Quercus rubra L.

Native to:

Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Prince Edward I., Québec, Rhode I., South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin

Introduced into:

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Krym, Netherlands, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

• Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (1998). World Checklist and Bibliography of Fagales: 1-408. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Hohla, M. (2014). Hystrix patula - neu für Österrei, sowie weitere Beiträge zur Flora von Obenösterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark und Vorarlberg. Stapfia 101: 83-100.
• Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
• Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
• Rosati, L. & al. (2012). Un aggiornamento alla flora del Cilento e della Campania. Informatore Botanico Italiano 44: 111-119.
• Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
• Verloove, F. (2011). Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Pterocarya fraxinifolia en andere opmerkelijke uitheemse rivierbegeleiders in België and Noordwest-Frankrijk. Dumortiera 99: 1-10.
• Vladimirov, V. & al. (2016). New floristic records in the Balkans: 29. Phytologia Balcanica 22: 93-123.
• Webb, C.J., Sykes, W.R & Garnock-Jones, P.J. (1988). Flora of New Zealand 4: 1-1365. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.

Kew Species Profiles

• Elias, T. S. (1980). The Complete Trees of North America Field Guide and Natural History. Book Division, Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., New York.
• Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (eds) (1999). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. Volume 3 (L-Q). Macmillan Reference, London.
• Oldfield, S. & Eastwood, A. (2007). The Red List of Oaks. Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge, UK.
• United States Department of Agriculture (2011). How to Identify, Prevent and Control Oak Wilt. USDA Forest Service, Pennsylvania.
• World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (2010). The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Kew Backbone Distributions

• (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.8.48621. epublication.
• Jonsell, B. (ed.) (2000). Flora Nordica 1: 1-344. The Bergius Foundaton.
• Rosati, L. & al. (2012). Un aggiornamento alla flora del Cilento e della Campania. Informatore Botanico Italiano 44: 111-119.
• Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
• Urziceanu, M. & al. (2020). Updated list of non-native ornamental plants in Romania. Contributii Botanice Universitatea "Babes-Bolyai" din Cluj-Napoca 55: 59-82.
• Vladimirov, V., Dane, F. & Kit Tan (eds.) (2013). New floristic records in the Balkans: 23. Phytologia Balcanica 19: 373-399.
• Webb, C.J., Sykes, W.R & Garnock-Jones, P.J. (1988). Flora of New Zealand 4: 1-1365. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.