Nut trees for wisconsin farms and homesteads
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Presentation given at the 2016 Wisconsin Permaculture Convergence.
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Nut trees for wisconsin farms and homesteads
- 1. Nut Trees for Wisconsin Farms and Homesteads
- 8. Things to Know Before Falling in Love with Nuts ā¢ Your site characteristics ā¢ Soil-test it! ā¢ Water ā¢ Climate ā¢ Micro-climate ā¢ Your own characteristics i.e. your context ā¢ Financial ā¢ Existing and needed skills/knowledge ā¢ Do all of your decision makers agree? ā¢ Does the nut species excite you? Including the non romantic aspects? ā¢ Regrarian Platform-Darren Doherty
- 10. Farm or Homestead Crop? ā¢ It Depends
- 11. Nuts! ā¢ Castanea-Chestnuts ā¢ Carya-Pecan and Hickory ā¢ Corylus-Hazel ā¢ Juglans-Walnut
- 12. General Tips for All Species ā¢ Visit people already growing nuts ā¢ Yes, that includes conventional nut growers ā¢ Get info from as many sources and perspectives as possible ā¢ Learn to like reading academic papers ā¢ Observe and interact with nut trees as much as you can ā¢ Donāt under estimate grass and deer ā¢ Join Northern Nut Growers Association ā¢ Eat nuts!
- 13. Cultivars VS Seedlings ā¢ Destroy Dichotomy! ā¢ Cultivars: ā¢ Predictable characteristics ā¢ Yield ā¢ Quality ā¢ Disease resistance ā¢ Uniform ripening time ā¢ Grafted or clonal plants more expensive ā¢ Often in short or no supply depending on species and variety
- 14. Cultivar VS Seedling ā¢ Seedlings: ā¢ Opportunity for selecting better varieties ā¢ Cheaper to buy and/or propagate ā¢ Can be used as rootstock if it sucks ā¢ Not applicable to every species ā¢ Often more vigorous growers ā¢ Ripening time spread out ā¢ Diversity also includes negative characteristics!
- 15. Cultivars VS Seedlings ā¢ Choosing Seedlings ā¢ Use seedlings of proven cultivars*Especially important for chestnut if you want to graft* ā¢ If you know it was pollinated by other good cultivars, even better ā¢ Seedlings of good, non-cultivar plants ā¢ Look at what the other trees in the planting are like ā¢ Is this a commercial planting? Does the owner actually depend on nut production? ā¢ Avoid buying run-of-the-mill seedlings, especially from large nurseries ā¢ Applies to rootstock too
- 16. Chestnuts ā¢ Castanea ā¢ C. mollissima and hybrids ā¢ C. crenata X C. sativa ā¢ Wouldnāt recommend pure C. dentata due to blight. ā¢ Soil characteristics are important for chestnut! ā¢ Acidic soil 4-6.5 ā¢ Well drained ā¢ Best to use seedlings of desired plant as rootstock
- 19. Varieties ā¢ C. mollissima ā¢ Mossbarger ā¢ Luvallās Monster ā¢ Sleeping Giant ā¢ Lockwood ā¢ Qing ā¢ Gideon ā¢ Gellatly hybrids with isolation from Chinese ā¢ Complex hybrids
- 20. Varieties ā¢ C. crenata X C. sativa-for trial only zone 4 and 5! ā¢ Szego-Actually mollissima X sativa ā¢ Maraval ā¢ Marsol ā¢ Marigoule ā¢ Bouche de Betizac
- 21. Farm or Homestead? ā¢ Both! As long as your site fits its needs ā¢ Commercial production will require transportation or proximity to population centers ā¢ Immigrants from chestnut cultures like chestnuts ā¢ Main advantage is that it doesnāt need shelling
- 22. Walnuts ā¢ Juglans regia- Eurasian walnut, āEnglishā, āPersianā, āCarpathianā ā¢ Juglans nigra-Black walnut ā¢ Juglans cinerea-Butternut ā¢ Juglans ailantifolia-Heartnut ā¢ Hybrids of above, especially butternut and heartnut AKA Buartnut
- 23. Juglans regia ā¢ What nut growers dreams are made of ā¢ Then what their nightmares are made of ā¢ Compared to other walnut species it lacks hardiness and disease/pest resistance ā¢ Walnut blight ā¢ Butternut Curculio ā¢ Usually grafted on black walnut with few incompatibility issues ā¢ Thousand Canker disease could change this
- 31. Juglans regia ā¢ Varieties ā¢ Papple ā¢ Combe ā¢ Lake ā¢ ISU 73H32 ā¢ Harrison ā¢ Broadview-from Gellatly via Ukraine. Produces pendulous fruit like heartnut ā¢ Sejnovo ā¢ Dooley 69-E-(nigraXregia) X regia ā¢ Idaho-regia X nigra
- 32. Juglans regia ā¢ Characteristics to look for ā¢ Lateral bearing ā¢ Short, stocky shoots that harden quickly ā¢ Not just hardy wood but hardy flower buds, especially male ā¢ Donāt confuse blight or curculio damage for lack of hardiness ā¢ Healthy foliage
- 34. Juglans nigra ā¢ Native walnut species ā¢ Thick, hard shell ā¢ Strong tasting nut meats disliked by some ā¢ High value timber ā¢ Thousand Canker disease ā¢ Grafted on same species
- 35. Juglans nigra ā¢ Varieties: ā¢ Emma K ā¢ Ohio ā¢ Vandersloot ā¢ Sparks varieties ā¢ Weschcke-especially for zone 4
- 36. Juglans nigra ā¢ Things to look for in a good tree ā¢ Adapted to your climate ā¢ Leafs out late ā¢ Matures nuts before frost ā¢ Hardens off early ā¢ % kernel and shell structure more important than nut size ā¢ 25-30% kernel ā¢ Disease resistance ā¢ Anthracnose ā¢ Thousand canker disease?
- 37. Juglans nigra ā¢ Farm or homestead? ā¢ If close enough to a processing facility it can make a good farm crop
- 38. Juglans cinerea ā¢ Native walnut species with elongated nuts, now found primarily in early succession ecosystems ā¢ Population devastated by butternut canker ā¢ Often grafted on black walnut or butternut. Buartnut would make a lot of sense
- 39. Juglans cinerea ā¢ Varieties- ā¢ Any local tree thatās alive! ā¢ Buartnuts selected for butternut characteristics- āButter-buartsā
- 40. Juglans cinerea ā¢ Farm or homestead ā¢ Little prospect as a commercial crop due to butternut canker and poor cracking characteristics.
- 41. Juglans ailantifolia ā¢ East Asian species with some trees having butternut type nuts and some having the heart shaped nuts ā¢ Seems well adapted to Upper-Midwest conditions zone 5 and up ā¢ Bunch disease only potential issue ā¢ Often grafted on black walnut but can out grow stock ā¢ Suggest grafting on buartnut seedlings for hardiness, disease resistance, and vigor
- 45. Juglans ailantifolia ā¢ Varieties: ā¢ Etter ā¢ Campbell CW3-seedling of Etter. Late bloom and cold hardy. Said to be side bearing ā¢ CW1 ā¢ CWW ā¢ Campbellās West ā¢ Imshu ā¢ Pyke ā¢ Blunt-cold hardy from Manchurian walnut genes ā¢ Locket ā¢ Stealth ā¢ Szukis
- 46. Juglans ailantifolia ā¢ Buartnut varieties with heart like nuts ā¢ Mitchell-Thought to be most hardy ā¢ Dooley ā¢ Filzinger ā¢ Miekalās buartnuts
- 47. Juglans ailantifolia ā¢ Farm or homestead ā¢ Farm? ā¢ Needs cracking, easier to do small scale but still time consuming
- 48. Hickory ā¢ Carya ovata-shagbark ā¢ Carya cordiformis-bitternut ā¢ Carya illinoinensis-pecan ā¢ Carya laciniosa-shellbark?
- 49. Carya ovata ā¢ Native upland species, often co-dominant with oak ā¢ Grafted on itās own species or on hardy pecan
- 50. Carya ovata ā¢ Varieties: ā¢ Yoder #1 ā¢ Porter ā¢ Glover ā¢ Wilcox ā¢ Neilson ā¢ Weschcke ā¢ Campbell #26 ā¢ Campbell #8 ā¢ There are shagbark X pecan. Badgersett
- 51. Carya ovata ā¢ Good nut should give at least 50% whole halves ā¢ At least 85 nuts per pound ā¢ Size is less important than internal shell structure
- 52. Carya ovata ā¢ Farm or homestead? ā¢ Homestead ā¢ Farm possibilities with a shelling facility
- 53. Carya cordiformis ā¢ Native hickory, faster growth than shagbark and more precocious ā¢ Very similar to pecan ā¢ Bitternut with high tannin ā¢ High oil content ā¢ Useful for breeding purposes
- 55. Carya cordiformis ā¢ Varieties ā¢ Halesite-sweet bitternut ā¢ Hatch-sweet bitternut ā¢ Abbott-cross with pecan ā¢ Galloway-cross with pecan ā¢ Mall-cross with pecan ā¢ Nelson-cross with pecan ā¢ Pooshee-cross with pecan ā¢ Westbrook-cross with pecan
- 56. Carya cordiformis ā¢ Farm or homestead? ā¢ Potential for income from pure bitternut for oil. More viable wild collected ā¢ Potential for bitternut X pecan but more breeding work needed
- 57. Carya illinoinensis ā¢ Closest native range is the border of Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota ā¢ Hardiness not as much of a problem as length of season ā¢ Need to drop nuts before hard frost ā¢ āNorthernā pecan works in southern Illinois, northern Missouri, Kentucky. Need āUltra-northernā for upper-midwest ā¢ Issues with scab in susceptible varieties
- 60. Carya illinoinensis ā¢ Ultra-Northern Varieties- ā¢ Snaps ā¢ PK Jumbo ā¢ Deerstand ā¢ Oaks ā¢ Diken ā¢ Lucus ā¢ All are small nuts, 1-1.5 inches long
- 61. Carya illinoinensis ā¢ Northern varieties for breeding purposes or warm years ā¢ Posey-fair resistance to scab ā¢ Starking ā¢ Witte ā¢ Major-Scab resistance ā¢ Hark-scab resistance ā¢ Shepard-Scab resistance ā¢ Warren 346-scab resistance ā¢ Kansas state varieties ā¢ Kanza-scab resistant ā¢ Lakota ā¢ Osage ā¢ Oswego
- 62. Carya illinoinensis ā¢ Farm or homestead? ā¢ Ultra northern pecans are too small to compete with southern production. Potential as an oil crop? ā¢ Northern pecan could be grown as pollen source for breeding with ultra northern or other hickory species
- 63. Carya laciniosa ā¢ Shellbark hickory native to southern part of Midwest and up the Mississippi to around Iowa City ā¢ Large nut, biggest of hickory ā¢ Tends to be more of a mesic species than either shagbark or pecan ā¢ Takes a lot of heat to ripen nuts ā¢ Lots of āpacking materialā and convoluted shell structure
- 65. Carya laciniosa ā¢ Farm or homestead? ā¢ Neither except for homestead trial. Gary Fernald says he thinks that there could be varieties that ripen in Zone 5 Wisconsin
- 66. Corylus ā¢ Corylus avellana-European hazelnut ā¢ Corylus americana-American hazelnut
- 67. Corylus spp. ā¢ Long history of breeding and attempted industry in Wisconsin ā¢ Euro hazelnut has cold hardiness and disease issues ā¢ American hazelnut tends to have small nuts ā¢ Hybrids are seen as the solution ā¢ Selection for Euro characteristics can lead to disease problems ā¢ Selection for disease resistance can lead to more American characteristics
- 71. Corylus spp. ā¢ Varieties- ā¢ Tom Molnar breeding pure C. avellana for disease resistance and cold hardiness ā¢ Midwest hazels-hybrids of american and European ā¢ Clonal selections being made and trialed. Few available but starting ā¢ Controlled crosses available and being trialed ā¢ John Gordon varieties collected by Molnar ā¢ Gordon 1-4 ā¢ Contact Tom Molnar for scionwood ā¢ Could be used as reference cultivars
- 72. Corylus spp. ā¢ Farm or Homestead? ā¢ Farm? Genetic improvements are happening but processing industry is in its infancy ā¢ Homestead use for sure
- 73. Suggested Reading ā¢ NNGA Newsletters ā¢ A Guide to Nut Tree Culture-Editor Dennis Fulbright ā¢ Nut Tree Culture in North America-Editor Richard Jaynes ā¢ Nut Tree Ontario- Ernie Grimo ā¢ Nut Growing Ontario Style-John Gordon available online http://johnsankey.ca/songnews/nutgrowing.html ā¢ Growing Nuts in the North-Carl Weschcke also available online https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18189 ā¢ Growing Hybrid Hazelnuts-Philip Rutter et. all
- 74. Suggested Reading ā¢ NAFEX ā¢ Upper-Midwest Hazelnut Development Initiative (UMHDI) ā¢ Chestnut Growers of America ā¢ University of Missouri School of Agroforestry ā¢ Nut Competitions