface roughness and the wettability, respectively. Light injection efficiency experiments in near-IR and mid-IR were performed. Finally, optical waveguide surface was functionalized by deposition of a hydrophobic polymer, which enables detection of organic molecules in water.
Authors are thankful to Region Bretagne, IFREMER, BRGM, Czech Science Foundation (Project No. 16-17921S) and CONACYT for PhD funding. 

Keywords: Infrared sensor, Water pollutants, Chalcogenide glasses and thin films

References:

1. F. Verger, V. Nazabal, F. Colas, P. Nemec, C. Cardinaud, E. Baudet, R. Chahal, E. Rinnert, K. Boukerma, I. Peron, S. Deputier, M. Guilloux-Viry, J. P. Guin, H. Lhermite, A. Moreac, C. Compere, and B. Bureau, "RF sputtered amorphous chalcogenide thin films for surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy," Optical Materials Express 3, 2112-2131 (2013).
2. J. Charrier, M. L. Brandily, H. Lhermite, K. Michel, B. Bureau, F. Verger, and V. Nazabal, "Evanescent wave optical micro-sensor based on chalcogenide glass," Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 173, 468-476 (2012).

Presenting authors email: virginie.nazabal@univ-rennes1.fr

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SF.3-O019 Oral Regular
PHOTOCATALYTIC DISCOLORATION OF INDIGO CARMINE DYE BY BISMUTH BASED OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:15:00

J.C. Medina^1,2, Osmary Depablos^1,2, M. Bizarro¹, S.E. Rodil¹.
¹Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Mexico. ²Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingenieria de Materiales, Mexico.

In previous works, we have shown that Bi₂O₃ is a promising material for visible light photocatalysis. However, analyses of the total organic carbon demonstrate that the dye solutions are not completely mineralized.  Bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃), tantalum doped bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃:Ta), tungsten doped bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃:W), bismuth tungsten oxide (Bi₂WO₆), and bismuth niobium oxide (Bi₅Nb₃O₁₅) thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering technique. The results indicated that it was possible to obtain Bi₂O₃ films in pure cubic delta phase, even though we have introduced other elements in the original crystalline structure. Additionally we obtained bismuth based ternary composites (Bi₂WO₆, Bi₅Nb₃O₁₅). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and optical transmission were used to characterize the films. The photocatalytic activity for each one of the bismuth based films was evaluated testing the discoloration of indigo carmine dye (C₁₆H₈N₂Na₂O₈S₂) solution (5 ppm) under UV light, using different values of pH (3.5, 7 y 11). The dye discoloration and the kinetic of the reaction were estimated measuring the variation of the dye absorption band as a function of the irradiation time. After calculating and comparing the reaction kinetic constants, it was concluded that using UV light and under acidic conditions, pure Bi₂O₃ films had the best performance to decolorize the indigo carmine solution. These results suggest that doping Bi₂O₃ films might modify in a negative way the photocatalytic activity of the pristine Bi₂O₃ films.
Acknowledgement: The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community Seven Framework Programme (FP7-NMP-2010-EU-MEXICO) and CONACYT under grant agreements nº 263878 and 125141, respectively. Phocscleen 318977.

Keywords: Sputtering, Photocatalysis, Degradation of organic molecules

Presenting authors email: juan_mabermon@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-O020 Oral Regular
DOPED SILICA XEROGELS AS ADSORBENTS FOR THE REMOVAL OF PESTICIDES FROM WATER
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:30:00

Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa¹, Martina Cruz-Zamora¹, Bianca Castañeda-Mosqueda¹, Carmen Cecilia García-Castillo¹, Omar Augusto Sánchez-Ortiz¹, Ireri Onchi-Espinosa¹.
¹Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Morelia, km 6.5 Carretera Morelia-Salamanca, C.P. 58100, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

In this research the removal of pesticides (2,4-dichlorophenol) from aqueous solution by means of silica xerogels impregnated with inorganic nanoparticles was studied. The xerogels were synthesized by the two step sol-gel process and a simple methodology of impregnation at normal conditions of pressure and temperature was used. The materials were characterized before and after modification by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nitrogen Physisorption (BET) and acid/base titration. Also, charge distribution of the gels was determined by equilibrium. Plus pH effect on the adsorption capacity of pesticides was investigated by adsorption isotherms that were conducted in batch reactors. The results of the SEM micrograph revealed changes in the surface morphology and the SEM/EDX mapping analysis showed a homogeneous distribution of the inorganic nanoparticles in the doped materials with different percentages by weight. In addition, BET surface area results reported an area of 600 m²g^-1 for no doped sample and a slight decrease onto specific surface area when the xerogels were impregnated. On the other hand, it was found a change in the point of cero charge to more acid pH values when the materials were doped. These last findings can be attributed to the presence of hydro/oxides of inorganic nanoparticles onto the materials surface. Finally, the sorption experiments reported, that, the pesticides removal increased as pH rise from 3 to 9. These findings indicate that the doped xerogels studied herein have a potential application in the removal of contaminants presents in aqueous phase.

Keywords: Silica xerogels, Pesticides, Adsorption

References:

1. Andrade-Espinosa G. & Escobar-Barrios V. & Rangel-Mendez R. (2010), “Synthesis and characterization of silica xerogels obtained via fast sol–gel process� J. Colloid Polym Sci 288:1697–1704

Presenting authors email: gandrade@itvallemorelia.edu.mx

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SF.3-O021 Oral Regular
SYNTHESIS OF TiO₂ NANOPARTICLES WITH MIXTURE OF PHASES USING SOL-GEL METHOD.
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:45:00

V.H. Castrejón-Sánchez¹,  M. Ramón-González¹, M.A. Enríquez P.¹, Juan M. Ramirez¹,  Enrique Camps², M.A. Camacho-López³.
¹ Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Jocotitlán, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km. 44.8, Ejido de San Juan y San Agustín, Jocotitlán, Estado de México, C.P. 50700. ² Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Apartado postal 18-1027, México D.F., C.P. 11801. ³ Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Materiales Avanzados, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 14.5 Carr. Toluca, Atlacomulco, México.

Both nanoparticles and polycrystalline thin films of TiO₂ are easily and inexpensively materials that can be produced by sol-gel method and they show a good chemical stability under illumination in most environments. However, there are some drawbacks for useful applications. A major one for solar energy applications, such as photocatalysis, is that the band gap energy, 3.2 eV for anatase, only allows ultraviolet (UV) absorption. To improve the photoresponse of this material it is desirable to move toward higher wavelength the absorption edge to also include the less energetic but more intense visible part of the solar spectrum. This can be achieved by inducing mixture of phases the oxide semiconductor.  In present work, TiO₂ nanostructure anatase powders were synthesized by sol-gel method using titanium tetrabutoxide as precursor. The powders were thermally treated at 650°C in order to obtain mixed phases. Later, the mixed phase powders were dispersed in distillated water using an ultrasonic bath, allowing to get a colloid with TiO₂ nanoparticles. The material was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, XPS and TEM, in order to determine the crystalline phase, optical properties, composition and morphology.

Keywords: Titanium dioxide, mixture of phases, nanoparticles

References:

1.  Keswani R., Ghodke H., Sarkar D., Khilar K., Srinivasa R., (2010). “Room temperature synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles of different phases in water and oil microemulsion�. Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, Vol. 369. pp.75–81.
2. Kim K., (2002). “Synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using a continuous reaction method�. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspect, Vol. 207. pp. 263–269.
3. Restrepo E., Arango P., Casanova S., (2009) “Algunos conceptos sobre nitruro de titanio y el carburo de titanio�, Revista Dyna, Redalyc. Vol. 76. pp.100-120
4. Müller U., (2007) “Inorganic Structural Chemistry�. 2a ed. Ed. John Wiley & Sons. Ltda. England, Vol. 978. pp. 57
5. Ramírez M T., Huirache A R ., Espinosa A G., Hernández P G .,(2010)“Estado del arte del proceso sol-gel en México�. Vol.17. pp. 183-188.
6. Akurati K.,(2006)“Synthesis, characterization and sintering of nanocrystalline titania powders produced by chemical vapour synthesis�. Journal of Physics Applied Physics. Vol. 39. pp. 2248-2254.

Presenting authors email: victor.castrejon@tesjo.edu.mx

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SF.3-O022 Oral Regular
SYNTHESIS OF BINARY AND TERNARY METAL PHOSPHIDE NANOCRYSTALS FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS
ROOM: Tulum G - 12:30:00

Javier Vela^1
1Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101E Hach Hall, 2438 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA

Nanostructured binary and ternary phosphides of nonprecious metals have garnered increased interest because of their unique optoelectronic properties and applications.

Binary nickel phosphides are catalytically active in hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrification and hydrogen evolution reactions, and serve as electrodes for lithium ion batteries. However, their synthesis usually requires high temperature or proceeds uncontrollably to a mixture of products. We show that different commercially available organophosphite precursors (P(OR)₃, R = alkyl or aryl) selectively react with nickel(II) chloride or acetate to yield Ni₁₂P₅ or Ni₂P. The rate at which organophosphites form nickel phosphides increases in the order P(OMe)₃ < P(OEt)₃ < P(OnBu)₃ < P(OCH₂tBu)₃ < P(OiPr)₃ < P(OPh)₃. Some organophosphites transiently (P(OMe)₃ or P(OiPr)₃) or uniquely (P(O-2,4-tBu₂C₆H₄)₃) form zerovalent, metallic nickel. We propose nickel phosphide formation requires organophosphite coordination to a nickel precursor followed by intramolecular rearrangement, while metallic nickel formation involves outer sphere reduction by uncoordinated organophosphite. These two independent pathways are supported by the fact that preformed Ni nanocrystals do not react with some of the most reactive phosphide-forming organophosphites, failing to evolve into nickel phosphide nanocrystals.

Ternary Nowotny–Juza phases such as LiZnP have attracted considerable attention due to their potential application in thermoelectric devices, solar cells, neutron detectors, and Li ion batteries. Made of a zinc-blende lattice of Zn and P stuffed with an interpenetrating fcc lattice of Li, the electronic structure of this half-Heusler phase resembles IV or III–V 8 e^-􏰀 semiconductors. Unfortunately, the synthesis of LiZnP and other Nowotny–Juza phases has been limited to the bulk, starting from the constituent elements, through the use of high temperature solid-state reactions. We have achieved the first solution phase synthesis of LiZnP and LiCdP nanocrystals. The reaction proceeds through a metallic intermediate followed by rapid incorporation of lithium and phosphorus. The reduced particle size could lower thermal conductivity, which could increase thermoelectric efficiency. Additionally, lower temperature and solution phase preparations could be useful in fine-tuning the optical and electronic properties of these materials, decreasing lattice strain, and improving their processability and implementation into energy conversion devices.

Keywords: clean energy, Earth abundant, phosphide nanocrystals

References:

1. White, M. A.; Thompson, M. J.; Miller, G. J.; Vela, J. “Got LiZnP? Solution Phase Synthesis of Filled Tetrahedral Semiconductors in the Nanoregime.� Chem. Commun. 2016, 3497–3499.
2. Andaraarachchi, H. P.; Thompson, M. J.; White, M. A.; Fan, H.-J.; Vela, J. “Phase-Programmed Nanofabrication: Effect of Organophosphite Precursor Reactivity on the Evolution of Nickel and Nickel Phosphide Nanocrystals.� Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 8021–8031.

Presenting authors email: vela@iastate.edu

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SF.3-O023 Invited
KINETIC STUDIES OF THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF PESTICIDES AND MEDICATIONS
ROOM: Tulum G - 12:45:00

Edgar Moctezuma¹, Elisa Leyva¹, Brenda Zermeño¹,
¹Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México 78210

The advanced oxidation of organic pesticides and medications, with TiO2 and UV light (365 nm) have been investigated in our laboratories in order to evaluate the effect of initial reactant concentration on the reaction rate, to elucidate the reaction pathway and to determine the role of direct photolysis on the photocatalytic process. The reaction samples were analyzed by different analytical techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, HPLC, TOC, FTIR, GC-MS and NMR. The fraction of reactant transformed into intermediate organic products was evaluated by a material balance using the results of analysis of the reaction samples by HPLC and TOC. Some of the intermediate organic reaction products were identified by HPLC using the co-injection of standards technique. The organic products and the remaining reactant were extracted form the reaction samples by liquid – liquid extraction. The chemical structure of those organic reaction products was determined by GC-MS, FT-IR and NMR. Experimental results indicated that the organic pesticides and medications are efficiently degraded by photocatalysis via hydroxylation of the aromatic ring to form hydroquinone, benzoquinone and benzenetriol. These organic products are rapidly oxidized to low molecular weight organic acids before being completely mineralized to CO₂ and water. Since the photocatalytic degradation of aromatic compounds a LH-HW reaction mechanism, the kinetic parameters were calculated by non-linear regression using the experimental results of concentration of reactant and intermediate reaction products as a function of time. Additional experiments showed that direct photolysis plays a minor role on the photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic organic compounds.

Keywords: photocatalysis, pesticides, medications

References:

1. Moctezuma E., Leyva, E., Monreal, E., Villegas, N., Infante, D.,  Chemosphere, 40, 3, 511-517, (1999)
2. Moctezuma E., Leyva, E., Palestino, G., De Lasa, H., J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 186, 71-84, (2007)
3. Edgar Moctezuma, Elisa Leyva, Claudia A. Aguilar, Raúl A. Luna and Carlos Montalvo, , J. Hazard. Mater. 243, 130-138, (2012)
4. Edgar Moctezuma, Elisa Leyva, Mariana López, Alfonso Pinedo, Brenda Zermeño, Benito Serrano, Photocatalytic degradation of metoprolol tartrate, Top. Cat. 56, 1875-1882, (2013)

Presenting authors email: edgar@uaslp.mx

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SF.3-O024 Invited
ADSORPTION KINETICS OF ARSENIC (III) IN WATER USING BIOPOLYMER CHITOSAN
ROOM: Tulum G - 13:15:00

María Juana Paredes Bautista¹, Itzel Antonio Ríos¹, Gabriela F. Muñoz Vargas¹, Claudia Santacruz Vázquez¹, Verónica Santacruz Vázquez¹, Tania Meza Gaspar¹.
¹Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Polluted water is actually one of the most important problems, being the arsenic (As) one the principle pollutant; That´s why in this paper we investigate the adsorption capacity of bead-shaped chitosan (QS). The  kinetics study is done with a solution of arsenic whose initial concentration is 0.2 mg/L with 0.6 g of chitosan beads with a pH of 7, with this we determinate that the adsorption is of second order. The isotherm is done by changing the adsorbent and adsorbates mass respectively, the first one is made with an initial concentration of 0.2 mg/L of arsenic and 0.02-0.1 g of chitosan beads on a pH of 5 and pH of 7 with a contact time of 2 to 21 hours, we obtain as a result that this conditions the efficiency of the remotion is lacking; In the second case when we change the adsorbates mass where we used different concentrations of arsenic with a constant amount of QS beads of 0.365 with a pH of 5 and pH of 7, with a contact time of 2 and 21 hours, we obtain the highest efficiency of remotion: about 81% with a pH of 5 with a contact time of 21 hours using the samples with higher concentrations of arsenic. Then we made the models using the Langmuir and Freundlich, in which case we observe that the isotherm that is closer to the results is Freundlichs, that has a correlation coefficient of 0.8324; Determining that the queue maximum capacity of adsorption of arsenic ions was 0.35 mg/g in a contact time of 90 minutes.

Keywords: water, polymer, pollution

References:

1. Balanta Danny, Grande Carlos D., Zuluaga Fabio (2010), Extracción, identificación y caracterización de quitosano del micelio de Aspergillus Niger y sus aplicaciones como material bioadsorbente en el tratamiento de aguas, Revista iberoamericana de polímeros, Vol. 11(5), 297-316.
2. Boddu V.M., Abburi K., Talbott J.L., Smith Edgar D., Haasch R. (2008), Removal of arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) from aqueous médium using chitosan-coated biosorbent. Water Research 42, p.p. 633-642.
3. Chen Chih-Yu, Chang Tsu-Hua, Kuo Jong-Tar, Chen Yu-Feng, Chung Ying-Chien (2008), Characterisctics of molybdate-impregnated chitosan beads (MICB) in terms of arsenic removal form wáter and the application of a MICB-packed column to remove arsenic from wastewater. Bioresource Technology Vol. 99, p. 7487-7494].
4. Flores A. Jaime, Ly Marta, Tapia Nelson & Maldonado Holger (2001), Biosorción con quitosano: Estudios de equilibrio, Revista de química, Vol. XV N°2, 133-147].
5. Goldaracena I. Carolina G., Metales pesados en organismos acuáticos en dos Lagunas Costera del Sur de Tamaulipas y Norte de Veracruz (Tesis maestría), Instituto Politécnico nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y tecnología avanzada unidad Altamira. Altamita, Tamaulipas.
6. Gupta Anjali, Singh C. Vivek, Sankararamakrishnan Nalini (2009), Preparation and evaluation of iron-chitosan composites for removal of As (III) and As (V) from arsenic contaminated real life groundwater, Water Research Vol. 43, p. 3862-3870.
7. Larenas U. Christina, Andrango Daniel e Inga Pablo (2008). Estudio isotérmico de biosorción de plomo en aguas utilizando residuos vegetales. La Granja 8 (2), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador.
8. Lárez V. Cristóbal. (2003), Algunos usos del quitosano en sistemas acuosos, Revista iberoamericana de Polímeros,Vol. 4(2), 91-109.
9. Litter I. Martha, Sancha Ana M. y Ingallinella Ana M. (2010) IBEROARSEN: Tecnologías económicas para el abatimiento de arsénico en aguas. CYTED. Argentina.
10. Pérez M. F. (2004), Dinámica del arsénico en aguas subterráneas de pozos y sedimentos del distribuidos general de agua potable de Zimapán, Hidalgo (Tesis doctoral), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo.
11. Rodríguez Roberto, Candela Lucila y Salvado Victoria (2006). Adsorción y desorción de metales pesados en residuos mineros: Histéresis del proceso. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid. ISBN 84-7840-656-5. P.P 149-175.
12. Tapia H.N., Cabrejo G.J., Rojas P.N., Chasquibol N.S.,Yarango A.R., Torres F.D., Becerra V.E. (2012), Perlas de quitosano con partículas magnéticas y su aplicación en la adsorción de iones de Cu (II). Revista Per. Ing. Quím. Vol. 15 N° 1,p.p. 54-58
13. Wang J.,Xu W., Chen L., Huang X. Liu J. (2012) Preparation and evaluation of magentic nanoparticles impregnated chitosan beads for arsenic from wáter. Chemical Engineering Journal 251, p.p. 25-34.
14. Zambrano C. Rosa Ma., González T. Liborio, Aranguré Z. Francisco J., Espinosa R. Miguel �ngel, Paredes L. Juan Carlos (2011). ¿Arsénico en Nayarit?, Revista Fuente Año 3 N° 6.

Presenting authors email: gabmnz@hotmail.com

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SF.3-O025 Oral Regular
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR APPROACH OF BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS BASED ON POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, ACHIRA (Canna edulis) STARCH AND COLLAGEN RECOVERED FROM LEATHER SHAVINGS
ROOM: Tulum G - 13:45:00

Katherine Encalada-Flores¹, Valeria Viteri-Tapia¹, Vladimir Valle-Alvarez¹, Francisco Quiroz-Chávez^1
1Centro de Investigaciones Aplicadas a Polímeros, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito C.P. 170517, Ecuador

The tanning leather industry generates leather shavings as a result of the shaving process. This waste stream is usually disposed in landfills without previous treatment. Simultaneously, the huge increasing of post consumed plastics, which need large periods of time in order to get degraded, has induced the idea of developing an alternative eco-friendly material. In this context, this article proposes to draw upon the leather shavings combined with renewable resources to obtain biodegradable plastics.
This work aimed to formulate a thermoplastic biodegradable material by the combination of hydrolyzed collagen (HC) recovered from leather shavings and achira rhizome starch (AS). Both components were mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glycerol (GL) as plasticizer. Several formulations were prepared using an experimental mixture design in order to evaluate the interactions between the components. In this regard, 60% of the total mixture weight corresponded to PVA, while the rest of the three substances were added in different percentages. The range belonging to GL and AS, was from 15% to 20% whereas the interval of HC was ranked from 5% to 10%. The raw materials were mixed in a roll mill at 60 °C. Afterwards, these blends were placed in a heated mold at 110 °C under constant pressure of 5500 psi for 7 minutes after of which a translucent and flexible sheet was obtained. Mechanical study was conducted using ASTM D882 standard in order to evaluate the interaction between blend´s components and the influence of composition over the properties.
The results showed that both HC and GL acted as plasticizers over the blend, resulting in a synergic effect that enhanced the percentage of elongation at break. On the other hand, Young´s modulus showed a direct proportional relation with starch quantity in the formulation, it means that the material stiffness increased with the increment of AS.

Keywords: biopolymers, starch blends, recovered collagen

References:

1. Alexya, P., Bakoša, D., Hanzelováa, S., Kukolíkováa, L., Kupecc, J., Charvátovác, K., Chiellinib, E., & Cinellib, P. (2003). “Poly(vinyl alcohol)–collagen hydrolysate thermoplastic blends: I. Experimental design optimization and biodegradation behavior�. Polymer Testing, 22(7), 801-809.
2. Chiellini, E., Cinelli, P., Ilieva, V. I., Ceccanti, A., Alexy, P., & Bakos, D. (2003). “Biodegradable hybrid polymer films based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and collagen hydrolysate�. Macromolecular Symposia, 197(1), 125–132.
3. Kopčilová, M., Hubáčková, J., Růžička, J., Dvořáčková, M., Julinová, M., Koutný, M. & Filip, J. (2012). “Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Blend Plastics Through extrusion Methodâ€�. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 21(1), 88-94.
4. Liu, Y., Wang, Q., & Li, L. (2014). “Reuse of leather shavings as a reinforcing filler for poly (vinyl alcohol)�. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 29(3), 327-343.

Presenting authors email: katho_ec@hotmail.com

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SF.3-O026 Oral Regular
10 Kg PILOT-SCALE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE Al/Fe-PILC CLAY AND PERFORMANCE IN THE CATALYTIC WET PEROXIDE OXIDATION OF PHENOL
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Helir-Joseph Muñoz¹, Lucero Cabrera¹ and Luis-Alejandro Galeano^1
1 Research Group on Functional Materials and Catalysis. Department of Chemistry, Nariño University. Ciudad Universitaria Torobajo, Calle 18 Cra. 50, Pasto – Colombia.

Thanks to the great variety of properties, versatility and low cost displayed by natural clays, these materials show huge potential of application. In addition, the structural modification of this kind of aluminosilicates with the mixed system Al/Fe at a nanometric scale by means of intercalating-pillaring techniques leads to highly porous materials with the corresponding higher exposure of the catalytic active sites. It has shown in the recent past to enable excellent behavior in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of several toxic organics present in water, including phenols. However, the proper scaling-up of this technology in order to implement it in the treatment of real waters strongly depends on the successful and reproducible preparation of large amounts of such a very active catalyst without significant loss of textural, physicochemical and of course catalytic response. Hence, this work aimed at the study of the effects exerted by the pilot scaling-up in the preparation of the clay catalyst at 10 Kg scale on the textural, structural and catalytic properties in the CWPO degradation of phenol. For such a purpose, every unit operation involved in the preparation of the catalyst from concentrated precursors was studied by using a Colombian bentonite as starting material in a 60 L reactor equipped with mechanical shaking and electronic control of temperature for preparation of either, the concentrated Al/Fe pillaring precursor and the intercalated aluminosilicate. The mixed metal polymeric precursor was prepared in a  non-conventional high concentration in comparison with lab preparations by using an alternative method of auto-hydrolysis reaction with elemental aluminum having the next features: atomic metal ratio (AMR) of 5.0 % in Fe; total concentration of metals (Al+Fe) close to 5.0 mol/L, ratio of starting sources of Al (Al³⁺/Al⁰ ) = 1.0. The pillaring precursor showed a pH close to 1.0 as soon as finished the hydrolysis reaction, but variable as a function of the aging time and temperature of thermal post-treatment. All solid materials were characterized by X-ray Diffraction of powder and oriented aggregates, elemental analyses by either atomic absorption spectroscopy or X-ray Fluorescence as well as simultaneous thermal analysis (DTA/TGA) of the interlayered precursor. The textural properties were assessed by physical adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K; the change in the chemical reactivity of the active site of interest in this reaction (Fe) on the surface of the catalyst was also recorded by chemisorption techniques: hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) for testing reducibility of the transition metal and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH₃) to determine abundance and strength of the active sites. Finally, diffuse reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy was also used to check changes in the near and medium infrared signals of the materials throughout the process. Catalytic performance of all solids in phenol degradation (26 mg/L) at 25 °C was used as a critical factor to analyze such effects.

Keywords: Al/Fe-pillared clays, catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol, scaling-up

Presenting authors email: alejandrogaleano@udenar.edu.co

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SF.3-O027 Oral Regular
INFLUENCE OF TiO2 NANOPARTICLES IN THE AEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:00:00

Pabel Cervantes-Avilés¹, Nayeli Camarillo Piñas¹, Germán Cuevas-Rodríguez¹, Junichi Ida²Â 
¹División de Ingenierías - Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Av. Juárez 77 Zona Centro, Guanajuato, C.P. 36000, México. ²Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachiouji, Tokyo, Z.C. 192-8577, Japan.

Currently, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are widely investigated for their close relationship to human applications in personal care products, specially TiO₂ NPs which are the second more produced at industrial scale (Möller, et al., 2013). The incorporation of TiO₂ NPs in products with frequent use has given place to concerns about the impact of these materials in the environment. Some reports found that water is the main way of transportation of nanomaterials along the environment. So, it is important study the effects that the presence of TiO₂ NPs may have on wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) which are still unclear. Some studies have detected low organic matter removal on WWTP with concentrations around 1010 mg/L of TiO₂ NPs (Gartiser, et al., 2014). So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TiO₂ NPs on aerobic wastewater treatment through the measurement of oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and the evaluation of the quality in the water treated. Experiments were conducted in darkness and in batch aerobic reactors in presence of TiO₂ NPs (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L) monitoring the OUR during 8 hours, while quality in water treated was determined through the analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total organic carbon (TOC). At the conclusion of the experiment, it was observed inhibition in the OUR for aerobic microorganisms since 500 mg/L of TiO_2 NPs. The most inhibitory effect was detected at 2000 mg/L of TiO₂ NPs achieving 37% less oxygen uptaken compared with controls group. Related with the quality of water treated, the TiO₂ NPs presented an adsorption effect for removal of COT and COD. These removal efficiencies were proportional to the TiO_2 NPs concentration. In conclusion, TiO_2 NPs induce a mechanical damage in the microorganisms involved in the aerobic wastewater treatment and also improve the removal of carbonaceous compounds in wastewater.

Keywords: TiO2 Nanoparticles, Aerobic Wastewater Treatment, Oxygen Uptake Rate

References:

1. Möller, M., Hermann, A., Groß, R., Diesner, M.O., Küppers, P., Luther, W., Malanowski, N., Haus, D. & Zweck., A. (2013). Nanomaterials : Effects on Environment and Health, Centre for Technology Assessmen, Editorial VDF, ETH-Zürich, Switzerland.
2. Gartiser, S., Flach, F., Nickel, C., Stintz, M., Damme, S., Schaeffer, A., Erdinger, L. & Kuhlbusch, T.A.J. (2014). Behavior of nanoscale titanium dioxide in laboratory wastewater treatment plants according to OECD 303 A. Chemosphere 104, 197-204.

Presenting authors email: pabel.cervantes@gmail.com

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SF.3-O028 Invited
METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSITION-METAL CATALYSIS
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:15:00

Levi M. Stanley,¹ Ryan Van Zeeland,¹ Xinle Li,¹ Wenyu Huang^1
1Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.

The ability to carry out chemical reactions in the most efficient, economical, and environmentally responsible manner is critical to a sustainable chemical enterprise. The need for sustainable chemical processes has driven studies to develop catalysts with high activity, selectivity, stability and recyclability. Although catalysts that meet a selection of these requirements are known, catalysts that combine excellent activity and selectivity with high stability and recyclability are much less common. The development of highly active and selective homogeneous catalysts stems from the ability to easily modify the steric and electronic properties of transition-metal complexes; however these catalysts rarely exhibit the desired stability and recyclability often associated with heterogeneous catalysts.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly those with bipyridyl-containing linkers, offer excellent potential to develop catalysts at the interface of traditional homogeneous and heterogeneous transition-metal catalysts. However, many transition metal-functionalized MOFs do not match the activity and selectivity of established homogeneous catalysts. For transition metal-functionalized MOFs to become practical catalysts, the activity and selectivity must improve without sacrificing stability and recyclability that make MOFs attractive catalysts. To this end, we have developed a library of transition metal-functionalized bpy-UiO-67- and MOF-253-type MOFs bearing organic linker units with varying steric and electronic properties. The synthesis of new bipyridyl linker units capable of supporting transition-metal centers and the corresponding MOFs will be discussed. The utility, catalytic properties, and sustainability of these new transition metal-functionalized MOFs will be presented for conjugate addition reactions that occur in water and in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions.

Keywords: metal-organic frameworks, catalysis, sustainability

Presenting authors email: lstanley@iastate.edu

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SF.3-O029 Oral Regular
GUADUA: A NEW FIBER FOR REINFORCEMENT IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:45:00

L.A Sanchez-Echeverri¹, J.A. Medina¹, M.E Rodríguez-García^2
1Grupo de Materiales y Manufactura CIPP-CIPEM-Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1ra Este N 19A - 40, Bogotá, Colombia. CP 111711- ²Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla La Mesa, Juriquilla, Qro., México. CP 76230

In order to reduce environmental impacts, studies about replacement of synthetic fibers have been increased in the last decades in order to obtain different alternatives less harmful, renewable and eco-friendly (1, 2). The utilization of vegetal fibers in composites is driven by growing market trends in terms of energy economy through weight reduction and recyclability after the end of the life cycle of the component. Therefore, vegetal fibers offer an outstanding choice, due to their competitive prices and renewable nature (3). This work presents a chemical, physical and mechanical characterization of Guadua Angustifolia Kunth culm with the aim to explore all the potential of this kind of fiber. Bamboo samples were analyzed by using standard biomass analysis by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) with laboratory analytical procedures (LAPs) for whole biomass analysis US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Bagasse Standard Reference Material # 8491 was also analyzed as a quality-assurance reference for determination of extractives, lignin, and carbohydrates. The insoluble fiber determination was performed by using the standard Method AOAC 985.29 (AOAC, 2000). Elastic and Rupture modulus were calculates by following the ASTM D143-94 standard test method, modified accordingly, to accommodate the specific characteristics of the bamboo specimens, in a universal machine (INSTRON 4401). The crystalline orientation of cellulose was evaluated by mean XRD technique. The results showed that Guadua has an important component of insoluble fiber, related mainly with cellulose; therefore, it could be used as a reinforcing material to developed biocomposites.

Keywords: Guadua Fiber, Characterization, Alternative fiber-composite

References:

[1] C.A. Juareza, G. Fajardo, S. Monroy, A. Duran-Herrera, P. Valdez, Camille Magniont. 2015 Comparative study between natural and PVA fibers to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking in cement-based composite, Construction and Building Materials 91 pp 164–170
[2] A.K. Bledzki, P. Franciszczak, Z. Osman, M. Elbadawi. 2015 Polypropylene biocomposites reinforced with softwood, abaca, jute, and kenaf fibers. Industrial Crops and Products, 70 pp 91–99
[3] M.J.M. Ridzuan,, M.S. Abdul Majid, M. Afendi, S.N. Aqmariah Kanafiah, J.M. Zahri, A.G. Gibson. 2016 Characterisation of natural cellulosic fibre from Pennisetum purpureum stem as potential reinforcement of polymer composites. Materials and Design 89 pp 839–847

Presenting authors email: se.luz10@uniandes.edu.co

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SF.3-O030 Oral Regular
EFFECT OF IRIDIUM IN THE PHOTOACTIVITY OF TiO₂-SiO₂ MATERIALS
ROOM: Tulum G - 17:00:00

López-González¹, M. A. Alvarez-Lemus¹, F. F. Güemez-Cancino¹, K. N. Castillo-Angulo¹, D. M. Frías¹ _,S. Oros R. Gómez^2
1Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco-DAIA. ²UAM-I, Depto. Química, Ecocatal.

Photocatalysis has been demonstrated as an efficient advanced oxidation processes which can be used to degrade organic molecules. In the present work the effect of titanium precursor and its load (%wt) as well the effect of iridium was analyzed to create highly hydrolyzed surface on TiO₂-SiO₂ materials. The sol-gel process was used to synthesize the corresponding materials due the control over the reaction parameters (acid catalyst, ration water:alcoxides). The materials were characterized by XRD, TGA/DSC, UV-Vis-DRS, FTIR and SEM-EDS and evaluated in the photodegradation of thymine and uracil. The precursor effect (titanium isopropoxide and n-butoxide) modify the superficial properties as was demonstrated, meanwhile BET method indicates that the specific superficial area was increased significantly with the SiO2 inclusion; it allows a higher degradation rate (98 %) of thymine and uracil. When Iridium ions were introduced (1% wt.) a higher degradation rate was obtained due the band gap displacement at lower energy. The outcomes shown that TiO₂-SiO₂/Ir nanoparticles could be applied not only in the photodegradation of pyrimidines but also in the elimination of undesired organic aqueous pollutants.

Keywords: photocatalysis, Sol gel, pyrimidines

Presenting authors email: rosendo.lopez@ujat.mx

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SF.3-O031 Invited
THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES IN A TERNARY INTERMETALLIC ALLOY: LaPtSb
ROOM: Tulum G - 09:00:00

G. Torres González¹, R. Escudero Derat¹.
¹Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México, D. F.

Ternary intermetallic RTX compounds (R=rare earth, T=transition metal, X=metalloids) have been investigated extensively in the past decades due to its interesting magnetocaloric effects, electronic, and thermoelectric properties. Several types of these compounds exhibit good thermoelectric properties, an example are half-Heusler alloys, that are a particular case of RTX.
The thermoelectric materials have important applications to produce clean energy and refrigerators without contamination. In order to be efficient materials, they need to have low thermal conductivity, high Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity to obtain a high ZT figure of merit.
Last year a theoretical study about the thermoelectric properties of LaPtSb at room temperature was published, the calculated ZT value was as high as 2.2 for n-type, and 1.0 for p-type carriers. The importance of this work is investigate experimentally the thermoelectric properties and ZT. The initial step is performance the synthesis of LaPtSb by solid state method and X-ray diffraction method prove only once crystallographic phase. The thermoelectric properties, measuring of power factor, resistivity and calculating the thermal conductivity, showed that the ZT value is smaller than the reported. Discussion about this behavior will be included in this study.

Keywords: Ternary intermetallic alloys, Thermoelectricity, X-ray diffraction method

Presenting authors email: josegt@ciencias.unam.mx

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SF.3-O032 Invited
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN WATER OVER ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE DERIVED PHOTOCATALYSTS
ROOM: Tulum G - 09:30:00

Mayra Angélica Alvarez Lemus¹, Rosendo López González¹, Melina del Carmen Uribe López¹, Juan Pablo Ricardez Alejandro¹, Dora María Frías Márquez^1
1Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco

Water pollution is one of the most important issues worldwide. The uncontrolled and unregulated disposal of organic pollutants like pesticides, dyes and medicines has provoked the pollution of water bodies because of the accumulation of these compounds. As a result, important modifications in flora and fauna have been reported, together with health issues in human beings. Pesticides are refractory compounds that are related with the development of prostate, ovarian and skin cancer. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been successfully used for the degradation of some organic refractory pollutants and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) still remains as the standard photocatalyst; however it has some disadvantages like low surface area, only one active crystalline phase and fast electron-hole pair recombination   During the last decade, different materials has been explored in order to overcome these disadvantages and zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) has emerged as an alternative. Its acid-base properties, high surface area, and low-temperature stabilization of active crystalline phase play an important role for its photoactivity. In spite of zirconium dioxide is considered as an insulator, it has been reported that introduction of transition ions together with the method of synthesis leads in significant decrease of the band gap energy values. Particularly manganese, iron and cupper ions were included in ZrO₂ and its effect was studied by XPS, FTIR, UV-Vis, and Raman spectroscopies, XRD and Nitrogen adsorption were also performed. Additionally, incorporation of zinc oxide and titanium oxide was also studied. Photocatalytic activity was assessed under UV light (254 nm) using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and methylene blue (MB). The results of the research showed that the best performance was obtained for manganese doped materials (95% within 100 minutes), followed by iron-doped materials (80% within 120 minutes).

Keywords: zirconium dioxide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, photocatalysis

References:

[1] http://www.panna.org/human-health-harms/cancer

[2] Ö. Kerkez-Kuyumcu, E. Kibar, K. Dayıoğlu, F. Gedik, Ayşe N. Akın, Ş. Özkara-Aydınoğlu, A comparative study for removal of different dyes over M/TiO2 (M = Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and Cr) photocatalysts under visible light irradiation, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 311 (2015) 175-185.

[3] T. López, M. Alvarez, F. Tzompantzi, M. Piquart, Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxiacetic acid and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol with ZrO2 and Mn/ZrO2 sol-gel materials, J Sol-Gel Sci. Techn., 37 (2006) 207-211.

[4] M. Alvarez Lemus, T. López, S. Recillas, D.M. Frías, M. Montes, J.J. Delgado, M.A. Centeno and J.A. Odriozola, Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using nanocrystalline cryptomelane composite catalysts, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 281 (2008) 107-112.

Presenting authors email: myalemus@gmail.com

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SF.3-O033 Invited
CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER VAPOUR IN INOF-1
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:00:00

Ricardo A. Peralta,¹ Brenda Alcántar-Vázquez,¹ Mayra Sánchez Serratos,¹ Eduardo González-Zamora² and Ilich A. Ibarra¹.
¹ Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del. Coyoacán, 04510, México D. F., México.² Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P 09340, México D. F., México.

Global warming is one of the biggest threats that our society has to solve since it causes extreme climate change. The cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the atmosphere are continuously increasing due to anthropogenic activities and these, unwittingly, generate the undesirable green gas effect.
Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are among the most interesting candidates for gas separation, because their sorption selectivity towards small molecule adsorbates is directly tunable as a function of the topology and chemical composition of the micropores. Porous metal-organic materials showing high surface area and high pore volume normally show high CO₂ storage capacities at room temperature and relatively high pressures. Although the high CO₂ capacity and selectivity that PCPs show, many gas separation processes in industry involve the exposure to water vapour.
In the present work we have chosen a material entitled InOF-1, a water-stable PCP based on a binuclear [In₂(μ₂-OH)] building block, constructed from a flexible BPTC^4- ligand (H₄BPTC= biphenyl-3,3’,5,5’-tetracarboxylic acid) and possesses hydroxo functional groups (μ₂-OH) to study the CO₂ capture in the presence of water vapour.  
Kinetic uptake experiments on InOF-1 confirm a maximum of 5.42 wt% CO₂ capture at 30 ^oC and a significant 2-fold increase (~11 wt %) in CO₂ capture under 20% relative humidity of water vapour. InOF-1 captures CO₂ under humidity conditions (10% and 20% RH) and relatively high temperatures (40 and 50 ^oC) without any degradation of the crystalline structure which was corroborated by PXRD.

Keywords: Capture of CO2, MOF (Metal Organic Framework), Carbon Dioxide Capture in the Presence of Water

References:

• Ricardo A. Peralta, Brenda Alcántar-Vázquez, Mayra Sánchez Serratos, Eduardo González-Zamora and Ilich A. Ibarra. «Carbon Dioxide Capture in the Presence of Water Vapour in InOF-1.» Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 2 (2015): 898-903.
• J. Qian, F. Jiang, D. Yuan, M. Wu, S. Zhang, L. Zhang and M. Hong, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 9696.
• E. Soubeyrand-Lenoir, C. Vagner, J.W. Yoon, P. Bazin, F. Ragon, Y. K. Hwang, C. Serre, J.-S. Chang and P. L. Llewellyn, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 10174.
• M. R. Gonzalez, J. H. González-Estefan, H. A. Lara-García, P. Sánchez-Camacho, E. I. Basaldella, H. Pfeiffer and I. A. Ibarra, New, J. Chem., 2015, 39, 2400.
• H. A. Lara-García, M. R. Gonzalez, J. H. González-Estefan, P. Sánchez-Camacho, E. Lima and I. A. Ibarra, Inorg. Chem. Front., 2015, 2, 442.

Presenting authors email: schwarz10.rp@gmail.com

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SF.3-O034 Oral Regular
EFFECT OF THE ACCESSION OF RESIN PET IN MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES AND EFFECTIVE POROSITY IN MORTAR CEMENT TO EARLY AGES
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:30:00

K.R. Pérez ¹, M A. Avila¹, K. M. Castro¹, R. Felix¹, J. L. Almaral¹, F. J. Baldenebro¹, C.P. Barrios¹, M. J. Pellegrini¹.
¹ Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Pról. Ã�ngel Flores y Fuente de Poseidón, S/.N, C.P. 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa; México.

The development of urbanization worldwide has demanded the need for more durable materials, including mortars. However, the exploitation of natural resources has generated pollution problems, so alternatives have been proposed the addition of materials such as polyethylene terephthalate resin (PET) recycling as a sustainable alternative. This study compares absorption properties between conventional mortars and mortars adhesion of PET resin, determining absorption properties and mechanical strength, according to ASTM-C1585 and ASTM-C805 respectively. The mortars were made with w/c ratio of 0.60 to 2% resin adhesion and conventional according to ASTM-C305 to 7 days old. The study showed that mortars with adhesion of PET resin the absorption properties achieved differ from conventional mortars. Being the volumetric weight and the compressive strength of conventional mortar higher, while resistance to water penetration and effective porosity was greater in mortars with PET adhesion. It was concluded that mortar with PET adhesion at early ages produce a reduction in the specific weight and mechanical strength and increased resistance to water penetration and effective porosity of the cementitious matrix.

Keywords: sorptivity, effective porosity, penetration resistance

References:

1. ASTM Standard C 305-06. Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency by “Manual of Cement Testing,� Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.01. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006.
2. ASTM Standard C 192/C 192M – 06. Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006.
3. ASTM Standard C 1585-04. Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water by Hydraulic Cement Concretes. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
4. ASTM Standard C805/C805M-13. Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.

Presenting authors email: karla.perezf.fim@uas.edu.mx

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SF.3-O035 Oral Regular
METATHESIS TRANSFORMATION REACTIONS OF 1,4-cis AND trans POLYISOPRENE FROM NATURAL CHICLE USING RUTHENIUM CATALYSTS
ROOM: Tulum G - 10:45:00

Reyes-Gómez,¹Â M. A. Tlenkopatchev^1
1 Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, 04510 Mexico D.F., Mexico

The use of renewable feedstocks is a challenging opportunity in order to contribute to the development of a sustainable future. In this sense, the olefin metathesis is a versatile approach that allows to exploit the synthetic potential of nature in an efficient manner; since it enables the chemical modification of unsaturated substrates: on one hand to prepare new materials for specific uses in non-traditional areas, on the other hand to find alternative methodologies to conventional ones using environmentally friendly sources such as natural rubber [1].
Since the ruthenium-based catalysts allow more freedom in terms of the choice of functionalities that can be incorporated by the chain transfer agent at the end of the polymer chain [2]; the metathesis transformation of natural rubber (cis-polyisoprene) and synthetic trans-polyisoprene to telechelic polymers using Ru-alkylidene catalysts has been reported [3-7].
The chicozapote or sapodilla tree (Manilkara zapota) constitutes the only source of natural chicle [8]. In Mexico the sapodilla is distributed mostly in the Gulf and in the Pacific coasts, Yucatan and Chiapas. Chicle from the Yucatan peninsula contains both, cis- and trans-polyisoprenes, with a cis/trans ratio of 25/75.
This work reports the metathesis degradation of the rubber fraction of chicle, with methyl methacrylate as the chain transfer agent (CTA).The metathesis reactions were carried out in toluene for 24h at T=80ºC, using the C=C/catalyst =500/1 and the Ru-alkylidene catalysts (Grubbs first generation and Grubbs and Hoveyda-Grubbs second generation) and a Ru-vinylidene complex, in order to synthesize low-molecular-weight telechelics in a well-controlled manner. The methyl ester terminated products were characterized by FT-IR, NMR (¹H, ¹³C), GC-MS, MALDI-TOF and GPC. The yields of the oligomers were good and ranged between 90 and 99%. These compounds represent valuable raw materials for the synthesis of detergents, fine chemicals and biofuels.

Keywords: Natural chicle, metathesis degradation, ruthenium catalysts

References:

[1] G. Morandi, N. Kebir, I. Campistron, F. Gohier, A. Laguerre, J-F. Pilard. Tetrahedron Letters 48 (2007) 7726–7730.
[2] A. K. Chatterjee, T. L. Choi, D. P. Sanders, R. H. Grubbs; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 11360-11370.
[3] A. Martínez, S. Gutiérrez, M. A. Tlenkopatchev. Molecules 17 5 (2012) 6001-6010.
[4] S. Gutiérrez, M. A. Tlenkopatchev. Polym. Bull. 66 8 (2010) 1029-1038.
[5] S. Gutiérrez, M. A. Tlenkopatchev. Rev. LatinAm. Metal. Mater. 1 4 (2009) 1463-1467.
[6] S. Reyes-Gómez, M. A. Tlenkopatchev en Memorias del Congreso Nacional de la S.P.M. MACROMEX 2014. Puerto Vallarta-JC (2014) Vol. XXVII: 491-495.
[7] Ouardad, S., Peruch, F. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 99 (2014) 249-253.
[8] Azpeitia, E., Bowers, A., Crabbé, P., Mancera, O., Matthews, J. S., Reynoso J., Salazar J. Can. J. Chem. 39 1(1961) 2321-2323.

Presenting authors email: sreyes.iq@gmail.com

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SF.3-O036 Invited
RECENT ADVANCES IN DEVELOPMENT OF VISIBLE LIGHT INDUCED PHOTOCATALYTIC NANOMATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
ROOM: Tulum G - 12:30:00

Rajesh Adhikari^1,2 Soo Wohn Lee^2
1INRS-EMT, 1650 Boul. Lionel Bullet, J3X1S2, Varennes, Quebec, Canada ²Research Center for Eco-Multifunctional Nanomaterials, Global Research Lab (GRL), Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea

Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that provides an extensive range of resources to solve the energy and environmental issues.  Nanomaterials hold promising potency to harvest solar energy by engineering their Physicochemical, morphological, electronic, optical and surface properties. These materials have wide range of applications in photonics, drug delivery, bio-medical and photocatalysis. In this talk, basic photocatalytic reaction mechanism, recent advances and challenges in development of photocatalytic nanomaterials will be discussed with special emphasis on the investigation of visible light induced photocatalysts such as WO₃, Bi₂MoO₆ and BaMoO₄ composite systems.

Keywords: Nanotechnology, Photocatalysts, Plasmonic hybrid composites

Presenting authors email: rajesh.adhikari@emt.inrs.ca

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SF.3-O037 Invited
ADSORPTION OF ARSENIC (V) AND CADMIUM (II) IN METAL OXIDES SUPPORTED IN SBA-15
ROOM: Tulum G - 13:00:00

Diana Vargas Hernández¹, Judith Celina Tánori Córdoba², Ana Rosela Enríquez Montoya², Rafael Cruz Ruiz^2
1 Catedrática CONACYT – Universidad de Sonora, Calle Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas S/N, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México.² Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Calle Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas S/N, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México.

Rapid industrialization comes with a negative consequence of environmental pollution which in turn affects human health¹. Cadmium, arsenic, mercury, zinc and lead are the potentially hazardous heavy metals, which can be of serious threat to animals and human beings for their high toxicity and tendency for bioaccumulation in the food chain even in relatively low concentrations in the environment. Most commonly used techniques for removal of heavy metal ions in wastewaters are membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, cementation, electrodialysis, electrocoagulatation and adsorption². The objective of this present work was to study the efficiency of PdO/SBA and CuO/SBA in arsenic (As⁵⁺) and cadmium (Cd²⁺) removal. Batch tests were performed to study the effect metal on adsorbent, contact time, and initial metal concentration on the removal of toxic elements. The adsorption kinetics was envisaged by fitting the experimental data to the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models; and based on linear regression analysis, the best fit was found to be for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for both adsorbents. Equilibrium conditions were achieved in less than 3 hours. Two isotherm equations, namely Langmuir and Freundlich models, were also used to fit the experimental adsorption equilibrium data. The results showed that both physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms controlled the adsorption rate and capacity. The PdO/SBA sample for the maximum efficiency of adsorption of As⁵⁺ and Cd²⁺ were found to be 0.90 and 0.004 mg/g, respectively.

Keywords: Adsorption, Arsenic (V), Cadmium (II)

References:

[1] Akar S. B., Asli G., Burcu A., Zerrin K. and Tamer A. (2009). Investigation of the biosorption haracteristics of lead (II) ions onto Symphoricarpus albus: Batch and dynamic flow studies. J Hazard Mater, 165 (1-3):126-33.
[2] Suresh S., Srivastava V. C. and Mishra I. M. (2010). Isotherm, thermodynamics, desorption and disposal study for the adsorption of catechol and resorcinol onto granular activated carbon. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 56 (4), 811-818.

Presenting authors email: dvargashe@conacyt.mx

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SF.3-O038 Oral Regular
ALKALI METAL/EGGSHELL HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
ROOM: Tulum G - 13:30:00

Norma Leticia Gutiérrez-Ortega¹, Esthela Ramos-Ramírez², Alma Hortensia Serafín-Muñoz¹, Julia Aguilar-Pliego³, Luis Enrique Mendoza-Puga^1
1Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, División de Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Juárez No. 77, Zona Centro, C.P. 36000, Guanajuato, Gto., México.²Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México.³Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco, San Pablo No. 180,Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Del. Azcapotzalco, C.P. 02200, Distrito Federal, México.

Transesterification of fatty acids to alkyl esters catalysed by solid base t is a good technology for the noble process featuring the fast reaction under mild reacting condition in biodiesel production. Heterogeneous base catalysts are generally more reactive than solid acid catalysts, which require extreme operating condition for high conversion and biodiesel yield. In this work, synthesis of biodiesel was studied by using edible feedstock catalyzed by heterogeneous base catalysts such as supported alkali metal: NaOH/eggshell fresh, NaOH/eggshell at 700°C and NaOH/eggshell at 900°C.The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, BET measurement, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy with X-ray microanalysis. Different reaction conditions evaluated was with the aim of finding the optimum conditions in the process of biodiesel. The condition constants were agitation and reaction temperature. The conditions varied were the reaction time, the amount of catalyst and the ratio alcohol oil. Transesterification activity of solid base catalysts showed that > 95% biodiesel yield under 3 wt % of catalyst, 1.5 h reaction time, methanol to oil ratio of 12:1 under 65°C.

Keywords: Eggshell, biodiesel, hetegoneous catalysis

References:

1. Reddy ANR, Saleh A. A., Saiful Islam Md., Hamdan S.,  Abdul Maleque Md., Biodiesel Production from Crude Jatropha Oil using a Highly Active Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst by Optimizing Transesterification Reaction Parameters, Energy Fuels, 30 (1) 334–343 (2016)
2. Supriya B. Chavan, Rajendra R. Kumbhar, D. Madhu,c  Bhaskar Singh,  Yogesh C. Sharma, Synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil using waste eggshell and study of its fuel properties.  RSC Advances, 78 (5) 63596-63604 (2015).
3. Sinha, A. S. K. Egg Shell as Eco-Friendly Catalyst for Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil: Optimization for Biodiesel Production. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Green Economics, 2(1) (2013).
4. Niju, K.M. Meera S. Begum, N. Anantharaman. Modification of egg shell and its application in biodiesel. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 18(5) 702-706 (2014).
5. Sarina Sulaiman, N. Khairudin, P. Jamal, M. Z. Alam, Zaki Zainudin, S. Azmi. Characterization of Fish Bone Catalyst for Biodiesel Production, International Scholarly and Scientific Research and Innovation, 8 (5) 468-470 (2014).

Presenting authors email: normagut@ugto.mx

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SF.3-O039 Oral Regular
SURFACE ALTERATIONS OF SELENITE GIANT CRYSTALS FROM NAICA, MEXICO
ROOM: Tulum G - 13:45:00

M. E. Montero-Cabrera¹, I. Castillo-Sandoval¹, I.J.A. Carreño-Márquez¹, H.E. Esparza-Ponce¹, L. Fuentes-Cobas¹, B. Pérez-Cázares², M. Reyes-Cortes² and M.Y. Luna-Porres^1
1Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua, Chih 31136, México. ²Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Campus Universitario#2, Circuito Universitario, Chihuahua, Chih 31125, México.

Naica mine is located in a semi-desertic region at the central-southern sector of Chihuahua State. At Naica mine, the Cave of Sword was discovered in 1910 and the Cave of Giant Crystals in the year 2000.  The last referred cave contains the largest gypsum single crystals in the world. During the last century, the human presence has changed the microclimatic conditions inside the cave, presumably resulting in the deterioration of the crystals and the deposition of impurities on gypsum surface. This work describes the progress of a project on the study of the environmental effects on these giant single crystals. We have developed two different approaches, one on the identification of the impurities present in crystals surfaces and the other, on the experimental simulation of the action of gases produced by human activities on the surface of giant crystals. In the first approach, for the identification of phases on the crystals surfaces, we have performed experiments using petrography, electron microscopy, conventional X-ray diffraction and synchrotron radiation diffraction and fluorescence [1]. For the second line, a series of experiments of crystals inside a climatic chamber has been developed [2]. Then crystals should be characterized through several techniques, including electron microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction. Our results suggest that the most important action of human activity on the crystals is the extraction of the water in which they were submerged. Apparently, the surface of the crystals has not been greatly affected by human activity.

Keywords: Naica giant crystals, electron microscopy, X-ray analysis

References:

1. Castillo-Sandoval I, Fuentes-Cobas LE, Fuentes-Montero ME, Esparza-Ponce HE, Carreno-Márquez J, Reyes-Cortes M, et al. Light in the Darkening on Naica Gypsum Crystals. In: Espinosa G, Lopez J., editors. XI International Symposium on Radiation Physics. Ciudad Juarez, Mexico: AIP Conf. Proc. 1671, 2015. p. 030005-1-9.
2. Carreño-Márquez IJA, Castillo-Sandoval I, Esparza-Ponce HE, Fuentes-Cobas LE, Montero-Cabrera ME. Characterization of gypsum crystals exposed to a high CO₂ concentration fog using X-Ray. In: Espinosa G, Lopez J., editors. XI International Symposium on Radiation Physics. Ciudad Juarez, Mexico: AIP Conf. Proc. 1671, 2015. p. 030006-1-7.

Presenting authors email: elena.montero@cimav.edu.mx

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SF.3-O040 Oral Regular
EFFECT OF COPPER DOPING ON SrAl₂O₄  PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:00:00

L.A. Diaz-Torres^a, Aurora Berlanga^b, C. R. Garcia^b,c, M.T. Romero^b,c,  Marco Garcia^b, Antonia Martínez^b
aLaboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Fotosíntesis Artificial, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C. León Gto, México.^bPrograma de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales,  Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Blvd. Venustiano Carranza Col. Republica Oriente, Saltillo, Coah., México. ^cFacultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Camporrendondo, Saltillo, Coah. México.

In this work, copper doped SrAl₂O₄ powders were synthesized by combustion method and post-annealing in air. The effect of Cu dopant was explored for the concentrations of: 0%, 1%, 5%, 7% 10% and 15 mol%. XRD patterns indicated that all powders have a monoclinic phase of SrAl₂O₄ even for high Cu concentrations. Due to the presence of Cu in the samples, an enhancement in the visible part of spectrum (400-650 nm) was observed. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation in aqueous solutions of methylene blue dye and phenol were studied under UV light (254 nm) and solar irradiation. The MB and phenol degradation was analyzed by monitoring the decrease of the absorption bands associated to MB and phenol at 665 nm and 270 nm respectively. Total degradation of methylene blue was achieved after 160 minutes of solar irradiation using the 15% a.t. doped sample. After three cycles of reuse (160 minutes per cycle) using the sample doped with 15% a.t., only 75% of degradation was obtained. On the other hand, phenol degradation of 90% was observed after 20 h under UV light and using a temperature of 36°C to heat the phenol solution. Due to its high absorption on the visible, Cu doped SrAl₂O₄ powders are potential candidates for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes and toxic organic compounds.

Keywords: Photocatalysis, Copper, Strontium-aluminates

Presenting authors email: ditlacio@cio.mx

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SF.3-O041 Oral Regular
USE OF GRAPHENE OXIDE AND CALIXARENES AS ARSENIC ABSORBENT MATERIALS
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:15:00

Hugo Rodríguez Melendez¹, Gabriela Navarro Tovar¹, Eddie López Honorato^1
1Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Unidad Saltillo, Avenida Industria Metalúrgica 1062, Parque Industrial, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila 25900, México

A shared challenge in the arid and semi-arid areas of Mexico is the contamination of water sources with arsenic. Consumption of water contaminated with this element can have strong negative health effects, including the development of cancer. Therefore, this problem can have an important social impact not only because it produces a wide range of illnesses but also because its presence limits even further the already limited amounts of fresh water generally found in this type of regions due to its contamination. In this work we study the use of graphene oxide and calixarenes as absorbent materials for arsenic. We have observed that the capacity of these materials to absorb arsenic strongly depends on the amount and type of functional groups on its surface. The effect of pH and time on the absorption of these materials was tested.

Keywords: ARSENIC, CALIXARENES, GRAPHENE OXIDE

Presenting authors email: eddie.lopez@cinvestav.mx

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SF.3-O042 Oral Regular
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF CARABOBO HEAVY CRUDE OIL WITH Al₂O₃-SUPPORTED CoW CARBIDE AND NITRIDE NANOPARTICLES
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:30:00

Yanet Villasana^1,2, Yelisbeth Escalante¹, Franklin J. Méndez^1,3, Miguel Ã�ngel Luis-Luis⁴, Edgar Cañizales⁵, Joaquín L. Brito^1
1 Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela,^ 2 Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador, ³ Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México, ⁴ Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela, ⁵ PDVSA Intevep, Los Teques, Venezuela

Alumina-supported catalysts based on CoW carbide and nitride nanoparticles were used to improve the quality of Carabobo heavy crude oil (in terms of S content, API gravity and asphaltenes stability) trough hydrotreating (HT) reactions. These nanoparticles were prepared by programmed temperature reaction of the supported oxidic precursors of W(Co), varying the (Co/(Co+W)) atomic ratio  from 0 to 1, using NH₃ for nitrides or a mixture of CH₄/H₂ for carbides as synthesis gases. XRD results revealed that the oxidic precursors consisted on a CoWO₄ monoclinic primitive bimetallic phase, while carbide and nitride were formed as isostructural bimetallic phases of Co₃W₃C and Co₃W₃N, respectively, however, nitride catalysts showed (non-)stoichiometric monometallic species segregation which were identified as hexagonal W_4.6N₄ and fcc CoN, in contrast to carbide-based catalysts where no segregation of this kind was observed. SEM-EDS corroborated the presence of C and N in carbides and nitrides catalysts, respectively. In addition, S was present in presulfided carbide-based catalysts suggesting the formation of mixed structures of cobalt tungsten carbosulfide, which was in accordance to the stacking of planes of the hexagonal WS₂(slabs), identified during HRTEM analysis. However, nitrides did not reveal the presence of S. Presulfided catalysts with the best activities in thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) were selected to be used in the HT of Carabobo oil at 320 °C and 70–80 Kg/cm². Noteworthy, a synergistic effect was found in all the catalytic systems proposed during thiophene HDS. In addition, API gravity was improved, S content reduced, and changes on asphaltenes chemical properties derived from hydrotreated oil revealed that these catalysts had impact on this fraction of petroleum, corroborating that this catalytic system could be employed as promising alternative HT catalysts for heavy crudes since they can be synthesized using ammonia and methane, which are common products of the petrochemical industry.

Keywords: nanoparticles, hydrotreatment, heavy crude oil

Presenting authors email: yanet.villasana@ikiam.edu.ec

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SF.3-O043 Oral Regular
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LANTHANUM DOPED TIO₂ NANOPOWDERS BY THE SOL-GEL METHOD
ROOM: Tulum G - 16:45:00

J. Aguilar-Reyes¹, D. S. García-Zaleta², J. M. Vázquez-Rodríguez², M.G. Hernández-Cruz², S. B. Brachetti-Sibaja³, R. López-González^4
1Estudiante de Ingeniería en Nanotecnología, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Carr. Estatal Libre VHS-COM. Km. 27+000 s/n Ranch. Ribera Alta, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, 86205, México. ²Grupo CIMANC, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Carr. Estatal Libre VHS-COM. Km. 27+000 s/n Ranch. Ribera Alta, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, 86205, México. ³TecNM, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero, Depto. de Ing. Química y Bioquímica, Av. 1o. de Mayo s/n Col. Los Mangos, Cd. Madero, Tamps. 89440, México. ⁴Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Carr. Cunduacán-Jalpa KM. 1 Col. La Esmeralda, Cunduacán, Tabasco, 86690, México.

The use of semiconductors as photocatalysts has emerged as promising method in the area of catalysis [1]. Among the semiconductors used, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is one of the most suitable material due to it shows four crystal structures: anatase, rutile, brookite and TiO₂ (ß) [2,3], depending of the phase are the functional properties and combining synergic effects could be achieved [4,5]. In addition, TiO₂ shows high photocatalytic activity, good photostability, non-toxicity, and low price. However, its main drawbacks in effective commercial applications are the agglomeration of ultrafine powders, which prompt an adverse effect on the catalyst performance as well as its band gap (3.2 eV) that avoids the use of sunlight [6]. In this sense, the present research studies the effect of lanthanum doping in TiO₂ nanopowders synthesized by the sol gel method. Thermal treatments at 400, 450, 500 and 550 °C were applied during 60 min in the nanopowders for induce crystallization and phase control in the materials. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique displayed the phases in the compounds and the influence of lanthanum in the anatase-rutile transformation. A quantification of phases and an estimation of the crystal sizes were carried out by the Rietveld refinement method. The morphology of the powders was obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Finally, UV-vis spectroscopy was helpful to calculate the band gap of the photocatalysts.

Keywords: La-TiO2, nanomaterials, XRD

References:

1. Sakthivel, M.V. Shankar, M. Palanichamy, B. Arabindoo, D.W. Bahemann, V. Murugesan, Enhancement of photocatalytic activity by metal deposition: characterization and photonic efficiency of Pt, Au and Pd deposited on TiO₂ catalyst, Water Res. 38 (2004) 3001-3008.
2. Y. Hu, H-L. Tsai, C-L. Huang, Phase transformation of precipitated TiO₂ nanoparticles, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 344 (2003) 209-214.
3. J. F. Banfield, D.R. Veblen, D. J. Smith, The identification of naturally occurring TiO₂(B) by structure determination using high-resolution electron microscopy, image simulation, and distance-least-squares refinement, Am. Miner. 76 (1991) 343-353.
4. Q. Zhang, L. Gao, J. Guo, Effects of calcination on the photocatalytic properties of nanosized TiO₂ powders prepared by TiCl₄ hydrolysis, Appl. Cat. B: Environ. 26 (2000) 207-215.
5. T. Ohno, K. Sarukawa, M. Matsumura, Photocatalytic Activities of Pure Rutile Particles Isolated from TiO₂ Powder by Dissolving the Anatase Component in HF Solution, J. Phys. Chem. B 105 (2001), 2417-2420.
6. A. Zielinska-Jurek, J. Hupka, Preparation and characterization of Pt/Pd-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles for visible light irradiation, Catal. Today. 230 (2014) 181-187.

Presenting authors email: david.garcia@ujat.mx

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SF.3-P001 Poster
EFFECT OF AMINE PRECURSORS FOR THE FORMATION OF NANOSPHERES (SiO₂-TiO₂) AND ITS USE IN PHOTOCATALYSIS.
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Jorge Alberto Acosta-Alejandro¹, Rosendo López-González¹, Mayra Angélica Lemus-Ã�lvarez¹, Patricia Quintana-Owen², Dora M. Frías-Márquez¹.
¹División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, 86690 Cunduacán, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 1. Col. La Esmeralda, Tabasco, México. ²Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINVESTAV-Mérida, Unidad Mérida Km. 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso  Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México.

The structural properties of materials and shape enables a higher interaction with media in photocatalysis. The effect of different amine precursors to form nanospheres take relevance when the core is different from shell, previously we demonstrate that silicon dioxide-titanium dioxide nanospheres were effective for degrading organic compounds, but depending of the amine precursor the shape and the size could be controlled. To evaluate the formation of the spheres the amine precursors used were monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethylamine and hexamethylenediamine under the Stöber process using titanium butoxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate as TiO₂ and SiO₂ precursors respectively. Among different amines, triethylamine was the most efficient agent for the core-shell spheres formation as was demonstrated by SEM (100 nm diameter) and it was the most active photocatalytic material for degrading methylene blue under ultraviolet irradiation, 90 percent degraded in 80 minutes.

Keywords: nanospheres, photocatalysis, amine precursor

References:

1. W. Stöber, A. Fink, J. Colloid Controlled Growth of Monodisperse Silica Spheres in the Micron Size Range Interface Sci. 26 (1968) 62.
2. Chanhoi Kim, Moonjung Choi, Jyongsik Jang. Nitrogen-doped SiO2/TiO2 core/shell nanoparticles as highly efficient visible light photocatalyst, Catalysis Communications 11 (2010) 378–382.
3. H. Yang , K. Zhang, R. Shi , X Li, X Dong; Sol–gel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous TiO2 suspensions, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 413 (2006) 302–306.
4. Kim, M. Choi, y J. Jang, “Nitrogen-doped SiO2/TiO2 core/shell nanoparticles as highly efficient visible light photocatalyst�, Catal. Commun., vol. 11, núm. 5, pp. 378–382, ene. 2010.
5. P. A. Bazuła, P. M. Arnal, C. Galeano, B. Zibrowius, W. Schmidt, y F. Schüth, “Highly microporous monodisperse silica spheres synthesized by the Stöber processâ€�, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., vol. 200, pp. 317–325, dic. 2014.
6. Z. Li, B. Hou, Y. Xu, D. Wu, y Y. Sun, “Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic performance of silica-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles�, J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 288, núm. 1, pp. 149–154, ago. 2005.

Presenting authors email: jacostalejandro@gmail.com

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SF.3-P002 Poster
Ag₂O EFFECT IN THE SOLAR ACTIVITY PHOTOCATALYTIC OF TiO₂-CeO₂
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

J. C. Arevalo¹, J. G. Torres¹, A. A. Silahua¹, A. Cervantes¹, C. Sánchez¹, N. Becerril^1
1 Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, �rea de Química, Laboratorio de Catálisis Heterogénea, Km.1 carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez, C.P.86690, Cunduacán (Tabasco), México.

Titanium oxide has been the most widely used semiconductor for removing pollutants in water and air by photocatalysis [1]. However, it has greater absorption and photoactivity in the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum, due to the high value of its the band-gap energy (3.20 eV), when the anatase crystalline phase is present, as the most active [2]. A lot of research efforts have been made to couple TiO₂ with other metal oxides and nonmetals in order to extend its response to visible light [3]. Among them the CeO₂ has been used at different amounts in the TiO₂ to reduce their energy band gap favoring the answer in the visible region this material also promotes the capture and storage of oxygen. This favors efficient separation of photogenerated charges avoiding recombination, improving the photocatalytic process [4]. On the other hand, the presence of metal particles of noble metals such as Ag, Au, Pd and Pt on titania increases the photocatalytic activity, when is used UV irradiation, but with solar irradiation these metal particles are more active in oxidized state. Therefore, in this work the system TiO₂ doped with CeO₂ at 0.25 %wt using Sol-Gel method was synthesized, impregnating Ag₂O at 0.075, 0.15 and 0.25 %wt respectively. All materials obtained were treated at 120 °C and calcined at 500 °C with a heating rate of 2 °C/min. They were characterized by N₂ physisorption, DRX, UV–Vis RDS and SEM. Photocatalytic evaluation took with phenol at a concentration of 50 mg/L in aqueous medium under solar irradiation for 300 minutes. The presence of CeO₂ increases the absorption capacity, specific area and the volume of the titania so its photocatalytic activity increases considerably with respect to pure TiO₂ and can be dispersed better Ag₂O.

Keywords: Ag2O/TiO2-CeO2,, Titania doped CeO2, Sunlight photocatalysis

References:

[1] A. Fujishima, K. Honda. Nature 238 (1972) 37–38.
[2] M.A. Fox, M.T. Dulay., Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 341–357.      
[3] R. Asahi, T. Morikawa, T. Ohwaki, K. Aoki, Y. Taga. Science 293 (2001) 269–271.
[4] R.G. Toro, G. Malandrino, I.L. Fragala, R.L. Nigro, M. Losurdo, G. Bruno. J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 16357–16364.

Presenting authors email: carlos.arevalo@ujat.mx

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SF.3-P003 Poster
NANOPOWDER OF IRON DOPED TITANIUM DIOXIDE FOR ACETAMINOPHEN DEGRADATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Karen Barrera-Mota¹, Antonio Esteban Jiménez-González^1
1Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Priv. Xochicalco S/N Temixco, Morelos C.P. 62580, México.

Wastewater treatment has become an important problem society due to the negative impact on worldwide. “The Emerging contaminantsâ€� has not been regulated pollutants yet, but may be candidates for regulation by the effect they cause to health; some drugs are on this classification. Photocatalysis has been successfully applied to degrade this kind of organic molecules due to the strong oxidation and reduction reactions that are produced. TiO₂ has been studied as a photocatalyst, however, they have been proposed dopants with elements such as Fe to reduce the width of the band gap energy (gap) and in that way absorb sunlight and get a better activity in treatment processes of pollutants even iron ions avoid the recombination of electro/holes pairs. In this work the photocatalytic activity of iron doped titanium dioxide powder is investigated (TiO₂:Fe) synthesized via Sol-Gel / solvothermal. The structural and morphological characteristics were studied by XRD and SEM. The photocatalytic activity of the photocatalysts was studied by the degradation of acetaminophen under sunlight. A solar photoreactor CPC of 1-sun was used to evaluate the degradation efficiency. This represents a step forward for the application of iron doped titanium dioxide as a visible light active photocatalyst degradation of pollutants in water.

Keywords: Photocatalysts, Pharmaceutical contaminants, Iron doped titanium dioxide

References:

[1] Wolfgang Gernjak, Malato Rodriguez Sixto, Maldonado Rubio Manuel Ignacio, Fuerhacker Maria, Solar photo-fenton treatment of EU priority substances process parameters and control strategies, colección documentos ciemat, Madrid, 2006.
[2] Blanco Gálvez Julián, Malato Rodríguez Sixto, “Solar detoxification�, Unesco publicaciones, India, 2003.

Presenting authors email: karnbarrera1010@gmail.com

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SF.3-P004 Poster
SYNTHESIS OF PHOTOCATALYTIC MATERIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND ARSENIC IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING SOLAR ENERGY
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Calvo Ramos^a, S. Mayén Hernández^a, M. Vega González^b, M. Muñóz Torres^b and J. Santos Cruzª
^a)Facultad de Química, UAQ. Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Las Campanas, 76010, Querétaro, Querétaro, México. ^b)Centro de Geociencias, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla. A.P. 1-742, Querétaro, Querétaro, México.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were obtained by aqueous phase sono-chemistry synthesis was performed in aqueous medium. The addition of some acids (separately) as catalysts was studied; such as hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO₃). Nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance. TiO₂ crystalline powder was obtained in the Anatase phase with a crystal size of 50 nm; no additional annealed treatment was carried out. The bandgap for the TiO₂ was 3.2 eV.The catalytic performance of four different acids were  determined by photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution. The best results were obtained with the synthesis of HF at a concentration of 0.5 mol The best synthesis, was with HF as catalysis, this material was used for carried out experiments for the oxidation of As (III) to As (V) with a concentration of 1 mg•L^-1. A reactor-prototype was built for use with a naked sunlight. The experiments with methylene blue and arsenic were performed. Degradation of methylene blue over 80% was achieved in 30 minutes, and the oxidation of 98% of As (III) to As(V) in 4 hours was obtained. With the prototype degradation of methylene blue 97% in 3 hours and the oxidation of As (III) was obtained 94% was obtained 5 hours.

Keywords: Synthesis, Degradation, Oxidation

Presenting authors email: kristell_calvo@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P005 Poster
IMPROVED PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY IN THE DEGRADATION OF PHENOL OVER Al₂O₃-Nd₂O₃-ZnO PREPARED BY THE SOL-GEL METHOD
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

José Eduardo Casillas^1 , Arturo Barrera^1 , Francisco Tzompantzi² , Sujey Guadalupe Castellanos^1 , Alejandro López-Gaona^2
1Laboratorio de Nanomateriales Catalíticos, CUCI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad, Núm. 1115, Col. Lindavista, Ocotlán Jalisco, C.P. 47820, México.² Departamento of Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Cd. de México, 09340, México.

At present, the elimination of organic contaminants from the industrial water waste is a big problem and whose solution is urgent and not easy. Among these contaminants, phenol plays a main role due to its extensive use and high toxicity. Phenol released to the environment is very stable and persistent and requires a long time for its natural degradation, therefore is necessary the application of efficient methods for its rapid elimination. For this purpose, one of the new technologies is the photocatalytic method, which use semiconductor materials as photocatalysts and UV or visible light as irradiation source. In the present work, we report the improvement in the photo-catalytic activity in the degradation of phenol in aqueous medium (80 ppm) using Al₂O₃-Nd₂O₃-ZnO ternary oxides as photocatalysts. The Al₂O₃-Nd₂O₃-ZnO ternary oxides (Al-Nd-Zn-x, where: x = 0.5, 1.2, 2.0 wt % of ZnO) were prepared used sol-gel method. The Al-Nd-Zn-x ternary oxides were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman, UV-vis and XPS spectroscopies. Photocatalytic activity test in the degradation of phenol was carried out using a batch-type glass photo-reactor and an UV power supply lamp as irradiation source.  The addition of Nd₂O₃ and ZnO to the γ-Al₂O_3 by the sol-gel method promotes the improvement in the specific surface area BET and the photocatalytic activity of the γ-Al₂O₃ in the photodegradation of phenol in aqueous medium. γ-Al₂O₃ photoconverts 97.0 % of phenol after 6h of UV irradiation and when Nd₂O₃ is incorporated to the γ-Al₂O₃, the photocatalytic activity is improved reaching 96.0 % after 5h of UV irradiation. However, when Al-Nd binary oxide is doped with ZnO, the photocatalytic activity in the degradation of phenol is enhanced obtaining a photoconversion close to 100% in the Al-Nd-Zn-x ternary oxide with 2.0 wt% of ZnO after 4h of UV irradiation.

Keywords: Photocatalysis, Al2O3-Nd2O3-ZnO, Phenol

Presenting authors email: duart_casillas@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P006 Poster
ENHANCED DEGRADATION OF NAPROXEN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY BY USING BiVO₄/TiO₂ PHOTOCATALYST UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT IRRADIATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Sandra Cipagauta-Díaz¹, Alberto Estrella¹, Héctor A. Calderón ², Ricardo Gómez^1
1 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México, 09340. ^2 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México, 07738.

Different ways and sources lead to the fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) in the aquatic environment, today, many drugs and their metabolites have been found in effluents of lakes and rivers. Most of the organic drugs are highly stable and non-biodegradable compounds[1]. Diverse researches have showed that the increase of drugs in wastewater is due to the incomplete removal of these substances during their passage through a sewage treatment plant.[2] Today, coupled semiconductors are extensively used for the removal of biological and chemical contaminants, including organic pollutants. Photocatalysis is one of the advanced oxidation methods, in which this process is based on the adsorption of radiation energy by the photocatalyst [3].
A series of coupled BiVO₄/TiO₂ photocatalysts were synthesized to enhance the visible light activity of TiO₂ using stabilized BiVO₄ (1, 3, and 5 wt. %), by the sol-gel method.
The crystal structures, morphologies, and optical properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photocatalytic degradation of naproxen by TiO₂/BiVO₄ heterostructures, pure BiVO₄ and anatase TiO₂ using UV-Vis light irradiation have been investigated. The TiO₂/BiVO₄ heterostructure in general showed higher photocatalytic activity than the pure ones.
When TiO₂/BiVO₄ heterostructures were used as the photocatalysts under visible light irradiation, BiVO₄ could act as a sensitizer to absorb the visible light. Meanwhile, coupling different band-gap semiconductors of TiO₂ and BiVO₄ facilitates the separation of the photogenerated carriers induced by the different electronic band structures of the semiconductors.

Keywords: Photocatalysis, BiVO4/TiO2, visible-light

References:

1. Kanakaraju, D., B.D. Glass, and M. Oelgemöller. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2013. 12(1): p. 27-47.
2. Jácome-Acatitla, G., et al. A: Chemistry, 2014. 277: p. 82-89.
3. Min, Y., et al. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011. 175: p. 76-83.

Presenting authors email: angala9804@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P007 Poster
PHOTOCATALYTIC REMOVAL OF PHENOL FROM GROUNDERWATER USING VOLCANIC ASH
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Julio César Espinoza Tapia¹, José Antonio Colín Luna¹, Isaías Hernández Pérez¹, Leonardo González Reyes¹, Enrique Barrera Calva², Lucia Díaz Barriga Arceo³, Teresa de Jesús Sánchez Rosas¹,
¹ Departamento de CBI, UAM – A, San Pablo No 180, Azcapotzalco Ciudad de México, C. P. 02200. ² Departamento de IPH, UAM-I, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Iztapalapa Ciudad de México, C. P. 09340. ³ Departamento de Metalurgia, ESIQIE – IPN, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C. P. 07738

Today photocatalytic processes are of great importance to technological development, especially are excellent tools for removing organic contaminants from high chemical and physical stability. Phenol is a compound that is obtained as a contaminant of various industrial processes, it is difficult to remove or eliminate aqueous volumes and it is a compound that causes serious health problems.
In this paper volcanic ash worked as a photocatalyst material degradation of phenol solution were used. These materials characterization tests were performed XRD, N₂ physisorption, DR-UV-Vis, FTIR and SEM; its photocatalytic capacity than was found by high presence of iron in the composition and by having an Eg in the range of semiconductor.  The photocatalytic evaluation was carried out in a batch reactor with a luminescent source UV λ = 360 nm and 10 W, the reaction was maintained at constant stirring and with an initial concentration of 100 ppm, the observed results confirm that presents excellent properties photocatalytic.

Keywords: Volcanic Ash, Photocatalysis, Phenol

Presenting authors email: julio_espinoza294@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P008 Poster
CORE(SnO₂)@SHELL(TiO₂) STRUCTURE, EFFECT OF OXIDE METAL LOADINGS (CuO, CoO) FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

David Ramírez-Ortega¹, Diana Guerrero-Araque¹, Próspero Acevedo‑Peña², Rubén Arroyo¹, Ricardo Gómez¹.
¹ Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Química. Av. San Rafael Atlixco 156, P.C. 09340. Mexico City, Mexico. ² Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química. Av. Universidad 3000, P.C. 04510. Mexico City, Mexico.

Hydrogen is more increasingly considered to be an ideal source for future energy because it is clean, low-cost, and environmentally friendly. Especially, hydrogen production from renewable energy source is promising via photocatalytic process [1-2]. TiO₂ has been widely used as a photocatalyst for chemical transformation of light-to-energy conversion. However, its photocatalytic activity remains insufficient due to the high recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs (e^--h⁺). Coupling TiO₂ with other oxides is an efficient strategy employed to increase the photocatalytic performance of the TiO₂, as the formed composite offers a pathway to separate charge carriers by suppressing their recombination [3-4].The present work is focused to the enhancement of photocatalytic hydrogen production under UV light of core@shell structure SnO₂@TiO₂ (having the SnO₂@TiO₂ molar ratio of 06:94 ST) the metallic Cu and Co precursors were impregnated by incipient wetness using aqueous solutions of the respective nitrates in the appropriated amounts to obtain after calcination CuO and CoO with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt% contents. The core@shell structure was obtained by direct hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide on SnO₂ nanoparticles prior to the metallic impregnation, obtaining composites which provided a direct contact between the base materials and the CuO and CoO. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption-desorption, UV-vis spectroscopy and (photo)electrochemical techniques. The results revealed that the core@shell structure ST with a loading of CuO of 1 wt % and CoO of 1wt% further greatly enhanced the photocatalytic activity. This result is attributed to the synergetic effect of the core@shell structure with the metal oxides acting as charge carrier traps improving the (e^--h⁺) separation and developing a more negative flat-band potential for water splitting.

Keywords: Core@shell structure, hydrogen production, charge carrier traps

References:

[1] Catalysis Letters 142 (2012) 923–929
[2] International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) 5557-5568
[3] Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (2016) 1048–1059
[4] Chemical Engineering Journal 283 (2016) 1254–1263

Presenting authors email: divadql@gmail.com

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SF.3-P009 Poster
POLYURETHANE-TiO₂-CHITOSAN-INULIN POROUS COMPOSITE FOR THE PHOTODEGRADATION OF AZO-COMPOUNDS WASTES FROM WATER  
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

J.A. Godinez-Leon¹, A.R. Hernandez-Martinez², J. Herrera-Ordonez², M. Estevez^2
1Licenciatura en Tecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla La Mesa, C.P. 76230 Juriquilla, Qro., Mexico.²Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla La Mesa, C.P. 76230 Juriquilla, Qro., Mexico.

The dyes contained in the wastewater from textile industries represent a serious environmental problem because of its high toxicity and possible accumulation in the environment. The azo-compounds are the main class of toxic dyes so it is necessary to investigate ways to degrade or remove these compounds from water. In this work, porous composites were developed for color degradation and tested with azo-compounds aqueous solution. The composites were synthesized using TiO₂, chitosan and inulin at different relations; and mono-component polyurethane as a supporting matrix. The high porosity of the samples was generated by the CO₂ produced during the chemical reaction to improve the contact with the colored solution increasing the photocatalytic effect. The polyurethane increases the abrasion resistance improving the lifetime of the photocatalytic material. Likewise, two kinds of inulin were compared: one extracted from agave (the commercial one) and the other one extracted from Arctium lappa. The composites were tested in the degradation of methyl orange aqueous solution under visible light with power of 100 mW/cm² and under UV light with power of 80 mW/cm². The materials were characterized using X-rays diffraction, SEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Keywords: inulin, photocatalysis, composite

References:

 

Presenting authors email: jesusgodinez07@gmail.com

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SF.3-P010 Poster
PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY AND PHASE SEPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS STUDY IN WATER LILY EXPOSED TO ULTRASOUND WAVES.
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Jenniffer Yeismar Calderón Duarte¹, Alejandro Rojas Marroquín¹, José Antonio Calderón Arenas¹, José Bruno Rojas Trigos^1, Antonio Gustavo Juárez Gracia¹.
¹Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Unidad Legaria del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Legaria 694, Col. Irrigación, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11500, Ciudad de México.

The aquatic Lily (Eichhornia Cassipes) or water hyacinth is a free floating plant considered in water bodies as a weed because of its adverse environmental consequences. In this paper we report the effect of ultrasound at low power in photosynthetic activity of the water lily, considering it as a method of control. By exposing the plant to ultrasound, the absorption centers lily, mainly chlorophylls “a� and “b� are reduced. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and the separation phase technique were used to monitor the decrease in absorbent centers. The absorption study was carried out in the visible range. The analysis of phase separation ranges were chosen where as much chlorophyll is the largest amount of chlorophyll for example "a" is between 600 and 700 nm (red) and a higher concentration of chlorophyll " b " is between 450 and 520 nm . The results report that there is a greater decrease in chlorophyll "a" with respect to "b", by exposing the plants to low power ultrasound.

Keywords: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Phase separation technique, Photosynthesis study in water lily

References:

1. Calderón, et al., Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 83, 268-271 (2014)
2. Calderón et al, Proceedings of the XXII IMRC, Symposium 5C, (2013)
3. Cardona et al, Materials Research Society, Symp. Proc. Vol. 1840 (2012)
4. Cardona, PhD Thesis CICATA-IPN U. Legaria, México D. F., México (2010)
5. Ozonek, 2012, Application of Hydrodynamic Cavitation in Environmental Engineering, 2-6
6. Muñoz, A. Calderón et al., Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencias de Superficies y Vacío. Vol. 8, 89-93 (1999)

Presenting authors email: cicata81@gmail.com

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SF.3-P011 Poster
WETTABILITY OF A COATING OF ZnO, ON CERAMIC SUBSTRATES, AS SELF-CLEANING PROPERTY
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

A. J. Alarcón-Tienda⁽¹⁾, J. J. Ruiz-Valdés⁽¹⁾, A. I. Sánchez-Vázquez⁽¹⁾, A. Ã�lvarez-Méndez⁽¹⁾, J. Ibarra-Rodríguez⁽¹⁾, M. E. Mendoza-Duarte⁽²⁾, S. G. Flores-Gallardo^(2)
(1) Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México. ⁽²⁾ Departamento de Ingeniería y Química de Materiales, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, C.P. 31136, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.

Actually, there is a lot of studies about self-cleaning surfaces. One of the most important is the superhydrophilic surfaces which are able to make a very thin layer of water on the surface to obstruct the way of any air pollutant into the material. Historical buildings and monuments, or with a cultural value, are damaged by pollutants in the atmosphere. These pollutants come from automobile and industrial emissions, and other human activities. The buildings are damaged by erosion and chemical interactions. The mainly intention is to preserve these and modern buildings, or any ceramic and glass surface through their self-cleaning by deposition of a coating with superhydrophilic property.
A methanol based sol of ZnO was deposited by spray-gel technique on ceramic substrates to seed and then they were treated to produce growth of ZnO nanorods from seeding. The samples were treated with, and without UV light to compare the effect that it can produce in the values of the water contact angles (photoinduced superhydrophilicity). In addition, the relation between number of deposited layers on substrates, size of nanorods and measured contact angles was studied.
The chemical composition of the coating and crystallinity of the structure were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The morphology and topography of coating were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The wettability of the coating was measured with a contact angle meter.
The wettability of ZnO coating was expected to be sufficiently dispersed to form water contact angles less than 5°. The superhydrophilic property was attributed to the morphology of the coating, and hydroxyl groups on surface from the synthesis process and growth of nanorods.

Keywords: ZnO, Nanorods, Superhydrophilic

References:

[1] Jaroslaw Drelich et al. “Hydrophilic and superhydrophilic surfaces and materials�, Soft Matter 7 (2011) 9804 – 9828[2] Juan Rodriguez et al. “The role of seeding in the morphology and wettability of ZnO nanorods films on different substrates�, Applied Surface Science 279 (2013) 197-203
[3] Nan Gao et al. “Characterisation of surface wettability based on nanoparticles�, Nanoscale 4 (2012) 2202 - 2218

Presenting authors email: axel_jrd11@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P012 Poster
SYNTHESIS OF METALLIC SILICATES FROM GEOTERMAL SILICA TERMAL AND HIDROTHERMALLY ACTIVATED
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Daniel Cano Ramírez¹, Prócoro Gamero Melo¹, Lourdes Virginia Díaz Jiménez^1.
1Cinvestav Saltillo. Sustentabilidad de los Recursos Naturales y Energía. Av. Industria Metalúrgica 1062. Parque industrial Saltillo Ramos Arizpe. C.P. 25900, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, México. Tel. 52 8444 4389600 Ext. 8674.

Mexican geothermal power industry generates approximately 50,000 tons / year of silica, whose purity can be around 94 wt %. This material is a very fine powder that should be kept wet to prevent contamination of surrounding ecosystems. According with the reported literature, geothermal silica is not applied in any production process. This project aims to establish the technical basis for synthesizing silicates of alkali metals potentially useful in the chemical industry. The raw material was geothermal silica from the “Cerro Prietoâ€� geothermal field located in Baja California, Mexico. The synthesis of metallic silicates was carried out by a process that involves a thermal or hydrothermal treatment of geothermal silica with a metallic hydroxide. The factors and levels assessed in the thermal method were: MOH (M = Li, Na and K); MOH concentration (0.099, 0.123 and 0.148 eq); temperature (400, 500 and 600 °C) and time (15, 30 and 60 min). While the hydrothermal method they were evaluated: MOH (M = Li, Na and K); MOH concentration (0.199, 0.248 and 0.298 eq); temperature (125, 150 and 175 °C) and time (4, 8, and 6 h). To reduce the number of experiments, in both cases, Taguchi L₉(3⁴) orthogonal array was applied. The response parameter was the yield of the metallic silicate obtained. The optimal conditions for the thermal method implied the heating a mixture of 3 g of geothermal silica and 0.099 eq of NaOH at 400 °C for 30 minutes. Optimal conditions for the hydrothermal method include a hydrothermal treatment at 125 °C for 4 h of a mixture of 6 g of geothermal silica, 0.248 eq of KOH and 20 mL of H₂O.

Keywords: Synthesis, Metallic silicates, Geothermal silica

Presenting authors email: daniel.cano@cinvestav.edu.mx

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SF.3-P013 Poster
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ZnO, ZnO:Cu AND ZnO:Ag THIN FILMS OBTAINED  BY DIFFERENT DEPOSITATION TECHNIQUE FOR APPLICATION TO INTELLIGENT WINDOWS.
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Edgar D. Díaz-Márquez¹, David Salazar-Marín¹,  Gerko Oskam², Dora M. Frías Márquez1, Germán Pérez Hernández¹, Beatriz Heredia Cervera² and Laura L. Díaz Flores^1
1 Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Av. Universidad S/N Zona de la Cultura Col. Magisterial, C.P. 86040 Villahermosa Centro, Tabasco, México. ² Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida. Antigua carretera a Progreso Km 6, Cordemex, C.P. 97310 Mérida, Yucatán México

The present paper reports synthesized ZnO  thin films of pure zinc oxide and doped with metal ions of copper and silver, obtained by the sol-gel process. As precursor of ZnO, ZnO:Ag and ZnO:Cu solutions, zinc acetate dihydrate and 0.5M AgNO₃ solution and 0.05M CuNO₃ solution were used. Two deposition techniques are performed; spin coating at 6000 rpm in N₂ atmosphere and spray paint with pressure at 50 Psi at room conditions. Transmission quality to visible light, surface morphology and crystal structure were analyzed for each one of the films obtained and studied with respect to the preparation of the solutions, the deposition technique used and the thermal annealing process. The microstructure of the ZnO, ZnO:Cu and ZnO:Ag thin films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction in Glancing Angle X-Ray Diffraction mode. The ZnO, ZnO:Cu and ZnO:Ag thin films prepared in this study were crystalline with hexagonal wurtzite phase. The morphology of the films were examined by using scanning electron microscopy. The surface morphology of the ZnO,  ZnO:Cu and ZnO:Ag thin films strongly depends on deposition technique. The optical characteristics of the samples were obtained by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 200–700 nm wavelength. Analysis of the effect of silver ions and copper on ZnO, as interpreted by Gaussian fitting in the FTIR absorption bands of ZnO, and besides these studies reveal that the network maintains its type ZnO wurtzite structure.

Keywords: ZnO thin films, Intelligent windows coatings, Spray paint techinque

Presenting authors email: laura.diaz@ujat.mx

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SF.3-P014 Poster
EFFECT OF CERIUM ADDITION IN THE FORMATION OF TiO₂ NANOPOWDERS
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

A. G. García-López¹, S. B. Brachetti-Sibaja², D. S. García-Zaleta³, M.G. Hernández-Cruz³,J. Castro-Baeza⁴, R. López-González⁵, A.C. Espindola-Flores⁶.
¹Estudiante de Licenciatura, Universidad del Noreste, Prolongación Ave. Hidalgo No. 6315 Col. Nuevo Aeropuerto, Tampico, Tams, 89337, México. ²Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero, Depto. de Ing. Química y Bioquímica, Av. 1o. de Mayo s/n Col. Los Mangos, Cd. Madero, Tamps. 89440, México. ³Grupo CIMANC, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Carr. Estatal Libre VHS-COM. Km. 27+000 s/n Ranch. Ribera Alta, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, 86205, México. ⁴Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Carr. Estatal Libre VHS-COM. Km. 27+000 s/n Ranch. Ribera Alta, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, 86205, México. ⁵Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Carr. Cunduacán-Jalpa KM. 1 Col. La Esmeralda, Cunduacán, Tabasco, 86690, México.⁶Centro de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología Avanzada, CICATA-IPN, U. Altamira, km. 14.5 Carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira, Altamira Tamaulipas, 89600, México.

Ce-doped TiO₂ with different dopant contents have been prepared by the sol-gel method using titanium IV isopropoxide as precursor. TiO₂ is the most promising photoactive semiconductor, due to its excellent optical transmittance, high refraction index, and high chemical stability [1-3]. Moreover, it is non-toxic and cost-effective, and is also chemically and biologically inert. TiO₂ exists in two main photoactive polymorphic phases, anatase and rutile, which are characterized by band-gap energies of 3.20 and 3.02 eV, respectively. These band gap values lie in the UV region (lower than 400 nm). Therefore, only 3–5 % of the solar spectrum can be used to promote the electrons of the valance band (VB) to the conduction band (CB) of the semiconductor. this disadvantage can be modulated by the crystalline phase displayed by the nanostructures [4-8]. In this work, the effect of Ce addition in TiO₂ nanopowders is studied. The compounds were synthesized by the sol gel method and thermal treatments at 400, 450, 500 and 550 °C were carried out at 60 min to induce crystallization and phase control in the materials. The phases in the compounds were obtained by X-Ray diffraction technique and a quantification of the phases were carried out by the Rietveld Method. Scanning Electron Microscopy was useful to obtain the morphology of the powders. In addition, the band gap of the photocatalyst was calculated.

Keywords: Nanomaterials, Ce-TiO2, Band gap

References:

[1] Pantelis AP, Nikolaos PX, Dionissios M. Treatment of textile dyehouse wastewater by TiO₂ photocatalysis. Water Res, 2006, 40: 1276–1286 

[2] M.R. Hoffmann, S.T. Martin, W. Choi, D.W. Bahnemann. Environmental application of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 95 (1995) 69-96.
[3] K. Hashimoto, H. Irie, A. Fujishima, TiO2 Photocatalysis: A Historical Overiview and Future Prospects. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44 (2005) 8269-8285.
[4] M. Hussain, R. Ceccarelli. N. Russo. Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic application of novel TiO₂ nanoparticles. Chem. Eng. J. 157 (2010) 45-51.
[5] R. R. Bacsa, J. Kiwi. Effect of rutile phase on the photocatalytic properties of nanocrystalline titania during the degradation of p-coumaric acid. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 16 (1988) 19-22
[6] J. M. Warson, A.T. Cooper, J. R. V. Flora. Nanoglued titanium dioxide aerogels for photocatalysis. Environ. Eng. Sci. 22 (2005) 666-675.
[7] M. C. Yan, F. Chen, J. L. Zhang, M. Anpo. Preparation of controllable crystalline titania and study on the photocatalytic properties. J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005) 8673-8678.
[8] X. W. Wang, X. P. Gao, G. R. Li, L. Gao, T. Y. Yan. Ferromagnetism of Co-doped TiO₂(B) nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007) 143102-143111 

Presenting authors email: aalee.garcia@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P015 Poster
NANOHYBRID FILMS OF RECYCLED POLYSTYRENE FOR ENVIRONMENT UV PROTECTION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Lucero M. Hernandez-Cedillo¹, Alejandra Blanco-Hernández², Domingo Rangel-Miranda^3(a),Gerardo Fonseca-Hernández^3(b), Geraldo Aguayo-Juárez⁴ and Genoveva Hernández-Padrón^3(b)
1Licenciatura en Tecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP 76230, México.²ESIQIE, Instituto Politécnico Nacional- Unidad Zacatenco, CP 07738, México. ^3(a)Departamento de Ingeniería Molecular de Materiales, ^(b)Departamento de Nanotecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro,CP 76230, México. ⁴Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av. Tecnológico s/n Centro C.P. 76000, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro., México.

In this work a hybrid material consisting of SiO₂ nanoparticles incorporated in a recycled polystyrene matrix is presented. Recycled Polystyrene Functionalized (PSR-F) was prepared to influence the morphological and antifog properties by means of sol-gel process. Silica nanoparticles were derived from alkoxide precursors in presence of recycled polystyrene to obtain a material consisting of SiO₂ globules entangled inside a recycled polystyrene matrix. Chemical unions can be established between the SiO₂ silanol surface groups and the PSR-F terminal chains to render SiO₂/PSR-F core-shell type compounds. The functionalization of the recycled polystyrene matrix has the purpose of uniting these surface carboxyl groups OH of the silanol groups during the sol-gel process. The particle size of the final SiO₂ improves the transparency properties of the glass coating. Each of prepared samples was irradiated with a UV-A (365nm) source during 1 hour. All the samples were used for coatings glass as environment UV protection intelligent windows. Hydrophobicity of coatings was evaluated by contact angle measurements. The nanohybrids films were characterized by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR techniques. TGA and SEM were employed to determine their thermal and textural properties.

Keywords: recycled polystyrene, sol-gel process, hydrophobic-hydrophilic coating

References:

1. Incorporation of Nanohybrid Films of Silica into Recycled Polystyrene Matrix, Genoveva Hernández-Padrón, Domingo Rangel-Miranda, Gerardo Cedillo, and Alejandra Blanco-Hernández, Journal of Nanomaterials, 2015.

Presenting authors email: luc@comunidad.unam.mx

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SF.3-P016 Poster
DEVELOPING SELF-CLEANING CERAMIC SURFACES USING A SILANE COUPLING AGENT
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

¹H.L. Inestroza Zelaya, ¹J.J. Ruiz Valdés, ¹A. Ã�lvarez Mendez, ¹A.I. Sanchez Vázquez, ¹J. Ibarra Rodriguez, ²M.E. Mendoza Duarte, ²S.G. Flores Gallardo
¹Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba, S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México. ²Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, 31136, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.

Actually, with the development of nanotechnology we can think about the development of superhydrophobic surfaces, which are a combination of nano-structured surfaces and contact angles between the surface and water drops higher than 150 °. Surfaces with this feature have a large number of applications from being used to prevent moisture and to prevent contamination and corrosion, which increases the durability of materials and considered as self-cleaning surfaces.
To obtain a superhydrophobic coating is used a silane coupling agent which is able of reducing the surface energy, if achieved have a spherical drop on a surface having a small surface energy, the internal force of attraction of the water drop will be higher, so you will have minimal contact with the surface, this is because the force of interaction of the surface with drop of water is weak, thus achieving that water drop does not lose sphericity and slide more easily without being adsorbed while traps dirt that is on the surface, which leads us to obtain superhydrophobic surfaces.
Has been synthesized a superhydrophobic coating  with self-cleaning properties starting nanoparticles of silicon dioxide impregnated with a silane coupling agent to reduce the surface energy. Characterization techniques used were: Diffraction X-ray, infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and measurement of contact angle, which confirm us that has been obtained surface characteristics desired.

Keywords: Superhydrophobic, Surfaces, Self-cleaning

References:

1. Jian Li, Hongqi Wana, Yinping Yea, Huidi Zhoua, Jianmin Chena, One-step process to fabrication of transparent superhydrophobic SiO₂ paper, Applied Surface Science 261 (2012)
2. Hitoshi Ogihara, Jing Xie, Tetsuo Saji, Controlling surface energy of glass substrates to prepare superhydrophobic and transparent films from silica nanoparticle suspensions, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 437 (2015)
3. Lin, J.A. Siddiqui, R.M. Ottenbrite, Surface modification of inorganic oxide particles with silane coupling agent and organic dyes, Polym. Adv. Technol. 12 (2001) 285–292.

Presenting authors email: hetza.inestroza@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P017 Poster
BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF SILICON DIOXIDE NANOSPHERES. EFFECT OF THE SURFACE COMPOSITION AND MORPHOLOGY
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

María Guadalupe Márquez Chablé¹, Mayra Angélica Alvarez Lemus¹, Erick Natividad De la Cruz Hernández², Nancy Patricia Gómez Crisóstomo², Patricia Quintana Owen³, Rosendo López González^1
1División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carr. Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez Km 1. Col. La Esmeralda, CP 86690, Cunduacán Tabasco, México. ²Laboratorio de Epigenética Molecular, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Ranchería Sur 4ta. Sección, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México. ³Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, A.P. 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, México

The wide spread use of nanomaterials has been developed concern about their safety. Several researches have been reported that morphology, chemical composition, shape and size strongly influence their cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, because of the wide variety of processes for obtaining nanoparticles particular studies for each nanomaterial need to be assessed in order to guarantee their safety and or biocompatibility. Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) is perhaps the most used inorganic material for biomedical applications, because it was considered as a non-reactive, biocompatible and low toxic material. However, some investigations have reported on its toxicity toward certain tissues after repeated exposure. In this work we report the synthesis and characterization of SiO₂ nanospheres obtained by two different procedures and using Polyethylene glycol and NH₃ as templates. The effect of the surface composition, size and shape was analyzed by determining particle size zeta potential and infrared spectroscopy. The obtained nanospheres were 100-500 nm in size depending on the methodology. Surface charge of the nanospheres was positive for those prepared with NH₂ and by using low concentration of ammonia the diameter of the obtained spheres was smaller (100 nm). In order to evaluate its biocompatibility, mononuclear blood cells were used. Different doses of nanoparticles (10, 20 and 30 µg/ml) were tested and MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was performed to determine cell viability. The results showed that even higher concentration did not induce significant damage after 48 hours compared with control cells. Also, the surface charge of the nanoparticles strongly influenced the solubility and interaction with cells. The obtained nanospheres can be considered as highly biocompatible materials allowing its use for further applications.

Keywords: Nanospheres, Silicon dioxide, Biocompatibility

References:

1.Wong HL, Wu XY, Bendayan RAdv Drug Deliv Rev. (2012) 15;64(7):686-700.
2.Yang Z, Liu ZW, Allaker RP, Reip P, Oxford J, Ahmad Z, Ren G. (2010). J R Soc Interface. 6;7 Suppl 4:S411-22.
3.Ciriminna R, Fidalgo A, Pandarus V, Béland F, Ilharco LM, Pagliaro M. (2013). Chem Rev. 14;113 (8):6592-620

Presenting authors email: malu_41288@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P018 Poster
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND DETERMINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF LEACHATE TO BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION.
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

José Luis Alemán-R. ¹, Bianca Y. Perez-Sariñana ¹, Sergio Saldaña-Trinidad ¹, P. J. Sebastian ² , Soleyda Torres-Arellano¹, R. Mejía-Villalobos ².
¹ Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas, 29150, México. ² Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM, Temixco Morelos 62580, México.

Bioethanol is a product obtained by alcoholic fermentation of different raw materials (biomass) through the action of microorganisms (yeasts). Currently, the agro-industrial waste have ceased to be regarded as waste products - problem, to become raw material potential for both agricultural as industrial processes, being the production of fuel alcohol one of the most important because of the alcoholic fermentation of sugars contained in these by-products. The main objective of this research was to characterize agro-industrial by-products, using pulp of Ataulfo mango (mangifera indica L) and humic substances (leachate) to carry out a process of fermentation lab level. In our research work is presented as results: physico-chemical characterization of the raw material, color determination by colorimetry, pH, concentration of total soluble solids, reducing sugar concentration, leachate concentration, and characterization of bioethanol obtained by fermentation.

Keywords: bioethanol, mango pulp, fermentation

References:

1. Alvares-Maciel,Carlos, (2009) biofuels: Historical and Technological Development, Current Markets, and International Trade. Economiaunam, (No 359), pp.1-27
2. Busksch, S. and Egeback, K. (1999). The swedish program for investigations concerning biofuels. Science of the Total environment, 235:293-303.
3. Saval, Susana, (2012), Aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales: pasado, presente y futuro, Rev. Biotecnología, Vol. 16, (No. 2), pág. 14-46.
4. John, R. P. (2009). “Biotecthnology for Agro-Industrial Residues Utilisation�, Chapter 11, Pag. 226-236. Springe
5. Miller, G. (1959). Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Analytic Chemistry, 31:426–428

Presenting authors email: virgo_37@live.com.mx

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SF.3-P019 Poster
ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa¹, Marco Fabricio González-Sánchez ¹, María Selene Berber-Mendoza², Marisol Gallegos-García²Â , Arturo Ramírez-Calderon¹, Lenin Ejecatl Medina-Orozco^1
1Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Morelia, km 6.5 Carretera Morelia-Salamanca, C.P. 58100, Morelia, Michoacán, México. ²Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava #8, Nuevo Edificio P Zona Universitaria, C.P. 78290, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. México

In this research the production of activated carbon from agricultural waste was studied. A response surface design analysis was performed to screen the variables that affect the activated carbon production. The effects of concentration of the activating agent, activation temperature and activation time on activated carbon production were examined. The parameters that were taken in response are hardness of materials, specific surface area and total content of acid sites. Preliminar results of the surface design showed that specific surface área is highly dependent on the activating agent concentration and less dependent on the activation temperature and activation time, accordingly. Optimal activated carbón, that was found, has a BET specific surface area of 700 m²/g. These findings indicate that the agricultural waste studied herein have a potential application in the activated carbón production.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Chemical modification, Activation

References:

Presenting authors email: gandrade@itvallemorelia.edu.mx

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SF.3-P020 Poster
EVALUATING THERMO-REPELLENCY RECYCLED POLYSTYRENE
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

José Aurelio Sosa¹, José Ramón Laines¹, Israel Ã�vila¹, Lorena Mercedez¹, Luis Enrique Segovia¹.
¹División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, entronque a Bosque de Saloya, Villahermosa, Cp. 86150, Tabasco.

This study aimed to determine a recycling process of the PS, from dilutions commercial solvents, looking for its usefulness as a thermal insulator. The results of SEM analysis and CBD, homogeneous determined morphologies, with few pores and a degradation temperature, possibly melting of 416 ± 3.31 ° C. To test the functionality of the insulation prototype was conducted a randomized experimental design, addressed, 6 treatments with 3 replicates, each yielding a value of p> 0.05. It is important to search for alternative recycling of waste materials, in order to reinterear life cycle and prevent disposal without energy recovery.

Keywords: CDB, PS, Polymer

Presenting authors email: ing-jaso@hotmail.es

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SF.3-P021 Poster
EVASION TEST SOIL EARTHWORM EISENIA FOETIDA WITH USED BATTERIES
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Israel Ã�vila-Lázaro¹, José Ramón Laines-Canepa¹, José Aurelio Sosa-Olivier¹, José Antonio Azamar-Barrios², Mayra Cristell Pérez-Ramírez^1
1División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Km 0.5 carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, Villahermosa CP. 86150, Tabasco, México.²Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, unidad Mérida. Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, Ap. Post. 73 “Cordemexâ€�, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán.

At present, no study assessing the impact on the environment caused by the batteries is known in Mexico; it is known that various components used in their manufacture are toxic and therefore environmental pollution and health risks affect ecosystems and depend on the manner, place and volume that are disposed or treated. Mexico, presents vast subtropical and tropical regions differing in temperature, lighting, and other environmental conditions, which can change not only the physical and chemical behavior of pollutants, but also the metabolism of organisms. Evasion tests have been studied. This test is an acute test (developed in 48 h) which can be applied as an alternative to the test of mortality. It is based on the evaluation of sublethal effects characterized by avoidance behavior of earthworms, for which the number of worms moving from a contaminated soil and thus evade exposure is measured. In this paper we test Eisenia foetida evasion using worms as experimental units, which will be placed in a container with soil contaminated by used batteries (Samsung, Tectron, Members Mark) for a period of 72 hours were carried out; where the percentage of evasion of earthworms was observed.

Keywords: evasion test, spent battery, earthworm E. foetida

Presenting authors email: ing.avilaisrael@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-P022 Poster
CHARACTERIZATION BY X RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION OF THE EFFECT THE CRYSTALLINE PHASES OF CHICKEN FED WITH SYNTHETIC TYPE P ZEOLITES.
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

H. Quintana¹, L. A. Blanco¹, J. A. Henao¹.
¹ Grupo de Investigación de Química Estructural (GIQUE), Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Carrera 27-Calle 9, Ciudadela UIS, Bucaramanga-Colombia.

The use of zeolitic tectosilicates is multiple on areas such as catalysis, selectively removing contaminants, extraction of the gases, enzymatic supports, composites development and agriculture.
In the literature have not found examples to the synthetic zeolite apply how support of the animals food. However, in this contribution made the synthesis of the sodium, calcium and magnesium type P zeolites from waste materials. The synthetic materials were mixture with commercial chicken food in different ratio. The mixture was delivering to the little chickens by 20 days, after this time, the chicken were murdered and your bones were analyze by X-rays Powder Diffraction, X ray Fluorescence, and Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection. This investigation establish that the use of this zeolites in the food chicken affect the elements and crystalline phases ratio present of the chicken bones.
Authors express their acknowledgement to Universidad Industrial de Santander and Laboratorio de Rayos-X, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará-PTG (Bucaramanga-Colombia) for data collection

Keywords: Zeolite type P, Food chicken, Bones

Presenting authors email: josehernandoquintana@gmail.com

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SF.3-P023 Poster
PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOGAS anaerobia Digestión de mucílago USO DE AGUA DE RESIDUOS como inóculo
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

S.Torres Arellano ¹ , Paula D.Orantes-Calleja ¹ , por Pérez-Sariñana ¹ , José Luis Alemán-R ¹ , Hernán García García- ¹ , S. Saldaña-Trinidad ¹ , PJ Sebastián ^{1 1} Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Energías Renovables de la Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, 29150, ² Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM, Temixco Morelos 62580, México.

Para Llevar un cabo de la Producción de biogás, se Requiere la digestión anaeróbica Resultante de la ONU percentage de metano (60-70%) y Dióxido de Carbono (30-40%). Durante Este Proceso de Transformación Se Trata de microorganismos Que Llevan un cabo de la ONU metabolismo Coordinada en Cuatro Etapas: hidrólisis, Acidogénesis, acetogenesis y metanogénesis. Para la Producción de biogás de residuos agroindustriales Como el mucílago de café arábica pulpa se utilizan DEBIDO un su alto contenido de azúcar, Lo Que Facilita do degradacion Y FACIL transformacion sí Lleva a Cabo POR microorganismos. El objetivo m principal de Este trabajo consiste del En La Caracterización del mucílago de café y el inóculo (Aguas residuales) para la Producción de biogás a escala de laboratorio. Estas caracterizaciones se realizaron Mediante el Análisis físico-químico para determinar S. el pH, DQO (demanda f química de oxígeno) y los Sólidos Totales en el medio. Estós ANALISIS SE realizaron POR UNA triplicado establecer Serie de digestiones anaerobias párr el Obtener el biogás. El biogás Producido se caracterizó también.

Keywords: biogas, coffee mucilage, waste water inoculum

Presenting authors email: soleydatorres@outlook.com

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SF.3-P024 Poster
PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES FILLED WITH OLIVE PIT AND ALMOND SHELL POWDER
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Munir TASDEMIR^1
1Marmara University

Wood plastic composites (WPC) are made from wood and annual plant fiber or flours, mixing with plastics materials. WPC provide better properties than resources that form it. This renewable material has many utilization areas because of outstanding properties such as enhanced strength, stiffness, creep, physical and mechanical properties and dimension stability. WPCs are normally made from a mixture of wood flour, thermoplastic, and small amounts of process and property modifiers through an extrusion process. The most commonly used plastics for WPC manufacturing is polyethylene and polypropylene. Various wood fibers, and even cellulosic wastes such as ground wood waste, bagasse, corncobs, and wheat straw, one used as fillers for plastics. Use and manufacturing of WPC materials should be encouraged. Improving the end use properties of the composites by changes made on the manufacturing parameters will enhance its performance and properties; it will subsequently provide sustainable use of raw materials.

In the present work I have prepared a series of filled Polypropylene (PP) composites with olive pit and almond shell powder filler loading (between 0?40 wt %), to study the effect of the filler content on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of polypropylene polymer composites.

Keywords: Polypropylene, bio composites, olive pit - almond shell powder

References:

1. G. Gwon, S.Y. Lee, S.J. Chun, G.H. Doh, and J.H. Kim, Compos. Part A Eng., 41, 1491 (2010).
2. M. Asim, Khalina Abdan, M. Jawaid, M. Nasir, Zahra Dashtizadeh, M. R. Ishak, and M. Enamul Hoque,   A Review on Pineapple Leaves Fibre and Its Composites, Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Polymer Science, Volume 2015, 1-16.
3. Jungil Son, Douglas J. Gardner, Shane O?Neill, Costas Metaxas, Understanding the Viscoelastic Properties of Extruded Polypropylene Wood Plastic Composites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 89, 1638?1644 (2003).
4. Adrian J. Nunez, Pablo C. Sturm, Jose M. Kenny, M. I. Aranguren, Norma E. Marcovich, Maria M. Reboredo, Mechanical Characterization of Polypropylene?Wood Flour Composites, J. of App. Poly. Sci., Vol. 88, 1420-1428 (2003).
5. Azwa, ZN., Yousif, BF., Manalo, AC., Karunasena, W., 2013, A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibers. Mater Des., 47: 424?42.
6. Ashori A., 2008, Wood-plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries. Bioresour. Technol., 99: 4661?7.
7. John, M.J., Thomas S., 2008, Biofibres and biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym., 71:343?64.
8. Avella, M.;Casale, L.; Dell?erba, R.; Focher, B.; Martuscelli, E.; Marzetti, A. J Appl Polym Sci 1998, 68, 1077.
9. Pukanszky, B.; Tudos, F.; Jancar, J.; Kolarik, J. J Mater Sci Lett 1989, 8, 1040.
10. Gauthier, R.; Joly, C. Coupas, ; A. C. Gauthier, H.; Escoubes, M. Polym Compos 1998, 19, 287.
11. Coutinho, F. M. B.; Costa, T. H. S.; Carvalho, D. L. J Appl Polym Sci 1997, 65, 1227.
12. Oksman, K.;Clemons, C. J Appl Polym Sci 1998, 67, 1503.
13. Qutaiba, A., "Investigation into The Modes of Damage and Failure in Natural Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite Materials", Ph.D. Thesis, University of East London, (2011).
14. ISO 8295:1995(E) test standard: Plastics-Film and sheeting-Determination of the coefficients of friction
15. http://info.admet.com/specifications/bid/53489/ASTM-D1894-Coefficient-of-Friction-Test-on-Plastic-How-to Guide
16. https://www.tut.fi/ms/muo/vert/9_test_methods/rubber_compounds_htm
17. Watanabe, M.; Yamaguchi, H. The friction and wear properties of nylon, Wear 110(3-4): 379-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(86)90111-0.

Presenting authors email: munir@marmara.edu.tr

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SF.3-P025 Poster
CHARACTERIZATION OF A MATERIAL BASED ON AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOR USE AS THERMAL INSULATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Lorenza Aviles Trujillo¹, Neín Farrera Vázquez¹, Joel Moreira Acosta¹, Lorena del Rocío Ramírez Rodas¹, Osbaldo Y. García Ramos², Aldo E. Aguilar Castillejos², Armenia Velázquez Gurrola³.
¹Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico En Energías Renovables de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, (UNICACH). Libramiento Norte Poniente No.1150. Col. Lajas Maciel C.P. 29039. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. ²Universidad del Valle de México (UVM), Campus Tuxtla. : Blvd. Los Castillos No. 375 Frac. Montes Azules, C.P. 29056, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. ³Applied Biotechnology of Southamerica (ABIOSA), Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, Chiapas México, C.P. 29140.

In this paper the hygroscopic and thermal properties of a composite material based on agricultural residues and macromycetes fungi are presented, in order to determine Its suitability as a thermal insulation material. Corn bagasse and peanut shell are agricultural waste used to obtain this material’s blocks. It is basically obtained by ecological bio-conversion, macromycetes fungi work as a natural binder, to degrade lignocellulose contained in vegetable waste form a new composite material.  Equilibrium moisture content on wet basis and dry basis on several sample of material, and moisture absorption were studied. Finally the conductivity and thermal stability were tested. The obtained results show that this material`s hygrothermal properties do be it suitable as thermal insulation material.

Keywords: thermal insulation, thermal conductivity, moisture

References:

1. Palumbo M., Navarro A., Avellaneda J., Lacasta A. M. Characterization of thermal insulation materials developed with crop wastes and natural binders. Barcelona School of Building Construction, Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura del Valle.
2. Azra Korjenic, Vit Petranek, Jiˇri Zach, Jitka Hroudova. Development and performance evaluation of natural thermal-insulation materials composed of renewable resources. Elsevier Energy and Buildings 43 (2011) 2518–2523.
3. Zach J., Korjenic A., Petranek v., Hroudova j. y Bednar T. Performance evaluation and research of alternative thermal insulations based on sheep wool. ELSEVIER, Energy and Buildings.  49 (2012) 246–253.

Presenting authors email: loriavil_0625@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P026 Poster
A COMPARISON OF OILS OBTAINED FROM ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COLOMBIAN COFFEE BY THERMAL EFFUSIVITY
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Adrian Bedoya-Perèz^1,2, Fernando Gordillo-Delgado², Yeison Enrique Cruz-Santanilla^2
1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada-Unidad Legaría, Ciudad de México, Legaría 694, Colonia Irrigación, C.P. 11500, México. ²Universidad del Quindío, Grupo de investigación GICADE, Armenia, Apdo. Postal 2639, Colombia.

In order to find differences that can be used in studies of traceability or discrimination between organic and conventionally grown coffee, the thermal effusivity of a set of coffee oil samples of different varieties and types of culture was measured using the photopyroelectric technique. The latter was chosen due to its effectiveness and accuracy in measuring the thermal effusivity in liquids substances. This technique consists in the detection of the temperature variations that occur in a sample that periodically absorbs light radiation. The sample is in direct contact with a thin sheet of pyroelectric material.  Oil samples were obtained by Soxhlet method from grown beans. Additionally, physicochemical analyses of density and acidity index were made. Absorption spectra were taken in the mid-infrared range using photoacoustic detection to detect possible differences between the intensities of the corresponding functional groups. Values found for the thermal effusivity varied between 583±3 and 618±7 Ws^1/2/m²K.

Keywords: Organic coffee, Conventional coffee, Thermal effusivity

Presenting authors email: adrian_filipo@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P027 Poster
PREDICTIVE MODELS OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COLOMBIA COALS USING PLSR METHOD
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

A. Sanchez-Torrado¹, J. E. Guerrero², R. Cabanzo¹, E. Mejía-Ospino^1
1Laboratorio de Espectroscopía Atómica y Molecular – LEAM, ²Grupo de Óptica y Tratamiento de Señales – GOTS. Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678; Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Km 2; Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia. 

The coal industry requires methods to determine the physicochemical properties of coal in robust and efficient way. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) of Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance spectra (FTIR-ATR) offers a valid alternative to develop linear models predicting the physicochemical properties of complex samples. In this work, the middle infrared spectra of 29 samples of Colombian coal, extracted from different fields were used to predict: Ash, volatile matter, carbon (or fixed coal), calorific value (heating power) and moisture. The values were determined complying with the standards established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Currently, the use of chemometrics methods to assess the chemical properties of different materials exhibits an increasing tendency, because these computational procedures save time and  reduce employment of reagents which constitute a potential threat to the environment.

Keywords: Cola, PLSR, FTIR-ATR

Presenting authors email: rcabanzo@uis.edu.co

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SF.3-P028 Poster
HIGHLY ENHANCED BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COCCUS-HESPERIDUM INFECTED-FICUS/CATTLE-MANURE CODIGESTION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Grisel Corro¹, Rosalia Torralba¹, Fortino Bañuelos¹, Michelle Navarrete¹.
¹Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Highly enhanced biogas production from Coccus-herperidium infected  ficus leaves through anaerobic co-digestion with cattle manure is demonstrated.The biogas production from renewable resources refers particularly to the lignocellulosic biomass/materials, as this makes up the majority of the cheap and abundant non-food materials available from the plants. Generation of biogas involves consortia of micro-organisms which are a group of hydrolytic, acidogenic and methanogenic bacteria, however, generation of methane (principal component of biogas) from lignocellulosic biomass through anaerobic digestion is significantly affected by the mass transfer in each of the involved biological steps, as well as by the availability of biodegradable organic matter [1].
In this regard, the hydrolysis of complex organic molecules (carbohydrates) present in lignocellulosic material to soluble compounds (glucose, sacarose) is a reaction needing high activation energy and long degradation time which result in a low methane production rate.On the other hand, many insects of the order Homoptera, including most aphids, feed on the phloem sap of plants, a diet rich in sugars and usually dominated by sucrose. The insects ingest the phloem sugars and high concentrations of unassimilated sugars are voided in their honeydew [2]. Coccus-hesperidum L is one of the most harmful of the greenhouse scale insects. It is found in the majority of greenhouses and causes a significant decrease in the condition of plants (ficus) because of mechanical and physical damage. The Coccus hesperidum soft brown scale excretes onto the leaves and fruits of its host plant more honeydew than any other species [3].
In this investigation, we studied the production of biogas from infected ficus leaves with Coccus-hesperidum and cattle manure through anaerobic co-digestión. These leaves resulted a suitable lignocellulosic feedstock for biogas production because they contain high amounts of honeydew. This honeydew contains high amounts of glucose and sacarose which are the best nutrients of bacteria during the leaves digestion. Biogas obtained from infected ficus leaves and cow-dung co-digestion presented a very high methane production rate for at least 10 months of co-digestion. The process was performed at 32-40°C. These temperatures were attained by exposing the digesters directly to solar radiation. The biogas generated was analyzed by gas FTIR spectroscopy. Results revealed the presence of higher amounts of methane, butane, cis-butene and other alkanes in biogas generated in the digester with infected ficus-leaves related  to digester with non-infected biomass.

Keywords: Biogas production, lignocellulosic biomass, methane production

References:

[1] Simpson-Holley M., Higson A., Evans G. Chem Eng, 163 (2007) 46–59.
[2] Klingauf, F. A. Natural Enemies and Control, A(1987) 225–254.
[3] Katarzyna G., Agnieszka N. Eur. J. Entomol. 108 (2011) 452–458

Presenting authors email: griselcorro@yahoo.com

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SF.3-P029 Poster
BIOCOMPOSITES BASED IN POLYLACTIC ACID WITH WILD SUNFLOWER PITH (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) AS PACKAGING MATERIAL WITH INSULATING PROPERTIES
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Resendiz Bravo-Fabiola¹, Del Ã�ngel López-Deyaniral¹, Guarneros Aguilar-Cesia^2
1Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanza (CICATA-IPN UA) Carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira Km 14.5, Puerto Industrial Altamira, 89600 Altamira, Tamaulipas, México.²CONACYT Professor, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanza (CICATA-IPN UA) Carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira Km 14.5, Puerto Industrial Altamira, 89600 Altamira, Tamaulipas, México

One of the major problems facing our planet today is the large amount of pollution caused by plastics. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) (known in Mexico as Unicel) is an example of this, is an insulating material widely used in the construction industry, food packaging and appliances, their degradation time is 500-1000 years, being discarded accumulates polluting cities, rivers, lakes, and seas, also thermal degradation produces highly toxic compounds. To solve this problem various alternatives have been proposed, one of them is the development of new materials that can be discarded without affecting the environment. That’s why, in the last three decades has increased the development of biodegradable materials, among these is the polylactic acid (PLA) a semi-crystalline, thermoplastic and biodegradable aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources such as corn and sugar cane, is well known in the medical industry used in implants and sutures, as well as packaging material in the food industry. However the PLA has many undesirable features such as high brittleness, low impact resistance, low thermal resistance and low crystallization rate. For improve that features, the aim of this investigation is the copolymerization of APL with castor oil to reduce its crystallinity and increase its flexibility acting as a plasticizer, whereas increases its mechanical properties and after that, the subsequent incorporation of natural fibers from wild sunflower pith (Helianthus annuus l.), a plant that is discarded in the agricultural environment by considered weeds in crops of sunflower and sorghum. The wild sunflower pith has similar characteristics to EPS for its low density and insulating properties, has greater thermal stability than the EPS. It is intended to obtain biosustentables, biodegradable materials, with mechanical and thermal properties suitable for application as a replacement for expanded polystyrene without affecting the environment.

Keywords: copolymerization, biodegradable, wild sunflower pith

References:

1. Kunduru KR, Basu A, Haim Zada M, Domb AJ. Castor Oil-Based Biodegradable Polyesters. Biomacromolecules. 2015;16(9):2572-2587.
2. Mukherjee T, Kao N. PLA Based Biopolymer Reinforced with Natural Fibre: A Review. J Polym Environ. 2011;19(3):714-725.
3. Mati-Baouche N, De Baynast H, Lebert A, Sun S, Lopez-Mingo CJS, Leclaire P, et al. Mechanical, thermal and acoustical characterizations of an insulating bio-based composite made from sunflower stalks particles and chitosan. Industrial Crops and Products. 2014;58:244-250.
4. Binici H, Eken M, Dolaz M, Aksogan O, Kara M. An environmentally friendly thermal insulation material from sunflower stalk, textile waste and stubble fibres. Construction and Building Materials. 2014;51:24-33.

Presenting authors email: f-bravo@outlook.com

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SF.3-P030 Poster
CHARACTERIZATION OF PET/PEAD RECYCLED BLENDS, USING JONCRYL-ADR4368 AND RECYCLOBLEND-660 AS COMPATIBILIZERS
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Milton Vázquez-Lepe¹, Erendira Covarrubias Flores², Roberto Chávez González³, Rubén González-Núñez^2
1Departamentos de Ingeniería de Proyectos, ²Ingeniería Química, ³Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, Jalisco C.P. 44430, México.

With the increment of plastics waste is necessary to use recycled blends to improve their own mechanical properties, also use these blends to produce useful articles to reduce the use of virgin polymers.¹ At this study is described the thermal and the mechanical properties of composites of poly (ethyl terephthalate) (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) recycled blends. Classified bottles are milled, washed and dried. PET is added from 10 to 50 at percent weight as disperse phase and the HDPE acts as continuous phase. Compatibilizers are incorporated in the blend during extrusion in two percent weight respect to each material. The materials were blended using a mixer and extruder Haake Rheomix at 230, 250 and 270 °C, here is obtained micrographs of the particle dispersion and pellets for melt flow index test. The torque of the mixture decreases by the content of PET until appears a phase inversion. Melt flow index increases slightly with PET without any compatibilizer. At differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the melt temperature (Tm) of the blend is observed. At industrial scale using a twin screw extruder the blends were processed and then injected to obtain specimens for measure mechanical properties. Properties of tensile and flexure modulus increases, however decreases the impact energy; this behavior follows until temperature increases and the uses of compatibilizer contributes slightly of the mechanical properties in general. The use of joncryl as a chain extender must be corroborated in DSC. With the use of recycloblend the melt flow index is increasing.

Keywords: Recycled blends, Mechanical properties, Compatibilizer

References:

1.- Recycling of waste from polymer materials: An overview of the recent works. Kotiba Hamad, Mosab Kaseem, Fawaz Deri. Polymer Degradation and Stability 98 (2013) 2801-2812.

Presenting authors email: milton.vazquez@cucei.udg.mx

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SF.3-P031 Poster
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND POURBAIX DIAGRAMS FOR CaO-SiO₂-CaF₂-Cr₂O₃-FeS₂ SYSTEM AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AND BASICITY
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

C. Martínez-Morales¹, P. Arellanes-Lozada¹, A. Romero-Serrano¹ and D. Gonzalez-Garcia^1
1Metallurgy and Materials Department-ESIQIE UPALM, ED.7, Zacatenco, C.P. 07738, Mexico

Slags, have compositions and mechanical properties that make them useful in road construction, manufacturing and construction materials such as fertilizers; It is why it is of interest to conduct studies on their behavior, in order to avoid being a factor of contamination through leaching ^[1]. The software and databases thermodynamic data FACTSage ^[2] package allow complex calculations and determine the phase equilibrium including slag system that is of interest in this work and thus predict the species that can be formed with the system analyzed in wide ranges of temperature and composition. It automatically accesses the databases and software calculation results minimization of Gibbs free energy can be presented in a practical way, and depending on the key process variables. FACTSage computer package ^[2] is used as an aid in this work two types of calculations. In the determination of mineralogical species that can form at high temperature in the CaO-SiO₂-CaF₂-Cr₂O₃-FeS₂ system. In this case, the program data given as the temperature and composition of each of the proposals for the development of this work and the prediction of species formed slag. In addition the determination module Pourbaix diagrams (E-pH) in order to determine the stability of different mineralogical species formed in an acidic solution was used. These results are useful in predicting the stability of the compounds in the leaching of the slag.

Keywords: Slag, FACTSage, Pourbaix diagrams

References:

[1] Y. Lee and C.L. Nassaralla, “Formation of hexavalent chromium by reaction between slag and magnesite-chrome refractory�, Metall. and Mater. Trans. B, Vol. 29B, 1998, 405-410.
[2] B.B. Lind, A.-M. Fallman and L.B. Larsson, “Environmental of ferrochrome slag in road construction�,  Waste Management, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2001, 255-264.
[3] J. Duchesne and G. Laforest, “Evaluation of the degree of Cr ions immobilization by different binders�, Cement and Concrete Research. Vol. 34, 2004, 1173-1177.
[4]  C. W. Chesterman and K.E. Lowe (Eds.). The Audubon Society. Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. New York, 1988.
[5] Motz, H., Production and Use of Air- And Steel Slags, the Third European Slag Conference, 2-4.10.2002 Jeyword, Nottingham UK, 7-20.

Presenting authors email: arellanes_17@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P032 Poster
NANOWASTE, WASTE GENERATED IN PROCESSES OF SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALS (CSVT AND HFCVD TECHNIQUES)
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

M Cruz-Leal¹, C. Feipe¹, O. Goiz¹, F. Chávez², G. F. Pérez-Sánchez², P. Zaca^2
1 Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México. ^2 Departamento de Físico-Química de Materiales ICUAP-BUAP, Puebla, México.

In the last 30 years, the global level research in the field of nanotechnology has increased significantly [1]. Being a multidisciplinary science, results and products are perceived in different areas [2] [3]. Due to the above, a new kind of products start to gain preference in the market thanks to their superior characteristics than the common products [4][5]. These new products have been called "nanoproducts" because they contain nanomaterials in their composition. This phenomenon has contributed to generate waste that contain nanomaterials, which is called nanowaste [6].
The properties of nanomaterials are different than the same materials in bulk, for this reason the behavior of nanowaste would be different to the traditional waste and, therefore, methods of disposal should not be the same. Depending on the material, each nanowaste could require a special management.
In the present work, we study the waste of two techniques of synthesis of nanomaterials (CSVT and HFCVD) and, after the characterization by means of SEM and XRD, we propose a classification for this wastes, as well as we explain the actual destination of these nanowastes. Finally, we propose a method for recycling this kind of wastes.

Keywords: Nanowaste management, Final disposal, Recycling

References:

1.- G. Bystrzejewska-Piotrowska, J. Golimowski y P. L. Urban, «Nanoparticles: their potential toxicity, waste and environmental management,» Waste Management, pp. 2587-2595, 2009.
2.- A. L. Porter y J. Youtie, «Where does nanotechnology belong in the map of science?,» Nature Nanotechnology, pp. 534 - 536, 2009.
3.-Baya y P. Joly, «Nanotechnology and Society: Where Do We Stand in the Ladder of Citizen Participation? » January 15, 2008. [on line]. Available: http://www.cipast.org/download/CIPAST%20Newsletter%20Nano.pdf.
4.- C.-c. L., H. Wang, P. Chien y C. Hung, «An empirical study of commercialization performance on nanoproducts,» Technovation, vol. 32, pp. 168-178, 2012.
5.- W. Ulaga and W. Eggert, «Relationship value and relationship quality: broadening the nomological network of business-to-business relationships.,» European Journal of Marketing, vol. 40, pp. 311-327, 2006.
6.- N. Musee, «Nanowastes and the environment: potential new waste management paradigm,» Environment International, pp. 112-128, 2011.
7.- L. Bregging y J. Pendergrass, Where Does the Nano Go? End-of life Regulation of Nanotechnologies, Washington: Woodrow wilson International Center for Scholars, 2007.

Presenting authors email: xaraicruz@gmail.com

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SF.3-P033 Poster
STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES PRIOR AND POST CONVERSION INTO SILVER SULFIDE
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

I. DeAlba-Montero¹, D. P. Portales-Pérez²,  F. Martínez-Gutiérrez², Facundo Ruiz¹.
¹Facultad de Ciencias, UASLP, Niño Artillero s/n. Zona Universitaria Poniente, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78290, México.²Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Niño Artillero s/n. Zona Universitaria Poniente, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78290, México.

Nowadays the number of consumer products containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is increasing due to the antimicrobial effect that can be achieved. The market is filled with such a variety which includes socks, water filters, baby bottles, washing machines, refrigerators, food containers, cellphones, toys, etc. Surprisingly, eventhough these products are becoming more common, there is insufficient data about the behavior of these nanoparticles when they are released into the environment. It is still unclear whether AgNPs represent a toxic threat. 
Silver from facades coatings, for example, will leach out an important amount of it, diminishing the antimicrobial function¹, which will also be diminished by the nanosilver that still remains in the coating but reacts with the elements from the environment like sulfur.
Levard et al., reported the speciation of silver (silver oxide, silver carbonate, silver chloride, silver sulfide and silver sulfate) in different scenarios. When silver nanoparticles are released and end up in wastewater they will most likely be transformed into Ag₂S before entering wastewater treatment plants due to the relatively high sulfide concentrations in sewer pipes².
It has been reported that silver sulfide appears to effectively reduce nanosilver toxicity. Choi et al. also demonstrated that AgNPs were highly reactive with sulfide to form new Ag₂S and the complexes or precipitates formed were stable under aerobic conditions³.
In the present work, silver sulfide was obtained through synthesis of the aqueous silver nanoparticles and ammonium sulfide as control and sulfidation of silver nanoparticles using wastewater. Both, AgNPs and silver sulfide particles obtained were characterized and their minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration was measured against Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus, subsequently cytotoxicity tests were performed using mononuclear cells.
Being silver sulfide one of the main chemical species that will be formed out of silver nanoparticles, it is important to acquire data about changes in minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of silver sulfide. This data can be useful to determine the damage that AgNPs can cause in the bacteria that helps in decomposition process in wastewater treatment plants and in the beneficial microorganisms from agricultural soil⁴. Also, this information can help to quantify the antimicrobial activity of products containing nanosilver through time.

Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Sulfidation, Antimicrobial

References:

[1] Künniger, T., Fischer, A., Gerecke, A., Heeb, M., Kunz, P., Ulrich, A., & Vonbank, R. (2010, October). Release of Conventional and Nano-Sized Biocides from Coated Wooden Façades during Weathering: Consequences for Functionality and Aquatic Environment. In 53rd International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology, Geneva, Switzerland.
[2] Levard, C., Hotze, E. M., Lowry, G. V., & Brown Jr, G. E. (2012). Environmental transformations of silver nanoparticles: impact on stability and toxicity. Environmental science & technology, 46(13), 6900-6914.Choi, O., Clevenger, T. E., Deng, B., Surampalli, R. Y., Ross, L., & Hu, Z. (2009). Role of sulfide and ligand strength in controlling nanosilver toxicity. Water research, 43(7), 1879-1886.
[3] Choi, O.; Cleuenger, T. E.; Deng, B. L.; Surampalli, R. Y.; Ross, L.; Hu, Z. Q. Role of sulfide and ligand strength in controlling nanosilver toxicity. Water Res. 2009, 43 (7), 1879−1886.
[4] Potera, C. (2010). Transformation of silver nanoparticles in sewage sludge. Environ Health Perspect, 118, a526-a527.

Presenting authors email: didania@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P034 Poster
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTI- MICROBIAL AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ORGANIC NITRATES DESIGNED FROM FATTY ACID ESTERS
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Thayana F. L. Santos¹Â , Fernando N. Rocha¹, João M. L. Oliveira¹, Paulo A. Z. Suarez¹Â 
¹Laboratório de Materiais e Combustíveis (LMC), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro P. Box. 4478, 70919-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil

Energy demand has been growing increasingly, causing serious problems in the economic and environmental context, witch includes replacing oil with cleaner and economically viable energy sources.
Biodiesel is an interesting proposal, however, their use has not been used to replace fossil fuels, due to susceptibility of this product to microbiological contamination and its propensity to oxidation reaction and auto-oxidation, that may reduce the storage period in gas stations. Such setbacks cooperate to reduce the useful life of engines of vehicles, with a view that may occur clogging of filters and other damage to vehicles. Thus, the use of antimicrobial additives and antioxidants has been employed, however, these compounds increase the value added to biofuel, as well as compromising the green fuel seal.
In this sense, this work aims at the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of organic nitrates, planned from fatty acid esters. The proposal includes an economically viable synthetic route, since it has a low aggregate cost of their production. They should be environmentally friendly, since they are designed from the richly abundant biomass in the country. They should also optimize the burning fuel, thereby increasing efficiency.

Keywords: biofuels, Nitro compounds, antimicrobials

References:

1. SUPPES, Galen J.; Synthesis and evaluation of alkyl nitrates from triglycerides as cetane improvers. Missouri. Columbia. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42, 5042-5053.

Presenting authors email: thayanaf@gmail.com

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SF.3-P035 Poster
EFFECTIVE ANTIMICROBIAL PERFORMANCE OF ZINC OXIDE FILMS THROUGT ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

M.Z. Figueroa-Torres¹, A.J. Aguilar-Martínez¹, O.E. Vega-Becerra², M.A. Ruíz-Gómez³, I.L. Alonso-Lemus⁴, J.R González-López¹, A.A. Zaldívar-Cadena¹.
¹ Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León C.P. 66455, México.² Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Unidad Monterrey. Apodaca, Nuevo León. C.P. 66600, México. ³ CINVESTAV-IPN Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Mérida Yucatán C.P. 97310, México. ⁴CONACYT Research Fellow, CINVESTAV-IPN Unidad Saltillo, Sustentabilidad de los Recursos Naturales y Energía, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila C.P. 25900 México.

Among the wide range of useful properties of the ZnO materials, its bactericidal activity has received significant attention as a way to prevent the build-up, spread and transfer of harmful microorganism [1,2]. The ZnO is stable under high temperatures and pressures and also it is safe for human beings and animals relative to organic substances [1-4]. This research work presents the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of ZnO films prepared by electroless deposition at different temperatures on glass slides. The X-ray diffractograms of all the films revealed the hexagonal Wurtzite-type crystal structure. Surface morphology was studied by Atomic Force Microscopy demonstrating that morphology can be controlled from hexagonally shaped rods to porous foam-like particles through increasing deposition temperature. UV-vis spectroscopy analysis showed a transmittance in the visible region around 80 %. The antibacterial action was determined by disk diffusion method and killing kinetics method against gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cultures, Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus), respectively. According to the obtained results, all the ZnO films can act as bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the highest antimicrobial performance was recorded for the film consisting of porous foam-like shape particles against E. Coli microorganism

Keywords: Bacteria inactivation, Antibacterial coatings, ZnO

References:

[1] A. Sirelkhatim, S. Mahmud, A. Seeni, N. H. M.  Kaus, L. C. Ann, S. K. M. Bakhori, H. Hasan, D. Mohamad. Nano-Micro Lett. 7 (2015) 219.
[2] J. Hasan, R. J. Crawford, E. P. Ivanova. Trends Biotechnol.31 (2013) 295.
[3] S. Shankar, X. Teng, G. Li, J-W Rhim. Food Hydrocolloid 45 (2015) 264.
[4] N. Preda, M. Enculescu, I. Zgura, M. Socol, E. Matei, V. Vasilache, I. Enculescu. Mater. Chem. Phys.138 (2013) 253.

Presenting authors email: m_zyzlila@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-P036 Poster
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN MORTARS WITH HEMP SHAVINGS AND METAKAOLIN
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

V.A. Galván-Mendoza¹, C.A. Juárez-Alvarado¹, C. Magniont^1
1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Av. Universidad S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León C.P. 66451, México. Université Paul Sabatier III, Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions, Toulouse, France.

The thermal conductivity and compressive strength were evaluated in four mixtures with hemp shavings, Portland cement with metakaolin as filler and sand. 4 mixtures were made: one control; without metakaolin, another based on Portland cement and metakaolin; as cementitious matrix, and two more with additions of hemp shavings of 4% and 10% by volume replacing and the cementitious matrix. The specimens for compressive strength were prepared according to ASTM C109 standard, specimens for thermal conductivity were tested by the hot plate method based on Round Robin Test for Characterization of Shiv Hemp specifications from RILEM. The evolution of the thermal conductivity and compressive strength based on the addition of hemp shavings at the age of 28 days was evaluated. The results show that, mortars lowered their bulk density up to 14% relative to the control mixture, in thermal conductivity specimens with additions of 10% of hemp shavings obtained a coefficient of conductivity 40% lower. Furthermore, the compressive strength in these specimens decreased 35% with the additions of up to 10% substitution by volume, due to particle size of  shavings [1], another reason for this result is by the physical properties of hemp shavings, as they show low density as low coefficient of thermal conductivity, placing them as a heat-insulating material [2]. It was observed that a lower content of cementitious paste within the composite, the thermal conductivity values decrease, because even when the cementitious material consists of materials with a higher coefficient of conductivity, the content of shavings and their properties, reveal greater influence in thermal conductivity values [3].

Keywords: hemp shavings, thermal conductivity, lightweight materials

References:

[1]       L. Arnaud and E. Gourlay, “Experimental study of parameters influencing mechanical properties of hemp concretes,� Construction and Building Materials, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 50–56, (2012).
[2]       F. Collet and S. Pretot, “Thermal conductivity of hemp concretes : Variation with formulation , density and water content,â€� Construction and Building Materials, vol. 65, pp. 612–619, (2014).
[3]       M. Bederina, B. Laidoudi, A. Goullieux, M. M. Khenfer, A. Bali, and M. Quéneudec, “Effect of the treatment of wood shavings on the physico-mechanical characteristics of wood sand concretes,� Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, pp. 1311–1315, (2009).

Presenting authors email: victor_galvan_m@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P037 Poster
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ESTIMATION FOR A CELLULOLYTIC WASTE-BASED MATERIAL APPLIED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

A. Vázquez Aguilar¹, J. Cañas Montoya², J.A. Villarreal Sánchez³, M. Góngora Hernández⁴, L. Díaz Jiménez³, F. Ã�valos Belmonte².
¹UAdeC Facultad de Arquitectura, Arteaga Campus, Blvd. Fundadores Km 13 P.O. 25354, Arteaga Coahuila Mex. ²UAdeC Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Saltillo, Blvd. V. Carranza y José Cárdenas, Col República Ote, P.O. Box 25280 Saltillo Coahuila Mex. ³CINVESTAV Saltillo Campus, Saltillo-Monterrey Highway Km 13 P.O. Box 663, Saltillo Coahuila Mex. ⁴UAdeC Facultad de Ingeniería, Arteaga Campus, Blvd. Fundadores Km 13 P.O. 25354, Arteaga Coahuila Mex    

Construction industry is a large consumer of energy materials and natural resources.  At the same time it provides a potential market for innovation and new processes and products. One of the most important demands of this industry is the thermal comfort for users provided with low energy consumption. Attending these requirements a new thermal insulating material is proposed. The materials and process are very simple and the principal components come from recycled products. The material production starts from cellulose without requiring high purity, which makes it very economical as it can accept recycled paper or waste from factories processing this type of fiber. Prepare is also simple as it consists of a simple mixture of various components that give superior properties to the product. (The product is at the patent pending stage)To evaluate the use of an alternative insulating material, one of the most important factors is thermal conductivity. Tests were performed on specimens consisting on building block against insulated building block with two treatments; comparing insulation by a commercial material and insulation by the insulation alternative.
Numerous theoretical and empirical correlation models exist to calculate thermal conductivity but none predicts the thermal conductivity of all type of composites. Tests of thermal conductivity according to ASTM standard A1225-13 showed the composite material to have insulating properties with a K value very close to the commercial material. In the final comparison the cellulolytic waste-based material was better per unit thickness with a value of 10.02 °C/cm against the temperature difference given by polystyrene which was 7.56 °C/cm; these results in a 24.6% greater temperature differential,  given by the proposed insulating material against the commercial compound.

Keywords: Thermal Conductivity, Insulating material, Cellulose

References:

1. CONEVAL (2010). National Poverty from 2008 to 2010 according to CONEVAL (Consejo Nacional de valuación de la Política de Desarrollo Social). http://www.coneval.gob.mx/Medicion/Paginas/Medici%C3%B3n/Pobreza%202012/Anexo-estad%C3%ADstico-pobreza-2012.aspx
2. Ergun B., Mustafa K., Mustafa, Abdullah, Hüseyin, Mehmet C. Some physical, biological, mechanical, and fire properties of wood polymer composite (WPC) pretreated with boric acid and borax mixture (2007). Construction and Building Materials. 21, (9). 1879–1885. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.026
3. Fagerlund G. (1982).- On the Capillarity of concrete.- Nordic concrete Research. 1(6). 1-20 Oslo.
4. INEGI (2011) Perspectiva estadística Coahuila de Zaragoza. Diciembre. Publicación trimestral. http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/perspectivas/perspectiva-coa.pdf
5. NMX-ONNCCE-C-061. Cemento- Determinación de la resistencia a la compresión de cementantes hidráulicos. Organismo Nacional de Normalización y Certificación de la Construcción y Edificación. México. 2001.
6. Páginas amarillas en España (2011): http://www.paginasamarillas.es/aislante-ecologico-de-celulosa/all-ma/all-pr/all-is/all-ci/all-ba/all-pu/all-nc/1
7. Yellow Pages EUA (only in Los Angeles) (2011) http://www.yellowpages.com/los-angeles-ca/cellulose-insulation?g=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&q=cellulose+insulation
8. SMN (Servicio Meteorológico Nacional). Publicación de temperaturas máximas anuales. http://smn.cna.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107%3Atemperatura-maxima-por-entidad-federativa&catid=1&Itemid=10
9. SMN (Servicio Meteorológico Nacional). Publication of minimum temperatures recorded in the period between 1951 and 1980. http://smn.cna.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=123
10. Vera S., Ordenes M. (2002) Evaluación del desempeño energi-térmico de una vivienda social en Chile, utilizando un programa de simulación energética de edificios. Ingeniería de Construcción. 17 (3). 133-142. Chile. ISSN: 0718-5073

Presenting authors email: mgongorah@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-P038 Poster
CHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TSP AND PM_2.5 COLLECTED FROM THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF MONTERREY BY XRD, SEM AND XPS
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Lucy Teresa González¹, Francisco Enrique Longoria Rodríguez², Margarita Sánchez Domínguez², Cesar Leyva Porras², Luis Gerardo Silva Vidaurri², Karim Acuna Askar³, Boris Kharissov¹, Juan Villarreal Chiu⁴, Juan Manuel Alfaro Barbosa^1
1Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Química Analítica Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Código Postal 64570, Monterrey, N.L., México.²Centro de Investigación de Materiales Avanzados SC, Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, Código Postal 66600, Apodaca, N. L., México ³Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Biorremediación Ambiental,  Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Código Postal 64460. Monterrey, N.L., México. ⁴Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Código Postal 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México.

Total suspended particles (TSP) and particles smaller than 2.5 mm (PM_2.5) were collected at four sites in the metropolitan area of Monterrey (MAM) in Mexico. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to determine the possible sources of emissions of atmospheric particulate matter, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. The XRD results showed that the major crystalline compounds found in the TPS were CaCO₃ and SiO₂, while in the PM_2.5 additionally was CaSO₄. The XPS analysis showed that the main elements found on the surface of the particles were C, O, Si, Ca, S and N. The deconvolution of the high resolution spectra for C showed that the main contribution of aromatic groups to the C signal, and this was related with anthropogenic sources such as the burning of fossil fuels. The PCA together with the SEM demonstrated that the CaCO₃ particles were primary originated by the mining of rich deposits of this mineral. Due to the morphology of the SiO₂ and CaSO₄ particles, the potential emitting sources were attributed as natural and artificial for the former, while anthropomorphic for the latter.

Keywords: Total suspended particles, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, PM2.5

Presenting authors email: luciatereg@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-P039 Poster
NANOSPHERES OF CHITOSAN AND POLYMETHACRYLIC ACID CONTAINING UREA AND ITS APPLICATION IN HYDROPONIC CULTURE OF LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA)
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Aleana Ledezma Delgadillo¹, Eduardo San Martín Martínez¹, Monica Rosalia Jaime Fonseca¹, Porfirio Gutierrez Martinez².
¹Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Legaria 694, Irrigación, Miguel Hidalgo, 11500 Ciudad de México, México. ²Tecnológico de Tepic. Av. Tecnológico # 2595, Col. Lagos del Country, Tepic, Nayarit, 63175, Mexico

Nanotechnology in agriculture aims to reduce the amount of fertilizer used, minimizing the loss of nutrients and reducing or avoiding pollution of the soil. Urea was nanoencapsulated in nanospheres of chitosan and polymethacrylic acid, used for hydroponic culture of lettuce. Nanospheres with and without urea were characterized by FTIR, TEM and DLS, the load of the nanospheres was determined by zeta potential. The results of TEM indicated that nanospheres without urea had a average size of 50 nm and with urea 100 nm. The hydrodynamic size obtained by DLS was 110 ± 10nm. The FTIR spectra exhibit a peak at 1539 cm^-1 in the nanospheres of QS-APM, indicating the ionic interaction between the COO^- groups and the group NH₂⁺. New peaks were observed in the nanospheres containing urea at 1618 and 1458 cm^-1 by interaction with the polymers. The physical differences of lettuce crops, control (C1) and experimental (C2), were: foliage weight of C2 was lower compared to C1. The root weight of C2 was 0.5 times greater than C1. The percentage of nitrogen determined in the leaves was similar in both cases. However, the amount of urea used as fertilizer in the nanospheres was 30% less than the control.

Keywords: NANOTECHNOLOGY, FERTILIZER, CHITOSAN

References:

1. Xiaoyu, N., Yuejin, W., Zhengyan, W., Lin, W., Guannan, Q., and Lixiang, Y. (2013). A novel slow-release urea fertiliser: Physical and chemical analysis of its structure and study of its release mechanism. Biosystems Engineering 115, 274-282
2. Ma, Z.-y., Jia, X., Zhang, G.-x., Hu, J.-m., Zhang, X.-l., Liu, Z.-y., Wang, H.-y., and Zhou, F. (2013). pH-Responsive Controlled-Release Fertilizer with Water Retention via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Acrylic Acid on Mussel-Inspired Initiator. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, 5474-5482.
3. Corradini E., Moura M. R. de, Matosso L. H.C. A preliminary study of the incorparation of NPK fertilizer into chitosan nanoparticles. Express Polymer Letters. 2010, 4(8), 509–515
4. Dos Santos Mariana Silva, Sgarbi Daniela Cocenza, Grillo Renato, Ferreira Silva Nathalie de Melo, Sérgio Paulo Tonello, Camargo Luciana de Oliveira, Lopes Douglas Cassimiro, Henrique André Rosa, Fernandes Leonardo Fraceto. Paraquat-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and soil sorption studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011, 190(1–3), 366–374

Presenting authors email: ALEANALD@GMAIL.COM

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SF.3-P040 Poster
MESOPOROUS ALUMINAS AS CATALYSTS IN THE DEHYDRATION OF GLYCEROL REACTION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Mayra Martínez Rico ^a, Julia Aguilar Pliego ^a, Joaquín Pérez Pariente ^b, Carlos Márquez �lvarez ^b
a Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México, México 02200.^b Instituto de catálisis y petroleoquímica, Madrid, España E-28049

With power demand growing rapidly, it has dedicated the most attention to the conversion of biomass materials related to fuels and chemicals, such as biodiesel products. Due to the continuous increase in production of biodiesel, a byproduct of this industry that is generated in large quantities is glycerol, which is why in recent years we have studied the chemical transformation processes of glycerol to obtain products with high added value.
This work shows an alternative of use to glycerol, focused on the dehydration reaction of glycerol to acrolein production, which it is obtained from a double dehydration of the glycerol molecule and Brӧnsted acid sites. Acrolein is a product used as an intermediate in various chemical reactions for the production of acrylic acid, 1,3-propanediol, DL-methionine, polyester resins, fragrances, etc.
To obtain acrolein mesoporous alumina supports were synthesized by the sol-gel method and impregnated with 1% platinum by the technique of incipient wetness impregnation, to obtain catalysts: Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ mesoporous y Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ fluoridated mesoporous. The mesoporous alumina supports are used, because they have high surface area facilitating better platinum dispersion, good thermal stability, mechanical and adequate volume and pore distribution for better diffusion of reagents. Platinum was used because in the reaction no coke deposits, therefore platinum serves for the catalysts used are not deactivate.
Evaluation of catalysts was was carried out in a fixed bed reactor and continuous flow at 275°C and 320°C with different sample weights of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.2 g. The catalyst of Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ fluorinated mesoporous had the highest percentage of selectivity of acrolein, evaluated at 320°C.

Keywords: Glycerol, Dehydration, Mesoporous alumina

References:

1. Y. Zheng, X. Chen, Y. Shen. Chem. Rev 108 (2008) 5253–5277.
2. A. Alhanash, E.F, Kozhevnikova, I.V. Kozhevnikov. ApplCatal A: Gen 378 (2010) 11–8.
3. H. Tsukuda, S. Sato, R. Takahashi, T. Sodesawa. Catal. Commun 8 (2007) 1349-1353.
4. Y.T. Kim, K.D. Jung, E.D.Park. Micro Meso Mater 131 (2010) 28–36.
5. A.C. Márquez, N. Ziková, P.J. Pérez, J. Cejka. Catalysis Reviews 50 (2008) 222–286.

Presenting authors email: mayra_mr_1990@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P041 Poster
SYNTHESIS AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED Fe-Mg OXIDES SINTHETIZED BY AACVD FOR As-F IONS REMOVAL FROM WATER.
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

G. Alonso-Machado¹, P. Amézaga-Madrid¹, W. Antúnez-Flores¹, P. Pizá-Ruiz¹, C. Ornelas¹, M. Miki-Yoshida¹.
¹Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S. C.  Departamento de Física de Materiales,  Miguel de Cervantes  No.120, Chihuahua, Chih., México. C. P. 31136.

Nowadays the need for drinking water supply for the general population has become a major challenge, due to contamination from natural or anthropogenic sources with heavy metals and metalloids such as As, which in recent years has reported it is coexistence with F [1]. The convencional methods of removing contaminants are being widely used having a good removal efficiency, but generate water rejection and/or sludge in large volumes, which cause an additional and bigger problem to be considered dangerous, and extra costs for treatment or disposal environment. The application of nanotechnology enables reduction of the amount of sludge produced. Therefore, in this work we report the synthesis of a nanostructured composite of iron-magnesium oxides by the aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition process [2, 3], using a precursor solution of FeCl₂4H₂O and MgCl₂ in methanol, three solutions were prepared (0.05 mol/dm^-3) with a different proportion Fe:Mg (90:10, 80:20, 70:30). This nanomaterials, were microstructurally characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, BET method. The adsorption efficiency of the nanomaterials was determined by batch experiments, where a different solutions containing the As-F ions were kept under continuous stirring times (1, 15 and 30 minutes). Different concentrations were used in the solutions, the experiments were done by separately. After the contact time was elapsed, solutions were centrifuged to separate the nanoparticles from the liquid. The As ions concentration in the remaining solution were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the concentration of F was determined using an ion-selective electrode. The separated nanostructures were analyzed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy to corroborate the presence of As and F ions adsorbed on the surface of the nanostructured Fe-Mg oxides.

Keywords: AACVD, Removal arsenic and fluoride, Nanostructured iron-magnesium oxides

References:

[1] M.T. Alarcón-Herrera et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials 262 (2013) 960-969.
[2] B.E. Monárrez-Cordero et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 615 (2014) S328–S334.
[3] P.G. Hernández-Salcedo et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 643(2015) S287-S296.

Presenting authors email: graciela.alonso@cimav.edu.mx

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SF.3-P042 Poster
WATER ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF NOTT-400 FOR CO₂ SEQUESTRATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

J. Raziel Ã�lvarez¹, Ricardo A. Peralta¹, Jorge Balmaseda¹, Eduardo González-Zamora², Ilich A. Ibarra^1
1Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 México D. F., Mexico. ²Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C. P. 09340, México D. F., Mexico.

Porous coordination polymers (PCPs), also known as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), are very promising candidates for gas sequestration. However, many PCPs are unstable when exposed to water which has limited the use of PCPs in industrial settings because moisture is ubiquitous in the environment and it must be accounted for in adsorption, storage and separation systems¹. The effect of water on the CO₂ sequestration has only recently been investigated on PCPs². Water adsorption is often unfavourable for CO₂ capture since water acts as a strong adsorptive competitor. Nevertheless, LeVan³, Matzger⁴ and Walton⁵ demonstrated that controlled water adsorption can enhance CO₂ capture in PCPs. Thus, in the present work we have chosen the hydrostable Sc(III) coordination polymer, NOTT-400⁶. This material crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4₁22, showing a binuclear [Sc₂(μ₂-OH)] building block. Water adsorption at room temperature in NOTT-400 was investigated along with its ability to perform CO₂ sequestration under relative humidity (%RH) conditions. We found that the maximum CO₂ capture was obtained at 20 %RH and 30 °C with a total amount of ∼10.2 wt%. Considerably, this CO₂ capture, under humid conditions, represents a 2.5-fold increase in comparison with anhydrous conditions. The CO₂ confinement effects induced by H₂O can occur within the micropores of NOTT-400 enhancing the total CO₂ uptake.

Keywords: Porous coordination polymer, Water adsorption, Carbon dioxide capture

References:

1 J. Cavinet, A. Feteeva, Y. Guo, B. Coasne and D. Farrusseng, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 5594–5617.
2 J. A. Mason, T. M. McDonald, T.-H. Bae, J. E. Bachman, K. Sumida, J. J. Dutton, S. S. Kaye and J. R. Long, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, 4787–4803.
3 J. Liu, A. I. Benin, A. M. B. Furtado, P. Jakubczak, R. R. Willis and M. D. LeVan, Langmuir, 2011, 27, 11451–11456.
4 A. C. Kizzie, A. G. Wong-Foy and A. J. Matzger, Langmuir, 2011, 27, 6368–6373.
5 N. C. Burtch, H. Jasuja and K. S. Walton, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, 10575–10612.
6 I. A. Ibarra, S. Yang, X. Lin, A. J. Blake, P. J. Rizkallan, H. Nowell, D. R. Allan, N. R. Champness, P. Hubberstey and M. Schröder, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 8304–8306.

Presenting authors email: jraziel.ap@comunidad.unam.mx

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SF.3-P043 Poster
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES OF IRON AND TITANIUM OXIDES FOR APPLICATION SUCH AS ADSORBENTS OF ARSENIC AND FLUORINE IONS
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

¹P. Amézaga-Madrid, ¹B. E. Monárrez-Cordero,¹A. Heiras-Trevizo, ²E. Flores-Tavizón, ¹G. Rivas-Amézaga, ¹W. Antúnez-Flores, ¹C. Ornelas-Gutiérrez, ¹P. Pizá-Ruiz, ¹M. Miki-Yoshida
¹Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. Depto. de Física de Materiales, Miguel de Cervantes No.120, Chihuahua, Chih., México. C.P. 31136. ²Universidad Autónoma de Cd. Juárez, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología. Av. Del Charro No. 450 Nte. Col. Partido Romero. Cd. Juárez, Chih. México. C.P. 32310.

Groundwater constitutes the largest reservoir of drinking water in the world, it is for this reason that it is essential for keeping it free from anthropogenic pollution. The geomorphological composition in different regions of the planet determines the presence in the groundwater of elements and inorganic compounds potentially toxic to animals and humans such as arsenic and fluoride [1]. The majority of the techniques employed for the removal of the heavy metals and metalloids ions are of low efficiency and high cost, it is for this, that the application of nano-adsorbents are an optimal alternative in the remediation of waste water [2]. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles of iron and titanium oxides by aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition [3-4]. Deposition temperature was fixed at 723 K; also, different deposition parameters such as concentration of the precursor solution (Relation Fe:Ti was modified since 90:10 to 50:50 respectively), the metallic salts were dissolved in tri-distilled water with a final concentration of precursor solution of 0.05 M and using a carrier gas flux (argon:air at 250:004 L cm^-1). The crystalline structure of the nanostructures was characterized by grazing incidence x-ray diffraction. Surface morphology and microstructure were studied by field emission scanning electron, scanning probe microscopy. Surface area determination was measured with BET method. The adsorption efficiency was determined from batch experiments. Removal tests were realized at three times of exposition nanostructures-As:F (1, 15 and 30 min) to determine percentage of removal efficiency. After the contact time was elapsed, solutions were centrifuged for separating the nanostructures from the liquid for further analysis of the remaining As-F ions concentration by atomic absorption spectroscopy and an ion-selective electrode respectively. The collected nanostructures were analyzed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy for observing the presence of As-F ions adsorbed on the surface.

Keywords: AACVD, removal heavy metals, arsenic-fluorine

References:

[1] S. Vega-Gleason. Comisión Nacional del Agua. (1999) México.
[2] D. Mohan and Ch. Pittman Jr. Journal of Hazardouz Materials 142 (2007) 1-53.
[3] B.E. Monárrez-Cordero et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 615 (2014) S328–S334.
[4] P.G. Hernández-Salcedo et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 643 (2015) S287-S296.

Presenting authors email: patricia.amezaga@cimav.edu.mx

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SF.3-P044 Poster
MULTICOMPONENT ADSORPTION OF DYES, A HEAVY METAL AND AN ANION USING A MODIFIED ADSORBENT
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

E. Ulises Andrade Roque¹, Hugo D. García Alférez¹, R. Tovar Gómez¹, Ma. R. Moreno Virgen¹, V. Hernández Montoya¹.
¹Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica. Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes. Av. Adolfo López Mateos No. 1801 Ote. Fracc. Bona Gens. C.P. 20256. Aguascalientes, Ags., México.

In this paper, we presented the removal studies, in continuous system, of solutions of Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Basic Blue (BB9), Zn²⁺ and CrO₄^-, using a bituminous carbon modified with calcium and pack it damage in a column with a relationship of high (L) and diameter (D) of L/D=3. Beside circulates a flow of an ascending way of 1 mL/min of the solution problem. The ternary solutions worked in this studies of continuous adsorption were: RB5-Zn²⁺-CrO₄^- and BB9-Zn²⁺-CrO₄^- using a concentration of 500 mg/L for RB5 and BB9 dyes, 25mg/L for the Zn²⁺ and 12.5 mg/L for hexavalent chromium. According the results, the breakthrough curves of Zn²⁺, Cr⁶⁺ and RB5 and BB9 dyes were obtained, in monocomponent and ternary solutions, in which they tried to reach a concentration of output equal to or greater than 95% of the inlet concentration (saturation point). In general terms, the adsorption of Zn²⁺ is favored when the RB5 and Cr⁶⁺ is present, that is to say exists an effect synergistic; on the other hand, with the BB9 and the Cr⁶⁺ effect is not observed. In the breakthrough curves of Cr⁶⁺, is observed in the ternary mixtures of CrO₄^--RB5-Zn²⁺ and CrO₄^--BB9-Zn²⁺, in both there is a synergistic effect, that is to say, adsorption of Cr⁶⁺ is benefited. With regard to the RB5, its adsorption remains almost constant when it is in solution monocomponent or ternary RB5-Zn²⁺-CrO₄^-. The same happens with the BB9 in the mixture BB9-Zn²⁺-CrO₄^- so that there is an effect of no interaction.

Keywords: Adsorption, Column, Heavy metals and dyes.

References:

1. Tovar-Gomez, D.A. Rivera-Ramirez, V. Hernandez- Montoya, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, C.J. Duran Valle, M.A. Montes-Moran, Synergic adsorption in the simultaneous removal of acid blue 25 and heavy metals from water using a Ca(PO3)2- modified carbon, Journal of Hazardous Materials 199-200(2012) 290-300.
2. Cardoso, N.F., Lima, E.C., Pinto, I.S., Amavisca, C.V., Royer, B., Pinto, R.B., Alencar, W.S., Pereira, S.F.P. Application of cupuassu shell as biosorbent for the removal of textile dyes from aqueous solution, Journal Environmental Manage. 92 (2011), 1237–1247.

Presenting authors email: eu.anro@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-P045 Poster
ACID MODIFIED AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOR THE FERTILIZER ADSORPTION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa¹, Carlos Martín Flores-Mora¹, Alejandro Romero-Bautista¹, Abraham García-Chávez¹ and José Diego Bárcenas-Torres¹Â Â 
¹Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Morelia, km 6.5 Carretera Morelia-Salamanca, C.P. 58100, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

In this research the removal of fertilizers [ammonium and phosphorus] from aqueous solutions by chemically modified agricultural waste was studied. The agricultural waste were modified with citric acid, at 60 °C, for 1–3 h to enhance their biosorption capacity, and were used for the fertilizer adsorption. These materials were characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, TGA and acid/base titrations. In addition, fertilizers adsorption experiments were carried out at different pH values and constant temperatura. SEM micrographs revealed no significant changes in the surface of the agricultural waste after modification. In addition, total acid sites content of modified materials increased when the modification time rise. TGA analysis showed a small shoulder at around 380 °C and an intensive peak at around 350 °C. These minor and major reactions can be attributed to the hemicelluloses and cellulose decomposition, respectively (Acikalin, 2011). The sorption capacity of modified agricultural waste was 30% higher than the untreated material. These findings indicate that the untreated and modified waste studied herein have a potential application in the removal of contaminants presents in aqueous phase.

Keywords: Biosorption, Agricultural Waste, Chemical modification

References:

1. Acikalin., K. (2011), “Thermogravimetric analysis of walnut shell as pyrolysis feedstock�, J Therm Anal Calorim 105:145–150.

Presenting authors email: gandrade@itvallemorelia.edu.mx

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SF.3-P046 Poster
INFLUENCE OF NOBLE METAL IN THE CWAO REACTION OF MTBE
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Cervantes¹, G.,  G. Torres-Torres¹, M. A. Lunagómez¹, J. C. Arévalo¹, A. Silahua¹, F. González², A. Vázquez^2
1Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, DACB, Laboratorio de Catálisis Heterogénea Km 1 Carretera Cunduacán-Jalapa de Méndez, C.P. 86690, A.P. 24, Cunduacán Tabasco, México. ²Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa Departamento de Química, Ã�rea de Catálisis, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186 C.P. 09340, A.P 55-534. México D.F. México.

MTBE is used as an additive of gasoline to increase the oxygen level; the typical concentration, in Mexico is between 10-15% by volume [1]. Nevertheless, MTBE is highly soluble into water which improve the risks to contaminate, lagoons, rivers and   aquifers [2]. Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation is an advanced oxidation process which by its nature provide a high mineralization of pollutants (final product CO₂) [3].
Titanium oxide was synthesized by sol-gel and then impregnated with noble metals (Rh, Pt and Au) using incipient impregnation method. The amounts of rhodium was 1% by weight. Taking as reference the molar ratio of Rh/Pt (1/1) and Rh/Au (1/1), the % w/w of Pt and Au were 2.5 and 1.9, respectively. The catalysts were oxidized and reduced to 500° C under air and H₂ flow, respectively. In order to identify the materials the follow symbology was used: Ti, RhTi, PtTi, AuTi. The catalytic activity was carried out in a batch reactor (Parr instrument Co. Ltd. Illinois, U.S.A.). These catalysts were characterized using several techniques. MTBE solutions with concentration of 300 ppm were prepared using distillated water. The load of catalyst used was 1 g/L and the experimental conditions were 80°C for the temperature and 8 bar of oxygen pressure. Samples were taken every 15 min during 1 h, then were analyzed by gas chromatography (Varian star 3400CX Columna: HP-INNOWAX) and by total organic carbon (TOC-VCSN SHIMADZU). Anatase structure by X - ray diffraction in all the catalysts was identified. The surface area of the materials found in a range of 42-64 m²/g. The size of the metal particle was 1.6 nm RhTi, 8.3 nm PtTi, 2.2 nm AuTi; calculated directly by transmission electron microscopy. The reaction by products identified were: formaldehyde, acetone, methanol, tertiary butyl alcohol and isopropyl. Formaldehyde is a toxic pollutant and difficult to oxidize; Formaldehyde intermediate formation was classified as following order: Pt>Ti>Au>Rh. Rhodium was the best catalyst to oxidize MTBE because the particle size.

Keywords: Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation, Au, Formaldehyde

References:

[1] PEMEX Refinación, http://www.ref.pemex.com. [Cited: 03 04, 2016.]
[2] United States Environmental Agency. http://www.epa.gov/. [Cited: 04 03, 2016.]
[3] Cuauhtémoc, I., Del Angel, G., Torres, G., Navarrete, J., �ngeles-Chávez, C., & Padilla, J. (2008). Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 10(4), 512-520.

Presenting authors email: huajoloyet@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P047 Poster
ADSORPTION OF BASIC BLUE 9 AND REACTIVE BLACK 5 DYES USING MODIFIED CARBONS WITH NITRIC ACID
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

J. Díaz de León Chiquito¹, R. Tovar Gómez¹, Ma. R. Moreno Virgen¹, V. Hernández Montoya¹, M. T. Hernández Eudave^1
1Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica. Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes. Av. Adolfo López Mateos No. 1801 Ote. Fracc. Bona Gens. C.P. 20256. Aguascalientes, Ags., México.

This work report the chemical modification applied to carbon BRIMAC, a commercial adsorbent. The initial conditions are taken from the technique applied by Duran-Valle et al. In order to reduce costs, we proposed an experimental design L9 Taguchi to define the best combination of the 4 factors (HNO3 concentration, contact time, mass/volume ratio and temperature) with 3 levels and get the highest adsorption capacity of the basic blue 9 (BB9) and reactive black 5 (RB5) dyes. With the obtained data applied ANOVA analysis was performed to determine which modifications would give us better results for the BB9 and RB5 dyes. In the experiments, we used 0.02 g of modified carbon, 10 mL of solution at 500 mg/L of BB9 or RB5, at 30 °C, constant stirring of 150 rpm for 24 h to observe the behavior of the two dyes with the modified carbon. The ANOVA found that the best modification was using nitric acid 5%, a contact time of 90 minutes, a relation 1:20 (mass:volume) and a temperature of 40 °C. With this modification, was obtained an adsorption capacity of 250 and 127 mg/g for BB9 and RB5 respectively. The percentage of adsorption increased to 554 % and 226 % for BB9 and RB5 respectively. In addition to increased adsorption capacity in mono-component system, the results in binary system were favored to concentration of 500 mg/L of two dyes in mixture.
According the equilibrium studies, we can see that CM modified with NaCl is the carbon with the major adsorption capacity of both dyes (142.7 and 641.9 mg g-1 respectively). The carbons CM unmodified and modified with NaCl were determined adsorption-desorption isotherms of N2 to 77 K and we can see that they are microporous carbons. The superficial area for CM unmodified and modified was 716 and 737 m2 g-1 respectively.

Keywords: Adsorption, dyes, modified carbon

References:

1. Durán -Valle, C. J., Madrigal-Martínez M., Martínez-Gallego M., Fonseca I. M., Matos I, Botelho do Rego A. M., “Activated carbon as a catalyst for the synthesis of N-alkylimidazoles and imidazolium ionic liquids�. Cat Today  187 (2012) 108-114

Presenting authors email: rigtogo@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P048 Poster
LOW ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT PROCEDURE IN THE ADDITION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS TO MWCNTs
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

F. G. Granados-Martínez¹, J.J Contreras-Navarrete¹, A. Durán-Navarro¹, N. Flores-Ramírez¹, E. Huipe-Nava¹, S. R. Vásquez-García¹, L. García-González², L. Zamora Peredo², L. Domratcheva-Lvova^1
1Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Felicitas del Río, 58030 Morelia, Mich., México.²Centro de Investigación en Micro y Nanotecnología de la Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del Río, Veracruz, México.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), structures with exceptional properties, can be used with other materials to provide unique characteristics that allow new technological applications. The traditional processes to join CNTs to other materials require aggressive acid treatments to provide functional groups to the carbon structures. These techniques are multi-step reactions with low yields rates and high environmental impact. The aim of this research was to propose an environmental-friendly methodology to add functional groups to Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNTs were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition using a stainless steel core as catalyst and benzene as organic precursor.  The MWCNTs samples were placed on a quartz base allowing atmosphere contact and heated in an electric furnace at 300, 350 and 400 °C during 30 minutes. Micrographs obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy showed MWCNTs with diameters around 60 nm for pristine and treated carbon nanotubes. Energy dispersive spectroscopy demonstrated oxygen increase and carbon concentration reductions associated to the rise in temperature. The Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy patterns were similar in all treated samples, showing minor band displacements. A broad peak at 3424 cm^-1 indicated an O-H intermolecular hydrogen bonding. A weak absorption can be observed at 1684 and 1638 cm^-1due to C=O stretching vibrations. The C=C in aromatic rings is shown at 1517 cm^-1. Raman Spectroscopy showed a D/G ratio increment as the temperature increase; therefore, suggesting higher defect formation and additional functional groups on the carbon nanotubes.
Functional groups addition to MWCNTs was achieved by a low environmental impact procedure using low temperatures, atmospheric pressure and a single step process.
Acknowledgment to CIC of Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo and PRODEP (SEP Mexico) “Nanostructured Materials� Collaboration Network.

Keywords: Functionalization, MWCNTs, Enviromental friendly

Presenting authors email: ladamex@yahoo.es

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SF.3-P049 Poster
BATCH ADSORPTION STUDIES OF BINARY SYSTEMS ASSISTED BY A MAGNETIC FIELD USING MINERAL ADSORBENTS
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Samantha Lizette Flores López¹, Ma. Rosario Moreno Virgen¹, Rigoberto Tovar Gómez¹, Virginia Hernández Montoya^1
1Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Adolfo López Mateos 1801, Fracc. Bonagens, C.P. 20256, Aguascalientes, México.

The huge discharge of hazardous pollutants into the water and its low availability, promote the development on water treatment technologies to recover this vital resource. Dyes and heavy metals, present in many industrial wastewaters, are considered priority water pollutants due their toxic compounds as well as their properties mutagenic and recalcitrant.
The adsorption is the most used technique to remove contaminants from water, however, heavy metals and dyes removal can present high costs or an average efficiency. It is therefore desirable and necessary the development of unconventional methods to improve the characteristics of those already existing. Among these methods, the static magnetization has attracted special attention because of its characteristics. In addition, recent studies have presented an improvement in the adsorption process when a magnetic field is applied [1], which is attributed to different factors and possible modifications that can change properties of the solution or material under magnetic field effect [2].
To analyze the influence of magnetic field in adsorption capacities, batch adsorption experiments were performed using 10ml of binary solutions and 0.02g of adsorbent (activated carbon, erionite and their modifications with Fe²⁺). Contaminants employed were Cd, Zn, BB9, RB5, RR2 and BG1 using initial concentrations of 25-500mg/L and 200-500mg/L for heavy metals and dyes, respectively.  The experiments were performed with and without magnetic field (field strength 1T), without stirring, at a steady temperature of 30°C, with equilibrium time of 72 h, and adjusting the pH 3 for the activated carbons and modified erionite, and a pH 4 for natural erionite.
Finally, magnetic and physicochemical properties of the materials were correlated with results from adsorption experiments with and without magnetic field exposition, in order to explain the interactions involved on this process. The most of experiments with field application showed results with positive effect.

Keywords: Adsorption, Magnetism, Mineral adsorbents

References:

[1] J. Ferreira, L. Oliveira, M. Ragozoni, J. Paulo da Silva, y T. Ramalho, «Adsorption of aromatic compounds under magnetic field influence», Water Air Soil Pollut, vol. 223, pp. 3545-3551, 2012.
[2] A. Tireli, M. Firmino, L. Ferreira, I. Guimaraes, M. Guerreiro, y J. Paulo, «Influence of magnetic field on the adsorption of organic by clays modified with iron», Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 97, n.o 98, pp. 1-7, 2014.

Presenting authors email: lizsa312@gmail.com

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SF.3-P050 Poster
DEVELOPMENT OF NHAP/AC COMPOSITE FOR ADSORPTION OF Pb, As, AND F IONS IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

I. Fombona-Ponce ¹, G. García-Ruíz ¹, A. Ramírez-Medina ², L. Ã�lvarez-Contreras ³, A. Aguilar-Elguezabal ³.
¹ Ingenieria en Nanotecnología, Universidad de la Ciénega del Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo, Avenida Universidad # 3000, Lomas de la Universidad, CP 59020, Michoacán, México.² Departamento de Química Ingenieria, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lascuráin de Retana No. 5, Col. Centro CP 36000, Guanajuato, México.³ Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Miguel de Cervantes # 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, CP 31136, Chihuahua, México.

Keywords: Nano-hydroxyapatite, activated carbon, adsorption

References:

1. Anne, MH, y Manfred, Van A. (sf). El Lago de Chapala Destino final Del Río Lerma, (figura 2), 117-135.
2. Burillo, JC, Cort, MR, Cabrera, MEM, Reyes, I., Espino, MS, y arrendatario, M. (2012). Hidrogeoquímicas procesos radiactivos en la cuenca de Chihuahua-Sacramento, México. Revista Mexicana de Física , 58 , 241-248.
3. Fernando, MS, De Silva, RM, y De Silva, KMN (2015). Síntesis, caracterización y aplicación de hidroxiapatita nano y nanocompuesto de hidroxiapatita con carbón activado granular para la retirada de Pb2 + a partir de soluciones acuosas. Ciencias Aplicadas de superficie , 351 , 95-103. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.05.092
4. Mohan, D., y Pittman, CU (2007). Eliminación de arsénico del agua / aguas residuales usando adsorbentes-Una revisión crítica. Diario de materiales peligrosos , 142 (1-2), 1-53. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.006
5. Ryczel, ME (2006). Fluor y Agua de Consumo - Su Relación con la Salud -. Controversias Sobre la Necesidad de fluorar el Agua de Consumo Boletín del ATA , 20 (72), 21-26.

Presenting authors email: foisap17@gmail.com

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SF.3-P051 Poster
PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION OF CATIONIC DYES ON CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS PREPARED FROM VEGETABLE RESIDUES
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

A. A. Peláez Cid¹, Z. Morales Vásquez¹, A. Bautista Hernández¹, R. Radillo Ruíz^2
1 Facultad de Ingeniería, BUAP, Edificio ING1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, CP 72570, Puebla, Pue., México, ²Grupo Carolina S.A., Naucalpan de Juárez, México.

One of the main problems that textile-dying facilities face during their operation is environmental pollution caused by colored effluents. Considering this situation, using activated carbons (AC) prepared from lignocellulosic residues represents an ecological proposal to treat colored effluents.
This work presents the results of adsorption of cationic textile dyes on AC which were chemically activated using phosphoric acid. The AC were prepared using the following vegetable residues: prickly pear peel (CarTunaQ), broccoli stem (CarBrocQ), white sapote seed (CarZapQ), and agave fiber (CarAgaQ).
The adsorption capacity of the AC was compared to that of their lignocelullosic precursors, and it was found that the carbons are capable of adsorb around 60 mg/g of dye while the precursors adsorb between 6 and 29 mg/g, and the carbons required less time to do it.
The competitive adsorption of binary mixtures of dyes (Basic Violet 3 with Basic Yellow 13 and Basic Blue 9 with Basic Red 18) was studied, and it was found that the adsorption of dyes on CarTunaQ and CarBrocQ was practically uninhibited. It remained 60 mg/g, and in CarAgaQ and CarZapQ, it decreased slightly to 47 - 57 mg/g.
Adsorption isotherms were constructed at 303 K for all four dyes on all four carbons, and the data obtained were treated using Langmuir’s and Freundlich’s models. Using the adsorption results for Basic Blue 9 (Methylene Blue) on the AC, their specific surface areas were determined using the solution adsorption method. The specific surface areas were: 769, 615, 527, and 473 m²/g for CarAgaQ, CarTunaQ, CarBrocQ, and CarZapQ, respectively.
The ionic character of the surface for the carbons was determined using the point of zero charge (pH_PZC). It was between 2.1 and 2.3 for the AC. The adsorption of the cationic dyes was assisted by the anionic character of the surface of the carbons.

Keywords: Cationic dyes adsorption, Activated carbons, Adsorption isotherms

Presenting authors email: alalpeci@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P052 Poster
SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE OXIDE WITH DIFFERENT DEGREES OXIDATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF ARSENITE AND ARSENATE IN WATER
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Hugo Rodríguez Meléndez¹, Eddie López-Honorato^1
1Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Unidad Saltillo, Avenida Industria Metalúrgica 1062, Parque Industrial, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila 25900, México

Contamination of the water supply by arsenic is a serious threat to more than 100 million people around the world. Arsenic ingestion can lead to many adverse health effects including cancer. The arrival of engineered nanomaterials has opened unprecedented opportunities to considerably increase the adsorption capacity of materials. Nanomaterials have unique physical and chemical properties not found in their bulk counterparts, such as very large surface-area-to volume rations and high interfacial reactivity. In this work we study the use of graphene oxide as absorption material for arsenic (III) and arsenic (V). We have modified the degree of oxidation in order to change not only the number of active site but also the type of functional groups in the surface of graphene. Graphene oxide has been characterized by XRD, IR, TEM, SEM and Raman spectroscopy, whereas its absorption capacity was tested between 0 and 120 minutes at pH 7.

Keywords: Graphene oxide, Arsenic, Absorption

Presenting authors email: eddie.lopez@cinvestav.edu.mx

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SF.3-P053 Poster
WATER ABSORPTION, FRICTION AND WEAR BEHAVIORS OF POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES FILLED WITH HYDROXYAPATITE
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Munir Tasdemir^1
1Marmara University, Technology Faculty, Metallurgy and Materials Eng. Dep

In the present work, the friction and wear properties of Polypropylene (PP) based composites filled with Hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were studied. Fillers contents in the PP were 10, 20, and 30 wt%. The effects of hydroxyapatite ratio on the water absorption, friction and wear properties of the polymer composites is presented. The morphologies of the fracture surfaces of specimens were observed with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that the addition of HA to the composite changed the water absorption, friction coefficient and wear rate. The water absorption and wear rate values of the PP composites were significantly increased by the incorporation of the hydroxyapatite. Load had a great effect on the static and dynamic friction coefficient of the PP/HA composite. As the load and HA ratio increases, the static and dynamic friction coefficient of all kinds of composites increases.

Keywords: wear, friction, polypropylene

References:

1. Huang, X.; Tian, N.; Wang, T.; Wang,; Xue, K. Q. J. App. Pol. Sci., 10,6 2565 (2007).
2. 2 .Chen, Z.; Liu, X. ; Li, T.; L, R., J. App. Pol. Sci. 101(2), 969 (2006).
3. R. Perera, C. Albano, R. Casella, L. Cata?o, A. Karam, G. Gonz?lez, Composites of polypropylene anad hydroxyapatite: Effects of copolymers of propylene and acrylic acid on the mechanical properties, SPE/ANTEC Proceedings, 1999.
4. M. Bonner, I.M. Ward, W. McGregor, K.E. Tanner, W. Bonfield, Hydroxyapatite /polypropylene composite: A novel bone substitute material, J. of Materials sci. Let. 20, 2001, 2049 ? 2051
5. W. Bonfield, M. D. Grympas, A. E. Tully, J. Bowman, J. Abram, Biomaterials, 2, 185 (1981).
6. W. Bonefield, J. Biomed. Eng., 10, 522 (1988).
7. M. Wang, R. Joseph, W. Bonfield, Biomaterials, 19, 2357 (1998).
8. Srivastava S.; Tiwari, R. K., Int. J. Pol. Mater., 61, 999 (2012)
9. Hutchings, I.M., Tribology Friction and wear of Engineering Materials, Edward Arnold, London 1992, p.51.
10. Tewari, U.S.; Sharma, S.K.; Vasudevan, P., Rec. Macromol. Chem. Phys. C 29-1(1989) 1-38.
11. 11.Qiu, Z. M.; Zhi, R.M.; Shu, L.; Bernd, W.; Klaus, F., Wear, 253, 1086, (2002)
12. Deepak K. Pattanayak, Divya P, Sujal Upadhyay RC, Parasod, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxyapatite ceramics. Trends biomater Artif Organs. 2005;18:2.
13. Jay Arre Toque MK, Herliansyah, Hamdi M, et al. The effect of sample preparation and calcination temperature on the production of hydroxyapatite from bovine bone powders. Biomed 06 IFMBE Proceedings. 2007;15.152?5
14. ISO 8295:1995(E) test standard: Plastics-Film and sheeting-Determination of the coefficients of friction
15. 15.http://info.admet.com/specifications/bid/53489/ASTM-D1894-Coefficient-of-Friction-Test-on-Plastic-How-to Guide
16. 16 Voyer, J.; Marple, B.R., Surf Coatings Technol, 127 (2-3), 155 (2000).

Presenting authors email: munir@marmara.edu.tr

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SF.3-P054 Poster
SYNTHESIS OF POROUS SILICA NANOPARTICLES AS ABSORBENT MATERIALS IN WATER TREATMENT
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

J.R. Gaitán-Arévalo¹, M. Valdés-Pech¹, E. López-Honorato¹*
¹Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Saltillo. Avenida Industria Metalúrgica 1062, Parque Industrial Ramos Arizpe Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe 25900, Coahuila, México.

Mesoporous nanoparticles are of great interest as drug delivery agents and as adsorbent materials in water treatment and environmental remediation. However, the production of such particles with a specific type of porosity is challenging as different variables intervene during its synthesis. In this work we produced SiO₂ nanoparticles by sol-gel using tetraethoxysilane as precursor. Hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide were used as catalysts in the hydrolysis and condensation reactions, respectively. We studied the effect of ammonium hydroxide on the particle size and type of porosity of these nanoparticles. The particle size, pore size, pore volume, surface area, thermal behavior and composition of these particles was characterized by SEM, TEM, TG/DSC, XRD and BET. We have observed particle size increase with ammonium hydroxide concentration, whereas the pore volume tend to decrease. These porous nanoparticles will be tested as absorbent materials in water treatment.

Keywords: silica nanoparticles, sol-gel process, acid-base

Presenting authors email: eddie.lopez@cinvestav.mx

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SF.3-P055 Poster
ADSORPTION - DESORPTION OF FLUORIDE SOLUTIONS USING FIXED BED PACKED COLUMNS
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

H. D. García Alférez¹, R. Tovar Gómez¹, V. Hernández Montoya¹, Ma. R. Moreno Virgen¹, E. U. Andrade Roque^1
1Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica. Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes. Av. Adolfo López Mateos No. 1801 Ote. Fracc. Bona Gens. C.P. 20256. Aguascalientes, Ags., México.

This work focuses on studies of adsorption and desorption of fluoride content in the water using a commercial carbon. Adsorption experiments consisted of passing a solution of 30 mg/L to 27 g of commercial carbon contained in a packed column, with the following operating conditions: flow of 3.3 mL/min at 35 °C. For desorption studies was used as regenerant nitric acid (HNO₃) at different concentrations: 0.01, 0.1 and 1 M at 35 °C with flow of 1 mL/min, according to the factorial design corresponds to a residence time of 5 minutes. The results indicate that in the first adsorption – desorption cycle, the breakthrough curve moves right; and as cycles are increased, the breakthrough curves are displaced gradually leftward because carbon has a lifetime, that is, supports a certain number of regenerations. In the case of nitric acid (HNO₃) 0.01 M, 5 cycles of adsorption – desorption were obtained, to a concentration 0.1 M of HNO₃, 6 cycles were determined; and finally to a concentration of 1 M of HNO₃, only 4 cycles were obtained. According to previous studies in batch system, concentration of 0.1 M HNO₃ was better, and continuous studies confirm this. This indicates that the concentration is an important factor process performance. Actually, studies are conducted with other regenerants as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to analyze other behaviors with different chemical species.

Keywords: adsorption, desorption, fluoride

References:

1. S. Venkata Mohan, S.V. Ramanaiah, B. Rajkumar, P.N. Sarma. Biosorption of fluoride from aqueous phase onto algal Spirogyral IO1 and evaluation of adsorption kinetics. Bioresource Technol. 98, 2007, 1006-1011
2. Nigussie, W.; Zewge, F.; Chandravanshi, B.S. Removal of excess fluoride from water using waste residue from alum manufacturing process. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 147, 954-963.

Presenting authors email: garciahd78@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-P056 Poster
RAPID BREAKDOWN ANODIZATION TO OBTAIN NANOSTRUCTURED TiO₂ POWDERS FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC POLLUTANTS REMOVAL AND HYDROGEN GENERATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 18:30:00

Diana Guerrero-Araque¹, David Ramírez-Ortega¹, Ricardo Gómez¹, Próspero Acevedo‑Peña^2
1 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Química. Av. San Rafael Atlixco 156, P.C. 09340. Mexico City, Mexico. ² Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química. Av. Universidad 3000, P.C. 04510. Mexico City, Mexico.

TiO₂ is the most commonly employed semiconductor for photocatalytic application due to its abundance, low toxicity, high activity under UV light and its easy processing under laboratory conditions. Among the wide range of methodologies employed to obtain TiO₂, the anodic breakdown anodization (RBA) allow the formation of TiO₂ nanotubes or nanostructured TiO₂ powders in just few minutes, depending on the electrolyte composition. During RBA a Ti plate is oxidized at a constant voltage, in an aggressive medium containing chlorides and fluorides species. As the anodic oxide layer is not adherent under this conditions (rapid growth), the powder detach from the titanium plate promoting its consummation in just some minutes, leaving a white suspension of nanostructured TiO₂ powders. Although RBA have been previously employed to obtain TiO₂ powders for photocatalytic applications, there is no a thoroughly study of the impact of operational variables over the physicochemical properties of the TiO₂ powders and photocatalytic performance.
In the present work the photocatalytic performance towards 4‑Chlorophenol removal and hydrogen generation of TiO₂ nanostructured powders obtained by RBA in an aqueous electrolyte (0.1 M HClO₄ and 0.05 M NH₄F) at four different voltages (10 V, 15 V, 20 V and 25 V), was studied. The voltage employed to form the TiO₂ powders impacted their properties (band‑gap, specific surface area, crystallinity, flat band, etc.), obtaining the best performance for the TiO₂ powder formed at 20 V. The obtained results were corroborated by (photo)electrochemical measurements.

Keywords: Nanostructured TiO2, Photocatalysis, Hydrogen generation

Presenting authors email: prosperoster@gmail.com

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SF.3-P057 Poster
PHOTOCATALYTIC MINERALIZATION OF PHENOL USING FUNCTIONALIZED ZnAl LDH
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Romero-Ortiz ^a, M. Suárez-Quezada^a, L.A. Hernández-Carabalí, V. Suárez^a,b, L. Lartundo-Rojas^c and A. Mantilla^a.
^aInstituto Politécnico Nacional-CICATA Legaria, Av. Legaria No 694, México 11500, D.F., México.^bCONACyT Research Fellow-Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Química, ECOCATAL. Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, C.P. 09340 México D.F., México. ^cInstituto Politécnico Nacional CNMN, Enrique Erro s/n, Mexico, D.F.

ZnAl layered double hydroxides, bare and modified with a surfactant (SDS), were synthesized by the co-precipitation technique and calcined at 400°C. The semiconductor properties of the modified material were increased in comparison to the bare one. The photocatalytic activity of both materials was evaluated in the photocatalytic mineralization of phenol in aqueous phase (40 ppm) and irradiated with a UV lamp (254 nm). An increasing in the photoactivity in both, photodegradation and mineralization of the phenol molecule was noted when the modified material was employed, which can be attributed to the presence of sulfate ions in the surface of that material, confirmed by the IR and XPS spectroscopies.

Keywords: Photocatalyst, Functionalized LDH, Organic compounds photodegradation

References:

1. F. Cavani, F. Trifiro, A.Vaccari, Catal. Today 11 (1991) 173.
2. L. Mohapatra, K.M. Parida, Sep. Pur. Tech. 91 (2012) 73.
3. F. Tzompantzi, G.Mendoza-Damián, J.L. Rico, A.Mantilla, Catal. Today, 220 (2014) 56.
4. A. Mantilla, F. Tzompantzi, J. Fernández, J.A. Díaz Góngora, R. Gómez, Catal. Today 150 (2010) 353.
5. E.M. Seftel, E. Popovici, M. Mertens, K. De Witte, G. Van Tendeloo, P. Cool, E.F. Vansant, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 113 (2008) 296.

Presenting authors email: angelesmantilla@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-P058 Poster
PHOTODEGRADATION OF PHENOL WITH Pt/g-Al2O3-TiO2
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Claudia M. Gómez¹, G. del Ã�ngel², I. Rangel²,  E. Ramos Ramírez¹, R. Zarraga¹, G. Rangel, C¹ _,R-Y Perez-Rodriguez^1
1Universidad de Guanajuato Departamento de Química, Noria Alta S/N. Col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, México.² Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Química, Ã�rea de Catálisis, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, C.P. 09340.México

The use of pesticides on crops globally has increased alarmingly in recent years, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D), acid is found in contaminated subsoils, groundwater and rivers, causing serious eye and skin irritations in humans and has classified 2,4-D as a class 2B carcinogen. Photocatalysis is cataloged within the Advanced Oxidation Processes (OAPs for its acronym in English) and is today one of the techniques used in the remediation of wastewater due to its effectiveness in mineralization of some molecules with high degree of solubility and difficult degradation [1-3]. TiO2 is the semiconductor most commonly used for their properties, is one of the most active in these reactions semiconductor, however its low specific area and rapid recombination of electron-hole pair are two main limitation, since this raised different modification methods, such as composites, doping with precious metals among others in order to optimize their activity in the reactions of photodegradation. In this work, dispersion arises in materials with higher specific area and increase the recombination time and impregnating a metal that interacts with the TiO2 so that retards the recombination of electron-hole pair, in this study catalysts 1 were synthesized % Pt / Al2O3-TiO2-g with different contents of TiO2 (5, 10 and 15% by weight) for the photodegradation of 2,4-D

Keywords: Acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxiacetyc, Photodegradation, Platinum metal

References:

1. A. Barrera, F. Tzompantzi, V. Lara, R. Gómez, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 227, 2012 45– 50
2. M.D. Murcia, N.O. Vershinin, N. Briantceva, M. Gomez, E. Gomez, E. Cascales, A.M. Hidalgo, , Chemical Engineering Journal, 266, 2015, 356–367
3. C. Yu, H. Wang, X. Liu, X. Quan, Sh. Chen, J. Zhang, P. Zhang, Journal  of environmental sciences 26,  2014, 1383 – 1387

Presenting authors email: claudia10003@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P059 Poster
DETERMINATION OF THE PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY ON TiO₂/MgAlO PREPARED USING LAYERD DOUBLE HYDROXIDES LIKE PRECURSOR IN THE DEGRADATION OF 4-CHLOROPHENOL
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Verenice Melchor Lagar^a, Gloria Alicia del �ngel Montes^a, Esthela Ramos Ramírez^b, Marina Caballero Díaz^a, Israel Rangel Vázquez^a.
^aDepartamento de Química, �rea de Catálisis, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 189, México, D.F., C.P.09340, México. ^bDepartamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas de la Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, C.P: 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México.

Nowadays, the photocatalysis trend is focused in the treatment of the waste water, air pollution and ground, therefore, we have a particular interest in 4-chlorophenol¹, one of the highest toxic organic compound which is hardly biodegradable. In this project it is proposed the use of the system formed by hydrotalcite (synthesized by the sol-gel² method with ratio Mg/Al= 3) impregnated with 0.5, 1 and 5 wt% of TiO₂-P25 degussa (TiO₂/MgAlO). In the diffractogram the characteristic peaks of the hydrotalcite and the two phases of TiO2, anatase and rutile, were observed.The FTIR analysis does not show large variations respect to the mean vibrations associate with the components of the catalyst. The band gap (Eg) was determined by UV-Vis (DRS), the values  for TiO₂/MgAlO     (3.9-5.4 eV)³ materials showed higher values compared with TiO₂ (3.2 eV). The DTA and TGA analysis exhibited the decomposition of the material respect to the temperature; these data were taken into account for the calcination temperature (500 °C). The textural properties of materials were determined by nitrogen adsorption - desorption isotherms. The solids were classified like mesoporous materials. The conclusion of the characterization indicates that the properties can be modified with the ratio TiO₂/MgAlO impregnated. The photo catalytic activity was tested with the probe molecule 4-chlorophenol (40 ppm) in aqueous phase, the oxidative degradation was measured in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer for liquids and the total organic carbon was determined in a TOC-Shimadzu. The presence of OH• radical species were determined by spectroscopy fluorescence. The sample with 0.5 wt% TiO₂ showed the highest activity reaching a conversion of around 80%.

Keywords: sol- gel process, photodegradation, 4-chlorophenol

References:

1.Hoja informativa sobre substancias peligrosas (2011). Nmero de la sustancia: 2344,  S.N.Y. Catalogo 4-K11.
2^.Ramos- Ramírez E., Ortega Gutiérrez  N.L., Contreras Soto C. Olguín-Gutiérrez M., 2009. Adsorption isotherm studies of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions using sol-gel hydrotalcite-like compounds. J. Hazard Mater. J. Hazard Mater. 172, 1527-1531.
3.Mendoza-Damián, G., Tzompantzi, F., Mantilla, A., Barrera, A., Lartundo-Rojas, L., 2013. Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with MgAlTimixed oxides catalysts obtained from layered double hydroxides. J. Hazard. Mater. 263P, 67–72.

Presenting authors email: v3r3@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P060 Poster
XPS ANALYSIS OF PHOTOCATALYTIC TiO₂-ZnO THIN FILMS DEPOSITED BY DC SPUTTERING
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

M. Pérez-González¹,  S.A. Tomás^1
1Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Del. G.A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C.P. 07360, México.

The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂-ZnO thin films was studied. By using a (Ti)₉₀–(Zn)₁₀ target, the samples were deposited on Corning glass substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The working pressure was set to 3.0 mTorr. The dependence of the films on the O₂/Ar gas ratio was investigated. After thermal annealing at 500 °C, the X-ray diffraction patterns showed mainly the anatase phase of TiO₂. From optical absorption measurements, the band–gap energy of the samples was found to be close to 3.4 eV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of the Ti⁴⁺ and Zn²⁺ states. For the O1s peak, there were different peaks corresponding to the Ti–O, Zn–O, Ti–OH, Zn–OH, and C–OH/C–O–C bonds. The stoichiometry of the samples was calculated from the XPS spectra. The photocatalytic properties of the films were evaluated for their ability to degrade methylene blue. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the samples was explained in terms of their crystallinity and stoichiometry.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by CONACyT (projects No. 168605 and No. 205733).

Keywords: Photocatalytic activity, DC sputtering, XPS analysis

References:

1. S. A. Tomás, A. Luna-Resendis, L.C. Cortés-Cuautli, D. Jacinto, Optical and morphological characterization of photocatalytic TiO₂ thin films doped with silver, Thin Solid Films 518 (2009) 1337.
2. M. Pérez–González, S.A. Tomás, M. Morales–Luna, M.A. Arvizu, and M.M. Tellez–Cruz, Optical, structural, and morphological properties of photocatalytic TiO₂–ZnO thin films synthesized by the sol–gel process, Thin Solid Films 594 (2015) 304.

Presenting authors email: mperezg@fis.cinvestav.mx

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SF.3-P061 Poster
EFFECT OF THICKNESS IN THE PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF SPRAYED ZINC OXIDE THIN FILMS
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Nora S. Portillo-Vélez^1,2, Monserrat Bizarro^1
1Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México. ²Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México. 

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a potential semiconductor, which has received an important scientific attention because of its promising technological applications such as energy storage, gas sensing and water treatment. It also stands for the wide variety of morphologies which can exhibit and that each of these forms or geometries, gives it unique properties, so can be used in new optoelectronic devices¹. Among various synthesis techniques to grow ZnO, the spray pyrolysis technique can be highlighted because its simplicity and low cost. In this work, ZnO deposition was carried out onto glass substrates by spray pyrolysis technique. The films were synthesized starting from a zinc acetate solution. The deposition temperature was 450°C with a gas flow rate of 1028 ml/min during 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes of deposition. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm that obtained films are composed of wurtzite-type ZnO without secondary phases. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show the nano-flake morphology of the films and its evolution with deposition time. In addition the films thicknesses were measured by profilometry. The optical characterization was used to reveal the maximum of transmittance and the band gap value. In order to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the deposited films these were tested in the degradation of methyl orange and indigo carmine dyes. Results reveal that films exhibited a critical thickness around 500 nm with a deposition time of 10 min where the photocatalytic performance was the best. As well, the percentages of discoloration and mineralization reached at the end of the process were 99 and 60 respectively and the films showed a good reusability.

Keywords: zinc oxide, thin films, photocatalysis

References:

1. Wang, Z.L., Zinc oxide nanostructures: Growth, properties and applications. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 16 (2004) R829-R858.

Presenting authors email: nsoyuk@gmail.com

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SF.3-P062 Poster
PHOTOCATALYTIC REDUCTION OF GLYCEROL USING TiO2 SEMICONDUCTOR INCORPORATED INTO SBA-15
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Julio César Espinoza Tapia¹, Isaías Hernández Pérez¹, José Antonio Colín Luna¹, Teresa de Jesús Sánchez Rosas¹, Leonardo González Reyes¹, Lucia Díaz Barriga Arceo², Vicente Garibay Febles^3
1 Departamento de CBI, UAM – A, San Pablo No 180, Azcapotzalco Ciudad de México, C. P. 02200. ² Departamento de Metalurgia, ESIQIE – IPN, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, C. P. 07738. ³ Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Ciudad de México, C. P. 07730

In the present world it has sought to have new energy sources, because of the problems of using fossil fuels in addition to environmental impact they represent. Excessive use of fossil fuels has damaged the planet and today require new technological developments to provide us with the necessary energy and are not harmful. The use hydrogen is an excellent alternative because it produces more energy than gasoline, in addition to not generate CO₂ in the burning, but its use is restricted due to expensive production method. The latest technologies used in a great alternative, especially using photocatalytic processes.
In this paper TiO₂ photocatalysts worked incorporated into a mesoporous structure SBA-15 reduction glycerol solution were used. These materials characterization tests were performed XRD, N₂ physisorption, RD-UV-Vis, FTIR and SEM; its photocatalytic capacity than was found thanks to the characteristic structure of SBA-15 remained and the formation of anatase phase TiO₂ was obtained.  The photocatalytic evaluations were carried out in a batch reactor with a luminescent source UV λ = 360 nm and 10 W, the reaction was maintained at constant stirring and with an initial concentration of 20 wt% glycerol in water, results obtained confirm that this is a process that is useful for obtaining hydrogen.

Keywords: TiO2-SBA-15, Photocatalysis, Glycerol

Presenting authors email: julio_espinoza294@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P063 Poster
2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL DEGRADATION IN TiO₂-SnO₂ NANOPARTICLES.
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Israel Rangel-Vázquez¹, G. Del Ã�ngel¹, Claudia. M. Gómez³, F. González², E. Ramos-Ramírez³, A. Bonilla-Sánchez¹, M. Caballero Díaz¹, V. Melchor-Lagar¹.
¹ Departamento de Química, Ã�rea de Catálisis, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Av. San Rafael Atlixco N° 1865, México 09340 D.F. México.² Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael, Atlixco No 1865, México 09340 D.F., México.³ Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato de la   Universidad de Guanajuato. Noria Alta S/N, Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Gto. C.P. 36050, México.

Chlorinated phenolic compounds are widely used in the manufacture of plastics, dyes, drugs, pesticides and paper [1]. These compounds cause environmental pollution due to its high toxicity [2]. The heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation has caused a great interest to degrade pollutants. The TiO₂ photocatalyst is the most widely used, but shows low efficiency due the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. To improve charge separation, TiO₂ is doping with metal ion, a nonmetallic ion or by coupling different semiconductors. In this work, it was synthesized TiO₂-SnO₂ materials by sol-gel method using precursors as titanium of isopropoxide (IV) and SnCl₂•2H₂O, the symbol used is (TXSn) where X represents 0, 1, 3 and 5 mol% tin to improve this photocatalytic properties. The activity was performed in degradation of 80ppm 2,4-dichlorophenol. Photocatalysts were stabilized at 400 ° C. By XRD and Rietveld refinement was observed only the anatase and brookite phases in all samples, whereas SnO₂ phase there was not present, also the crystal size of anatase decreases as the content tin increases. The BET surface area analysis it was modified by the addition of tin in a range of 73-94 m²/g respect to TiO₂ pure, with 42 m²/g. FTIR spectroscopy pyridine study only Lewis acidity for all photocatalysts is presented, whose values were in the range of 223-187 mmol/g_cat compared to 49 mmol/g_cat for pure TiO₂. Diffuse reflectance values modified the band gap in the range of 3.19-3.15 eV compared to 3.20 eV for pure TiO₂. Raman spectroscopy showed only vibration modes corresponding to anatase and brookite phases, and no vibration mode on SnO₂, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The most active material in the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol was T1Sn sample with 94% of TOC degradation, so in this material the incorporation of 1mol% tin is optimal because modifies the mixing anatase and brookite phases, the crystal size, surface area and acidity directly influence the photodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol.

Keywords: Refinament Rietveld-XRD, Photocatalysis, 2,4-dichlorophenol

References:

[1] J. Huang, Q. Chang, Y. B. Ding and X. Y. Han, Chem. Eng. J., 2014, 254, 434–442.
[2] USEPA, http://water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/pollutants.cfm      

Presenting authors email: isradt@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P064 Poster
TiO₂-ZrO₂ SOL-GEL COMPOSITES DOPED WITH MANGANESE FOR THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Juan Pablo Ricardez Alejandro¹, Mayra Angélica Alvarez Lemus¹, Ricardo Gómez², Socorro Oros², Verónica De la Luz Tlapaya², Getsemani Morales Mendoza², Melina del Carmen Uribe López^1
1División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Km. 1 Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez, Col. La Esmeralda, Cunduacán, Tabasco, 86690,  México.²ECOCATAL, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, México 

Pesticides are one of the most common pollutants in water bodies. These compounds are strongly resistant toward primary treatments and advances strategies for eliminating these compounds are needed. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) have been commonly successfully used for the removal of refractory pollutants from water, and Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising technique. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a well-known material with photocatalytic activity; however due to its band gap energy (3.1 eV), bare TiO₂ can be activated by only under ultraviolet light. In order to improve its photoactivity, in the present work, Modification of TiO₂ was performed by incorporating zirconium dioxide and manganese. TiO₂, ZrO₂, TiO₂-ZrO₂ and Mn-TiO₂-ZrO₂ materials were prepared by the sol-gel process using ethanol as solvent and manganese nitrate as source f manganese. The samples were characterized by different techniques in order to study the effect of modification. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that tetragonal and anatase crystalline structures were stabilized in the composite for zirconium and titanium dioxides respectively, while manganese incorporation favored the formation of monoclinic crystalline structure in zirconium dioxide. Band gap energy values were estimated by using Kubelka Munk approach and the calculated values vary from 4.7 to 2.4 eV. Thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy were also performed where slight modifications were observed.  In order to evaluate photocatalytic activity, degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic was studied. The degradation of the pollutant (30 ppm) follows a pseudo-first order kinetics, and the manganese-doped material showed the higher activity (around 80%). The results of this work showed that manganese together with zirconium dioxide incorporation enhanced the photocatalytic performance of titanium dioxide.

Keywords: Titanium dioxide, Water treatment, Heterogeneous photocatalysis

References:

[1] R. Andreozzi, V. Caprioa, A. Insola, R. Marotta, Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery, Catalysis Today, 53 (1999) 51–59.
[2] Ayca Kambur, Gulin Selda Pozan∗, Ismail Boz, Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of TiO2–ZrO2 binary oxide nanoparticles, Applied Catalysis B Environmental, 115-116, 2012, 149-158.

Presenting authors email: juaniq_daia@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P065 Poster
ACELERATED DEGRADATION OF HDPE, LDPE AND PLA FILMS USING CONCENTRATED SOLAR UV RADIATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Sánchez Pozos Miriam.¹, Iván G. Martínez Cienfuegos.^2
1Department of Engineering in Sustainable Energy Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of México, Toluca, State of Mexico. C. P. 50100. ^{1, 2,}

Polymer degradation deals with the degradation reactions and their control which are a major preoccupation of practitioners of the many and diverse aspects of modern polymer technology. However there are also new developments in polymer technology in which degradation processes find positive applications [1]. For example, photodegradable plastics are now available, the recycling of polymeric products will become increasingly important, and degradation studies are involved in the definition of the fire hazards which are associated with polymeric materials.
Various types of radiation are used to initiate many of these modern technological processes so that polymer photochemistry has come to a new prominence and finds a major place in the degradation plastic waste [2, 3]. And is here, where the accelerated degradation of waste polymers using a CPC solar concentrator, for concentrate solar UV radiation. This technique represents an environmentally friendly alternative, because it not requires electric power to operate, like the artificially systems with UV or Xenon lamps for to degrade polymers.
This work presents the study of the photo-thermal degradation of polymer waste like HDPE, LDPE, PLA using three different techniques: a) high solar selective concentration (CPC), b) natural (outdoor) weathering test, c) environmental chambers and artificial light sources (Q_LAB chamber) to replicate outdoor conditions and investigate the effect of solar UV radiation concentrated in the plastics degradation. A special solar concentrator was designed for the acelerated polymer degradation. Samples were collected periodically and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and DSC.

Keywords: : Polymers photo-thermal degradation, acelerated degradaction, concentrated radiation

References:

[1] Rabek Jan F. Polymer Photodegradation, Ed. Chapman & Hall  (2010).
[2] Gauthier E. et al. J. . Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98 (2013) 425-435.
[3]Grigoriadou I. et. al. J. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96, (2011), 151-163.

Presenting authors email: miriam_snchez@yahoo.com

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SF.3-P066 Poster
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF CIPROFLOXACIN AND METHYLENE BLUE WITH CaBi₆O₁₀ OBTAINED BY SONOCHEMICAL METHOD
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Daniel Sánchez-Martínez¹, Teresa Montalvo-Herrera¹, Leticia M. Torres-Martínez¹.
¹Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil-Departamento de Ecomateriales y Energía, Cd. Universitaria, C.P. 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México

CaBi₆O₁₀ powders were synthetized by sonochemical method and impregnation-calcination method, in order to compare the effect of the synthesis method in the photocatalytic activity [1-3]. The characterization of the CaBi₆O₁₀ samples was carried out by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and adsorption–desorption N₂ isotherms (BET method). The samples synthesized by sonochemical presented an morphology of nanoplates with a thickness around 50 nm and a length of 1.5 μm, while the samples prepared by impregnation-calcination of irregular particles with an average diameter from 170 nm to 1 μm. The photocatalytic properties of CaBi₆O₁₀ were evaluated in the degradation reactions of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and methylene blue (MB). The sample that presented the best photocatalytic activity was the obtained by sonochemical method (i.e., the sample with the highest surface area value and a plate-like morphology) achieving degrade 56 % of CPFX and 48% of MB. To determine the mechanism of the participating generated species during the oxidation process of CPFX and MB, were added to the reactions scavengers as KI, isopropanol, catalase and benzoquinone. The reached mineralization degree during photocatalytic tests after 8 h of irradiation were 11.8% for CPFX and 13.2% using as photocatalyst CaBi₆O₁₀ synthesized by sonochemical.

Keywords: CaBi6O10, organic pollutants, photocatalysis

References:

[1]. T. Deblonde, C. Cossu-Leguille, P. Hartemann, Emerging pollutants in wastewater: A review of the literature, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2014 (2011) 442-448.
[2]. M. Schriks, M.B. Heringa, M. Kooi, P. Voogt, A. Wezel, Toxicological relevance of emerging contaminants for drinking water quality, Water Res. 44 (2010) 461-476.
[3]. Y. Wang, Y. He, T. Li, J. Cai, M. Luo, L. Zhao, Novel CaBi₆O₁₀ photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation under visible light irradiation, Catal. Commun. 18 (2012) 161–164.

Presenting authors email: dan_sanm@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P067 Poster
EMERGING POLLUTANTS DEGRADATION USING BiFeO₃ AS PHOTOCATALYST SYNTHESIZED BY CO-PRECIPITATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Rodrigo Gabriel Vázquez Velázquez¹, Daniel Sánchez Martínez¹, Leticia M. Torres Martínez^1
1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil-Departamento de Ecomateriales y Energía, Cd. Universitaria, C.P. 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México.

The BiFeO₃ was synthesized by coprecipitation method at a temperature of 500 ° C for 3 hours ^[1]. Also for comparative purposes it was prepared by the solid state method ^[2]. The obtained materials were characterized by X -ray Diffraction powders (XRD), which crystallize in a rhombohedral type structure according to JCPDS 01-071-2494. The characterization was complemented by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), where it was observed that the morphology of BiFeO₃ by solid state is irregularly shaped and with a larger size compared to the co-precipitation method, having agglomerated particles of about 1-5 μm. The value of band gap energy (Eg) was determined by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). The calculated Eg of BiFeO₃ synthesized by both methods was 2.1 eV, which is within the value reported in the literature ^[3]. The surface area was determined by BET method. The calculated surface area was 6 m²/g by co-precipitation and 5 m²/g by solid state. The photocatalytic activity of BiFeO₃ was evaluated in the degradation reactions of different emerging contaminants, 2 dyes (Indigo carmine, IC and Methylene blue, AM) and 2 medicaments (Tetracycline, TC and Ciprofloxacin, CP) under simulated sunlight irradiation. After 4 h of irradiation was achieved degrade 98% IC, 72% AM, 72% TC and 52% CP. To determine the mechanism of the participating generated species during the oxidation process organic contaminants, were added to the reactions scavengers as KI, isopropanol, catalase and benzoquinone. The mineralization degree achieved during photocatalytic tests after 24 hours of irradiation were 19% IC, 10% AM and 17% CP.

Keywords: Medicaments degradation, Dyes degradation, Photocatalysis

References:

[1] M. Yasin Shami., M.S. Awan., M. Anis-ur-Rehman. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) 10139– 10144
[2] Felicia Gheorghiu., Mihai Calugaru., Adelina Ianculescu., Valentina Musteata. Solid State Sciences 23 (2013) 79-87
[3] Yuning Huo., Yi Jin., Ya Zhang. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 331 (2010) 15–20

Presenting authors email: rodvazvel@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P068 Poster
ECOTOXICITY OF THE MOST WIDELY USED METALLIC NANOPARTICLES: A REVIEW.
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

O. Martínez-Alvarez¹, B. Ruiz-Camacho², L. S.Acosta-Torrres³, R. García-Contreras³, M. C. Arenas-Arrocena³Â 
¹Ingeniería en energía,Universidad Politécnica de Guanajuato, Av. Universidad sur 1001, Juan Alonso Cortazar Guanajuato México, C.P. 38483. ²Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Guanajuato México, C.P. 36050. ³Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, UNAM, Boulevard UNAM No. 2011, predio el saucillo y el potrero, León, Guanajuato México. C.P. 36969

In recent years the nanoparticles have been developed and incorporated due to its catalytic capacity, optoelectronic properties and antimicrobial activity in several fields, electronics, medical science, domestic appliances, food and energy. However due to their continued applicability it´s necessary to elucidate the potential effects of these nanomaterial on the ecosystem. This work presents a review of the most widely nanoparticles, such as: silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂), the literature herein showed that the ecotoxicological effects of the three nanoparticles depended on the size, shape, coatings and its physico-chemical properties, on the other hand also present different methods of synthesis and suggest new methods friendly with the enviroment to the synthesis of this materials. 

Keywords: metallic nanoparticles, ecotoxicity, synthesis

Presenting authors email: omartinez@upgto.edu.mx

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SF.3-P069 Poster
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE: CURRENT POSSIBILITIES
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Ana Elisa Martínez-del Río^1
1 Universidad de La Ciénega del Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Lomas de la Universidad, C.P. 59103, Sahuayo, Michoacán, México

The use of synthetic pesticides to manage pest problems in agriculture is being called into question with increasing awareness regarding their adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. However, the consumption of these chemicals has increased significantly during  the past 10 years. Only in the state of Michoacán, which ranks 1st in the world in production of avocado, onions and berrys, over 100 000 tons of chemical pesticides are used every year.  Based on a survey through the use of questionnaires and interviews, this study investigates farmers’ practices on vegetable pest management using chemical pesticides, related cost and health effects. The information collected has been integrated into a database that has been used as a reference to indicate available nanotechnology-based  green strategies for pest control. A number of indicators were used to determine the priority and technological alternatives that could be used to replace common agricultural chemicals. These included: type of crop and pest; type of pesticides used and pesticide handling; storage and disposal practices; incidence of pesticide poisoning; incidence of long term effect on farmer´s health (chronic impacts like cancer and endocrine disruption); cost and safety of alternative “nano-pesticides�. This review aims to be a useful reference for those interested in developing nanostructured materials to support agricultural sustainability in the west of the country.

Keywords: pesticides, nanotechnology, agriculture

References:

1. Chen, Yada (2011) Nanotechnologies in agriculture: New tools for sustainable development. Trends in Food Science & Technology 22 (2011) 585 -594
2. Ghormade V,  Deshpande M, Paknikar K. (2011) Perspectives for nano-biotechnology enabled protection and nutrition of plants. Biotechnology Advances 29 (2011) 792–803.
3. Nair R, Varghese S. H., Nair B. G. , Maekawa T., Yoshida Y., Kumar D. (2010) Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants ∗ Plant Science 179 (2010) 154–163
4.  Owens, Kagan, Feldman, Jay, Kepner, John. (2010). Wide Range of Diseases Linked to Pesticides: Database supports policy shift from risk to alternatives assessment. Beyond Pesticides. Retrieved on February 19, 2014
5. Parisi, C. and Vigani, Mauro and Rodríguez-Cerezo, Emilio (2014) Agricultural Nanotechnologies: What are the current possibilities? Nano Today, 10 (2). pp. 124-127.
6. Pérez, M. A., Navarro H., Miranda E., (2013)  Residuos de plaguicidas en hortalizas: problemática y riesgo en México. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, vol. 29, septiembre, 2013, pp. 45-64 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México
7. Seeffoó-Luján L. (2005) La calidad es nuestra, la intoxicación…¡De Usted! Atribución de la responsabilidad en las intoxicaciones por plaguicidas agrícolas. Zamora, Michoacán, 1997-2000, El Colegio de Michoacán, A.C., México, 348 pp.

Presenting authors email: anaelisamtz@gmail.com

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SF.3-P070 Poster
SYNTHESIS OF TiO₂/CHITOSAN NANOCOMPOSITES FOR WASTEWATER REMEDIATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Y. S. Medina- Del Angel¹, S. B. Brachetti-Sibaja ², L. Aguilera-Vázquez², A. M. Mendoza-Martínez ², D. S. García-Zaleta³, A.G. García-López⁴, Y. M. Peraza-Meraz².
¹Estudiante de Ingeniería Química, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero Ave. 1° de Mayo y Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Col. Los Mangos, 89440, Cd. Madero, Tamaulipas, México. ² TecNM-Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero, Depto. de Ing. Química y Bioquímica, Ave. 1° de Mayo y Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Col. Los Mangos, 89440, Cd. Madero, Tamaulipas, México. ³Grupo CIMANC, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Carr. Estatal Libre VHS-COM. Km. 27+000 s/n Ranch. Ribera Alta, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, 86205, México. ⁴Estudiante de Licenciatura, Universidad del Noreste, Prolongación Ave. Hidalgo No. 6315 Col. Nuevo Aeropuerto, Tampico, Tams, 89337, México.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a biocompatible, non-toxic compound with several applicable properties which are useful in many fields, such as medicine, microelectronics, environmental and others industrial sectors [1]. The TiO₂ shows good photocatalytic properties with the anatase phase or a proper combination of phases as well as some studies reveal good antimicrobial level on various pathogenic microorganisms. Another material with high antimicrobial and fungicidal activity is the chitosan. It is reported that the chitosan in combination with a starch matrix and nanoparticles allow to obtain a biodegradable synthetic polymer, possessing strength, endurance and antimicrobial properties [2]. In this sense, the investigation of the chitosan film as a polymer matrix for titanium dioxide (TiO₂) dispersion was carried out. In the present study, the Chitosan was obtained using shrimps and crabs exoskeletons which are residues of fishing industry [3] and the TiO₂ nanopowders were synthesized by the sol gel method. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique to identify the TiO₂ phases. The morphology of the hybrid polymer was obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). UV-vis spectroscopy was helpful to calculate the band gap of the nanocomposites. Additionally, FT-IR spectroscopy was carried out and the results of the influence of TiO₂ phases on the chitosan matrix are discussed.

Keywords: nanocomposites, Chitosan, TiO2

References:

[1] He, P., Davis, S.S. and Illum, L. (1999). Chitosan microspheres prepared by spray drying. Int. J. Pharm. 187(1) : 53-65.
[2] J. L. Hidalgo Vicelis, S. P. Miranda Castro, Síntesis de esferas de quitosano y quitosano-TiO₂ impresas molecularmente para la adsorción del H(ll) y degradación fotocatalítica del rojo de metilo para el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Revista Iberoamericana de Polímeros, 2014, pp. 69 – 90.
[3] J.  C. Belandria Briceño. N. J: Morillo de Montiel, Recuperación de quitina a partir de los residuos sólidos generados del procesamiento de crustáceos. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agrícolas (TNTA). Vol XX, N°3, 2008.

Presenting authors email: yennesy_medina@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P071 Poster
SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE FOAM BY SOL-GEL METHOD
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

A Lesmes¹, O. J Castro¹, I. Gómez¹, R Cabanzo¹, E. Mejía-Ospino^1
1Universidad Industrial de Santander. Laboratorio de Espectrometría Atómica y Molecular, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Piedecuesta Km 2. 681012, Colombia

Graphene and its derivatives have attracted great attention because these materials present exciting proprieties. Graphene is a single-atom-thick planar of sp²-bonded carbon atoms perfectly arranged in six membered rings. For its extraordinary properties have been applied great interest across many disciplines, including optotronics, electronics, energy storage, sensors and environmental. In this work, we present facile protocol for the synthesis graphene foam from graphene oxide using ascorbic acid as reducing agent. The graphene foam has been characterized by optical microscopy, SEM, Raman, infrared and UV-vis spectroscopy. In addition, we have studied the application of this foam for remediation of water contaminated with petroleum residues.    

Keywords: Graphene, Hydrogel, Graphene foams

Presenting authors email: emejia@uis.edu.co

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SF.3-P072 Poster
RELATIVISTIC NATURE IN GRAPHENE
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Ramírez M. Juan¹, Castrejón-Sánchez V.H.¹, Enríquez P., M. A.¹, Arzate M. Fernando^1
1Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Jocotitlán, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km. 44.8, Ejido San Juan y San Agustin, Jocotitlán, Estado de México.

We use the Hummer´s thecnique with some mofications, in order to obtain Graphene, using the graphite conventional we obtain Graphene Oxide (GO). Raman espectroscopy point out good results in our way to obtain GO, with a sonication thecnique we obtain a separated layers of graphene.  Graphene, is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-shaped lattice, exhibits a range of superlative properties, one of the more interesting characteristic of the graphene is related with the electrical conductivity, because the movement of the electrons in the lattice is only the third part of the speed of light, so the movement is the relativistic nature, this behaviour is new is this field, so in this work we analized this relativistic nature and we solved the Klein-Gordon equation, on the other hand the electronic structure is very interesting since the bandgap is zero, in the same direction we studied the Fermi-Dirac equation and we presented a exact solution.

Keywords: Graphene oxide, Klein-Gordon equation, bandgap

References:

1. The electronic properties of graphene. A. H. Castro Neto, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim. Reviews of Modern Physics, 81 109-162 (2009).

Presenting authors email: jumer43@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P073 Poster
MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF PHTHALOCYANINE COMPLEXES USING A NEW ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY REACTION MEDIUM
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

José Emigdio Reyes-Ramírez¹, Maritza Méndez-Hernández¹, José Luis Sosa-Sánchez², Adan Luna-Flores^1,2, Karim Monfil-Leyva², Juana Deisy Santamaria-Juarez^3
1Facultad de Ingeniería Química- BUAP. Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570, Puebla, Pue., México.²Centro de Investigación en Dispositivos Semiconductores, Instituto de Ciencias BUAP, 14 sur y Av. San Claudio,edificio 103D Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Pue., México.³Laboratorio de Analisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, BUAP. Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570, Puebla, Pue., México

Phthalocyanines are coordination compounds which exhibit a high chemical stability and other important physical and chemical properties which have found various applications in the areas of energy conversion, waste water purification and photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment.^[1]
In the conventional synthesis of these compounds toxic solvents are used and it requires a high consumption of electrical energy during long reaction times, this, of course poses a significant adverse impact on the environment.
This work reports a new method of synthesis of metallo-phthalocyanines of the first transition series applying some of the principles of Green Chemistry.^[2]
By using microwaves as an alternative energy source, products with a high degree of purity and with acceptable yields in very short times are obtained^[3], thus reducing the power consumption compared to conventional methods. The use of Triton X-100 as a reaction medium that effectively absorbs microwaves and which also participates as a surfactant promotes the reaction and due to its chemical properties (biodegradable and water soluble) proves to be environmentally friendly and easy to remove from product by consecutive rinses.^[4]
Thus, the purification process of the obtained materials can be carried out without using any toxic solvents.
Crystalline compounds were obtained, which were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and UV-visible spectroscopies and FAB mass spectrometry. In conclusion, the proposed synthetic method allows obtaining phthalocyanines of metals of the first transition series, being a good alternative to those conventionally employed.

Keywords: Phthalocyanine, Synthesis, Microwaves

References:

[1] Leznoff, C. C.; Lever, A. B. P. Phthalocyanines: Properties and Applications Vol. 1-4 VCH, New York, 1989, 1993, 1993, 1996.
[2] Paul T. Anastas and John C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc., 1998
[3] Hoffmann H, Nuchter M, Ondruschka B, Wasserscheid P (2003) Ionic liquids and their heating behaviour during microwave irradiation—a state of the art report and challenge to assessment. Green Chem 5:296–299
[4] Levenque JM, Cravotto G (2006) Microwave, power ultrasound and ionic liquids. A new synergy in green organic synthesis. Chimia (Aarau) 60: 613–620

Presenting authors email: jo_em_re_ra@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P074 Poster
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TiO₂–ZEOLITE FOR THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

J. Torres-Díaz¹, J.C. Solis-Cortazar¹, M. L. Ruiz-Peralta², Erik. R. Morales¹, L. Rojas-Blanco^1
1Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Avenida Universidad S/N, Col. Magisterial, C.P 86040, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. ²Facultad de Ingeniera Química, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., México.

In this research different composites of impregnated TiO₂ with Chabazite zeolites were used as different weight% ratio. The synthesized TiO₂-Zeolite composite was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Analysis, Fourier Transformed infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), particles size distribution analysis and Brenauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area and porosity analysis. Subsequently the photodegradation of organic and inorganic compounds was measured. It was found that the TiO₂-Zeolite composite showed adsorption which is useful for removing trace and untreated compounds in the industrial wastewater treatment stage.

Keywords: Zeolite, Adsorption, Wastewater

References:

1. Nguyen, T. C. (2015). Simultaneous adsorption of Cd, Cr, Cu,Pb and Zn an iron-coated Australian zeolite in batch and fixed-bed column studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 270, 393-404.
2. Chong, M. N. (2015). Synthesis, characterisation and application of TiO2-zeolite nanocomposites for the advanced tratment of industrial dye wastewater. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 50, 288-296.

Presenting authors email: judittd@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P075 Poster
EFFECT OF A CASSAVA STARCH COMBINED WITH ALUMINUM SULFATE ON THE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF BASIC CONTAMINANTS IN WASTEWATER
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Rudy Solís-Silvan¹, José Ramón Laines-Canepa¹, Raúl Germán Bautista-Margulis¹, José Roberto Hernández-Barajas¹ Israel Avila-Lazaro¹, Elías de la Cruz-Luna¹Â Â Â Â Â 
¹División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa, Cárdenas Km. 0.5 S/N, entronque a Bosques de Saloya, CP. 86150, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México

The suspended particles cause both color and turbidity in surface waters. In the first stage of purification, the use of chemical agents such as aluminum sulfate can remove a significant proportion of suspended solids. This study involves  potential coagulant mixtures which consist of cassava starch (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and a commercial grade aluminum sulfate. The jar tests showed that the optimal dose of aluminum sulfate was found to be 30 mg/L (treatment 1), having  a river water composition with color=  85 CU, turbidity= 70 NTU and pH= 6.8). This dosage was the basis for the preparation of six mixtures with different compositions of starch and aluminum sulfate (treatments 2 to 7). In each treatment, three relevant physicochemical parameters in the coagulation-flocculation process were measured: color, turbidity and pH. The results indicated that the highest color removal (94 % efficiency) was obtained with treatment 2 (mixture 2 cassava-aluminum sulfate of  2 : 28 mg/L). The color removal for treatments 3 and 4 (mixture 3 cassava-aluminum sulfate of  4 : 26 mg/L and mixture 4 cassava-aluminum sulfate of 6 : 24 mg/L).  Treatment 1 was statistically analyzed according to the Dunnett’s test for comparing means values. Regarding the turbidity removal, no significant difference between treatments 1 and 2 were observed, with a reduction of 98.7 % and 97.9 % respectively. Likewise, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to the cassava starch in order to observe the morphology structure.

Keywords: flocculation, jar test, turbidity

References:

1. Anastasakis K., Kalderis D. y Diamadopoulos E. (2010). Flocculation behavior of mallow and okra mucilage in treating wastewater. Wa. Sci. Technol. 61, 786-791.
2. Bratby J. (2006) Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment. IWA Publishing; 2a Ed. 424 p.
3. CEPIS (1983). Teoría, diseño y control de los procesos de clarificación del agua. Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente. Manual. Lima, Perú. 623 p.
4. Guerrero R. (1979). Manual de Tratamiento de aguas. Limusa. México, 316 p.

Presenting authors email: rudy.solisilvan@gmail.com

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SF.3-P076 Poster
HYDROCARBONS PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM WASTE LUBRICATING OIL AND SOLAR RADIATION.
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

G. Corro¹, F. Bañuelos¹, R. Peña^1
1Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 4 sur 104, Puebla 72000, México.

Waste lubricating oils are byproducts of oil used in vehicles and machinery. Oil must be replaced because of the degradation of the fresh lubricant components and contamination from dirt, water, salts, metals incomplete products of combustion, additives , and other asphaltic compounds. Once replaced by new lubricants, the used oil is a matter of great environmental concern: polluting water and earth and causing air pollution if burnt. Therefore, to prevent environmental pollution and to conserve petroleum sources, waste oil should be transformed.
Conventionally, a waste oil generated when using lubricating oil, has been generally treated by combustion. However, it is pointed out that there is a possibility to produce dioxin by combusting substances contained in the waste oil. In order to avoid this problem, in this investigation, we studied the electro-catalytic process to transform the waste lubricating oil into hydrocarbons and other organic compounds at room temperature. The process is performed in an electrolysis cell newly designed in our laboratory, having two metallic plate electrodes inside the electrolytic chamber which contains 50 ml of the lubricating oil and 20 ml of an miscible electrolyte. The electrolysis voltages were adjusted in the range 9-60 V, and were provided by a solar panel. The gaseous products evolved during the electrolysis were analyzed by FTIR using the QAsoft-quantitative analysis software which allowed determinining the quality and quantity of the emitted gases.  More than 50 different gases were detected during the   electrocatalytic reaction. Very high amounts of butane, pentane and hexane were measured during at least 8 hours of reaction. The products distribution was found to be related to the voltaic current applied (9-60 volts) and to the weight relation oil/electrolyte.
A reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the high amounts of butane, pentane and hexane, and the absence of metane, etane and propane.

Keywords: Lubricating oil, Electrocatalytic process, Waste oil

References:

[1] G.J. Song, Y.C. Seo, D. Pudasainee, I.T. Kim, Waste manag. 30 (2010) 1230-1237.
[2] A.K. Tripathi, D.K. Ojha, R.VInu. J. Analytical Applied Pyrolysis 114 (2015)281-292.

Presenting authors email: griselcorro@yahoo.com

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SF.3-P077 Poster
LIPOSOMES PRODUCTION, BY DEHYDRATION-REHYDRATION METHOD, WHITH PHOSPHOLIPIDS RECOVERED FROM WASTES OF SOYBEAN OIL INDUSTRY
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Angélica-Evelin Delgadillo-López¹, Hugo Hernández-Contreras², Jorge-Ricardo Aguilar-Hernández³, Elizabeth González-Escamilla^1
1Programa Educativo de Ingeniería en Energía, Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo, Boulevard de acceso a Tolcayuca 1009, Ex Hacienda de San Javier, Tolcayuca, Hidalgo, México, C.P. 43860.²Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Hidalgo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Camerino Mendoza 308, Colonia Morelos, Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, México, C. P. 42040.³Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Edificio 9, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Distrito Federal, México, C.P. 07738.

Phospholipids are the main constituent of liposomes. The presence of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head group in phospholipids confers them with the ability to organize into spherical bilayer orientations in aqueous media. Thus, liposomes have a hydrophobic bulk membrane and a hydrophilic inner space. This enables them to entrap water-soluble, as well as lipophilic substances, while remaining dispersed in the aqueous environment (Okhil y Vibhudutta, 2013).
This paper shows the methodology of phospholipids recovery from wastes of soybean oil industry; and their use in preparing liposomes by dehydration-rehydration method (DRV). In these liposomes was encapsulated β-galactosidase. The conditions that maximize enzyme entrapment in the liposomes were: an enzyme:lipid ratio and cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of 13.76 and 0.53, respectively, at pH 6 and 15 min of sonication. The liposomes obtained were compared with those produced whith commercial soy phosphatidylcholine with high purity and cost. It was found that both types of liposomes offer similar results in terms of thermal stability, proteolytic stability and pH-temperature effect, so we can conclude that liposomes produced from phospholipids recovered waste, are an alternative to cheapen this technology.

Keywords: phospholipids, wastes, recovery

References:

1. Okhil K. N., Vibhudutta A. 2013. Surface Engineering of Liposomes for Stealth Behavior. Pharmaceutics. 5: 542-569.

Presenting authors email: adelgadillo@upmh.edu.mx

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SF.3-P078 Poster
CHARACTERIZATION OF A NANOCOMPOSITE OF CaCO₃, OBTAINED FROM THE CALCINATION OF WASTE OYSTER SHELLS.
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Candelario Ramón de los Santos¹, Angélica López-Rodríguez¹, Pio Sifuentes-Gallardo¹, Miguel Angel Hernández-Rivera¹, Ma Guadalupe Garnica-Romo²Â and Laura Lorena Díaz- Flores^1
1 Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Av. Universidad S/N Zona de la Cultura Col. Magisterial, C.P. 86040 Villahermosa Centro Tabasco México. ² Facultad de Ingeniería Civil Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Santiago de Tapia Col. Centro Morelia Michoacán México

A nanocomposite of CaCO₃ was obtained by calcining waste oyster shells. To ensure greater mass content, oyster shells were selected in sizes larger than 10 cm. Then the shells were pulverized manually to decrease particle size, and ground in a ball mill at 200 rpm with dry milling media. The powders thus obtained were subjected to heat treatments of 500, 700, 800 and 900 °C. The analysis of X-ray diffraction, revealed that the phases of calcite, aragonite and portlandite have been obtained. FTIR spectra indicate the presence of Ca-O covalent bonds. Surface analysis by SEM shows the decrease of grain size from microns to nanometers by effect of heat treatment to the powders.

Keywords: Calcite nanopowders, waste oyster shells, nanocomposite CaCO3

Presenting authors email: calen89_teco@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P079 Poster
MODELING AND SIMULATION FOR THE HYDROPROCESSING OF PALM OIL COMPONENTS FOR THE GREEN DIESEL PRODUCTION
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Meliza Plazas-González¹, Carlos Alberto Guerrero-Fajardo^{2 ,} Bianca Yadira Pérez-Sariñana³Â ^ 

¹ Chemical Engineering. Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá-Colombia. ²PhD Chemical Engineering. Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá-Colombia.  ^3 Ingeniería en Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, Chiapas-México.

In this paper, the modeling of the hydroprocessing of oil compounds from palm oil for the production of green diesel is presented, the main reactions suffered by triglycerides and fatty acids in the presence of a catalyst NiMo/γAl₂O₃ is where are privileged cracking reactions triglycerides, hydrogenation, decarboxylation, decarbonylation and reduction of fatty acids.
These reactions were modeled in Aspen Plus® 7.3, where it is worked with a reactor equilibrium which predicts very well the behavior of these reactions, the influence of the pressure, the temperature and the molar ratio of H₂/oil in the reactor were analyzed, and where is concluded that the best operating conditions are to medium pressures (30 and 60 bar) and temperatures between 300 °C and 400 °C, with a ratio in excess H₂/oil of 20/1. In the separation system, the operation for the first column at 40 bar and 200 °C and for the second column 1 atm and 60 °C were determined, obtaining a green diesel purity 97%.

Keywords: hydroprocessing, green diesel, renewable diesel

References:

1. Bambang, V., Jae Young, H., Seok Ki, K., & Seung-Ah, H. (2012). Production of renewable diesel by hydroprocessing of soybean oil: Effect of catalysts. Fuel 94, 587-585.
2. Charusiri, W., Yongchareon , W., & Vitisdant, T. (2006). Conversion of used vegetable oils to liquid fuels and chemicals over HZSM-5, sulfated zirconia and hybrid catalysts. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 349-355.
3. Franco G., M. (Febreo de 2013). Simulación del proceso de producción de biodiesel a partir de aceites vegetales en condiciones súper críticas. Barcelona: Universidad Politecnica de Cataluña.

Presenting authors email: caguerrerofa@unal.edu.co

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SF.3-P080 Poster
SYNTHESIS OF METAL NANOPARTICLES USING NATURAL REDUCING AGENTS, FROM EYSENHARDTIA POLYSTACHIA
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

M.L. Rivera¹, A.R.Hernández-Martínez², R. Esparza², D. Rangel² and M. Estévez².
¹Licenciatura en Tecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla La Mesa, 76230 Juriquilla, Qro., Mexico. ²Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla La Mesa, 76230 Juriquilla, Qro., Mexico

The synthesis of metal nanoparticles by chemical reduction can represent a threat to the environment due to the chemicals commonly used in the process, which often requires toxic and aggressive chemical reducing agents like sodium borohydride and hydrazine. Furthermore the use of these chemicals agents may raise the toxicity on the surface of the nanoparticle. The Eysenhardtia polystachia is a small tree distributed along Mexico and south Arizona, which is commonly used as a home remedy for kidney and bladder issues without evidence of toxicity. As a matter of fact the heartwood of the tree has a wide variety of isoflavones, which are reported to have fluorescent properties and besides isoflavones the heartwood also have chalcones. The purpose of this work is to produce metal nanoparticles, by chemical reduction, implementing the Eysenhardtia polystachia extract as a reducing agent, in order to minimize the environmental damage and reducing the toxicity in the surface of the nanoparticle. Moreover it is intended to use the properties from chalcones for bio applications.

Keywords: Eysenhardtia polystachia, green chemistry, chalcones

References:

1. Iravani, S. (2011). Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chemistry, 13, 2638. http://doi.org/10.1039/c1gc15386b
2. Makarov, V. V., Love, a. J., Sinitsyna, O. V., Makarova, S. S., Yaminsky, I. V., Taliansky, M. E., & Kalinina, N. O. (2014). “Green� nanotechnologies: Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Acta Naturae, 6(20), 35–44. http://doi.org/10.1039/c1gc15386b
3. Burns, D., G. Dalgarno, B., E. Gargan, P., & Grimshaw, J. (1984). An isoflavone and a coumestan from eysenhardtia polystachya-Robert Boyle’s fluorescent acid-base indicator. Phytochemistry, 23(1), 167–169. http://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(84)83100-3

Presenting authors email: mario.riv90@gmail.com

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SF.3-P081 Poster
EVALUATION OF OPERATING PARAMETERS OF A RIGID BIODIGESTOR MODEL DM1
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

 Laura Velez Landa², Joel Moreira Acosta¹, Neín Farrera Vázquez¹, Pascual López de Paz¹, Lorena Ramírez Rodas¹
¹Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. ¹Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Energías Renovables, ²Maestría en Materiales y Sistemas Energéticos Renovables. Libramiento norte poniente 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel C.P 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México.

Keywords: materials, environment, biogas

References:

1. -L.Naik, Z. Gebreegziabher, V. Tumwesige, B. Babulo Balana, J. Mwirigi, G.Austin (2014). Factors determining the stability and productivity of small scale anaerobic digesters. Biomass and bioenergy 70 (2014) 51-57.
2. - Salma A. Iqbal et al (2014). Anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste to produce biogas. 10th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, ICME 2013. Procedia Engineering 90( 2014 ) 657 – 662
3. - Pedraza G, Chará J, Conde N, Giraldo S, Goraldo L (2002). Evaluation of polyethylene and PVC tubular biodigesters in the treatment of swine wastewater. Livest Res Rural Dev 2002;14 (1), http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd14/1/Pedr141.htm.
4. -Saraz, et al., (2007). Evaluación de un sistema de biodigestión en serie para clima frío Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía - Medellín, vol. 60, núm. 2, 2007, pp. 4145-4162 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Medellín, Colombia.
5. -I. Ferrer, M. Garfı, E. Uggetti, L. Ferrer-Martı, A. Calderon, E. Velo. Biogas production in low-cost household digesters at the Peruvian Andes. Biomass  and bioenergy 3 5 (2011) 1668e1674.

Presenting authors email: laura.lv19@outlook.com

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SF.3-P082 Poster
DEVELOPMENT OF A SUBSTRATE FROM WASTE BIOMASS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE BY PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Yesmith Santos-Panqueva^1,2, Carlos Alberto Guerrero-Fajardo², Ignacio Contreras-Andrade^1
1Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Blvd. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Villa Universidad, Culiacán, Sinaloa, CP 80010, México. ²Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias, Av. Cra 30 45-03, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, CP 111001, Colombia.

The manufactured chemical compounds depend on crude oil as primary feedstock. The large use of fossil fuels has increased the effect on the environment. Developing an alternative process that not uses petroleum can both decrease the reliance on fossil fuel and greenhouse gas producing. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a substrate obtained from waste biomass of biodiesel production process, which can be metabolized by P. syringae pv. glycinea. The methodological strategy is to use the optimal carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of a chemically defined medium designed and optimized in order to retain it into waste biomass complex substrate, so the maximum growth rate, μ_max was obtained and therefore the ethylene maximum productivity gotten. The optimization function of chemical defined medium allowed obtaining a function carbon-to-nitrogen ratio based on the μ_max for which productivity of ethylene is high, because the ethylene production is associated with growth. Tetraselmis suecica grown in nitrogen limited medium for the lipids production. Soto S-Leon et al., (2014) used a modification to the traditional method of oil extraction by using ultrasound and solvents. The marine microalgae protein waste obtained was hydrolyzed and adapted as a substrate for growth and ethylene production using P. syringae pv. glycinea. The hydrolysate was lyophilized to preserve chemical properties during characterization (elemental analysis CHONS) and thus calculate the carbon-to-nitrogen. The value μ_max for carbon-to-nitrogen was1.25 corresponding to hydrolysate was 0.151 h^-1 and the value calculated from optimization function was 0.154 h^-1. Ethylene production in the waste biomass complex substrate was 72 µmol etileno g CDW^-1 h^-1 3 times higher than native strain productivity obtained using the conventional Luria Bertani medium (LB) as reference medium.

Keywords: P. Syringae, Ethylene production, Waste biomass

References:

1. Soto-Leon S, E. Zazueta-Patrón IE, Piña-Valdez P, Nieves-Soto M, Reyes-Moreno C and Contreras-Andrade I (2014). Tetraselmis suecica lipid extraction: ultrasonic and solvent aided process. Rev. Mex. Ing. Quim.  13, (3) 723-37
2. Sunil K. Maity. (2015). Opportunities, recent trends and challenges of integrated biorefinery: PartII. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 431446–1466
3. Ladygina, Dedyukhina, N E.G., Vainshtein M.B. A review on microbial synthesis of hydrocarbons. Process Biochemistry 41 (2006) 1001–1014

Presenting authors email: ysantosp@unal.edu.co

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SF.3-P083 Poster
AUTOMOTIVE RECYCLING POLYMERS FOR THE DEVELOPED OF WATER SUN HEATERS
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Martínez-Angela¹, Menchaca-Campos Carmina¹, Uruchurtu Jorge¹, Flores Miriam^1
1.Centro de Investigacion en Ingenieria y Ciencias Aplicadas Avenida Universidad, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Mor.

This work presents thermal and mechanical analysis of discarded polymeric matrix composites from the automotive industry for the application in water sun heaters. An ABS matrix polymeric material and recycled nylon aggregates was developed to improve thermal heating isolation in the water storage tank. This is in order to substitute or diminish the use of stainless steel, reducing the total weight of the heater, thus, diminishing costs and mitigation of environmental pollution from polymer wastes. A second polypropylene and graphene aggregates matrix to improve thermal conductivity of the collector tubes was also developed. Thermal conductivity in a hot plate equipment, was evaluated. Mechanical characterization through tensile, impact and hardness tests for both materials was obtained. Finally, comparison was made for the results obtained from the proposed materials to the ones commonly used nowadays, in water sun heaters.

Keywords: Polymer Recycled, Discarded, Water Sun Heater

Presenting authors email: radilloyad@gmail.com

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SF.3-P084 Poster
OBTAINING OF THE RADIOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF STARCH BIOFILM WITH SILICA AND CALCIUM CARBONATE FOR USE IN AGRICULTURE
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Menchaca-Rivera, J. A.^1,; Pérez-Robles, J. F¹; Morales-Sanchez, E. ^2
1 CINVESTAV-Querétaro, Lib. Norponiente 2000, Fraccionamiento Real de juriquilla, 76230 Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México. ² CICATA- Querétaro, Cerro Blanco 141, Colinas, 76090 Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México.

A significant increase in the accumulation of waste plastic and little or no reuse in agriculture, and a growing environmental conscience to improve or at least not to continue with the deterioration of the environment, has promoted the development of new generations of plastic materials from renewable sources. Such as cellulose, starch, chitosan, polylactic acid, among others, being an alternative to these synthetic plastics obtained oil. In this project were obtained biofilms flexible based chemically modified corn starch, in which it was possible to combine loads of silica and calcium carbonate. Biofilms obtained and low density polyethylene film without commercial additives, were characterized by optical spectroscopy to determine changes in the radiometric properties and evaluate their possible use in agriculture.
From the optical spectra, were calculated average radiometric coefficients of the biofilms used of transmission (τ), reflection (ρ) and absorption (α) at: ultraviolet range, photosynthetically active radiation range (PAR), near infrared range (NIR) and the solar range. Obtaining values of the radiometric coefficients of biofilms similar to low density polyethylene film, which can be a sustainable alternative to films of low density polyethylene used as a cover in agriculture.

Keywords: starch, biofilm, radiometric coeffients

References:

1. Giuliano Vox, Evelia Schettini. Product Performance Evaluation of the radiometric properties of starch-based biodegradable films for crop protection. Polymer Testing, 26 639–651. 2007.
2. V. Mahendra, F. J. Davis, P. Hadley and A. Gilbert. The Design of UV Absorbing Systems for Horticultural Applications. ISRN Materials Science. ID 604132. 2013
3. C. Kittas; A. Baille.  Determination of the Spectral Properties of Several Greenhouse Cover Materials and Evaluation of SpeciÞc Parameters Related to Plant Response. J. agric. Engng Res. No. ag980310, 71, 193-202. 1998.
4. G. Papadakis; D. Briassoulis; G. Scarascia Mugnozza; G. Vox; P. Feuilloley; J. A. Stoffer. Radiometric and Thermal Properties of, and Testing Methods for, Greenhouse Covering Materials. J. agric. Engng Res., , 77 (1), 7 – 38. 2000.
5.  ASTM G173-03 (Reapproved 2012) Standar Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Direct Normal and Hemispherical on 37° Tilted Surface.

Presenting authors email: amenchaca@cinvestav.mx

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SF.3-P085 Poster
CALCIUM RICH BIO-WASTES AS FEEDSTOCK TO PRODUCE NANO-HYDROXYAPATITE FOR HEAVY METAL SORPTION
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Dariela Núñez ¹, Elizabeth Elgueta¹, Aritz Mancisidor¹, Bernabé Rivas^2
1 Centro de Investigación de Polímeros Avanzados, Avenida Collao 1202, Edificio de Laboratorio CIPA, Concepción, Chile^.2 Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción,Casilla 160-C, Concepción Chile.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biomineral with technological applications in the water treatment field. HA synthetized by chemical wet precipitation using egg and mussel shells was assessed as a biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals. Identification was carried out by XRD and FTIR analysis, which showed high purity in the final product.  In addition, SEM observations of HA indicated that the crystals were in nanometric scale, having rod like morphology.  Sorption studies performed at pH 5 revealed sorption efficiencies of 98, 93, 100, and 82% for Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn after 1 hour of contact time, respectively. At pH 3, the efficiencies were reduced by 33, 42, 1, and 74% for Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn, respectively. Finally, HA selectivity was studied in a solution containing all metals and no competing effect was evidenced at the concentration range assessed (20 -10 mg/L). The determination of maximal sorption capacity was also evaluated.

Keywords: HYDROXYAPATITE, HEAVY METALS, SORPTION

Presenting authors email: e.elgueta@cipachile.cl

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SF.3-P086 Poster
PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RAMON STARCH-BASED ADHESIVE
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Alejandro Ortiz-Fernández¹; Felipe Augusto Carrillo-Sánchez¹; Raciel Javier Estrada-León¹; Luis Humberto May-Hernández¹; Alex Valadez-González²; Javier Ivan Cauich-Cupul^2
1 Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní, en el Estado de Campeche (ITESCAM). Av. Ah-Canul s/n. Carretera Federal, Calkiní, Campeche; C.P. 24900. ² Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. (CICY), Unidad de Materiales. Calle 43 # 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P.97200, Mérida, Yucatán, México.

A new biodegradable, renewable, environmentally friendly Ramon starch-based adhesive that can be use at room temperature was obtained. Full factorial composite experimental design and response surface methodology were use in the design of experiments and analysis of results. The independent variables studied for optimization were concentration of Sodium Hydroxide (%), starch concentration (%), cooking temperature (°C) and mixing time (min). Dependent or response variables selected was peel and shear strength. As a substrate or adherent, a paper mark Scribe^® was used. Corn starch were use as reference material. The design consisted of 36 experiments (including 12 central points). The content of hydrolyzing agent and the cooking temperature were the most significant factors on the peel and shear strength adhesives. In addition, the interactions Starch-Temperature and Starch-NaOH were the most significant in the adhesion properties in both adhesives. The optimum values for peel strength were 133 N/m for Ramon adhesive and 127 N/m for Corn adhesive. The optimum values for shear strength were 0.28 MPa for Ramon adhesive and 0.25 MPa for Corn adhesive. The results found in this work show that the adhesive prepared with Ramon starch has properties similar to those of an adhesive prepared with Corn starch. This implies that Ramon starch is a viable substitute for non-food industrial applications.

Keywords: Ramon adhesive, Composite Experimental Design, Response surface methodology

References:

1. Onusseit, H. (1992). Starch in industrial adhesives: new developments. Industrial Crops and Products, 1(2–4), 141-146. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-6690(92)90012-K
2. Pérez-Pacheco, E., Moo-Huchin, V. M., Estrada-León, R. J., Ortiz-Fernández, A., May-Hernández, L. H., Ríos-Soberanis, C. R., & Betancur-Ancona, D. (2014). Isolation and characterization of starch obtained from Brosimum alicastrum Swarts Seeds. Carbohydrate Polymers, 101(0), 920-927. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.012
3. Moo-Huchin, V. M., Cabrera-Sierra, M. J., Estrada-León, R. J., Ríos-Soberanis, C. R., Betancur-Ancona, D., Chel-Guerrero, L., . . . Pérez-Pacheco, E. (2015). Determination of some physicochemical and rheological characteristics of starch obtained from Brosimum alicastrum swartz seeds. Food Hydrocolloids, 45(0), 48-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.11.009

Presenting authors email: aeortiz@itescam.edu.mx

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SF.3-P087 Poster
ENCAPSULATED ANIONIC CLAYS CONTAINING NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE AS CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZERS
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Luz Adriana Cruz-Tame¹, Ã�lvaro Sampieri¹, Francisco Manuel Pacheco-Aguirre¹, Mayra Ruiz-Reyes¹, Víctor Tamariz^2
1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Pue., 72570, Mexico.²Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Departamento de Ciencias Agrícolas, 14 Sur 6301, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Pue., 72570, Mexico.

NO₃^- and PO₄^-3 are the principal sources of macronutrients that plants can absorb as N and P, respectively. However, the lost of such nutrients during their application and consequent pollution of soil and water reservoirs are the main efficiency issues. To avoid the use of fertilizers in excess, new control-release nanoporous additives have been utilized to trap and deliver such agrochemicals. According to the American Association of Official Control Plant Food, slow or controlled fertilizers have to provide nutrients for plants in the following ways: i) retarding and regulating of nutrient availability, ii) providing adequately the plants requirements and iii) remaining for a long period of time. Therefore, in this work, new control-release fertilizers (CRF) were formulated from anionic clays containing NO₃^- and PO₄^-3 and agglutinated with calcium alginate. These materials were tested in a hydroponic crop of lettuce. The anionic clays were prepared by the coprecipitación method reported elsewhere [1]. Hence, an appropriate amount of clays were encapsulated with calcium alginate as container and slow delivery of the nutrients. With the rigorous study of N and P release, carried out in aqueous solution with no crop, it was able to conclude that calcium alginate contributed to diminish between four and ten times the kinetic of nutrients delivery. Furthermore, during the hydroponic crop test with lettuce, the CRF presented a better performance and improvement of the growth lettuce than that observed by the conventional hydroponic nutrient mixture.

Keywords: control-release fertilizers, hydroponic, clays

References:

1. Olanrewaju, J, B L Newalkar, C Mancino, y S Komarneni, Mater. Lett., 45 (2000) 6, 307.

Presenting authors email: alvaro.sampieri@correo.buap.mx

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SF.3-P088 Poster
HYDRODESULFURATION OF HEAVY OIL USING ULTRA-DISPERSED Mo, Mo / Ni CATALYSTS IN A BATCH REACTOR
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Francisco Núñez^a, Jin An Wang^a,, Lifang Chen^a, Sergio Odin Flores^b
a Laboratorio de Catálisis, ESIQIE-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN s/n, UPALM, Zacatenco, 07738 Ciudad de México, México.^bLaboratorio de Química Verde, ESIQIE-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN s/n, UPALM, Zacatenco, 07738 Ciudad de México, México. jwang@ipn.mx

This sulfur in transportation fuels is the largest source of air pollution due to emission of SOx, which has generated more restrictive standards for the sulfur content in fuels [1]. The commercial sulfur removal process is hydrodesulfurization (HDS), but these hardly reach levels below 5 ppm sulfur. So recently, it has been studied for obtain deeper HDS processes; an example of these processes is the hydrodesulfurization of heavy oils (HDS) using ultra-dispersed catalysts which are deactivated much less than conventionally supported catalysts [2]. Transition metals such as molybdenum or nickel are used as catalyst precursors either individually or in combination. The catalyst evaluated in this study, consisting of two ultra-dispersed solutions prepared from oil/water emulsions (w/o) of Mo and Ni [3]. In these catalysts nickel concentration was varied. The experiments were carried out in a batch type reactor at hydrogen pressures of 1000 psi and heavy oil feedstock (aguacate 70). Observing an increase in the hydrodesulfurization as a function of temperature. Furthermore tests with catalysts Mo / Ni were performed at 1, 5 and 10% Ni, noting that the API gravity increases as a function of the concentration of Ni and inversely with respect to the percentage of sulfur.

Keywords: Hidrodesulfuration, Ultra-dispersed, API-gravity

References:

1. Deuk Ki Lee, Sung Koon Park, Wang Lai Yoon, In Chul Lee, and Seong Ihl Woo; Energy and Fuels, 9(1995)2-9.
2. Y. Xu, M. Yuan, S. Zhao and C. Xu; Petroleum Science and Tecnology, 27:7(2015)712-732.
3. Gladys Nogueraa, Solange Araujob, Javier Hernándeza, Angel Rivasa, Dietrich Mendozab, Olga Castellanoa,  Chemical Engineering Research and Design 90(2012 )1979–1988.

Presenting authors email: franciscona9@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P089 Poster
A FREE-VOLUME BASED MODEL FOR DYEING OF POLYESTER WITH DISPERSE DYE IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Héctor Allan Pérez-Ramírez¹, Teresa Ramírez-Rodríguez¹, Fray de Landa Castillo-Alvarado^2
1Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Textil, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07738. ²Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Edif. 9, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07738

1. Introduction
High consumption of water, and almost no reusability of waste products from the pre-treatment, dyeing and finishing processes, have made of the textile industry one of the most polluted worldwide. Because of this, there is a rising interest in developing sustainable finishing processes within which is dyeing of textile fibers in supercritical fluids. There are several reports of the advantages of using Sc-CO₂ the transport medium in synthetic fibers[1,2], among which are: no need for additives such as carriers and dispersants, lower dyeing temperatures, almost total use of the dye and reusability of CO₂ , elimination of subsequent washing processes. Usually the dyeing systems, due to the quantity and complexity in controlling the variables that affect fiber dyeing, has been only studied quantitatively . This paper presents an specific theoretical model for disperse dyes on polyester with super-critical CO₂, which describes qualitatively the mechanism of the process from purely physical and thermodynamic interactions, demonstrating that the advantages of the dry dyeing derive from the simplicity of the model.

2. Methodology
There are 4 stages which are generally carried out in all kind of dyeing processes and have been widely studied and described analytically prior[3,4]. Since there is a wide variety of possible combinations between fibers, colorants and solvents, it is necessary the adjust of every mathematic equation from the generic stages to the boundary conditions of each case. To set boundary conditions of the case treated the Free Volume Diffusion Model is used, besides the dilation caused by gas sorption in glassy polymers reported by Hölck[5]. The mathematical expressions obtained are adjusted to the experimental data reported in the literature[1] and then resolved using the theoretical restraints made for this case.

3. Conclusions
The generated theoretical model shows that the observable benefits of using supercritical CO₂ for the dyeing of polyester with disperse dyes can be described from a model based on Free Volume. The qualitative study of the dyeing process is an area where little deepens, but need to be developed to meet and improve the new techniques required by the industry in environmental stewardship.

Keywords: Dry dyeing, Supercritical fluid, Water save

References:

1. A. S. Özcan, A. Özcan, Adsorption behavior of a disperse dye on polyester in supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 35 (2005) 133-139
2. G. A. Montero, C. B. Smith, W. A. Hendrix, D. L. Butcher, Supercritical fluid technology in textile processing: an overview, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 4806-4812, 2000
3. T. Vickerstaff, The Physical Chemistry of Dyeing, 2nd ed., Interscience Publishers Inc., New York, 1954
4. I. D. Ratee, M. M. Breuer, The Physical Chemistry of dye adsorption, Academic Press Inc., London, 1974
5. O. Hölck, Gas Sorption and Swelling in Glassy Polymers: Combining experiment, phenomenological models and detailed atomistic molecular modeling, BAM-Disseertationsreihe, Band 35, 2008

Presenting authors email: hperezr1002@alumno.ipn.mx

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SF.3-P090 Poster
CORROSION INHIBITION OF 1018 STEEL IN 0.5M H₂SO₄ SOLUTION BY PRUNUS PERSICA
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Adriana Rodríguez Torres^1,a, María Guadalupe Valladares Cisneros² , José Gonzalo González Rodríguez¹, Octavio Olivares Xometl^3
1Centro de Investigaciones en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Ave. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.²Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Ave. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.³Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria. Col. San Manuel, Puebla C.P. 72570, Puebla, México

In the present research work, the methanolic extract of Prunus persica leaves was studied as a corrosion inhibitor of 1018 steel in 0.5M H2SO4 at room temperature (25°C) and different residence  times. Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and weight loss techniques were used to assess the corrosion inhibition capacity of Prunus persica.
Potentiodynamic polarization results showed that partial effects on the cathodic reaction of the corrosion process were caused by adding P. persica at 0.6 g/L, which correspond to the typical behavior of a cathodic-type inhibitor with maximal efficiency of 92% with respect to the corrosion current. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the gravimetric technique (both at the same concentration) showed maximal efficiencies of 82 and 81%, respectively. The best residence time of the green inhibitor was 5 h with inhibition efficiency of 92%. These results suggest further studies using other parts of the plant such as fruits, seeds, etc., carrying out electrochemical tests at different temperatures under dynamic conditions.

Keywords: corrosion, green inhibitor, 1018 steel

Presenting authors email: adriana.rodriguez@uaem.mx

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SF.3-P091 Poster
PARQUAT IMMOBILIZATION ON NANOPOROUS COMPOSITES AND THEIR USE IN SOILS WITH POOR HERBICIDE RETENTION
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Jorge Alejandro Cruz-Mérida¹, Blanca Lucía Prado-Pano², Olivia Zamora-Martínez², Ã�lvaro Sampieri ¹_, Silvia Patricia Paredes-Carrera^3
1Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, 18 Sur y Av. San Claudio s/n, 72570, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla, Pue., Mexico. ²Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico. ³Laboratorio de Nanomateriales Sustentables, ESIQIE-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, México D.F., 07738, Mexico.

The design and application of nanoporous materials, that can be friendly with the environment, represents one of the opportunities for the agriculture. Nanoporous siliceous materials, as well as some cationic and anionic clays, could be appropriate candidates to retain herbicides. Anionic and cationic clays are lamellar materials having basic and acidic properties, respectively. However they can also present low surface area. Instead, nanoporous siliceous materials present high surface area (ca. 700 m²/g) and narrow size pore distribution (ca. 6 nm) but they have a poor surface reactivity. In this work, SBA-15-montmorillonite or anionic clay composites were prepared. The combination of these materials improves the clays dispersion on the SBA-15 surface with non-blockage porous. Afterward, the composites were tested as adsorbents of paraquat in aqueous solution. This non-selective herbicide is abundantly used to combat weeds in many crops such as coffee, bananas and cocoa beans. A suitable amount of composite containing paraquat was mixed with a soil showing a low ability of paraquat retention, in order to enhance its immobilization. If a composite are constituted by a 25wt% of montmorillonite (or Mg-Al anionic clay) on the SBA-15, promising results of paraquat trapping on such kind of soils are observed. Indeed, the immobilization of paraquat in soil, with poor herbicide retention, could present original features for emerging agricultural applications.

Keywords: siliceous-clay nanoporous, immobilizer, paraquat

Presenting authors email: alvaro.sampieri@correo.buap.mx

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SF.3-P092 Poster
STUDY OF MODIFIED NATURAL ZEOLITES AND APPLICATION AS CATALYST TO BREAK AN ORGANIC MOLECULE
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

José Manuel Sánchez-Viveros^a, Gregorio Zacahua-Tlacuatl^b, Julio César Espinoza-Tapia^c, Isaías Hernández-Pérez^c and Fernando Chávez-Rivas^a                                                                                
^aDepartamento de Física ESFM-IPN, C. P. 07738, México D. F.. ^bLaboratorio de Posgrado, ESIQIE-IPN, C. P. 07738, México D. F. ^cDepartamento de Ciencias Básicas, UAM-Azcapotzalco, C. P. 02120 México D. F.

Natural zeolites contain iron oxides sludges inside their channels, cavities and pores; which provide active sites of a catalyst, they are responsible for the activity catalytic and are used to alter reaction mechanism of Reactive Black 5 dye based on the equation: , as well as modifies the speed of the chemical reaction. These minerals was obtained from a sedimentary deposit like rock form, after they were subjected to physical process. In the first place, a grinding was applied for 3 hours by using mechanical ball mill, then it was put through to a thermal treatment at 250 °C and 500 °C; calcinations were carried for 4 hours by using muffle in air atmosphere.
The structural and morphological changes of these materials enhanced many intrinsic properties; such as: improved catalytic activity and increases the internal surface area, given the importance of these parameters, it is necessary to select the appropriate characterization methods to ensure a better determination of them from the experimental data. In this work we present results on X-ray diffraction, SEM microscopy and photo-catalysis oxidation, finally the best material is determined to promote a reaction of degradation of textile organic molecule.

Keywords: natural zeolite, organic compound, catalyst

References:

1. V. Bekkum, E. H. Flanigen and J. C. Jansen (eds), “Introduction to zeolite science and practice (Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal.)�, Elsiever, Amsterdam, 1991.
2. Wang, Y. Boyjoo and A. Choueib, “A comparative study of dye removal using fly ash treated by different methods�, Chemosphere, 60 (2005) 1401 – 1407.
3. W. M Ip, J. P. Barford and G. McKay “A comparative study on the kinectics and mechanisms of removal or Reactive Black 5 by adsorption onto activated carbons and bone char�, Journal Engineering Chemical, 157 (2010) 434 – 442.

Presenting authors email: sac_viveros@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-P093 Poster
APPLICATION OF SALTS AND CHEMICALS FOR WINTER ROAD DEICING
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Juan Ricardo Salinas-Martínes¹, Benajmin Valdez-Salas¹, Amir Eliezer², Michael Schorr-Wiener¹.
¹Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calle de la Normal S/N y Blvd. Bnito Juárez, Col. Insurgentes Este,Mexicali B.C., C.P. 21280, México. ²Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Basel St., Ber Sheva, C.P. 84100, Israel. 

During harsh winters in the north eastern states of USA and the north European countries plentiful snow falls on roads and highways, freezing into ice. Salts and chemicals are spread on the snow to decrease the freezing temperature, to prevent freeze-thaw cycles and to avoid road accidents. These corrosive, deicing chloride salts damage the road steel reinforced concrete and corrode the metallic parts of cars and trucks bodies. Corrosion inhibitors: artificial and natural (extracted from vegetables) are added to the deicing products to prevent, avoid and/or mitigate corrosion. The deicers: NaCl, CaCl₂, MgCl₂ have an environmental impact since they might leach into the soil, become toxic to humans, animals and plants and reach water bodies.  Cases of materials degradation, based on the authors experience and knowledge, are presented, illustrated and discussed.

Keywords: Materials, Environment, Corrosion

Presenting authors email: ricardo.salinas@uabc.edu.mx

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SF.3-P094 Poster
STUDY OF THE BASIC SITES ON TiO₂-ZrO₂ SYNTHESIZED WITH DIFFERENTS HYDROLYSIS CATALYSTS.
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

A. Silahua-Pavon ¹, G. Torres-Torres¹, J. C. Arevalo-Perez¹, A. Cervantes-Uribe^1
1Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, DACB, Laboratorio de Catálisis Heterogénea Km.1 Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez, CP86690, A.P. 24, Cunduacán Tabasco, México.

Several metal oxides, such as titania (TiO₂) and zirconia (ZrO₂) have been reported to possess exceptional redox and acid–base properties, which makes them a good choice as catalysts and catalyst supports. Moreover, catalytic property of these oxides can be improved by mixing them together¹. This improvement is attributable to the generation of new catalytic sites due to strong interaction between the individual oxides, giving rise to a mixed metal oxide of strongly surface acid–base properties and high thermal stability. Thus, the superior properties of TiO₂–ZrO₂ binary oxide make it more suitable for catalytic applications than individual component oxide^2-3. In this work we propose the synthesis ZrO₂, TiO₂ and mixed oxides TiO₂–ZrO₂ supports (with the ratio = 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25 % w/w ) were synthesized by Sol-Gel method, using Acetic Acid (pH=3) and Ammonium Hydroxide (pH=9) as hydrolysis catalyst. The zirconia and titania precursors were Zirconium (IV) Butoxide [Zr(OC₄H₉)₄] and Titanium (IV) Butoxide [Ti(OC₄H₉)₄] from sigma-aldrich. After synthesis, the supports were calcined at 500°C during 12 h using heat ramp 2°C/min. The characterization of supports was done by X-ray Diffraction, CO₂-TPD, UV-Vis DRS spectroscopy and N₂ Physisorption. The specific area results showed: TiO₂ synthesized with ammonium hydroxide obtained an area of 93 m²/g and ZrO₂ with acetic acid 42 m²/g, however was observed an increment in the mixture TiO₂-ZrO₂, 172-290 and 216-246 m²/g, with acetic acid and ammonium hydroxide respectively. The CO₂-TPD results showed that there are a higher amount of basic sites available on the catalyst support ZrO₂-TiO₂ (50/50% w / w), using acetic acid as hydrolysis catalyst, with a ratio of 3 and 2.5 more than the TiO₂ and ZrO_2.

Keywords: TiO2–ZrO2, TPD-CO2, Hydrolysis Catalyst

References:

1. M. Reddy and A. Khan, Catal. Rev., 2005, 47, 257–296. C.
2. -T. Li, I. Wang and J.-C. Wu, Catal. Surv. Asia, 2012, 16, 240–248.
3. -Y. Kim, C.-S. Kim, H.-K. Chang and T.-O. Kim, Adv. Powder Technol., 2010, 21, 141–144.

Presenting authors email: adibab45@gmail.com

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SF.3-P095 Poster
OBTAINING BACTERIAL LIPASES FOR THE FUTURE USE IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING OIL WASTE
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Nallely Téllez Méndez¹, V. Eric López y López², Sergio A. Gamboa³, Laura A. Paniagua Solar¹, and J. Fermi Guerrero Castellanos^1
1 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 4 sur 104 Centro Histórico, Puebla, Puebla, México. ² Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada Tlaxcala, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala, México. ³Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N. Centro. 62580, Temixco, Morelos, Mexico.

Biodiesel is an alternative source of energy from biomass. It is a fuel that emits far less emissions than diesel. In this work, we study the microorganisms lipases activity for the biodiesel production. The samples was obtained from wastewater from the Valsequillo dam of the city of Puebla. The evaluation of lipases presence was carried by the Rhodamine B testing. This analysis technique is based on the hydrolysis of triglycerides present in the oil. Thus the fatty acids are complexed with Rhodamine B and when we viewed under UV light shows a loss of fluorescence of the dye. With this technique we can observe and determine the colonies of microorganisms that produce lipases. Also was studied the kinetics bacterial. The quantitative evaluation of lipases was performed with testing p-Nitrophenyl Palmitate (pNPP) using dry cells. The p-nitrophenol was monitored by absorbance. The lipases obtained showed activity in the esterification reaction.

Keywords: Biodiesel, oil waste, lipases

References:

• Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy (2013), Global Temperature Update Through 2012.
• W. Scholl, S. C. Sonrenson, SAE, (1993) 930934.
• Zhang, J. H. Van Gerper, SAE, (1996) 960765.
• Cardone, M. V. Prati, V. Rocco, M. Seggiani, A. Senatore, S. Vitolo; Environmental Science and technology, 36 (2002) 4656-4662.
•  M. S. Graboski, R. L. McCormick, Fuel, 24 (1998) 125-164.
•  B. Freedman, E. H. Pryde, T. L. Mounts, Journal of the American Oil Chemistry Society, 61-10 (1984) 1638-1643.
• Zhao, F. Qi, C. Yuan, W. Du, D. Liu; Renewable and Sustainable Energy 44 (1015) 182-197.
• Sangaletti, M. Cea, V. Risco, R. Navia; Bioresource Technology 179 (2015) 63-70.
• Colla, J. Rizzardi, M. Pinto, C. Reinehr, T. Bertolin; Bioresour Technol 101 (2010) 8308-8314.

Presenting authors email: nallely.tellez@correo.buap.mx

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SF.3-P096 Poster
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN MEXICAN CHIA (Salvia Hispanica) MUCILAGE AND OIL EXTRACTS
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

D. K. Tiwari^{1, 2}, A. V. Coria-Téllez², L. Rojas-Abarca², M.O. Alonso-Pérez^2
1Cátedratico Conacyt-El Colegio de Michoacán, La Piedad, C. P. 59370, Michoacán, México. ²Laboratorio de Análisis y Diagnóstico del Patrimonio, El Colegio de Michoacán, La Piedad, C. P. 59370, Michoacán, México.

Salvia Hispanica also called as Chia is very healthiest food and medicinal plant grown in Mexico and other parts of the world. The nutrients found in Chia seeds are highly important and beneficial to the human body and brain [1]. In Mexico this plant grown since the times of Aztecs and Mayans culture and used as a functional food and medicinal grain of significant source of protein [2]. Chia contains a massive amount of nutrients and helps to prevent with many diseases as well an antioxidants. Because of the high quantity of fiber, fatty acid and nutrients availability chia mucilage helps to weight lose, bone healthiness, diabetics improvement and energy drink. Except all these direct benefits the chia seeds are also attracting the importance in oils like dietary fiber, polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity as well successor of eggs in bakery business because of their water and fat absorbing nature [3].

The dose uses and precautions to use as herbal medicine are confusing sometimes because these products considered naturally-occurring rather than the man-made [4]. This seed could be used as a natural antioxidant with commercial and medical applications. Considering all these highly beneficial importance; the quick and deep analysis of the chia seeds and other by-products from it is very important.

In the present work, we have discussed the characterization of Mexican chia mucilage and oil extracts to understand their physicochemical properties using nondestructive techniques. The chia musilage was prepared in water and the oils were extracted using Soxhlet and mechanical pressing. The chemical composition of nutrients, proteins, organic groups and other micronutrients were identified using; Raman, FTIR and Mass spectroscopy techniques.

Keywords: Chemical composition., Medicinal plants, Nondestructive techniques

References:

1. Michele Silveira Coelho, Myriam de las Mercedes Salas-Mellado, Chemical Characterization of CHIA (Salvia hispanica L.) for Use in Food Products, Journal of Food and Nutrition Research (2014) Vol. 2, No. 5, 263-269.
2. Cahill, Joseph P. "Ethnobotany of Chia,Salvia hispanica  (Lamiaceae)". Economic Botany (2003) 57 (4): 604–618. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0604:EOCSHL]2.0.CO;2.
3. I. Capitani, V. Spotorno, S.M. Nolasco, M.C. Tomás, Physicochemical and functional characterization of by-products from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds of Argentina, LWT - Food Science and Technology (2012) 45, 94-102.
4. Rousseaux, C.G.; Schachter, H. Regulatory issues concerning the safety, efficacy and quality of herbal remedies,Birth Defects Res. (2003), 68, 505-510.

Presenting authors email: dkt.phy@gmail.com

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SF.3-P097 Poster
ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED GALVANIC REPLACEMENT SYNTHESIS FOR COBALT BASED BIMETALLIC ELECTROCATALYSTS: HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ELECTROGENERATION. 
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Jesús Raymundo Zapata-Fernández¹, Rosa María Félix-Navarro¹, Edgar Alonso Reynoso-Soto¹.
¹Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana. Apdo. Postal 1166. Tijuana, B. C. 22 000, México.

Hydrogen peroxide is one of the most essential and versatile chemicals for pulp bleaching, waste treatment and numerous compounds manufacture, and it is promising for green chemistry and environmental control, especially for effluents treatment because it decomposes solely into water and oxygen, leaving no hazardous residues. Besides the current large-scale anthraquinone oxidation who has a big disadvantages of high energy consumption and waste discharge, extensive efforts have been developed to directly synthesizing H₂O₂ in situ to reduce the cost and potential risks in which an electrochemical synthesis via 2-electron oxigen reduction reaction (ORR) has attracted too much attention. In this context the precious metals in literature with high performance include Au and Pd.
In this work a green two step facile route for preparing Cobalt based bimetallic electrocatalysts for H₂O₂ electrosynthesis is presented. Firstly, MWCNT were decorated with Co nanoparticles by ultrasonic assisted borohydride reduction method to obtain the sacrificial template. In a second step the Co/MWCNT template is immersed in an ultrasonic bath of an aqueous solution containing different metal salt precursors to obtain three different bimetallic electrocatalysts by galvanic displacement reaction (Co-Au/MWCNT, Co-Pd/MWCNT, Co-Pt/MWCNT). It is worth to mention that the reaction was carried out under very mild conditions: aqueous media, room temperature, ultrasonic bath agitation and free of additive reagents. Physicochemical characterization include TGA, TEM and EDS analysis. In order to evaluate the performance of these electrocatalysts on the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, rotating ring-disk voltammetry was used. Different electrolyte solutions were tested, in which Na₂SO₄ showed promising results. This work showed a simple, efficient an environmental friendly route to synthesized cobalt based bimetallic electrocatalysts for the hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration.

Keywords: Ultrasonic-assisted, galvanic displacement, hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration

References:

1. Yamanaka I.; Onizawa T.; Takenaka S.; Otsuka, K. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3653-3655.
2. Campos J.; Blanco G.; Fierro J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6962-6984

Presenting authors email: raymundo_982@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P098 Poster
MINERAL ADSORBENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A MAGNETIC FIELD FOR REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS: MAGNETIC CHARACTERIZATION AND ADSORPTION STUDIES
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

O.F. González Vázquez¹, M.R. Moreno Virgen¹, V. Hernández Montoya¹, R. Tovar Gómez¹, J.L. Alcántara Flores², M.A. Pérez Cruz^2
1Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, C.P. 20256, Aguascalientes, Ags., México. ²Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J55, Puebla, Pue., México.

Water pollution with toxic elements represents an environmental and health hazard which they are very common in our days, since the growing demand for products and services makes the water more prone to such contamination. According to the list of priority pollutants the Environmental Protection Agency US (EPA), zinc and cadmium represents a serious problem for human health because they are not biodegradable and tend to accumulate in living organisms that eventually they engage with humans.¹
On the other hand the zeolites are serving in the modern world in countless fields; their physical and chemical attributes are very attractive for ion exchange, adsorption, dehydration-rehydration and catalysis, making it a very versatile for environmental uses material²
In this research these materials (zeolite type erionite) were used for removing heavy metals in ionic state as Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ under the influence of static magnetic field in order to increase the removal of these contaminants. Based on the magnetic and physicochemical behavior of erionite and ions in aqueous state, different magnetic configurations were evaluated that influence in many ways the adsorption of ions, likewise erionite was modified with iron (II) and iron (III) in order to evaluate the interaction with the adsorption of ions and the magnetic field. Were obtained adsorption isotherms in batch system at a temperature of 30°C and a mass-volume ratio of 2 g/L at concentrations 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 900 and 1000 mg/L of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ subjected to a magnetic field created from neodymium magnets 1 Tesla intensity and in three different configurations: curved flow field lines (repulsion of poles), straight flow field lines (attraction pole) and natural flow field lines (monopole) including a control without magnetic field. Magnetic characterization was performed, determining magnetization cycle diagrams at 2K in function of magnetic field strength, in addition to physicochemical characterization like analysis of acid and basic character, adsorption isotherms of nitrogen at 77K, EDX analysis, spectroscopy of infrared light, SEM micrographs in order to understand the mechanism of adsorption presents the adsorption process.

Keywords: Zeolites, Magnetic field, Adsorption of heavy metals

References:

1. Hernández-Montoya V, Pérez-Cruz MA, Mendoza-Castillo DI, Moreno-Virgen MR, Bonilla-Petriciolet A. Competitive adsorption of dyes and heavy metals on zeolitic structures. J Environ Manage. 2013;116:213-221. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.010.
2. Zaidi S. Zeolites as Inorganic Ion Exchangers for Environmental Applications : An Overview. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4026-6.

Presenting authors email: omar_ingquimica@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P099 Poster
ADSORPTION OF CONTAMINANTS IN BINARY MIXTURES USING CHEMICALLY MODIFIED CARBONS
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

M. T. Hernández Eudave¹, R. Tovar Gómez¹, V. Hernández Montoya¹, Ma. R. Moreno Virgen¹, J. Díaz de León Chiquito¹.
¹Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica. Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes. Av. Adolfo López Mateos No. 1801 Ote. Fracc. Bona Gens. C.P. 20256. Aguascalientes, Ags., México.

In this paper we reported the adsorption of binary mixture of 4 pollutants: Procion Red MX-5B (RR2), Brilliant Green (BG1), Cadmium (Cd²⁺) and anion chromate solution (CrO₄)on modified carbon with HNO₃. The initial concentration of RR2 and BG1 dyes were 60, 125, 250 and 500 mg/L; 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L for the Cd²⁺; and finally 12.5, 25, 50 and 75 mg/L for the CrO₄. The binary solutions were RR2+Cd²⁺, RR2+CrO₄, RR2+BG1, BG1+Cd²⁺, BG1+CrO₄ and Cd²⁺+CrO₄. Adsorption studies were carried out in monocomponent and binary solutions. Variable response was adsorption capacity. According the RR2+Cd²⁺ mixture, the adsorption capacity of both pollutants increases. In the binary mixture RR2+CrO₄, both benefit because with increasing concentration of both its adsorption capacity increases. However, when the RR2 is present in solution with BG1, adsorption capacity of both pollutants decrease when increase the initial concentration of the contaminants. On the other hand, BG1+Cd²⁺ mixture is observed that when the BG1 is mixed with Cd²⁺, the adsorption of BG1 is not affected, but the BG1 affects the Cd²⁺ because its adsorption capacity decrease. Respect the behavior of the mixture BG1+CrO₄, the dyestuff BG1 is affected by the presence of CrO₄; however, the CrO₄ adsorption benefits conforms increases the concentration of BG1. Finally, the Cd²⁺+CrO₄ mixture show that both pollutants are favored with an increase in the adsorption capacity.

 

Keywords: adsorption, pollutants, binary mixtures

References:

1. R. Tovar-Gómez, D.A. Rivera-Ramirez, V. Hernandez- Montoya, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, C.J. Duran Valle, M.A. Montes-Moran, Synergic adsorption in the simultaneous removal of acid blue 25 and heavy metals from water using a Ca(PO3)2- modified carbon, Journal of Hazardous Materials 199-200(2012) 290-300
2. R. Tovar-Gómez, Ma. R. Moreno-Virgen, J. Moreno-Pérez, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, V. Hernández-Montoya, C.J. Duran-Valle. Analysis of synergistic and antagonistic adsorption of heavy metals and acid blue 25 on activated carbon from ternary systems. Chemical Engineering Reserch and Design (2014)

Presenting authors email: theudave@yahoo.com.mx

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SF.3-P100 Poster
AN EFFICIENT BIPO₄/C₃N₄ HYDRID COMPOSITE FOR PHOTODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

A.I. Navarro-Aguilar¹, D.B. Hernandez-Uresti¹, S. Mejia-Rosales^1
1CICFIM – Facultad de C. Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México.

The BiPO₄ and g-C₃N₄ hydrid composites were prepared via chemical precipitation and by the polycondensation of melamine¹, respectively. The BiPO₄/g-C₃N₄ were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physisorption (BET), reflactance diffuse spectroscopy (DRS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic behavior was evaluated by the dye degradation and antibiotic degradation under simulated sunlight irradiation using Orange G (azo dye) and Ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), as pollutant model. The prepared BiPO₄/g-C₃N₄ composites have proven been more efficiency than the single components. The improved photocatalytic activity was attributed to the promoted efficient separation of electron–hole on the surface composite. The predominant oxiziding species responsible for the photodegradation were determined for each pollutant.² The total organic carbon (TOC) analysis of samples irradiated revealed that mineralization of organic compounds by the action of BiPO₄-C₃N₄ was feasible in OG (50%) and CIP (37%) after 24 h of simulated sunlight irradiation.

Keywords: BiPO4/C3N4, hybrid composite, photocatalysis

References:

1. D.B. Hernández-Uresti, A. Vázquez, D. Sanchez-Martinez, S. Obregón J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chemistry xxx (2016) xxx-xxx.
2. Daniel P. Leonard, Hanqing Pan, Michael D. Heagy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(2) (2016) 1553–1553.

Presenting authors email: angelinavarroa@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P101 Poster
PERFORMANCE OF THE POLYMERIC G-C3N4 PHOTOCATALYST THROUGH THE DEGRADATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL POLLUTANTS UNDER UV–VIS IRRADIATION
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

D.B. Hernández-Uresti¹, A. Vázquez², D. Sanchez-Martinez³, S. Obregón^1
1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, CICFIM–Facultad de C. Físico-Matemáticas, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México.²Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de C. Químicas, Universitaria, C.P. 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México.³Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil–Departamento de Ecomateriales y Energía, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., México.

The graphite-like C3N4 was prepared by means the polycondensation of melamine at 500°C for 4 h.¹ The polymeric photocatalyst was characterized by several techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements were performed in order to estimate the surface area (BET) and pore size distribution (BJH) of the photocatalyst. The g-C3N4 material was used in the degradation of four different pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous solution under UV–vis irradiation. In this way, the photocatalyst showed the capacity to degrade the pharmaceutical compounds in the following sequence: tetracycline > ciprofloxacin > salicylic acid > ibuprofen. However, the degree of mineralization was different with the sequence: tetracycline > salicylic acid > ciprofloxacin > ibuprofen. Also, several scavengers agents were used in order to elucidate the importance of the different reactive oxidizing species during the photocatalytic process.^2,3

Keywords: C3N4, Antibiotic degradation, photocatalysis

References:

1. C. Miranda, H. Mansilla, J. Yáñez, S. Obregón, G. Colón. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 253 (2013) 16–21.
2. Priyadarshi Roy Chowdhury and Krishna G. Bhattacharyya. Dalton Trans. 4 4(15) (2015) 6809-24.
3. Daniel P. Leonard, Hanqing Pan, Michael D. Heagy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(2) (2016) 1553–1553.

Presenting authors email: ing.dianahdz@gmail.com

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SF.3-P102 Poster
TEST OF ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF INULIN/CHITOSAN/TiO₂ COMPOSITES FOR REMOVAL OF Pb(II) CATIONS FROM WASTEWATERS
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

F.L. Jimenez¹, M.G Ferreira², G.A. Molina², A.R Hernández²-Martinez, M. Estévez².
¹Licenciatura en Tecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro 76000, Mexico. ²Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro 76000, Mexico

High concentrations of heavy metals, organic pollutants (Azo-dyes), chlorides and sulphides contained in the wastewater from industries are a potential hazard environmental problem because of its possible accumulation and its consequent high toxicity in the environment.
In order to clean wastewater from industry many removal techniques have been developed as chemical precipitation or ion exchange. But these techniques are relatively expensive and not necessarily selective useful enough for some of the more toxic metallic cations.
In this work, new porous composites using TiO2, chitosan and commercial inulin, extracted from Agave tequilana (Vaserco S. de R.L de C.V, Jalisco, México); in a mono-component polyurethane supporting matrix were developed, in order to remove Pb(II) cations by adsorption in batch experiments.

Keywords: Inulin, Chitosan, Adsorption of metallic cations

Presenting authors email: luisfernandojimherz@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P103 Poster
ADSORPTION OF ACID, BASIC AND REACTIVE DYES IN BINARY SOLUTIONS WITH CHROME USING A MODIFIED CARBON
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

C. Martínez Almaguer¹, J. de J. Tovar Marquez¹, R. Tovar Gómez¹, V. Hernández Montoya¹, Ma. R. Moreno Virgen¹.
¹Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica. Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes. Av. Adolfo López Mateos No. 1801 Ote. Fracc. Bona Gens. C.P. 20256. Aguascalientes, Ags., México.

This work reports the adsorption of acid, basic and reactive dyes such as: Acid Blue 74 (AB74), Acid Blue 25 (AB25), Basic Blue 9 (BB9), Blue Basic 3 (BB3) and Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) in binary solution with chromium (Cr⁶⁺) using a commercial carbon modified with a solution of calcium extracted from egg shells hen, with the purpose of improving their adsorptive properties. Such adsorption studies were carried out in monocomponent and binary solution, at pH 3, in batch system. A given mass of carbon and a volume of 10 mL of solution were placed in tubes under constant stirring for 24 h and 30°C. The initial concentrations were: 60, 125, 250 and 500 mg/L for the dyes, and 12.5, 25, 50 and 75 mg/L for chromium. The binary solutions were: AB25 + Cr, AB74 + Cr, BB3 + Cr, BB9 + Cr and RB4 + Cr. The results show that Cr⁶⁺ + RB4 system has the highest dye adsorption and all studies were synergistic for the dyes, however, the Cr⁶⁺ adsorption is not favored when the dyes are present because antagonistic behavior occurred almost entirely. By contrast, the system was less benefited from AB25 + Cr⁶⁺ since the adsorption of the AB25 dye is not affected by the presence of metal and vice versa. Regarding the changes of pH values for all studies, slight increases and decreases for final pH were observed. Specifically in the RB4 + Cr⁶⁺, the pH increased to 5.

Keywords: adsorption, dyes, modified carbon

References:

1. Tovar-Gomez, D.A. Rivera-Ramirez, V. Hernandez- Montoya, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, C.J. Duran Valle, M.A. Montes-Moran, Synergic adsorption in the simultaneous removal of acid blue 25 and heavy metals from water using a Ca(PO3)2- modified carbon, Journal of Hazardous Materials 199-200(2012) 290-300
2. Tovar-Gómez, M. R. Moreno-Virgen, J. Moreno-Pérez, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, V. Hernández-Montoya, C.J. Duran-Valle (2014). Analysis of synergistic and antagonistic adsorption of heavy metals and acid blue 25 on activated carbon from ternary systems. Chemical Engineering Reserch and Design (2015)

Presenting authors email: diana_feily16@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P104 Poster
ADSORPTION OF Cr(VI) ON Mg/Fe/Al LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

M.J. Martínez-Ortiz¹, J.L. Flores-Moreno², A. Guzmán-Vargas¹, M.A. de la Rosa-Guzmán¹, M.G. Domínguez-Beltrán¹, L.A. Badillo-Villa¹.
¹Instituto Politécnico Nacional-ESIQIE, Laboratorio de Investigación en Materiales Porosos, Catálisis Ambiental y Química Fina, UPALM, Edif. 7 P.B., Zacatenco, 07738, México, D.F., Mexico. ²Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Ã�rea de Química de Materiales, Av. San Pablo 180, 02200 México D. F., Mexico.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), is a pollutant that is frequently used and is considered one of the 20 main pollutants in the CERCLA priority list of hazardous substances during the last 15 years [1]. The form more common of hexavalent chrome in the world is the chromate, which is present in solid and liquid residues due to human activities. Chromium is used in various activities, such as electroplating, steel, automobiles, mining, textiles, tanning of leather, cement, production of paint pigments and dyes, conservation of wood, etc. [2]. Furthermore, layered double hydroxides (LDH), have been extensively used in different applications as catalytic supports and catalysts, nanocomposites, photochemistry, electrochemistry, polymerization, magnetization, biomedical areas [3].
In the present work, Mg/Fe/Al layered double hydroxides were synthesized through by the classical method of coprecipitation at constant pH with the aim to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by its adsorption on LDH materials. Initial and adsorbed materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR and UV-Vis spectrometry.
Different parameters, such as initial adsorbent concentration, pH and temperature, were evaluated with the aim to optimize the adsorption conditions. Cr(VI) oxyanions were successfully removed from an aqueous solution by using a 50 ppm K₂Cr₂O₇ solution, 0.5 g of adsorbent at 298 K. Thus, this wok demonstrated that Mg/Fe/Al LDH can be used as a low-cost method for the Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions and their possible application to its degradation.

Keywords: Layered Double Hydroxides, Cr(VI), Hazardous substances

References:

1. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/SPL/index.html
2. Gh. Eshaq, A.M. Rabie, A.A. Bakr, A.H. Mady, A.E. ElMetwally, Des. Water Treatment, 1 (2015) 1-11.
3. F. Cavani, F. Trifiro, A. Vaccari, Catal. Today, 11 (1991) 173–301.

Presenting authors email: mjmartinez@ipn.mx

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SF.3-P105 Poster
IONIC LIQUIDS CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS CATION FOR CO₂ CAPTURE
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Rafael Martínez-Palou¹, Javier Guzmán¹, Christian Ortega-Guevara¹, Roberto García de León^1
1Gerencia de Refinación de Hidrocarburos, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, México, D.F. 07730, Mexico.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the atmosphere contributing significantly to the acid rain. In addition, its increasing concentration in the atmosphere due to human activities is raising the temperature of the planet. [1]. As a consequence greenhouse gas mitigation strategies particularly CO2 capture technologies have assumed growing importance in the XX1 century [2-5].
A number of different solvents have been proposed to be used in chemical absorption of CO₂. Among them amines, such as mono- and diethanolamine have been the widest applied [6]. Recently, ionic liquids have been studied for this purpose with good results [7].
A study of ten ionic liquids (ILs) containing Tetramethylammonium [TMA] and Tetrabutylphosphonium [TBP] as cations and the corresponding deprotonated amino acid as anions ([TMA][AA] and [TBP][AA]) is reported. All ILs shows an excellent performance for CO₂ capture at low concentration in water (3%). [TBP][AA] present faster kinetic of absorption than the corresponding [TMA][AA]. [TBP][Lysinate] shows the highest CO₂ absorption capacity (5019.1 mmol CO₂/mol IL diluted at 3% in water). A novel and efficient method for the microwave-assisted regeneration of the absorbents from the CO₂ saturated solution is also described for the first time. Using this procedure, solutions of the ionic liquids can be regenerated in only 2 minutes and reused during 10 cycles of absorption-desorption without loss of the absorption efficiency.

Keywords: ionic liquids, CO2 capture, absorption-desorption

References:

1. Chunmao Z, Yoshikawa-Inoue H. (2015) Seven years of observational atmospheric CO₂ at a maritime site in northernmost Japan and its implications. Sci Total Environm 524:331-337
2. Aronu UE, Hoff KA, Svendsen HF. (2011) CO₂ capture solvent selection by combined absorption–desorption analysis. Chem Eng Res Des 89:1197–1203.
3. Brouwer JP, Feron PHM, Asbroek NT. (2005) Amino-acid salts for CO₂ capture from flue gases, Fourth Annual Conference on Carbon Dioxide Capture & Sequestration, Alexandria, Virginia, USA.
4. Gray ML, Hreha DC, Fauth DJ, Hoffman JS, Hedges SW, Champagne KJ, Pennline HW. (2009) Parametric study of solid amine sorbents for the capture of carbon dioxide. Energy Fuels 23:4840–4844.
5. Vaidya PD, Kenig EY. (2007) CO₂-Alkanolamine Reaction Kinetics: A Review of Recent Studies. Chem Eng Technol 30:1467–1474.
6. Blauwhoff PMM, Versteeg GF, Van Swaaij WPM. (1984) A Study on the Reaction between CO₂ and Alkanolamines in Aqueous Solutions. Chem Eng Sci 39, 207-225.
7. Ren S, Hou Y, Tian S, Chen X, Wu W. (2013) What are functional ionic liquids for absorption of acidic gases? J Phys Chem B 117:2482-2486.

Presenting authors email: rpalou@imp.mx

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SF.3-P106 Poster
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSIZED IRON AND ALUMINUM OXIDES FOR APPLICATION IN THE REMOVAL OF ARSENIC AND FLUORIDE IONS.
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

B.E. Monárrez-Cordero¹, P. Amézaga-Madrid¹, G. Rivas-Amézaga¹, A. Heiras-Trevizo¹, W. Antúnez-Flores¹, C. Leyva-Porras¹, P. Pizá-Ruiz¹, M. Miki-Yoshida^1
1Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S. C.  Departamento de Física de Materiales,  Miguel de Cervantes  No.120, Chihuahua, Chih., México. C. P. 31136.

Globally, water pollution is mainly caused by the presence of heavy metals and metalloids ions such as arsenic and fluoride. The majority of the techniques employed for the removal of the heavy metal ions are of low efficiency and high cost, it is for this reason that the application of adsorbent nanomaterials such as iron and aluminum oxides is an optimal alternative in the remediation of waste water [1]. Here, we report the synthesis by aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition and characterization of nanostructured iron and aluminum oxides [2-3]. Deposition temperature was fixed at 723K; also, different deposition parameters such as concentration of the precursor solution (relation Fe:Al was modified since 90:10 to 50:50 respectively), the metallic salts were dissolved in tri-distilled water with a final concentration of  precursor solution of 0.05 M and using a carrier gas flux (a relation of argon:air at 250:004 L cm^-1). The crystalline structure of the nanosized materials was characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Surface morphology and microstructure were studied by field emission scanning electron, scanning probe microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Surface area was measured with BET method. The adsorption efficiency was determined from batch experiments. Removal tests were realized at three times of exposition nanostructures-As:F (1, 15 and 30 min) to determine percentage of removal efficiency. After the contact time was elapsed, solutions were centrifuged to separate the nanoparticles from the liquid. The As and F ions concentration in the remaining solution were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and an ion-selective electrode respectively. The collected nanostructures were analyzed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy for observing the presence of As-F ions adsorbed on the surface.

Keywords: AACVD, removal heavy metals, arsenic-fluoride.

References:

[1]  D. Mohan and Ch. Pittman Jr. Journal of Hazardouz Materials 142 (2007) 1-53.
[2] B.E. Monárrez-Cordero et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 615 (2014) S328–S334.
[3] P.G. Hernández-Salcedo et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds  643 (2015) S287-S296.

Presenting authors email: blanca.monarrez@cimav.edu.mx

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SF.3-P107 Poster
ADSORPTION OF TEXTILE DYES PRESENT IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AND WASTEWATER USING ANIONIC POLYELECTROLYTES DERIVED FROM CHITOSAN
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

A.A. Peláez-Cid¹, M. Caldera-Villalobos², Z. Morales-Vásquez¹, A.M. Herrera-González^3
1Facultad de Ingeniería BUAP, Edificio ING1, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72590, Puebla, México. ²Doctorado en Ciencias de los Materiales UAEH, Carretera Pachuca Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Hidalgo, México. ³Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería UAEH, Carretera Pachuca Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Hidalgo, México.

Adsorption is one of the most commonly used methods for the removal of textile dyes because of its low cost and ease of operation, and activated carbon is normally used in the treatment of textile wastewater. Nowadays, the use of unconventional adsorbent materials capable of specific interactions such as polyelectrolytes is proposed. These are polymers with ionizable groups with covalent bonds which dissociate to form a polymeric chain electrically charged and surrounded by counter-ions. The electrostatic field generated around the polyelectrolyte chains stimulates the attraction of a large variety of inorganic and organic molecules such as dyes with ionic groups.
This work presents the results of the application of anionic polyelectrolytes derivate from chitosan chemically modified containing sulfonic groups in the adsorption of six cationic textile dyes (Basic Blue 9, Basic Blue 3, Mixture Basic Blue 159 and Basic Blue 3, Basic Red 18, Basic Yellow 21, and Basic Yellow 28), as well as the treatment of wastewater containing basic dyes collected from the dyeing process of acrylic clothing. By optimizing the conditions of static adsorption, between 83.6 and 98.4% of the cationic dyes present in an aqueous solutions with an initial concentration of 300 mg/L and a basic pH of approximately 10.7 were removed. The contact time was reduced to 12 h by constantly stirring the static adsorption cells. The polyelectrolytes were applied in the adsorption of textile dyes with known structures, correlating their adsorption capacity with the structure of the dyes and their point of zero charge (pH_PZC) was determined. The quality of the wastewater was improved after the treatment by adsorption as the pH became almost neutral and the color contents and COD decreased by 70 and 21%, respectively.

Keywords: Adsorption, Cationic dyes, Anionic polyelectrolytes

Presenting authors email: alalpeci@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P108 Poster
WATER ADSORPTION IN NOTT-401 AND CO₂ CAPTURE UNDER HUMID CONDITIONS
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Sánchez-González¹, J. Raziel Ã�lvarez¹, Ricardo A. Peralta¹, Jorge Balmaseda¹, Eduardo González-Zamora², Ilich A. Ibarra¹.
¹Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del. Coyoacán, C. P. 04510 México D. F., México. ²Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C. P. 09340, México D. F., México.

Last year global CO₂ emissions have increased up to 35.7 billion tonnes, from which 90 % are fuel combustion related emissions.¹ As many other porous materials, porous coordination polymers (PCPs) have stepped up to the challenge of CO₂ sequestration, they are known for their adsorption properties and in particular for the feasibility of tuning their pore shape, size and adsorption enthalpies. In practical applications for these PCPs materials such as the treatment of post-combustion flue gas (where 5-7 % of its composition is water), it is not only matter of high adsorption capacity but also water stability and the influence of water on the CO₂ capture.² Water adsorption is frequently unfavorable for CO₂ sequestration since water acts as a strong adsorptive competitor. Some authors suggested that the presence of hydroxyl functional groups, inside the porous material, increases the affinity of PCPs for H₂O.³ Thus, in here we have chosen the material entitled NOTT- 401⁴ since it shows μ₂-OH functional groups inside the channels, based on a binuclear [Sc₂(μ₂-OH)] building block. Water adsorption properties of NOTT-401 were investigated along with its capability to perform CO₂ sequestration under humid conditions. Thus, the CO₂ capture was increased from 1.2 wt% (anhydrous conditions) to 3.9 wt% under 5 %RH at 30 °C representing a 3.2-fold improvement.

Keywords: porous coordination polymers, carbon dioxide capture, water adsorption

References:

1. J. G. J. Olivier, G. Janssens-Maenhout, M. Muntean and J. A. H. W. Peters, Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2015 report, 2015.
2. S. Keskin, T. M. van Heest and D. S. Sholl, ChemSusChem, 2010, 3, 879–891.
3. H. Furukawa, F. Gándara, Y.-B. Zhang, J. Jiang, W. L. Queen, M. R. Hudson and O. M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 4369–81.
4. I.A. Ibarra, S. Yang, X. Lin, A.J. Blake, P.J. Rizkallah, H. Nowell, D.R. Allan, N.R. Champness, P. Hubberstey and M. Schröder. Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 8304–8306.

Presenting authors email: sanchez.gonzalez.eli@gmail.com

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SF.3-P109 Poster
DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURES OF HYDROGELS BASED ON CHITOSAN AND DIMETHYLACRYLAMIDE, SYNTHESIZED BY GAMMA RADIATION, FOR THE RETENTION OF CHROMATE
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

D. Tinoco¹, G. Burillo^1
1Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. Universidad #3000, Ciudad de México 04510, México

The present work focuses on the metal ion sorption mechanisms of CS hydrogels that were radiation modified with dimethylaminoacrylamide (DMAAm), into two different architectures: 1) interpenetrating networks of CS and DMAAm (net-CS)-inter-(net-DMAAm), and 2) semi-interpenetrating hydrogels (net-DMAAm)-inter-CS. Chitosan gels are desirable for the sorption of metals because in acidic solutions the CS deprotonates and there is an electrostatic attraction of metal anions, DMAAm the systems will be more hydrophilic and have better mechanical properties. The synthesis of the different polymeric architectures was carried out using ionizing radiation with gamma rays of a ⁶⁰Co source.

The crosslinking was performed by exposing an aqueous solution of DMAAm in glass ampoules, previously bubbled with argon to eliminate the oxygen to gamma-radiation. Semi-interpenetrating networks of CS in DMAAm hydrogels, (net-DMAAm)-inter-CS, were synthesized by mixing DMAAm and CS in an acetic acid solution, bubbling with argon to eliminate the oxygen, and irradiating at different doses, and the interpenetrating networks by mixing DMAAm, CS and formaldehyde in an acetic acid solution, bubbling with argon to eliminate the oxygen, and irradiating at different doses.

Retention of chromate studies for the different studied systems were realized at pH 7 and, at different chromate concentrations in the limit of retention time.

Acknowledgments

To A. Ortega and M. Cruz of the ICN, UNAM, for their technical assistance, and. DGAPA UNAM, IN200 214 for their financial support.

Keywords: Chitosan, DMAAm, Radiation grafting

References:

1. Burillo G., Serrano J., Boifacio J. “Adsorption of Chromium(VI) on Radiation Grafted N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate onto Polypropylene, from Aqueous Solutions�. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society. 2013. Volumen 57 (2); p 80-84.
2. Chmielewski, Andrzej G. “Chitosan and radiation chemistry�. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2010. Volumen 79; p. 272-275.
3. Ramnani, S.P., Sabharwal, S. “Adsorption behavior of Cr(VI) onto radiation crosslinked chitosan and its possible application for the treatment of wastewater containing Cr(VI)�. Reactive and Functional Polymers. 2006. Volumen 66; p. 902-909.

Presenting authors email: daniel.tinoco.oc@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P110 Poster
ADSORPTION OF AB25, BB9 AND BB3 DYES IN BINARY SOLUTION WITH Cd²⁺ USING A MODIFIED CARBON
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

J. de J. Tovar Márquez¹, D. Martinez Almaguer¹, R. Tovar Gómez¹, Ma. R. Moreno Virgen¹, V. Hernández Montoya¹.
¹Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioquímica. Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes. Av. Adolfo López Mateos No. 1801 Ote. Fracc. Bona Gens. C.P. 20256. Aguascalientes, Ags., México.

In this work we can see the results of adsorption studies in batch system using monocomponent solutions of: Acid Blue 25 (AB25), Basic Blue 9 (BB9) and Basic Blue 3 (BB3) with concentrations of 60, 125, 250 and 500 mg/L; and a heavy metal (Cd²⁺) with concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L. Also, we used the binary solutions: AB25+Cd²⁺, BB9+Cd²⁺ and BB3+Cd²⁺ with the respective concentrations described above. The solutions were adjusted at pH 3. As adsorbent, we used a bituminous carbon modified with calcium extracted form chicken egg shell so having a carbon with better adsorption capacity. To achieve the greatest effect on adsorption solutions, maintained under constant stirring of 150 rpm, for 24 h, at a temperature of 30°C. Among the results obtained so far, we can be seen that BB9 and BB3 dyes show an increase in its adsorption capacity when they interact with Cd²⁺ in the binary solution, thus having a synergistic effect in the dye. Nevertheless, when reviewing results of Cd²⁺, we can denote the opposite as the adsorption capacity is diminished by which an antagonistic effect shown in both cases. Now as regards the solution AB25+Cd²⁺ can be seen that the dye reduces adsorption capacity which shows an antagonistic effect but the metal increases its capacity and this shows a synergistic effect in said mixture.

Keywords: adsorption, dyes, modified with calcium

References:

1. Tovar-Gomez, D.A. Rivera-Ramirez, V. Hernandez- Montoya, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, C.J. Duran Valle, M.A. Montes-Moran, Synergic adsorption in the simultaneous removal of acid blue 25 and heavy metals from water using a Ca(PO3)2- modified carbon, Journal of Hazardous Materials 199-200(2012) 290-300
2. Tovar-Gómez, M. R. Moreno-Virgen, J. Moreno-Pérez, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, V. Hernández-Montoya, C.J. Duran-Valle. Analysis of synergistic and antagonistic adsorption of heavy metals and acid blue 25 on activated carbon from ternary systems. Chemical Engineering Reserch and Design (2015)

Presenting authors email: jonathan-jhonny17@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P111 Poster
ADSORPTION IN CONTINUOUS SYSTEM OF BINARY MIXTURES OF AB25, Zn²⁺ Ni²⁺ AND Cd²⁺ ON MODIFIED CARBON
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Rigoberto Tovar-Gómez¹, Ma. Teresa Gómez-García¹, Edgar Azael Gutiérrez-Rodríguez¹, Martha Patricia Macías-Rodríguez¹.
¹Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos 1801 Ote., Fracc. Bona Gens, C.P. 20256, Aguascalientes, Ags. México.

This work show the adsorption study of acid blue 25 (AB25), Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in single and binary solutions (AB25-Zn²⁺, AB25-Ni²⁺ and AB25-Cd²⁺) using bituminous carbon (BC). The BC was chemically modified with a calcium solution extracted from egg shells (BCM) with the finality to increase the adsorption capacity of AB25 and heavy metals. The adsorption studies were at 35 °C. The initial concentrations were 500 mg/L for the dye; and 5 and 25 mg/L for Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺. The breakthrough curves show that the dye adsorption is not affected by the presence of heavy metals; practically the adsorbed amount of AB25 on BCM is the same in single and in binary solutions. But a notable difference was observed in the adsorption capacity of Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺ when the dye is present in the solution. In these cases the adsorbed amount increased with the AB25 concentration due probably to that the anionic dye is firstly adsorbed on BCM and the cationic species (Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺) are adsorbed on this anionic layer favoring the electrostatic interactions between the anionic dye (AB25) and the cationic specie (Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cd²⁺). Also, the adsorption capacity of the Cd²⁺ is major with respect to adsorption capacity of the Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺ at the same AB25 concentration.

Keywords: adsorption, continuous system, binary systems

References:

1. Tovar-Gomez, D.A. Rivera-Ramirez, V. Hernandez- Montoya, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, C.J. Duran Valle, M.A. Montes-Moran, Synergic adsorption in the simultaneous removal of acid blue 25 and heavy metals from water using a Ca(PO3)2- modified carbon, Journal of Hazardous Materials 199-200(2012) 290-300
2. Tovar-Gómez, M. R. Moreno-Virgen, J. Moreno-Pérez, A. Bonilla-Petriciolet, V. Hernández-Montoya, C.J. Duran-Valle (2014). Analysis of synergistic and antagonistic adsorption of heavy metals and acid blue 25 on activated carbon from ternary systems. Chemical Engineering Reserch and Design (2015)

Presenting authors email: rigtogo@hotmail.com

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SF.3-P112 Poster
BIO-COMPOSITES OF WALNUT SHELL WITH Fe-Cu NANOPARTICLES TO BE USED IN THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS
ROOM: Tulum G - 14:00:00

Zúñiga Lechuga ^1,2, V. Sánchez-Mendieta³, R. A. Morales-Luckie¹ A. R. Vilchis-Nestor¹.
¹Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM. Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50200. ²Posgrado en Ciencia de Materiales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseos Tollocan y Colón, Toluca, C.P. 52000, México. ³Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón y Tollocan s/n, Toluca, Estado de México, 50110.

Currently water pollution generated by heavy metals is a public health problem. To decrease the concentration of these metals different methods are used. However, most of these processes have low efficiency and / or are too expensive in operation or maintenance. Recent advances in environmental technology have allowed the use of lignocellulosic materials as bio-sorbents, as they are available in large quantities and are an economic alternative in the development of bio-sorption processes. Nut shell, as a lignocellulosic material, is a composite of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin; these polymers have the ability to adsorb metal ions due to the functional groups they possess. The aim of this work is to synthesize composites made of two species of nut shell: Carya illinoinensis and Juglans regia and to incorporate Fe-Cu alloy as nanoparticles. Nut shells and bio-nanocomposites were characterized by SEM, EDS, TEM and XPS before and after sorption experiments. The adsorption and oxidation-reduction functionalities of these composites are useful as bio-sorbents for the removal of toxic metal ions (Cr⁺⁶, Cd⁺² and Pb^{+ 2}) in aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Cellulose, Bimetallic nanoparticles, Bionanocomposite.

Presenting authors email: raquelzunigalechuga@hotmail.com

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